1
|
Raufelder D, Hoferichter F, Kulakow S, Golde S, Gleich T, Romund L, Lorenz RC, Pelz P, Beck A. Adolescents' Personality Development - A Question of Psychosocial Stress. Front Psychol 2021; 12:785610. [PMID: 34975679 PMCID: PMC8719601 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.785610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the relational-developmental systems approach, this three-wave study examines whether acute stress (T2) mediates the relationship between the development of personality traits from the beginning of 8th grade (T1, M age = 15.63, SD = 0.59; 22 girls) to the end of 9th grade (T3). Using the Montréal Imaging Stress Task, which is a task that provokes acute social stress by negative social feedback, this study combined the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), heart rate, and longitudinal survey data of 41 adolescents. Mediation analysis revealed that stress-induced left insula activation partially mediates the longitudinal stability of conscientiousness. These results highlight the impact of negative social feedback during stress on students' personality development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Raufelder
- Institute of Educational Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frances Hoferichter
- Institute of Educational Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Kulakow
- Institute of Educational Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sabrina Golde
- Department of Education and Psychology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Gleich
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lydia Romund
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Patricia Pelz
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Beck
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pilch I, Wardawy P, Probierz E. The predictors of adaptive and maladaptive coping behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The Protection Motivation Theory and the Big Five personality traits. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258606. [PMID: 34665837 PMCID: PMC8525766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of the constructs proposed by two influential theoretical frameworks: the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Big Five (B5) model of personality in predicting health-related coping behavior during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Both adaptive (i.e., preventive) and maladaptive (i.e., avoidant behavior and wishful thinking) coping behavior was measured. The study was conducted during the first wave of the pandemic. The sample consisted of 397 persons from the general Polish population. The findings provided strong support for the PMT constructs' predictive value, especially with regard to pandemic-related adaptive behavior. The B5 personality traits accounted for a small proportion of the variability of coping behavior, especially when maladaptive behavior was the outcome. The PMT model showed incremental validity over and above demographic variables and personality traits in predicting preventive behavior, avoidant behavior, and wishful thinking; however, the patterns of relationships differ across the types of coping behavior. According to the current results, to increase adherence to preventive measures during an epidemic, all the PMT constructs should be considered while persuasive communication to the public is formulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pilch
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Wardawy
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Eryka Probierz
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Constructing Well-Being in Organizations: First Empirical Results on Job Crafting, Personality Traits, and Insight. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126661. [PMID: 34205683 PMCID: PMC8296412 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The construct of job crafting is gaining increasing attention in the research and practice of work psychology in light of the positive effects it has on workers and the organizational context. On this basis, the present study aimed to explore the associations between the Big Five personality traits and job crafting (and its subdimensions, individual job crafting and collaborative job crafting), as well as investigating the role of insight in mediating these relationships. A sample of 159 Italian workers took part in the study and completed the self-report measures. Results showed a positive association between extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness and job crafting (total), individual job crafting, and collaborative job crafting, with significant mediations of insight orientation. Openness was positively associated with job crafting (total) and individual job crafting, but not with the collaborative subdimension, with insight orientation that mediated existing relationships. Emotional stability and job crafting (total) or its subdimensions were found to have no significant relationships. These findings suggest that insight orientation could represent a promising resource for job crafting, both in terms of primary prevention, strength-based prevention, and healthy organizations.
