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Maeda S, Sato T, Kanai Y, Blackie RA, Kocovski NL. Translation and Validation of the Japanese Version of the Trait and State
Post‐Event
Processing Inventory. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Svendsen JL, Schanche E, Vøllestad J, Visted E, Jentschke S, Karl A, Binder PE, Osnes B, Sørensen L. Self-Compassion and Its Association With Ruminative Tendencies and Vagally Mediated Heart Rate Variability in Recurrent Major Depression. Front Psychol 2022; 13:798914. [PMID: 35330721 PMCID: PMC8940525 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.798914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling mental disorders in modern society. Prior research has shown that self-compassion protects against ruminative tendencies, a key feature of recurrent MDD. In addition, self-compassion has been found to be positively related to higher psychophysiological flexibility (indexed by a higher vagally mediated heart rate variability; vmHRV) in young, healthy adults. To our knowledge, there is a lack of studies on how self-compassion relates to vmHRV in patients with recurrent MDD. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether higher self-compassion would associate with (1) lower ruminative tendencies and (2) higher vmHRV in a sample of adults with recurrent MDD. Methods We included a sample of 63 patients (46 females) between 20 and 71 years old (M = 40.24, SD = 12.8) with a history of three or more depressive episodes. They filled out the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Rumination Rating Scale (RRS). ECG (used to derive vmHRV) was acquired while resting and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive RR interval values (RMSSD) was calculated as measure of vmHRV. Results As hypothesized, self-compassion was associated with lower ruminative tendencies. However, self-compassion was not associated with level of vmHRV. Several confounding variables were controlled for in the statistical analyses, and higher age predicted lower vmHRV across all statistical analyses. Conclusion The results confirmed our hypothesis that higher self-compassion would be associated with lower ruminative tendencies in recurrent MDD. Contrary to our expectation, we did not find that the tendency to be more self-compassionate was associated with higher vmHRV. As such, higher self-compassion seems to relate with a lower tendency to ruminate about past mistakes and events but does not seem to relate to a flexible autonomic stress response (as indexed by higher vmHRV). Other potential explanatory factors for lower vmHRV in recurrent MDD is suggested as focus for exploration in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jon Vøllestad
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Endre Visted
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Anke Karl
- Mood Disorder Centre, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Per-Einar Binder
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Berge Osnes
- Bjørgvin District Psychiatric Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lin Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Feldborg M, Lee NA, Hung K, Peng K, Sui J. Perceiving the Self and Emotions with an Anxious Mind: Evidence from an Implicit Perceptual Task. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212096. [PMID: 34831851 PMCID: PMC8622160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders cause mental distress and low wellbeing in many people worldwide. Theories of anxiety describe negative worldviews and self-views as maintaining factors of the disorders. Recent research in social cognition has found a link between depression and altered perceptual biases to emotions, but the same research on anxiety is still missing. In this study, we measured perceptual biases to emotional and self-related stimuli in sub-clinically anxious participants and healthy controls using a self-emotional shape-label matching task. Results demonstrate that anxious participants had a diminished perceptual self-bias compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, the severity of anxiety was related to an emotional bias towards valanced other-related stimuli. The findings confirm the hypothesis that anxious individuals display an altered self-prioritisation effect in comparison with healthy individuals and that anxiety severity is linked to altered responses to emotionally valanced others. These findings have potential implications for early diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michella Feldborg
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK; (M.F.); (N.A.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Naomi A. Lee
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK; (M.F.); (N.A.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Kalai Hung
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kaiping Peng
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Jie Sui
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK; (M.F.); (N.A.L.); (J.S.)
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Marini CM, Wilson SJ, Nah S, Martire LM, Sliwinski MJ. Rumination and Sleep Quality Among Older Adults: Examining the Role of Social Support. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:1948-1959. [PMID: 33378473 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although the adverse link between rumination and sleep quality is well established, much of the literature neglects the role of social factors. This study examined the role of older adults' perceived social support from spouses and from family/friends in modifying the association between trait rumination and sleep quality. Existing hypotheses suggest that social support may play 3 unique roles, each tested within the current study: (H1) support may act as a protective factor that buffers negative effects of rumination on sleep quality, (H2) support may curtail rumination and, in turn, promote sleep quality, and (H3) rumination may erode support and, in turn, undermine sleep quality. METHOD Data came from 86 partnered older adults in independent-living or retirement communities (Mage = 75.70 years). We utilized 3 waves of interview data collected annually between 2017 and 2019. The first hypothesis was tested using moderation in multilevel models; the second 2 hypotheses were evaluated with prospective associations using multilevel mediation. RESULTS Negative effects of high-trait rumination on time-varying sleep quality were attenuated among those who reported high, stable levels of support from their spouses. Perceived family/friend support did not yield the same protective effect. There was no evidence that support preempted, or was eroded by, rumination. DISCUSSION Perceived spousal support may act as a psychosocial resource that mitigates negative effects of trait rumination on older adults' sleep quality. Interventions aimed at mitigating maladaptive outcomes of rumination on sleep quality for older adults should consider spousal support as a key target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Marini
- Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Suyoung Nah
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lynn M Martire
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Williams ZJ, McKenney EE, Gotham KO. Investigating the structure of trait rumination in autistic adults: A network analysis. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 25:2048-2063. [PMID: 34058847 PMCID: PMC8419022 DOI: 10.1177/13623613211012855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Autistic adults are substantially more likely to develop depression than individuals in the general population, and recent research has indicated that certain differences in thinking styles associated with autism may play a role in this association. Rumination, the act of thinking about the same thing over and over without a functional outcome, is a significant risk factor for depression in both autistic and non-autistic adults. However, little is known about how different kinds of rumination relate to each other and to depressive symptoms in the autistic population specifically. To fill this gap in knowledge, we recruited a large online sample of autistic adults, who completed questionnaire measures of both the tendency to ruminate and symptoms of depression. By examining the interacting network of rumination and depression symptoms, this study was able to identify particular aspects of rumination-such as thinking repetitively about one's guilty feelings or criticizing oneself-that may be particularly important in maintaining these harmful thought patterns in autistic adults. Although further study is needed, it is possible that the symptoms identified as most "influential" in the network may be particularly good targets for future interventions for mood and anxiety disorders in the autistic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Williams
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Frist Center for Autism and Innovation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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6
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Littman AJ, Bratman GN, Lehavot K, Engel CC, Fortney JC, Peterson A, Jones A, Klassen C, Brandon J, Frumkin H. Nature versus urban hiking for Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomised trial conducted in the Pacific Northwest USA. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e051885. [PMID: 34556516 PMCID: PMC8461737 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate feasibility and acceptability of a group-based nature recreation intervention (nature hiking) and control condition (urban hiking) for military Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). DESIGN AND SETTING A pilot randomised controlled trial conducted in the US Pacific Northwest. PARTICIPANTS Veterans with PTSD due to any cause. INTERVENTIONS Twenty-six participants were randomised to a 12-week intervention involving either six nature hikes (n=13) or six urban hikes (n=13). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Feasibility was assessed based on recruitment, retention and attendance. Questionnaires and postintervention qualitative interviews were conducted to explore intervention acceptability. Questionnaires assessing acceptability and outcomes planned for the future trial (eg, PTSD symptoms) were collected at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 weeks (immediately after the final hike) and 24 weeks follow-up. RESULTS Of 415 people assessed for eligibility/interest, 97 were interested and passed preliminary eligibility screening, and 26 were randomised. Mean completion of all questionnaires was 91% among those in the nature hiking group and 68% in those in the urban hiking group. Over the course of the intervention, participants in the nature and urban groups attended an average of 56% and 58%, respectively, of scheduled hikes. Acceptability of both urban and nature hikes was high; over 70% reported a positive rating (ie, good/excellent) for the study communication, as well as hike locations, distance and pace. Median PTSD symptom scores (PTSD Checklist-5) improved more at 12 weeks and 24 weeks among those in the nature versus urban hiking group. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study largely confirmed the feasibility and acceptability of nature hiking as a potential treatment for Veterans with PTSD. Adaptations will be needed to improve recruitment and increase hike attendance for a future randomised controlled trial to effectively test and isolate the ways in which nature contact, physical activity and social support conferred by the group impact outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03997344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson J Littman
- Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gregory N Bratman
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keren Lehavot
- Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles C Engel
- Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John C Fortney
- Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander Peterson
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex Jones
- Outdoors for All, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carolyn Klassen
- Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Howard Frumkin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Sica LS, Aleni Sestito L. Personal Skills for Optimal Identity Development: A Person-Centered Approach in Italian Late-Adolescents. J Pers Oriented Res 2021; 7:36-51. [PMID: 34548918 PMCID: PMC8411880 DOI: 10.17505/jpor.2021.23450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the association between identity statuses and some competences such as creativity, personal growth initiative and agency, which can actually be considered as resources for the development of optimal identity in our de-standardized society (personal skills for optimal identity development, PSID). Participants were 250 adolescents (118 males and 132 females) attending the last two years of various high schools in Italy. We used five self-report measures of identity development, agency, creativity, and personal growth initiative, and specific psychosocial correlates (anxiety, depression and well-being) to examine the association between identity, PSID and both well- and ill-being. Based on a person-centered approach, five typologies were obtained in order to describe the differentiated interplay between identity and PSID. Our findings suggested that late adolescents showing medium/high levels of PSID seem to be more advanced in their identity definition; as a result, they show positive psycho-social functioning, supporting the hypothesis that PSID can allow the acquisition of optimal identity. Suggestions for developing interventions to foster personal resources in this age group are discussed.
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Brazdau O, Ahuja S, Opariuc CD, Jones V, Sharma S, Monsanto C, Andrews S, Fiveson K. An Exploratory Analysis of Collective Patterns of Conscious Experience Using a Self-Report Questionnaire. Front Psychol 2021; 12:634677. [PMID: 34484022 PMCID: PMC8414250 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.634677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is an exploration of collective patterns of conscious experience, as described by various psychological models, using a self-report questionnaire: The Consciousness Quotient Inventory (CQ-i). The CQ-i evaluates patterns of behaviors, attitudes, and attentional styles as well as the usage of conscious skills, awareness, and the capacity to “feel awake and alive,” providing a complex exploration of conscious experience. A set of 237 items covering major aspects of the subjective conscious experience was selected to detect the phenomenal patterns of subjective conscious experience. An exploratory factor analysis on a large sample (N = 2,360), combined with our previous meta-research on conceptual convergence of conscious experiences, revealed that these experiences appear to have 15 patterns common to all of us. A sample with a quasi-normal distribution (n = 2,266) was employed for standardization and classification of scores (M = 100; SD = 15). The study provides a conceptual framework for future in-depth studies on collective patterns of self-awareness, inner growth dynamics, and psychological maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Brazdau
- Consciousness Quotient Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sona Ahuja
- Faculty of Education, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India
| | - Cristian-Dan Opariuc
- Faculty of Law and Administrative Sciences, Ovidius University, Constanta, Romania
| | - Valita Jones
- Office of Success Coaching (OSC), California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Keith Fiveson
- Work Mindfulness Institute, New York, NY, United States
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O'Toole MS, Elkjær E, Mikkelsen MB. Is Negative Emotion Differentiation Associated With Emotion Regulation Choice? Investigations at the Person and Day Level. Front Psychol 2021; 12:684377. [PMID: 34305737 PMCID: PMC8298904 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.684377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative emotion differentiation (ED) has been suggested to be important for adaptive emotion regulation (ER). However, knowledge concerning how ED may impact specific ER strategy choice remains surprisingly sparse. We therefore investigated (1) if person-level negative ED was associated with habitual use of individual ER strategies, (2) how person-level negative ED was associated with daily use of individual ER strategies, and finally (3) how within-person daily fluctuations in negative ED were associated with daily use of individual ER strategies. During a 10-day experience sampling study, 90 healthy participants rated their momentary emotions and their ER efforts in response to those emotions. ER strategies included four putatively adaptive strategies (reflection, distancing, non-reactivity, reappraisal) and four putatively maladaptive strategies (rumination, experiential avoidance, expressive suppression, worry). Results revealed that negative ED at the person level was neither associated with habitual nor daily ER strategy endorsement when controlling for negative emotions. Likewise, associations between within-individual daily variation in negative ED and daily ER did not remain statistically significant after controlling for negative emotions. The results thus point to no or weak associations between negative ED and ER choice above and beyond negative emotions. Future experimental studies addressing ED at the momentary level and teasing out the ED-ER causal timeline are needed to further evaluate ED-ER associations. Findings from such research may represent an important step toward refining psychotherapeutic interventions aimed at improving emotional problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia S. O'Toole
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Habermas T, Delarue I, Eiswirth P, Glanz S, Krämer C, Landertinger A, Krainhöfner M, Batista J, Gonçalves MM. Differences Between Subclinical Ruminators and Reflectors in Narrating Autobiographical Memories: Innovative Moments and Autobiographical Reasoning. Front Psychol 2021; 12:624644. [PMID: 33763000 PMCID: PMC7982801 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reasoning may help solving problems and understanding personal experiences. Ruminative reasoning, however, is inconclusive, repetitive, and usually regards negative thoughts. We asked how reasoning as manifested in oral autobiographical narratives might differ when it is ruminative versus when it is adaptive by comparing two constructs from the fields of psychotherapy research and narrative research that are potentially beneficial: innovative moments (IMs) and autobiographical reasoning (AR). IMs captures statements in that elaborate on changes regarding an earlier personal previous problem of the narrator, and AR capture the connecting of past events with other parts of the narrator’s life or enduring aspects of the narrator. A total of N = 94 university students had been selected from 492 students to differ maximally on trait rumination and trait adaptive reflection, and were grouped as ruminators (N = 38), reflectors (N = 37), and a group with little ruminative and reflective tendencies (“unconcerned,” N = 19). Participants narrated three negative personal experiences (disappointing oneself, harming someone, and being rejected) and two self-related experiences of more mixed valence (turning point and lesson learnt). Reflectors used more IMs and more negative than positive autobiographical arguments (AAs), but not more overall AAs than ruminators. Group differences were not moderated by the valence of memories, and groups did not differ in the positive effect of narrating on mood. Trait depression/anxiety was predicted negatively by IMs and positively by AAs. Thus, IMs are typical for reflectors but not ruminators, whereas the construct of AR appears to capture reasoning processes irrespective of their ruminative versus adaptive uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Habermas
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Iris Delarue
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pia Eiswirth
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Glanz
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christin Krämer
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Axel Landertinger
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - João Batista
- Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, Universidade de Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Gonçalves
- Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, Universidade de Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Jansen P. Self-compassion and repetitive thinking in relation to depressive mood and fear of the future. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2021. [PMCID: PMC7930895 DOI: 10.1007/s12662-021-00712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has had a high impact on mental health. Also, semiprofessional football players are strongly affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) because training during the lockdown phase has been forbidden. It was the primary goal of this study to investigate if those athletes suffer from a depressive mood and fear of the future. Furthermore, the question was asked whether the psychological variables of self-compassion and repetitive thinking are related to this. A total of 55 semiprofessional football players completed a demographic questionnaire with questions related to depressive mood and fear of the future, and a rumination-, worry- and self-compassion scale. The results show an association between the negative scale of self-compassion and depressive mood as well as fear of the future. Whereas depressive mood was predicted by self-compassion, fear of the future was only indirectly predicted by self-compassion by the mediating effects of repetitive thinking. Also, in semiprofessional football, self-compassion interventions might be a useful tool in difficult times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Jansen
- Faculty of Human Science, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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12
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Dibb B, Foster M. Loneliness and Facebook use: the role of social comparison and rumination. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05999. [PMID: 33521361 PMCID: PMC7820562 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence as to whether Facebook, one of the most popular social networking sites, either promotes social connectedness or contributes to the rising prevalence of loneliness. This study aimed to understand the association between Facebook use and loneliness. Two hundred and fourteen active Facebook users (Mage = 35.65; 80.8% female) completed a cross-sectional questionnaire measuring the nature of their Facebook use, how frequently they ruminate, the tendency to compare themselves to their Facebook friends, and upward and downward social comparison. The results showed that rumination and upward social comparison on Facebook were significantly associated with loneliness. The type of activity users engaged in when using Facebook was not significant. The study therefore demonstrates that Facebook users who ruminate and compare themselves to their perceived superiors on Facebook are more likely to experience loneliness. Suggested solutions include raising awareness and using algorithms on Facebook to deliver targeted interventions.