Collapse
|
4
|
Extraversion level predicts perceived benefits from social resources and tool use. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12260. [PMID: 34112835 PMCID: PMC8192896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Social baseline theory states that there are differences in how humans integrate social resources into their economy of action when they face environmental demands. However, although several authors suggested that extraversion may be an indicator of the social baseline, no study has demonstrated it. The present study aims to test this hypothesis and, in particular, examines whether extraversion is a specific indicator of the social baseline. In two experiments, participants were asked to move rolls either alone (with their hands), or with the help of a social resource (Experiment 1), or a tool (Experiment 2). Results showed that extraversion predicted the choice to use both types of resource. Specifically, the more participants were extraverted, the more they tended to consider the use of the social resource or the tool as beneficial. We argue that these results indicate that extraversion is not specifically an indicator of the social baseline, but rather an indicator of how individuals integrate technical and social resources into their economy of action. In addition, this study encourages future research endeavors to define what constitutes a resource and how it could fit into the Social Baseline Theory.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hyatt CS, Hallowell ES, Owens MM, Weiss BM, Sweet LH, Miller JD. An fMRI investigation of the relations between Extraversion, internalizing psychopathology, and neural activation following reward receipt in the Human Connectome Project sample. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 3:e13. [PMID: 33354651 PMCID: PMC7737192 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2020.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative models of psychopathology (i.e., HiTOP) propose that personality and psychopathology are intertwined, such that the various processes that characterize personality traits may be useful in describing and predicting manifestations of psychopathology. In the current study, we used data from the Human Connectome Project (N = 1050) to investigate neural activation following receipt of a reward during an fMRI task as one shared mechanism that may be related to the personality trait Extraversion (specifically its sub-component Agentic Extraversion) and internalizing psychopathology. We also conducted exploratory analyses on the links between neural activation following reward receipt and the other Five-Factor Model personality traits, as well as separate analyses by gender. No significant relations (p < .005) were observed between any personality trait or index of psychopathology and neural activation following reward receipt, and most effect sizes were null to very small in nature (i.e., r < |.05|). We conclude by discussing the appropriate interpretation of these null findings, and provide suggestions for future research that spans psychological and neurobiological levels of analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Max M. Owens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Brandon M. Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Joshua D. Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Szcześniak M, Rodzeń W, Malinowska A, Kroplewski Z. Big Five Personality Traits and Gratitude: The Role of Emotional Intelligence. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:977-988. [PMID: 33204190 PMCID: PMC7667173 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s268643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among many possible variables that can be associated with gratitude, researchers list personality traits. Considering that these relationships are not always consistent, the first purpose of the present study was to verify how the Big Five factors connect to dispositional gratitude in a sample of Polish participants. The second purpose was to assess the unique contribution of personality traits on gratitude with multiple regression analyses. Moreover, because much remains to be learned about whether these associations are indirectly influenced by different personal or social variables, the third goal was to explore the role of emotional intelligence as a potential mediational mechanism implicated in the relationship between personality traits and gratitude. Participants Methods and Data Collection The sample consisted of 712 Polish respondents who were aged between 17 and 88. Most of them were women (64.3%). They answered questionnaires concerning their personality traits, emotional intelligence, and gratitude. The research was conducted using the paper-and-pencil method through convenience sampling. Results The results showed that both gratitude and emotional intelligence correlated positively and significantly with extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Gratitude and emotional intelligence correlated negatively and significantly with neuroticism. The personality predictor of gratitude with the highest and positive standardized regression value was agreeableness, followed by openness to experience and extraversion. Neuroticism had a negative impact on gratitude. Conscientiousness was the only statistically insignificant predictor in the tested multiple regression model. Moreover, emotional intelligence mediated the relationship between four dimensions of personality (extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and gratitude and acted as a suppressor between neuroticism and gratitude. Conclusion The current study broadens our comprehension of the interaction among personality traits, emotional intelligence, and a grateful disposition. Moreover, it imparts a noteworthy foundation not only for the mediatory role of emotional intelligence between four dimensions of personality and gratitude but also for its suppressor effect between neuroticism and being grateful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wojciech Rodzeń
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin 71-017, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wielding a gun increases judgments of others as holding guns: a randomized controlled trial. COGNITIVE RESEARCH-PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS 2020; 5:58. [PMID: 33196931 PMCID: PMC7669937 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-020-00260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gun embodiment effect is the consequence caused by wielding a gun on judgments of whether others are also holding a gun. This effect could be responsible for real-world instances when police officers shoot an unarmed person because of the misperception that the person had a gun. The gun embodiment effect is an instance of embodied cognition for which a person’s tool-augmented body affects their judgments. The replication crisis in psychology has raised concern about embodied cognition effects in particular, and the issue of low statistical power applies to the original research on the gun embodiment effect.