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Achnak S, Schippers A, Vantilborgh T. To deny, to justify, or to apologize: Do social accounts influence stress levels in the aftermath of psychological contract breach? BMC Psychol 2021; 9:5. [PMID: 33407889 PMCID: PMC7789714 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-00505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Workplace stress carries considerable costs for the employees’ wellbeing and for the organization’s performance. Recent studies demonstrate that perceptions of psychological contract breach are a source of stress for employees. That is, when employees notice that their employer does not fulfil certain obligations, they will perceive that certain resources are threatened or lost, which in turn translates into increased stress. In this study, we zoom in on how stress unfolds in the aftermath of breach, dependent on the organization’s reaction to the breach. More specifically, we examined the influence of different types of social accounts (i.e., denial, apology, blaming and exonerating justification) on individuals’ stress resolution process using physiological (i.e., heart rate) and psychological (self-report) data. Method We used an experimental design in which we manipulated psychological contract breach and social account type. To test our hypotheses, we performed two sets of functional Principal Component Analyses: first to examine the effects of breach and second to examine the effects of social accounts. Results Our results indicate that breach elicits a physiological stress reaction, reflected in a short-lived increase in heart rate. However, no increase in the self-reported stress measure was found. Further, we did not find a significant effect of social accounts on the psychological and physiological recovery process. Conclusions The current research allows us to demonstrate that psychological contract breach will trigger a short-lived increase in heart rate. Further research is needed to better understand unfolding trajectories of physiological reactions to contract breach and the effect of social accounts as organizational recovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safâa Achnak
- Work and Organizational Psychology (WOPs), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Arjen Schippers
- Experimental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tim Vantilborgh
- Work and Organizational Psychology (WOPs), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Tasuji T, Reese E, van Mulukom V, Whitehouse H. Band of mothers: Childbirth as a female bonding experience. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240175. [PMID: 33085666 PMCID: PMC7577500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Does the experience of childbirth create social bonds among first-time mothers? Previous research suggests that sharing emotionally intense or painful experiences with others leads to “identity fusion,” a visceral feeling of oneness with a group that predicts strong forms of prosocial action and self-sacrifice for other group members. This study compared identity fusion with other mothers during pregnancy versus after childbirth in a sample of 164 U.S. women. Eighty-nine mothers in our sample were pregnant with their firstborn, and 75 mothers had given birth to their firstborn up to 6 months prior to the time of data collection. Results demonstrated that identity fusion with other mothers was higher for postpartum mothers than for antenatal mothers. As predicted, among postpartum mothers, those who thought that their childbirth was more painful than a typical childbirth experience reported greater identity fusion with mothers who reported having had a very difficult birth. Postpartum mothers’ ruminative thought about the birth mediated the association between level of dysphoria and identity fusion, and identity fusion moderated the association between postpartum mothers’ ruminative and reflective thought about the birth and their posttraumatic growth in complex ways. These findings provide evidence that perceived sharedness of the childbirth experience and thoughts about the birth are important to the process of identity fusion with other mothers, and highlight the importance of post-event processing for psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Tasuji
- Centre for the Study of Social Cohesion, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TT); (ER)
| | - Elaine Reese
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (TT); (ER)
| | - Valerie van Mulukom
- Centre for the Study of Social Cohesion, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey Whitehouse
- Centre for the Study of Social Cohesion, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Khosravani V, Baseri A, Kamali Z, Mohammadzadeh A, Amirinezhad A. Direct and Indirect Effects of Behavioral Inhibition/Activation Systems on Depression and Current Suicidal Ideation Through Rumination and Self-Reflection. Arch Suicide Res 2020; 24:568-588. [PMID: 31349768 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2019.1649224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate direct and indirect effects of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the behavioral activation system (BAS) on depression and current suicidal ideation through rumination and self-reflection in a sample of suicide attempters. Three hundred suicide attempters completed the Rumination/Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ), the Carver and White BIS/BAS scales, the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Results revealed that the BAS and BIS had direct effects on suicidal ideation but not depression. Low BAS had an indirect effect on depression through decreased self-reflection. High BIS had an indirect effect on depression via increased rumination. Low BAS and high BIS had indirect effects on suicidal ideation through decreased self-reflection. The findings suggest that low BAS and high BIS may be associated with depression and suicidal ideation in suicide attempters who have decreased self-reflection and increased rumination. Also, increasing self-reflection and reducing rumination as respectively adaptive and maladaptive self-focused attention strategies may prohibit depression and suicidal ideation.
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16
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Personality as a Resource for Labor Market Participation among Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176240. [PMID: 32867344 PMCID: PMC7504339 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: The link between personality traits and employment status in individuals with chronic health conditions (CHCs) is largely unexplored. In this study, we examined this association among 21,173 individuals with CHCs and whether this association differs between individuals suffering from a heart disease, depression, anxiety, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, musculoskeletal disease (MSD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This study was conducted using baseline data from the Lifelines Cohort Study. Employment status and the presence of CHCs were determined by questionnaire data. The Revised Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) was used to measure eight personality facet traits. We conducted disease-generic and disease-specific logistic regression analyses. Results: Workers with higher scores on self-consciousness (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.02), impulsivity (1.03; 1.02-1.04), excitement seeking (1.02; 1.01-1.02), competence (1.08; 1.07-1.10) and self-discipline (1.04; 1.03-1.05) were more often employed. Adults with higher scores on anger-hostility (0.97; 0.97-0.98), vulnerability (0.98; 0.97-0.99), and deliberation (0.96; 0.95-0.97) were least often employed. Personality facets were associated strongest with employment status among individuals suffering from MSD and weakest in individuals with T2DM. Conclusions: Personality might be a key resource to continue working despite having a CHC. This may be relevant for the development of targeted personality-focused interventions.
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Hong S, Oh SK. Why People Don't Use Facebook Anymore? An Investigation Into the Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Traits and the Motivation to Leave Facebook. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1497. [PMID: 32765349 PMCID: PMC7381270 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study linked the big five personality traits with motivational factors to leave Facebook based on a survey of 218 former Facebook users. The big five were related with eight main factors retrieved from existing literature. Results showed that neuroticism was positively related to addiction, banality, peer pressure, and privacy while conscientiousness was negatively related to peer pressure, addiction, annoyance, and emergence of new platforms. Openness was positively related with banality but negatively with addiction and peer pressure. Theoretical and practical interpretations are also discussed.
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18
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Subnis UB, Farb NA, Piedalue KAL, Speca M, Lupichuk S, Tang PA, Faris P, Thoburn M, Saab BJ, Carlson LE. A Smartphone App-Based Mindfulness Intervention for Cancer Survivors: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e15178. [PMID: 32390591 PMCID: PMC7248798 DOI: 10.2196/15178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer patients transitioning to survivorship after completing cancer treatments need psychosocial interventions to manage stressors such as anxiety, depression, and fear of cancer recurrence. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are effective for treating these symptoms; however, cancer survivors are often unable to participate in face-to-face interventions because of difficulties such as work and family commitments, treatment-related side-effects, scheduling conflicts, and geography. Smartphone app–based MBIs are an innovative way to deliver psychosocial cancer care and can overcome several such difficulties, since patients can participate at their own convenience. Objective The SEAMLESS (Smartphone App–Based Mindfulness Intervention for Cancer Survivors) study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a tailored app-based mindfulness intervention for cancer survivors (the Am Mindfulness-Based Cancer Survivorship—MBCS—Journey) for treating (1) symptoms of stress (primary outcome), as well as (2) fear of cancer recurrence, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and overall physical functioning (secondary outcomes). This is the first Canadian efficacy trial of a tailored mindfulness app intervention in cancer survivors. Methods This is a randomized waitlist-controlled trial, which will evaluate the effectiveness of Am MBCS for impacting the primary and secondary outcomes in cancer survivors who have completed all their cancer treatments. Outcomes will be assessed using web-based surveys with validated psychometric instruments at (1) baseline, (2) mid-intervention (2 weeks later), (3) immediately postintervention (4 weeks), (4) 3 months postbaseline, (5) 6 months postbaseline, and (6) 12 months postbaseline. The waitlist group will complete all assessments and will cross over to the intervention condition after the 3-month assessment. In addition, data will be obtained by the smartphone app itself, which includes users’ engagement with the app-based intervention, their emotional state (eg, angry and elated) from a user-inputted digital emotion-mapping board, and psychobiometric data using photoplethysmography technology. Results The study received ethics approval in September 2018 and recruitment commenced in January 2019. Participants are being recruited through a provincial cancer registry, and the majority of participants currently enrolled are breast (44/83, 53%) or colorectal (17/83, 20%) cancer survivors, although some survivors of other cancer are also present. Data collection for analysis of the primary outcome time-point will be complete by September 2019, and the follow-up data will be collected and analyzed by September 2020. Data will be analyzed to determine group differences using linear mixed modelling statistical techniques. Conclusions Cancer care providers are uncertain about the efficacy of app-based mindfulness interventions for patients, which are available in great supply in today’s digital world. This study will provide rigorously evaluated efficacy data for an app-based mindfulness intervention for cancer survivors, which if helpful, could be made available for psychosocial care at cancer centers worldwide. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03484000; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03484000 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/15178
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh B Subnis
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Norman As Farb
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | | | - Michael Speca
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sasha Lupichuk
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Patricia A Tang
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Peter Faris
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Linda E Carlson