Thus, the first step was to conduct a high-powered replication. We found a significant gun embodiment effect in participants’ reaction times and in their proportion of correct responses, but not in signal detection measures of bias, as had been originally reported. To help prevent the gun embodiment effect from leading to fatal encounters, it would be useful to know whether individuals with certain traits are less prone to the effect and whether certain kinds of experiences help alleviate the effect. With the new and reliable measure of the gun embodiment effect, we tested for moderation by individual differences related to prior gun experience, attitudes, personality, and factors related to emotion regulation and impulsivity. Despite the variety of these measures, there was little evidence for moderation. The results were more consistent with the idea of the gun embodiment effect being a universal, fixed effect, than being a flexible, malleable effect.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hofmann SG. The Pursuit of Happiness and Its Relationship to the Meta-experience of Emotions and Culture. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020; 48:94-97. [PMID: 23794745 DOI: 10.1111/ap.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this commentary, I provide a brief background of the meta-experience of emotions, the philosophical and psychological literature on happiness, and further discuss the influence of culture on happiness. The meta-experience of emotions implies that there are primary and secondary emotions (i.e., emotions about emotions), similar to the concept of meta-cognitions. Primary and secondary emotions are closely associated with one's cultural background and happiness. Most scholars throughout history believe that happiness per se cannot be taught. However, it is possible to teach practices that lead to the path toward happiness. Promising strategies include loving-kindness and compassion meditation. These strategies are based on Buddhist teachings, which are deeply rooted in a collectivistic culture. This illustrates the close association between emotions, approaches towards happiness, and cultural background.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tse DCK. Volunteers' Felt Respect and Its Associations With Volunteering Retention, Daily Affect, Well-being, and Mortality. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:1625-1636. [PMID: 30295863 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Volunteering is associated with improved physical and psychological well-being; volunteers feeling more respect for their work may have better well-being than their counterparts. METHODS This study investigated the effects of felt respect for volunteer work on volunteering retention, daily affect, well-being (subjective, psychological, and social), and mortality. The study analyzed survey and mortality data from a national sample of 2,677 volunteers from the Midlife in the United States Study over a 20-year span. Daily affect data were obtained from a subsample of 1,032 volunteers. RESULTS Compared to volunteers feeling less respect from others, those feeling more respect (a) were more likely to continue volunteering 10 and 20 years later, (b) had higher levels of daily positive affect and lower levels of daily negative affect, and (c) had higher levels of well-being over a 20-year period. The effect of felt respect on mortality was not statistically significant. DISCUSSION Greater level of felt respect for volunteer work is positively related to volunteers' retention rates, daily affective experience, and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dwight C K Tse
- Quality of Life Research Center, Claremont Graduate University, California
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tomeček D, Androvičová R, Fajnerová I, Děchtěrenko F, Rydlo J, Horáček J, Lukavský J, Tintěra J, Hlinka J. Personality reflection in the brain's intrinsic functional architecture remains elusive. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232570. [PMID: 32484832 PMCID: PMC7266317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, there has been a considerable increase of research into the neuroimaging correlates of inter-individual temperament and character variability-an endeavour for which the term 'personality neuroscience' was coined. Among other neuroimaging modalities and approaches, substantial work focuses on functional connectivity in resting state (rs-FC) functional magnetic resonance imaging data. In the current paper, we set out to independently query the questions asked in a highly cited study that reported a range of functional connectivity correlates of personality dimensions assessed by the widely used 'Big Five' Personality Inventory. Using a larger sample (84 subjects) and an equivalent data analysis pipeline, we obtained widely disagreeing results compared to the original study. Overall, the results were in line with the hypotheses of no relation between functional connectivity and personality, when more precise permutation-based multiple testing procedures were applied. The results demonstrate that as with other neuroimaging studies, great caution should be applied when interpreting the findings, among other reasons due to multiple testing problem involved at several levels in many neuroimaging studies. Of course, the current study results can not ultimately disprove the existence of some link between personality and brain's intrinsic functional architecture, but clearly shows that its form is very likely different and much more subtle and elusive than was previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Tomeček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Androvičová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Fajnerová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Děchtěrenko
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rydlo
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Department of Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Lukavský
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Tintěra
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Department of Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hlinka
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Noftle EE, Gust CJ. Age Differences Across Adulthood in Interpretations of Situations and Situation-Behaviour Contingencies for Big Five States. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020; 33:279-297. [PMID: 31892765 DOI: 10.1002/per.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, a burgeoning literature has begun to clarify the processes underlying personality traits and momentary trait-relevant behavior. However, such work has almost exclusively investigated these questions in young adults. During the same period, much has been learned about adult personality trait development but with scant attention to the momentary processes that contribute to development. The current work connects these two topics, testing developmental questions about adult age differences and thus examining how age matters to personality processes. The study examines how four important situation characteristics are experienced in everyday life and how situations covary with Big Five trait-relevant behavior (i.e., situation-behavior contingencies). Two samples were collected (total N=316), each assessing three age groups: young, middle-aged, and older adults. Using ESM, participants completed reports 4 or 5 times per day across a representative period of daily life. Results suggested age differences in how situations are experienced on average, in the variability around these average situation experiences, and in situation-behavior contingencies. The results therefore highlight that, across adulthood, age groups experience chronically different situations, differ in how much the situations they experience vary moment to moment, and differ in how much situation experience predicts their enactment of traits.
Collapse
|
12
|
de Jong N, Wisse B, Heesink JAM, van der Zee KI. Personality Traits and Career Role Enactment: Career Role Preferences as a Mediator. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1720. [PMID: 31402889 PMCID: PMC6671867 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been argued that how a person's career unfolds is increasingly affected by his or her own values, personality characteristics, goals and preferences. The current study addresses the issue of how we can explain that personality traits are associated with the enactment of certain career roles. Two survey studies (e.g., a two wave worker sample and a cross-sectional worker sample) were conducted to investigate the relationships between personality traits, career role preferences and career role enactment. As expected, results indicate that peoples' personality traits predicted the preference for certain roles in the work context which, in turn, predicted the career roles they actually occupy. Specifically, our findings show that Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Openness to experience influence various career role preferences (i.e., Maker, Expert, Presenter, Guide, Director, and Inspirer role preferences) and, subsequently, the enactment of these career roles. Other traits, such as Neuroticism and Agreeableness, seem less important in predicting role preferences and subsequent role enactment. These results underline the importance of acknowledging not only individual trait differences but especially role preferences in explaining how careers develop over time. Further implications, limitations and research ideas are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole de Jong
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Barbara Wisse
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Durham University Business School, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - José A M Heesink
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Karen I van der Zee
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Duffy KA, Helzer EG, Hoyle RH, Fukukura Helzer J, Chartrand TL. Pessimistic expectations and poorer experiences: The role of (low) extraversion in anticipated and experienced enjoyment of social interaction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199146. [PMID: 29975736 PMCID: PMC6033406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given research suggesting that social interactions are beneficial, it is unclear why individuals lower in extraversion engage less in social interactions. In this study, we test whether individuals lower in extraversion reap fewer hedonic rewards from social interactions and explore social psychological processes that explain their experiences. Before participants socialized, we measured extraversion, state positive affect, cognitive capacity, and expectations about the social interactions. After participants socialized with one another, we measured state positive affect and cognitive capacity again as well as fear of negative evaluation and belief in limited cognitive capacity. Participants also rated the social skillfulness of each interaction partner. We found that less extraverted individuals expect to feel worse after socializing. However, all but those extremely low in extraversion (17% of sample) actually experience an increase in positive affect after socializing. Surprisingly, those low in extraversion did not show reduced cognitive capacity after socializing. Although they are more likely to believe that cognitive capacity is limited and to be fearful of negative evaluation, these characteristics did not explain the social experience of those low in extraversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Korrina A. Duffy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erik G. Helzer
- The Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rick H. Hoyle
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Tanya L. Chartrand
- Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Speed BC, Nelson BD, Levinson AR, Perlman G, Klein DN, Kotov R, Hajcak G. Extraversion, neuroticism, and the electrocortical response to monetary rewards in adolescent girls. Biol Psychol 2018; 136:111-118. [PMID: 29807086 PMCID: PMC6613378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Affective personality traits, such as extraversion and neuroticism, are associated with individual differences in reward system functioning. The reward positivity (ΔRewP) is an event-related potential (ERP) component that indexes sensitivity to reward, and can be elicited by feedback indicating monetary gains relative to losses. In a sample of 508 adolescent girls, the current study examined the relationship between extraversion, neuroticism, and their respective facets and the ΔRewP. Results indicated an Extraversion × Neuroticism interaction, such that greater extraversion was associated with an increased ΔRewP, but only in the context of low neuroticism. This association was primarily due to the extraversion facet positive emotionality-high levels of positive emotionality were associated with an increased ΔRewP, but only in the context of low neuroticism. In addition, increased neuroticism diminished the age-related increase in the ΔRewP. The current study suggests that both extraversion and neuroticism are associated with reward system function in adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany C Speed
- Stony Brook University, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Brady D Nelson
- Stony Brook University, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Amanda R Levinson
- Stony Brook University, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Greg Perlman
- Stony Brook University, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Daniel N Klein
- Stony Brook University, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Stony Brook University, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology and Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kann SJ, O'Rawe JF, Huang AS, Klein DN, Leung HC. Preschool negative emotionality predicts activity and connectivity of the fusiform face area and amygdala in later childhood. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:1511-1519. [PMID: 28992271 PMCID: PMC5737644 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative emotionality (NE) refers to individual differences in the propensity to experience and react with negative emotions and is associated with increased risk of psychological disorder. However, research on the neural bases of NE has focused almost exclusively on amygdala activity during emotional face processing. This study broadened this framework by examining the relationship between observed NE in early childhood and subsequent neural responses to emotional faces in both the amygdala and the fusiform face area (FFA) in a late childhood/early adolescent sample. Measures of NE were obtained from children at age 3 using laboratory observations, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected when these children were between the ages of 9 and 12 while performing a visual stimulus identity matching task with houses and emotional faces as stimuli. Multiple regression analyses revealed that higher NE at age 3 is associated with significantly greater activation in the left amygdala and left FFA but lower functional connectivity between these two regions during the face conditions. These findings suggest that those with higher early NE have subsequent alterations in both activity and connectivity within an extended network during face processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Kann