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Svendsen JL, Schanche E, Osnes B, Vøllestad J, Visted E, Dundas I, Nordby H, Binder PE, Sørensen L. Is Dispositional Self-Compassion Associated With Psychophysiological Flexibility Beyond Mindfulness? An Exploratory Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2020; 11:614. [PMID: 32328014 PMCID: PMC7160328 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dispositional mindfulness and self-compassion are shown to associate with less self-reported emotional distress. However, previous studies have indicated that dispositional self-compassion may be an even more important buffer against such distress than dispositional mindfulness. To our knowledge, no study has yet disentangled the relationship between dispositional self-compassion and mindfulness and level of psychophysiological flexibility as measured with vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV). The aim was thus to provide a first exploratory effort to expand previous research relying on self-report measures by including a psychophysiological measure indicative of emotional stress reactivity. METHODS Fifty-three university students filled out the "Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire" (FFMQ) and the "Self-Compassion Scale" (SCS), and their heart rate was measured during a 5 min resting electrocardiogram. Linear hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the common and unique variance explained by the total scores of the FFMQ and the SCS on level of resting vmHRV. RESULTS Higher SCS total scores associated significantly with higher levels of vmHRV also when controlling for the FFMQ total scores. The SCS uniquely explained 7% of the vmHRV. The FFMQ total scores did not associate with level of vmHRV. CONCLUSION These results offer preliminary support that dispositional self-compassion associates with better psychophysiological regulation of emotional arousal above and beyond mindfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lillebostad Svendsen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Schanche
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Berge Osnes
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjørgvin District Psychiatric Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Vøllestad
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Solli District Psychiatric Centre, Nesttun, Norway
| | - Endre Visted
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Dundas
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Nordby
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per-Einar Binder
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lin Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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20
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Hulsbosch LP, Nyklíček I, Potharst ES, Meems M, Boekhorst MGBM, Pop VJM. Online mindfulness-based intervention for women with pregnancy distress: design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:159. [PMID: 32169030 PMCID: PMC7069182 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-2843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psychological distress during pregnancy is common: up to 20% of the childbearing women experience symptoms of depression and anxiety. Apart from the adverse effects on the woman herself, pregnancy distress can negatively affect pregnancy outcomes, infant health, postpartum mother-child interaction and child development. Therefore, the development of interventions that reduce pregnancy distress is very important. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) show promising positive effects on pregnancy distress, but there is a need for randomized controlled trials with sufficient power. Trials on online MBIs, which are readily accessible and not expensive, also show positive effects on stress reduction in non-pregnant populations. Moreover, specific working mechanisms of MBIs remain unclear. The aim of the current study is to test the effectiveness of an online MBI in pregnant women with pregnancy distress, as well as exploring potential working mechanisms. Methods The current study is a randomized controlled trial with repeated measures. Consenting women with elevated levels of pregnancy distress will be randomized into an intervention group (MBI) or control group (care as usual) around 12 weeks of pregnancy, with an intended sample size of 103 women in each group. The primary outcome, pregnancy distress, will be assessed via questionnaires at baseline, halfway through the intervention and post intervention in both intervention and control group, and after 8 weeks follow-up in the intervention group. Secondary outcomes are mindfulness skills, rumination and self-compassion, which are also seen as potential working mechanisms, and will be assessed via questionnaires before intervention, halfway through the intervention, post intervention and after 8 weeks follow-up in the intervention group. Tertiary outcome variables are obstetric data and will be collected from the obstetric records for both intervention and control group. Analyses will be based on the intention-to-treat principle. Multilevel regression models for repeated measures (mixed models) will be used to evaluate changes in primary and secondary outcome variables. Tertiary outcomes will be compared between groups using independent t-tests and Chi Square analyses. Discussion The trial is expected to increase knowledge about the effectiveness of online MBIs during pregnancy in women with pregnancy distress and to evaluate potential working mechanisms. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03917745, registered on 4 March 2019. Protocol Version 3.0., 20 February 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne P Hulsbosch
- Center of Research in Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, P.O. BOX 90153, Warandelaan 2, 5000 LE, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Ivan Nyklíček
- Center of Research in Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, P.O. BOX 90153, Warandelaan 2, 5000 LE, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Eva S Potharst
- UvA minds, academic outpatient (child and adolescent) treatment center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Margreet Meems
- Center of Research in Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, P.O. BOX 90153, Warandelaan 2, 5000 LE, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Myrthe G B M Boekhorst
- Center of Research in Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, P.O. BOX 90153, Warandelaan 2, 5000 LE, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Victor J M Pop
- Center of Research in Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, P.O. BOX 90153, Warandelaan 2, 5000 LE, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
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Chella A, Pipitone A, Morin A, Racy F. Developing Self-Awareness in Robots via Inner Speech. Front Robot AI 2020; 7:16. [PMID: 33501185 PMCID: PMC7805855 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The experience of inner speech is a common one. Such a dialogue accompanies the introspection of mental life and fulfills essential roles in human behavior, such as self-restructuring, self-regulation, and re-focusing on attentional resources. Although the underpinning of inner speech is mostly investigated in psychological and philosophical fields, the research in robotics generally does not address such a form of self-aware behavior. Existing models of inner speech inspire computational tools to provide a robot with this form of self-awareness. Here, the widespread psychological models of inner speech are reviewed, and a cognitive architecture for a robot implementing such a capability is outlined in a simplified setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Chella
- RoboticsLab, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto di Calcolo e Reti ad Alte Prestazioni (ICAR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Arianna Pipitone
- RoboticsLab, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alain Morin
- Department of Psychology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Famira Racy
- Researcher, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Irie T, Yokomitsu K. Relationship Between Dispositional Mindfulness and Living Condition and the Well- Being of First- Year University Students in Japan. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2831. [PMID: 31920864 PMCID: PMC6930154 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine how dispositional mindfulness and living conditions are related to well-being among first-year university students in Japan. Participants were 262 Japanese first-year students (156 females and 106 males; Mage = 18.77 years, SDage = 0.85). Dispositional mindfulness was measured using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and living condition was operationalized as living at home or living alone after having left their home. Hierarchical multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze whether the factors of living condition and dispositional mindfulness had predictive effects on well-being. The results showed that dispositional mindfulness positively correlated with well-being in first-year university students; however, living condition had no significant correlation. On the other hand, the interaction between living condition and dispositional mindfulness significantly correlated with well-being. Simple slope analysis revealed that higher levels of dispositional mindfulness had a protective effect in the relationship between living condition and well-being. These results suggest that an intervention to promote dispositional mindfulness could be effective in protecting the well-being of first-year university students, especially for those who have left their home and are living alone. Further research will be necessary to examine, longitudinally, how mental health changes depending on the level of dispositional mindfulness of first-year university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Irie
- School of Education and Culture, Hokusho University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kengo Yokomitsu
- College of Comprehensive Psychology, Ritsumeikan University, Osaka, Japan
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Russell A, Gaunt D, Cooper K, Horwood J, Barton S, Ensum I, Ingham B, Parr J, Metcalfe C, Rai D, Kessler D, Wiles N. Guided self-help for depression in autistic adults: the ADEPT feasibility RCT. Health Technol Assess 2019; 23:1-94. [PMID: 31856942 PMCID: PMC6943380 DOI: 10.3310/hta23680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-occurring depression frequently occurs in autism. Evidence-based psychological interventions have been successfully adapted to treat co-occurring anxiety, but there is little evidence about the usefulness of adapted cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression. To the authors' knowledge, to date there have been no randomised trials investigating the usefulness of low-intensity cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression in autism. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to (1) develop a low-intensity psychological intervention for depression adapted for autism, (2) assess the feasibility and patient and therapist acceptability of the intervention, (3) estimate the rates of recruitment and retention for a full-scale randomised controlled trial and (4) identify an appropriate measure of depression to be used in a full-scale randomised controlled trial. DESIGN The study comprised a randomised controlled trial (n = 70) with a nested qualitative evaluation (n = 21). Seventy eligible and consenting participants were randomly allocated to guided self-help or to treatment as usual. SETTING Adult autism services in two NHS regions. PARTICIPANTS Adults with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder with depression, that is, a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items score of ≥ 10. People who had attended more than six sessions of cognitive-behavioural therapy in the previous 6 months were excluded. INTERVENTIONS The low-intensity intervention (guided self-help) comprised materials for nine individual sessions, based on behavioural activation adapted for autism, facilitated by therapist guides (coaches) who were graduate-level psychologists who attended training and regular supervision. Treatment as usual was standard NHS care for depression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes were measured 10, 16 and 24 weeks post randomisation using self-report and interview measures of depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, social function and quality of life, and a health-care and service use questionnaire. As this was a feasibility study also designed to identify the most appropriate measure of depression, it was not possible to specify the primary outcome measure or outcome point a priori. RESULTS The aims of the study were met in full. The guided self-help intervention was feasible and well received by participants and coaches. The majority of allocated participants attended the intervention in full. The most practical outcome point was determined to be 16 weeks. There were differential rates of attrition across the treatment groups: 86% of the guided self-help group remained in the study at 24 weeks, compared with 54% of treatment as usual group. The qualitative study suggested that guided self-help had enhanced credibility with participants at the point of randomisation. Inter-rater reliability of the interview measure of depression was less than adequate, limiting the conclusions that can be drawn from the prespecified sensitivity to change analyses. CONCLUSIONS The intervention was feasible and well received. Although this feasibility study was not a fully powered trial, it provided some evidence that the guided self-help intervention was effective in reducing depressive symptoms. A full-scale clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness trial of the intervention is warranted. FUTURE WORK Improvements to the intervention materials as a result of qualitative interviews. Stakeholder consultation to consider future trial design, consider strategies to improve retention in a treatment as usual arm and select a self-report measure of depression to serve as the primary outcome measure. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN54650760. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 23, No. 68. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. This study was also supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa Russell