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Jonathan F O'Rawe
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Anna S Huang
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Daniel N Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Hoi-Chung Leung
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Allik J, Hřebíčková M, Realo A. Unusual Configurations of Personality Traits Indicate Multiple Patterns of Their Coalescence. Front Psychol 2018; 9:187. [PMID: 29515499 PMCID: PMC5826212 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the Five Factor Model (FFM) is a satisfactory description of the pattern of covariations among personality traits, which supposedly fits, more or less adequately, every individual. As an amendment to the FFM, we propose that the customary five-factor structure is only a near-universal, because it does not fit all individuals but only a large majority of them. Evidences reveal a small minority of participants who have an unusual configuration of personality traits, which is clearly recognizable, both in self- and observer-ratings. We identified three types of atypical configurations of personality traits, characterized mainly by a scatter of subscale scores within each of the FFM factors. How different configurations of personality traits are formed, persist, and function needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Coventry LM, Jeske D, Blythe JM, Turland J, Briggs P. Personality and Social Framing in Privacy Decision-Making: A Study on Cookie Acceptance. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1341. [PMID: 27656157 PMCID: PMC5013072 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their best intentions, people struggle with the realities of privacy protection and will often sacrifice privacy for convenience in their online activities. Individuals show systematic, personality dependent differences in their privacy decision making, which makes it interesting for those who seek to design 'nudges' designed to manipulate privacy behaviors. We explore such effects in a cookie decision task. Two hundred and ninety participants were given an incidental website review task that masked the true aim of the study. At the task outset, they were asked whether they wanted to accept a cookie in a message that either contained a social framing 'nudge' (they were told that either a majority or a minority of users like themselves had accepted the cookie) or contained no information about social norms (control). At the end of the task, participants were asked to complete a range of personality assessments (impulsivity, risk-taking, willingness to self-disclose and sociability). We found social framing to be an effective behavioral nudge, reducing cookie acceptance in the minority social norm condition. Further, we found personality effects in that those scoring highly on risk-taking and impulsivity were significantly more likely to accept the cookie. Finally, we found that the application of a social nudge could attenuate the personality effects of impulsivity and risk-taking. We explore the implications for those working in the privacy-by-design space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne M Coventry
- Psychology and Communication Technology Lab, Department of Psychology, Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Debora Jeske
- Business School, Edinburgh Napier University Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Blythe
- Psychology and Communication Technology Lab, Department of Psychology, Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James Turland
- School of Computing Science, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Pam Briggs
- Psychology and Communication Technology Lab, Department of Psychology, Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schroeder KB, Nettle D, McElreath R. Interactions between personality and institutions in cooperative behaviour in humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:20150011. [PMID: 26503684 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory attempts to identify relationships between personality and cooperative behaviour in humans have generated inconsistent results. This may partially stem from different practices in psychology and economics laboratories, with both hypothetical players and incentives typical only in the former. Another possible cause is insufficient consideration of the contexts within which social dilemmas occur. Real social dilemmas are often governed by institutions that change the payoff structure via rewards and punishments. However, such 'strong situations' will not necessarily suppress the effects of personality. On the contrary, they may affect some personalities differentially. Extraversion and neuroticism, reflecting variation in reward and punishment sensitivity, should predict modification of cooperative behaviour following changes to the payoff structure. We investigate interactions between personality and a punishment situation via two versions of a public goods game. We find that, even in a strong situation, personality matters and, moreover, it is related to strategic shifts in cooperation. Extraversion is associated with a shift from free-riding to cooperation in the presence of punishment, agreeableness is associated with initially higher contributions regardless of game, and, contrary to our predictions, neuroticism is associated with lower contributions regardless of game. Results should lead to new hypotheses that relate variation in biological functioning to individual differences in cooperative behaviour and that consider three-way interactions among personality, institutional context and sociocultural background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K B Schroeder
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE24HH, UK Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - D Nettle
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE24HH, UK
| | - R McElreath
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Darr W, Kelloway EK. Sifting the Big Five: examining the criterion-related validity of facets. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: PEOPLE AND PERFORMANCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/joepp-11-2015-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to review organizational research on the criterion-related validity of the Big Five model of personality with a view to examine the organizational utility of facet measures of personality.
Design/methodology/approach
– A literature review of studies that use personality traits to predict organizational outcomes in three domains: performance (task and contextual), deviance, and interpersonal dynamics (leadership, team cohesion).
Findings
– The authors identify 15 specific facets drawn from the Big Five model that appear to have demonstrated criterion-related validity in the prediction of organizational outcomes.
Practical implications
– Results of the analysis suggest the utility of using facet-specific measures in organizational applications such as personnel selection.
Originality/value
– Although there is a substantial literature speaking to the validity of the Big Five traits, the study identifies specific facets that may provide a basis for more focused use of personality variables in organizations. The work also provides the basis for further measurement development of occupationally relevant personality measures.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lou Y, Meng X, Yang J, Zhang S, Long Q, Yuan J. The impact of extraversion on attentional bias to pleasant stimuli: neuroticism matters. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:721-31. [PMID: 26586271 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored whether neuroticism modulates the impact of extraversion on attention orienting to pleasant and unpleasant pictures of diverse emotional intensities. We measured event-related potentials for highly emotional, mildly emotional, and neutral stimuli in both pleasant and unpleasant blocks, while subjects (16 stable ambiverts, 15 stable extraverts, 17 neurotic ambiverts, and 17 neurotic extraverts) were asked to perform a standard/deviant categorization task, irrespective of the emotionality of the deviants. The results revealed a modulation effect of neuroticism in the impact of extraversion on emotional attention. On the one hand, irrespective of extraversion, emotionally stable samples showed increased N200 amplitudes for highly unpleasant (HN) stimuli relative to mildly unpleasant (MN) and neutral stimuli, while these samples exhibited no significant emotion magnitude effect in the pleasant block. On the other hand, although neurotic samples, both extraverts and ambiverts, showed enhanced N2 amplitudes for HN stimuli than neutral stimuli, neurotic extraverts displayed increased N2 amplitudes for highly pleasant (HP) and mildly pleasant (MP) stimuli than neutral stimuli, which was absent in neurotic ambiverts. These results extend our understanding of the relationship between extraversion and emotion by showing that neuroticism amplifies the positive emotional bias of extraverts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Lou
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xianxin Meng
- School of Education, Nanyang Normal College, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, China
| | - Jiemin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Quanshan Long
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiajin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China. .,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China. .,School of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Saggar M, Vrticka P, Reiss AL. Understanding the influence of personality on dynamic social gesture processing: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2015; 80:71-78. [PMID: 26541443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This fMRI study aimed at investigating how differences in personality traits affect the processing of dynamic and natural gestures containing social versus nonsocial intent. We predicted that while processing gestures with social intent extraversion would be associated with increased activity within the reticulothalamic-cortical arousal system (RTCS), while neuroticism would be associated with increased activity in emotion processing circuits. The obtained findings partly support our hypotheses. We found a positive correlation between bilateral thalamic activity and extraversion scores while participants viewed social (versus nonsocial) gestures. For neuroticism, the data revealed a more complex activation pattern. Activity in the bilateral frontal operculum and anterior insula, extending into bilateral putamen and right amygdala, was moderated as a function of actor-orientation (i.e., first versus third-person engagement) and face-visibility (actor faces visible versus blurred). Our findings point to the existence of factors other than emotional valence that can influence social gesture processing in particular, and social cognitive affective processing in general, as a function of personality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Saggar
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA USA
| | - Pascal Vrticka
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA USA.,Department of Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Relationship between personality traits and brain reward responses when playing on a team. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87277. [PMID: 24475262 PMCID: PMC3903628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperation is an integral part of human social life and we often build teams to achieve certain goals. However, very little is currently understood about emotions with regard to cooperation. Here, we investigated the impact of social context (playing alone versus playing on a team) on emotions while winning or losing a game. We hypothesized that activity in the reward network is modulated by the social context and that personality characteristics might impact team play. We conducted an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment that involved a simple game of dice. In the team condition, the participant played with a partner against another two-person team. In the single-player condition, the participant played alone against another player. Our results revealed that reward processing in the right amygdala was modulated by the social context. The main effect of outcome (gains versus losses) was associated with increased responses in the reward network. We also found that differences in the reward-related neural response due to social context were associated with specific personality traits. When playing on a team, increased activity in the amygdala during winning was a unique function of openness, while decreased activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum during losing was associated with extraversion and conscientiousness, respectively. In conclusion, we provide evidence that working on a team influences the affective value of a negative outcome by attenuating the negative response associated with it in the amygdala. Our results also show that brain reward responses in a social context are affected by personality traits related to teamwork.