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Daisy Gaunt
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate Cooper
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jeremy Horwood
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Barton
- Newcastle Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies Centre, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian Ensum
- BASS Adult Autism Service, Avon & Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Barry Ingham
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jeremy Parr
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Chris Metcalfe
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Dheeraj Rai
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David Kessler
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicola Wiles
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Zainal NH, Newman MG, Hong RY. Cross-Cultural and Gender Invariance of Transdiagnostic Processes in the United States and Singapore. Assessment 2019; 28:485-502. [PMID: 31538795 DOI: 10.1177/1073191119869832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Research Domain Criteria define cognitive and emotional processes (e.g., rumination, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity, emotion dysregulation) as key transdiagnostic elements of psychopathology. However, there is currently a dearth of construct equivalence studies on measures of these processes. We thus aimed to validate the latent structures of five transdiagnostic constructs using established and newer measures: two-factor Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire, six-factor Perseverative Cognitions Questionnaire, two-factor Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, three-factor Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3, two-factor Cognitive and Behavioral Processes Questionnaire (CBPQ). Measurement equivalence was examined across 292 American and 144 Singaporean undergraduates. Cross-cultural confirmatory factor analyses revealed strict invariance for all measures, with interfactor association differences on the Perseverative Cognitions Questionnaire and CBPQ. Across gender, full invariance was found on all measures except the CBPQ. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
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Cova F, Garcia F, Oyanadel C, Villagran L, Páez D, Inostroza C. Adaptive Reflection on Negative Emotional Experiences: Convergences and Divergence Between the Processing-Mode Theory and the Theory of Self-Distancing Reflection. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1943. [PMID: 31551854 PMCID: PMC6734160 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflecting on negative emotional experiences can be adaptive but it can also maintain or intensify detrimental emotional states. Which factors determine whether reflection can have one consequence or another is unclear. This study focused on two research programs that have concentrated on this topic in the last decades: processing-mode theory (PMT) and self-distancing theory (SDT). The article described and contrasted both programs and their findings. The promising results that PMT and SDT have achieved in identifying the differences between the forms of adaptive and maladaptive reflection are highlighted. Likewise, the disconcerting contradictions observed between both programs that make integrating the findings difficult are indicated. The PMT states that adaptive reflection is concrete, and it is focused on the how of the experience. The SDT states that adaptive reflection is self-distanced and focused on the global meaning of the experience. The article finishes by indicating possible explanations for these apparent contradictions and outlines the challenges to be solved to improve comprehension of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Cova
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Comunicación, Universidad Santo Tomas, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Oyanadel
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Loreto Villagran
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Dario Páez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
- Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Andres Bello, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carolina Inostroza
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Piotrowski K. Perfectionism and Identity Processes in Two Domains: Mediational Roles of Worry, Rumination, Indecisiveness, Shame, and Guilt. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1864. [PMID: 31507476 PMCID: PMC6716423 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess the relationships between two dimensions of perfectionism, that is, perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns, and identity processes in the domains of future plans and education. It was hypothesized that such consequences of perfectionism as worry, rumination, indecisiveness, and guilt and shame proneness would be mediators of the perfectionism-identity relationship. A total of 696 students took part in the study (M age = 26.74, SD = 7.56). It was found that perfectionistic strivings may promote the development of identity by supporting adaptive exploration and identity commitment. This relationship was only partly mediated. On the other hand, perfectionistic concerns were associated with significant difficulties with identity formation. This relationship was largely indirect, and indecisiveness proved to be the main mediator of the perfectionistic concerns-identity relationship. High indecisiveness, which disturbs decision-making processes, seems to explain why maladaptive perfectionists have problems with identity formation. These mediational effect was observed in both analyzed domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Piotrowski
- Psychology Institute, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań, Poland
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Racy F, Morin A, Duhnych C. Using a Thought Listing Procedure to Construct the General Inner Speech Questionnaire: An Ecological Approach. JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIVIST PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10720537.2019.1633572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Famira Racy
- Department of Psychology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alain Morin
- Department of Psychology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christina Duhnych
- Department of Psychology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Littrell S, Fugelsang J, Risko EF. Overconfidently underthinking: narcissism negatively predicts cognitive reflection. THINKING & REASONING 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2019.1633404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Littrell
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Fugelsang
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan F. Risko
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Zhu T, Xue J, Montuclard A, Jiang Y, Weng W, Chen S. Can Mindfulness-Based Training Improve Positive Emotion and Cognitive Ability in Chinese Non-clinical Population? A Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1549. [PMID: 31333552 PMCID: PMC6619344 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on eastern philosophy, mindfulness is becoming popular for human being's mental health and well-being in western countries. In this study, we proposed to explore the effectiveness and potential pathway of mindfulness-based training (MBT) on Chinese Non-clinical higher education students' cognition and emotion. METHODS A paired control design was used. 48 higher education students (24 in MBT group, 24 in control group) were recruited in the study. The MBT group engaged in a 12-week MBT. A package of measurements, including sustained attention tasks (The Continuous Performance Test, CPT), executive function task (Stroop) for cognitive functions, the self-reported mindfulness levels (The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, MAAS) and emotion (The Profile of Mood States, POMS), were apply for all participants at baseline and every 4 weeks during next 12 weeks. RESULTS There were no differences in baseline demographic variables between two groups. Over the 12-week training, participants assigned to MBT group had a significantly greater reduction in CPT reaction time (Cohen's d 0.72), significantly greater improvement in positive emotion (Vigor-Activity, VA) (Cohen's d 1.08) and in MAAS (Cohen's d 0.49) than those assigned to control group. And, MAAS at 4th week could significantly predict the CPT RT and VA at 8th week in the MBT group. VA at 4th week could significantly predict the CPT RT at 8th week (B = 4.88, t = 2.21, p = 0.034, R2 = 0.35). CONCLUSION This study shows the efficiency of 12-week MBT on Chinese Non-clinical students' cognition and emotion. Mindfulness training may impact cognition and emotion through the improvement in mindfulness level, and may impact cognition through the improvement in positive emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfei Zhu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Xue
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Astrid Montuclard
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yuxing Jiang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Weng
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Ferreira TDGM, Rocha JMD, David SCD, Boligon J, Casarin M, Grellmann AP, Marin J, Ardenghi TM, Zanatta FB, Moreira CHC. Sampling strategy of an epidemiological survey using a satellite image program. Rev Saude Publica 2019; 53:47. [PMID: 31066825 PMCID: PMC6536105 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2019053000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the sampling strategy of an epidemiological survey with the aid of satellite images, including details of the multistage probability sampling process. METHODS A probability sample of individuals living in the rural area of Rosário do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, aged 15 years old or more, was evaluated. Participants answered questionnaires (medical history, sociodemographic characteristics, habits, alcohol use, quality of life, stress, rumination, and self-perceived periodontal diseases), and were subjected to clinical oral examinations as well as anthropometric measurements (blood pressure, height, weight, abdominal and waist circumferences). Oral evaluation comprehended a complete periodontal exam at six sites per tooth, including the following assessments: furcation involvement; dental abrasion; tooth decay, including the indexing of missing and filled surfaces; O'Brien index; gingival abrasion; oral cavity and lip lesions; complete periapical radiographic exam, and use of prostheses. Besides this oral clinical approach, subgingival plaque, crevicular gingival fluid, saliva, and blood samples were collected. Examiners were trained and calibrated during previous evaluations. A pilot study allowed the logistic of the performed exams to be adjusted as needed. RESULTS Among 1,087 eligible individuals, 688 were examined (63.3%). Age, sex, and skin color data were compared to data from the last demographic census (2010) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, which served to validate the sampling strategy. CONCLUSIONS The careful methods used in this study, in which satellite images were used in the delimitation of epidemiological areas, ensure the quality of the estimates obtained and allow for these estimates to be used in oral health surveillance and health policies improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ticiane de Góes Mário Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria . Curso de Odontologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas . Santa Maria , RS , Brasil
| | - José Mariano da Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria . Curso de Odontologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas . Santa Maria , RS , Brasil
| | - Silvia Cardoso de David
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul . Faculdade de Odontologia . Departamento de Periodontia . Porto Alegre , RS , Brasil
| | - Jociana Boligon
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria . Curso de Odontologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas . Santa Maria , RS , Brasil
| | - Maísa Casarin
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas . Faculdade de Odontologia . Departamento de Semiologia e Clínica . Pelotas , RS , Brasil
| | - Alessandra Pascotini Grellmann
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria . Curso de Odontologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas . Santa Maria , RS , Brasil
| | - Janice Marin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria . Curso de Odontologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Odontológicas . Santa Maria , RS , Brasil
| | - Thiago Machado Ardenghi
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria . Curso de Odontologia. Departamento de Estomatologia . Santa Maria , RS , Brasil
| | - Fabricio Batistin Zanatta
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria . Curso de Odontologia. Departamento de Estomatologia . Santa Maria , RS , Brasil
| | - Carlos Heitor Cunha Moreira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria . Curso de Odontologia. Departamento de Estomatologia . Santa Maria , RS , Brasil
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Martinon LM, Smallwood J, Hamilton C, Riby LM. Frogs' Legs Versus Roast Beef: How Culture Can Influence Mind-Wandering Episodes Across the Lifespan. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 15:211-239. [PMID: 33574952 PMCID: PMC7871756 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v15i2.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have captured the nature of mind-wandering and how it changes across the lifespan; however, the influence of culture has been neglected. This study investigated the joint effects of culture and age in a large scale online questionnaire-based survey of 308 adults over 18 years of age, both in France and the United Kingdom. To capture a profile of thinking style, self-report measures of mind-wandering frequency, mindfulness, mood, rumination, self-reflection, future thinking, depressive symptoms, and cognitive failures were gathered. Findings revealed an earlier decrease in mind-wandering frequency for French speaking participants. Cultural effects were demonstrated on rumination and reflection rates across the life span, with in general more rumination and less reflection for English speakers. Overall, negatively toned thoughts were dominant for English compared to more expressive thoughts in general for French speakers. Confirmatory factor analyses featured different theoretical models to explain mind-wandering frequency in the French and British populations. This study provides the basis for further investigations of sociocultural influences on the eclectic phenomenon of mind-wandering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa M. Martinon
- Psychology Department, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin Hamilton
- Psychology Department, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh M. Riby
- Psychology Department, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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Kim JH, Piao Y, Kim WS, Park JJ, Kang NI, Lee KH, Chung YC. The Development of the Brooding Scale. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:443-449. [PMID: 31247703 PMCID: PMC6603696 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.04.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to develop a Brooding Scale (BS) and to confirm its psychometric properties. METHODS A preliminary questionnaire was developed based on a literature review and face-to-face interviews with healthy subjects. To evaluate reliability and construct validity, a 15-item BS was administered to 124 healthy subjects. Convergent validity was tested by assessing the relationship between the BS and the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS). Discriminant validity was confirmed in 58 patients with schizophrenia. RESULTS The internal consistency for the BS was excellent. An exploratory factor analysis yielded two factors: the emotional (six items) and cognitive (five items) domains, which explained 33.83% and 23.69% of the variance, respectively. The BS total score and scores for factors 1 and 2 showed significant positive correlations with the RRS. The total score and sub-factor scores of the BS were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION The BS can be used as a reliable and valid tool to assess brooding in healthy adults. In addition, it had good discriminant validity for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanhong Piao
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Kim
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Jae Park
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-In Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Maeumsarang Hospital, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Hak Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Maeumsarang Hospital, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Andò A, Girolamo MD, Pignolo C, Zennaro A, Giromini L, Minichino A, Salatino A, Morese R. Personality features and vulnerability to stress: a case study on hyperhidrosis. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2019; 22:344. [PMID: 32913779 PMCID: PMC7451363 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2019.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By using the Rorschach test, self-reports, and psychophysiological measures, we investigated thoroughly the psychological functioning in a hyperhidrotic case. Erica, a young female with hyperhidrosis, was assessed in three times at one-week distance. First, specific tools assessing potential psychological and affective distress, and the Rorschach test were administered. About one week later, Electrodermal Activity was recorded during the exposure to a mild laboratory stress-inducing task. Finally, a magnetic resonance imaging exam was performed in order to exclude medical conditions/neurological alterations for potential physiological anomalies. Erica tends to avoid living in the moment and prefers to experience close relationships in her inner world where she can rehearse the future and imagine different contexts and social situations without risks and embarrassment. She reports high capacities to perform goaldirected behaviors and clarity of emotions only in absence of stressful situations. The study has the merit to be the first to combine Rorschach data with physiological data in order to investigate the psychological functioning in a hyperhidrotic case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Andò
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosalba Morese
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Italy.,Faculty of Communication Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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Jauk E, Kanske P. Perspective Change and Personality State Variability: An Argument for the Role of Self-Awareness and an Outlook on Bidirectionality (Commentary on Wundrack et al., 2018). J Intell 2019; 7:E10. [PMID: 31162389 PMCID: PMC6631125 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence7020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent article, Wundrack et al. (2018) put forward an elaborate and intriguing hypothesis on enhanced perspective-taking (Theory of Mind) ability as a consequence of higher personality state variability. While there is evidence in favor of this hypothesis, the clinical examples of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder, as highlighted by the authors, demonstrate that a high state variability can also be accompanied by a lower perspective-taking ability (as commonly observed in these disorders). We suggest that only those state changes which are initiated on a voluntary basis and are accompanied by self-awareness go along with a higher perspective-taking ability. Introducing self-awareness as a moderating factor might help explain seemingly conflicting findings related to the hypothesis proposed in the target article. Moreover, we argue that the direction of causality proposed in the target article is not the only conceivable one, and perspective-taking ability could also be a cause, not just a consequence, of personality state variability. Finally, we provide suggestions on how these hypotheses could be tested in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Jauk
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kanske
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Burns A, Irvine M, Woodcock K. Self-Focused Attention and Depressive Symptoms in Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:692-703. [PMID: 30218233 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adults with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) are at high risk of developing comorbid depressive symptoms and in the general population self-focused attention has been associated with depression. Here, we aimed to examine the relationships between aspects of self-focused attention and symptoms of depression in individuals with a diagnosis of ASD. 113 adults with a diagnosis of ASD completed self-report questionnaires. Results found that higher levels of brooding, and to a lesser degree, reflection predicted increased depressive symptoms. However, higher levels of private self-consciousness actually predicted decreased depressive symptoms. Differential relationships were observed for males and females. The current study highlights the importance of using a multidimensional approach to examining self-focused attention in ASD, and its important relationship with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Burns
- Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mandy Irvine
- South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Dundonald, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kate Woodcock
- Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. .,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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36
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Stabbe OK, Rolffs JL, Rogge RD. Flexibly and/or inflexibly embracing life: Identifying fundamental approaches to life with latent profile analyses on the dimensions of the Hexaflex model. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Kröhler A, Berti S. Taking Action or Thinking About It? State Orientation and Rumination Are Correlated in Athletes. Front Psychol 2019; 10:576. [PMID: 30971970 PMCID: PMC6443985 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletic performance in competitive sports relies heavily on the ability to cope effectively with stressful situations. In contrast, some athletes report that their thoughts revolve around the future or past and not around the actual demands during competitions. In those specific stressful situations, the lack of focus like an unintended fixation on repetitive cognitions can have fatal consequences with regard to the performance. Especially when competitors are close in their athletic capabilities, differences in effectively coping with stress and mental stability may decide about winning and losing. One established factor of performing effectively under pressure is the individual tendency to either focus on taking action (i.e., action orientation) or on focusing on the own emotions (i.e., state orientation). It is widely acknowledged that state-oriented athletes have disadvantages in performing under stress. Moreover, the action control theory claims that state orientation is related to ruminative cognitions, which itself is assumed to impair performance in the long term. We tested this hypothesis in 157 competitive athletes from different sports (including individual and team sports). Regression analysis demonstrates a substantial correlation of failure-related action orientation (i.e., state orientation) with different measures of rumination (including general, clinically relevant, and competition-related rumination). In addition, general (i.e., content independent) rumination also correlated substantially with a rumination scale adapted specifically to sports-related competition. These results suggest (1) that a sports and competition-related ruminative mechanism exists and (2) that ruminative cognitions are related to the cognitive basis of state orientation. While our study does not allow for a causal interpretation, it provides an additional approach to investigate mental factors underlying inter-individual differences in athletic performance under stress and pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kröhler
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Berti
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Weihs KL, McConnell MH, Wiley JF, Crespi CM, Sauer-Zavala S, Stanton AL. A preventive intervention to modify depression risk targets after breast cancer diagnosis: Design and single-arm pilot study. Psychooncology 2019; 28:880-887. [PMID: 30803095 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apply the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Stage Model to design and test an intervention to prevent depression in breast cancer patients at risk for depression. METHODS We identified mindful emotion awareness, along with approach and avoidance strategies for cancer-related coping and emotion regulation, as targets for a preventive intervention adapted from the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Patients' preferences for individual, in-person, and time-efficient sessions informed the design. Patients at risk for depression received a 6-week, 5-hour intervention with daily exercises. Intervention targets were assessed at baseline, before each session, and 4-weeks post intervention. Mixed effects analysis of variance (ANOVA) assessed change over the follow-up period, controlling for age, partnered status, and disease stage. RESULTS Fifty-five percent (40/72) of women screened within 6 months of diagnosis had elevated depression risk. Of these, 24 (60%) signed consent. Sixteen received intervention after five were excluded for current depressive disorder, cognitive impairment, or death. Three dropped out. Ninety-eight percent attendance and 77% practice days indicated feasibility. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) corrected for regression to the mean (RTM) were 0.82 for cancer-related acceptance coping, 0.65 for cancer-related emotional expression, and 0.32 and 0.42 for decreased cancer-related avoidance coping and depressive symptoms, respectively. Effect sizes for variables lacking data to correct for RTM were 1.0, 0.7, and 0.5 for decreased rumination, experiential avoidance, and fear of depression, respectively, and 1.3, 0.6, and 0.4 for increased cognitive flexibility, distress tolerance, and describing/not judging emotions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The feasibility of this intervention and malleability of its targets support its further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Weihs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Joshua F Wiley
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Catherine M Crespi
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shannon Sauer-Zavala
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Annette L Stanton
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Timoszyk-Tomczak C, Bugajska B. Transcendent and Transcendental Time Perspective Inventory. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2677. [PMID: 30687156 PMCID: PMC6335272 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to propose a tool to examine the transcendent and transcendental time perspective (TTTP). The inspiration to develop the scale were Philip G. Zimbardo and John N. Boyd studies, as well as by Lars Tornstam’s gerotranscendence theory and own research. The analysis of life from death to eternity is an interesting, heterogeneous and difficult subject of study. The proposed TTTP inventory can be utilized to investigate the future that extends beyond the frames of a personal time perspective, beyond the individual’s death as well as beyond the recognized, standard ways of understanding oneself, other people and the world. The inventory refers to changes of quantitative and qualitative nature relating to what is going to happen. It is composed of two sub-scales: the transcendental future and the transcendent future. The paper outlines the psychometric values of the qualities of the inventory, its validity and accuracy based on such indicators as the discriminative of items, the Cronbach alpha index for each of the sub-inventories and the exploratory factor analysis. The study findings come from analyses conducted on a group of 211 elderly subjects (the average age of 65; 70% women, 30% men). A confirmatory factor analysis was also conducted on a group of 238 elderly subjects (the average age of 66; 69% women, 28% men, 3% no gender data available). Additionally, the paper presents data on the accuracy of the external scale. The data are interpreted in the light of the time perspective theory as well as the existing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beata Bugajska
- Faculty of Humanities, Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Relationships among classifications of ayurvedic medicine diagnostics for imbalances and western measures of psychological states: An exploratory study. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018; 10:198-202. [PMID: 30385015 PMCID: PMC6822152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background According to Ayurveda, the traditional medical system of India, doshas are a combination of characteristics based on a five-element philosophy that drive our mental and physical tendencies. When the doshas, or functional principles, are out of balance in quality or quantity, wellbeing is adversely affected and symptoms manifest. Objective This study examined relationships among imbalances in the doshas (termed Vikruti) reported via questionnaire and Western measures of psychological states. Materials and methods Study participants were 101 women (n = 81) and men (n = 20), mean age 53.9 years (SD = 11.7; range 32–80). Participants completed questionnaires to categorize their Vikruti type and psychological states, which included depressed mood (CESD), anxiety (PROMIS), rumination & reflection (RRQ), mindfulness (MAAS), stress (PSS), and quality of life (Ryff). Results Multivariate general linear modeling, controlling for age, gender and body mass index (BMI), showed that Vata imbalance was associated with more anxiety (p ≤ 0.05), more rumination (p ≤ 0.01), less mindfulness (p ≤ 0.05), and lower overall quality of life (p ≤ 0.01). Pitta imbalance was associated with poorer mood (p ≤ 0.01) and less mindfulness (p ≤ 0.05), more anxiety (p ≤ 0.05) and stress (p ≤ 0.05). Kapha imbalance was associated with more stress (p ≤ 0.05), more rumination (p ≤ 0.05) and less reflection (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest that symptoms of mind-body imbalances in Ayurveda are differentially associated with western assessments of psychological states. Ayurvedic dosha assessment may be an effective way to assess physical as well as emotional wellbeing in research and clinical settings.
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Lawrence E, Dunn MW, Weisfeld-Spolter S. Developing leadership potential in graduate students with assessment, self-awareness, reflection and coaching. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1108/jmd-11-2017-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present an innovative, research-based approach for stimulating self-awareness, reflection and intentional leadership development and address a call from the academic and business community to educate and prepare graduate students for leadership in contemporary complex workplaces. Building on previous research findings and recommendations, the authors suggest that leadership potential is understood and facilitated through leadership assessment, increased self-awareness and faculty coach-supported reflection and development planning by MBA students. Based on three key constructs in leadership development, a conceptual model depicts the approach to developing potential leaders at this juncture in their professional development.
Design/methodology/approach
New MBA students completed a leadership potential assessment instrument designed to target areas for focused leadership development throughout their MBA program and beyond. The assessment process is followed by faculty coach-supported reflection and development planning as an assignment during the students’ MBA orientation course. To explore the impact of this innovative approach to accelerating the development of leadership potential, reflection papers from students who completed the process were analyzed. Data analysis consisted of content coding with an inter-rater reliability of 0.99 to classify the responses into four key categories. Survey data were also collected from 504 MBA students who attended an on-campus orientation course to measure students’ increasing understanding and awareness of the value of the leadership development opportunity.
Findings
Quantitative and qualitative results provide initial support for this approach to developing leadership potential. Results suggest that the integrative model stimulates a process of awareness, reflection and intentional development, and supports the identification and pursuit of goal-directed learning opportunities throughout students’ MBA program.
Originality/value
Graduate business school students are at a leadership inflection point in their trajectory as leaders. Business colleges play a key role in closing the leadership gap during the development cycle of the students’ MBA program. The innovative approach in this paper, which facilitates self-awareness, reflection and intentional leadership development, offers a model for business colleges exploring how to foster these necessary leadership insights and capabilities.
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Eldesouky L, English T. Individual differences in emotion regulation goals: Does personality predict the reasons why people regulate their emotions? J Pers 2018; 87:750-766. [PMID: 30246480 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated how the Big Five traits predict individual differences in five theoretically important emotion regulation goals that are commonly pursued-pro-hedonic, contra-hedonic, performance, pro-social, and impression management. METHOD We conducted two studies: (a) a large survey study consisting of undergraduates (N = 394; 18-25 years; 69% female; 56% European American) and community adults (N = 302; 19-74 years; 50% female; 75% European American) who completed a newly developed global measure of individual differences in emotion regulation goals and (b) a 9-day daily diary study with community adults (N = 272; 23-85 years; 50% female; 84% European American) who completed daily reports of emotion regulation goals. In both studies, participants completed a measure of the Big Five. RESULTS Across global and daily measures, pro-hedonic goals and pro-social goals were positively associated with Agreeableness, performance goals were positively associated with Openness, and impression management goals were positively associated with Neuroticism. Globally, contra-hedonic goals were also negatively associated with Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. CONCLUSIONS The Big Five systematically predict the emotion regulation goals people typically pursue. These findings have important implications for understanding why people engage in certain forms of regulatory behavior and why personality has consequences for well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lameese Eldesouky
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Tammy English
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Heathers JA, Fayn K, Silvia PJ, Tiliopoulos N, Goodwin MS. The voluntary control of piloerection. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5292. [PMID: 30083447 PMCID: PMC6071615 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic nervous systems in the human body are named for their operation outside of conscious control. One rare exception is voluntarily generated piloerection (VGP)-the conscious ability to induce goosebumps-whose physiological study, to our knowledge, is confined to three single-individual case studies. Very little is known about the physiological nature and emotional correlates of this ability. The current manuscript assesses physiological, emotional, and personality phenomena associated with VGP in a sample of thirty-two individuals. Physiological descriptions obtained from the sample are consistent with previous reports, including stereotypical patterns of sensation and action. Most participants also reported that their VGP accompanies psychological states associated with affective states (e.g., awe) and experience (e.g., listening to music), and higher than typical openness to new experiences. These preliminary findings suggest that this rare and unusual physiological ability interacts with emotional and personality factors, and thus merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A.J. Heathers
- Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
| | - Kirill Fayn
- Department of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul J. Silvia
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, United States of America
| | - Niko Tiliopoulos
- Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew S. Goodwin
- Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
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Muranaka S, Sasaki J. The Effect of Enumeration of Self-Relevant Words on Self-Focused Attention and Repetitive Negative Thoughts. Front Psychol 2018; 9:819. [PMID: 29896140 PMCID: PMC5987036 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-focused attention refers to awareness of self-referent, internally generated information. It can be categorized into dysfunctional (i.e., self-rumination) and functional (self-reflection) aspects. According to theory on cognitive resource limitations (e.g., Moreno, 2006), there is a difference in cognitive resource allocation between these two aspects of self-focused attention. We propose a new task, self-relevant word (SRW) enumeration, that can aid in behaviorally identifying individuals’ use of self-rumination and self-reflection. The present study has two purposes: to determine the association between self-focus and SRW enumeration, and to examine the effect of dysfunctional SRW enumeration on repetitive negative thinking. One hundred forty-six undergraduate students participated in this study. They completed a measure of state anxiety twice, before and after imagining a social failure situation. They also completed the SRW enumeration task, Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire, Short Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, and Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire. A correlational analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between self-reflection and the number of SRWs. Furthermore, individuals high in self-reflection had a tendency to pay more attention to problems than did those high in self-rumination. A significant positive correlation was found between self-rumination and the strength of self-relevance of negative SRWs. Through a path analysis, we found a significant positive effect of the self-relevance of negative SRWs on repetitive negative thinking. Notably, however, the model that excluded self-rumination as an explanatory variable showed a better fit to the data than did the model that included it. In summary, SRW enumeration might enable selective and independent detection of the degree of self-reflection and self-rumination, and therefore should be examined in future research in order to design new behavioral procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Muranaka
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Jun Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Haukaas RB, Gjerde IB, Varting G, Hallan HE, Solem S. A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Attention Training Technique and Mindful Self-Compassion for Students With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety. Front Psychol 2018; 9:827. [PMID: 29887823 PMCID: PMC5982936 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Attention Training Technique (ATT) and Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) are two promising psychological interventions. ATT is a 12-min auditory exercise designed to strengthen attentional control and promote external focus of attention, while MSC uses guided meditation and exercises designed to promote self-compassion. In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), a three-session intervention trial was conducted in which university students were randomly assigned to either an ATT-group (n = 40) or a MSC-group (n = 41). The students were not assessed with diagnostic interviews but had self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress. Participants listened to audiotapes of ATT or MSC before discussing in groups how to apply these principles for their everyday struggles. Participants also listened to audiotapes of ATT and MSC as homework between sessions. Participants in both groups showed significant reductions in symptoms of anxiety and depression accompanied by significant increases in mindfulness, self-compassion, and attention flexibility post-intervention. These results were maintained at 6-month follow-up. Improvement in attention flexibility was the only significant unique predictor of treatment response. The study supports the use of both ATT and MSC for students with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Further, it suggests that symptom improvement is related to changes in attention flexibility across both theoretical frameworks. Future studies should focus on how to strengthen the ability for attention flexibility to optimize treatment for emotional disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragni B Haukaas
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingrid B Gjerde
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Grunde Varting
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard E Hallan
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stian Solem
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Russell L, Ugalde A, Milne D, Krishnasamy M, O Seung Chul E, Austin DW, Chambers R, Orellana L, Livingston PM. Feasibility of an online mindfulness-based program for patients with melanoma: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:223. [PMID: 29653555 PMCID: PMC5899401 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with a melanoma diagnosis are at risk of recurrence, developing a new primary or experiencing disease progression. Previous studies have suggested that fear of a cancer recurrence is clinically relevant in this group of patients and, if not addressed, can lead to distress. Mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression among various groups of cancer patients. Online mindfulness-based interventions have the potential to reach people unable to attend face-to-face interventions due to limitations such as cancer-related illness, transportation or time constraints. This study aims to (1) examine whether individuals with a melanoma diagnosis are willing to participate and adhere to a 6-week online mindfulness-based intervention and (2) explore potential benefits of the program on fear of cancer recurrence, worries, rumination, perceived stress and trait mindfulness to inform the design of a clinical trial. METHODS/DESIGN This is a single-site randomised controlled trial of a feasibility study. Seventy-five participants with stage 2c or 3 melanoma will be recruited from a melanoma outpatient clinic and randomised (2:1) either to an online mindfulness-based program (intervention) or to usual care (control). The intervention is a 6-week program specifically developed for this study. It consists of videos describing the concept of mindfulness, short daily guided meditation practices (5-10 min), automated meditation reminders and instructions for applying mindfulness in daily life to enhance wellbeing. All participants will complete questionnaires at baseline and at 6-week post-randomisation. Participants in the control group will be given access to the online program at the end of the study. Primary outcomes are overall recruitment; retention; extent of questionnaire completion; and usability and acceptability of, and adherence to, the program. The secondary outcomes are fear of cancer recurrence, worries, rumination, perceived stress and trait mindfulness measured using validated instruments. DISCUSSION This feasibility study will evaluate participants' satisfaction with the program and identify barriers to recruitment and adherence. The recruitment and data collection process will highlight methodological aspects to address in the planning of a larger scale study assessing the impact of an online mindfulness-based intervention on fear of cancer recurrence and wellbeing. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12617000081314 . Registered on 16 January 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahiru Russell
- Deakin University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Anna Ugalde
- Deakin University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Donna Milne
- Skin and Melanoma Services/Department of Cancer Experiences Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meinir Krishnasamy
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric O Seung Chul
- Deakin University, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - David W Austin
- Deakin University, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Richard Chambers
- Campus Community Division, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Liliana Orellana
- Deakin University, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Patricia M Livingston
- Deakin University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
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Deming P, Philippi CL, Wolf RC, Dargis M, Kiehl KA, Koenigs M. Psychopathic traits linked to alterations in neural activity during personality judgments of self and others. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 18:575-581. [PMID: 29845005 PMCID: PMC5964831 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathic individuals are notorious for their grandiose sense of self-worth and disregard for the welfare of others. One potential psychological mechanism underlying these traits is the relative consideration of "self" versus "others". Here we used task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify neural responses during personality trait judgments about oneself and a familiar other in a sample of adult male incarcerated offenders (n = 57). Neural activity was regressed on two clusters of psychopathic traits: Factor 1 (e.g., egocentricity and lack of empathy) and Factor 2 (e.g., impulsivity and irresponsibility). Contrary to our hypotheses, Factor 1 scores were not significantly related to neural activity during self- or other-judgments. However, Factor 2 traits were associated with diminished activation to self-judgments, in relation to other-judgments, in bilateral posterior cingulate cortex and right temporoparietal junction. These findings highlight cortical regions associated with a dimension of social-affective cognition that may underlie psychopathic individuals' impulsive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Deming
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 West Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Carissa L Philippi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Richard C Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Monika Dargis
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 West Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael Koenigs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719, USA.
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du Pont A, Rhee SH, Corley RP, Hewitt JK, Friedman NP. Rumination and Psychopathology: Are Anger and Depressive Rumination Differentially Associated with Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology? Clin Psychol Sci 2018; 6:18-31. [PMID: 29423343 PMCID: PMC5798899 DOI: 10.1177/2167702617720747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Existing literature on rumination has predominately focused on depressive rumination; thus, there is little research directly comparing different forms of rumination as correlates of psychopathological outcomes. The present study investigated anger and depressive rumination as correlates of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Cross-sectional confirmatory factor analyses on data from 764 young adults from the Colorado Longitudinal Twin Study indicated that anger and depressive rumination were separable at the latent variable level, and were both associated with lifetime symptoms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. However, depressive rumination was more strongly associated with psychopathology than was anger rumination. Further analysis indicated that depressive rumination was independently associated with internalizing psychopathology, whereas associations between anger rumination and psychopathology were predominately due to shared variance with depressive rumination. Anger rumination was independently associated with externalizing psychopathology in women and was inversely associated with internalizing psychopathology in men. This result supports the clinical relevance of ruminative thought processes and the potential differential utility of anger and depressive content for understanding internalizing and externalizing psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alta du Pont
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Soo Hyun Rhee
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Naomi P. Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
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Shrimpton D, McGann D, Riby LM. Daydream Believer: Rumination, Self-Reflection and the Temporal Focus of Mind Wandering Content. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 13:794-809. [PMID: 29358989 PMCID: PMC5763464 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v13i4.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Current research into mind-wandering is beginning to acknowledge that this process is one of heterogeneity. Following on from previous findings highlighting the role of self-focus during mind wandering, the present study aimed to examine individual differences in rumination and self-reflection and the impact such styles of self-focus may have on mind-wandering experiences. Thirty-three participants were required to complete the Sustained Attention Response Task (SART), aimed at inducing mind-wandering episodes, whilst also probing the content of thought in terms of temporal focus. Self-report questionnaires were also administered after the SART to measure dispositional differences in style and beliefs regarding mind-wandering and assessments of individual differences in rumination and self-reflection. Those individuals with reflective self-focus showed a strong positive association with positive and constructive thoughts. Critically, ruminative self-focus was positively associated with a tendency for the mind to wander towards anguished fantasies, failures and aggression, but it was also positively associated with positive and constructive thoughts. Furthermore, while dispositional differences in self-focus showed no relationship with the temporal perspective of thoughts when probed during a cognitive task, performance on the task itself was related to whether participants were thinking about the past, present or future during that activity. Such findings are discussed in line with previous research, and provide a further step towards accounting for the heterogeneous nature of mind-wandering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Shrimpton
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah McGann
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh M Riby
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Van Seggelen-Damen ICM, Van Hezewijk R, Helsdingen AS, Wopereis IGJH. Reflection: A Socratic approach. THEORY & PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 27:793-814. [PMID: 29249867 PMCID: PMC5703031 DOI: 10.1177/0959354317736388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reflection is a fuzzy concept. In this article we reveal the paradoxes involved in studying the nature of reflection. Whereas some scholars emphasize its discursive nature, we go further and underline its resemblance to the self-biased dialogue Socrates had with the slave in Plato’s Meno. The individual and internal nature of the reflection process creates difficulty for studying it validly and reliably. We focus on methodological issues and use Hans Linschoten’s view of coupled systems to identify, analyze, and interpret empirical research on reflection. We argue that researchers and research participants can take on roles in several possible system couplings. Depending on who controls the manipulation of the stimulus, who controls the measuring instrument, who interprets the measurement and the response, different types of research questions can be answered. We conclude that reflection may be validly studied by combining different couplings of experimenter, manipulation, stimulus, participant, measurement, and response.
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