Collapse
|
23
|
Poeschla B, Strachan E, Dansie E, Buchwald DS, Afari N. Chronic fatigue and personality: a twin study of causal pathways and shared liabilities. Ann Behav Med 2013; 45:289-98. [PMID: 23361410 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-012-9463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) remains unknown. Personality traits influence well-being and may play a role in CFS and unexplained chronic fatigue. PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the association of emotional instability and extraversion with chronic fatigue and CFS in a genetically informative sample. METHODS We evaluated 245 twin pairs for two definitions of chronic fatigue. They completed the Neuroticism and Extraversion subscales of the NEO Five Factor Inventory. Using a co-twin control design, we examined the association between personality and chronic fatigue. RESULTS Higher emotional instability was associated with both definitions of chronic fatigue and was confounded by shared genetics. Lower extraversion was also associated with both definitions of fatigue, but was not confounded by familial factors. CONCLUSIONS Both emotional instability and extraversion are related to chronic fatigue and CFS. Whereas emotional instability and chronic fatigue are linked by shared genetic mechanisms, the relationship with extraversion may be causal and bidirectional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Poeschla
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chapman BP, Weiss A, Barrett P, Duberstein P. Hierarchical Structure of the Eysenck Personality Inventory in a Large Population Sample: Goldberg's Trait-Tier Mapping Procedure. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013; 54:479-484. [PMID: 25983361 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) is poorly understood, and applications have mostly been confined to the broad Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Lie scales. Using a hierarchical factoring procedure, we mapped the sequential differentiation of EPI scales from broad, molar factors to more specific, molecular factors, in a UK population sample of over 6500 persons. Replicable facets at the lowest tier of Neuroticism included emotional fragility, mood lability, nervous tension, and rumination. The lowest order set of replicable Extraversion facets consisted of social dynamism, sociotropy, decisiveness, jocularity, social information seeking, and impulsivity. The Lie scale consisted of an interpersonal virtue and a behavioral diligence facet. Users of the EPI may be well served in some circumstances by considering its broad Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Lie scales as multifactorial, a feature that was explicitly incorporated into subsequent Eysenck inventories and is consistent with other hierarchical trait structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Chapman
- Laboratory of Personality and Development, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center
| | - Alexander Weiss
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences The University of Edinburgh
| | - Paul Barrett
- Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Duberstein
- Laboratory of Personality and Development, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wilt J, Noftle EE, Fleeson W, Spain JS. The dynamic role of personality states in mediating the relationship between extraversion and positive affect. J Pers 2013; 80:1205-36. [PMID: 22092066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the most noteworthy and robust findings in personality psychology is the relationship between extraversion and positive affect. Existing theories have debated the origins and nature of this relationship, offering both structural/fixed and environmental/dynamic explanations. We tested the novel and straightforward dynamic hypothesis that part of the reason trait extraversion predicts trait positive affect is through an increased propensity to enact extraverted states, which in turn leads to experiencing more positive affect states. We report 5 experience sampling studies (and a meta-analysis of primary studies) conducted in natural environments and laboratory settings in which undergraduate participants (N = 241) provided ratings of trait extraversion, trait positive affect, extraversion states, and positive affect states. Results of primary studies and the meta-analysis showed that relationships between trait extraversion and trait positive affect were partially mediated by aggregated extraversion states and aggregated positive affect states. The results supported our dynamic hypothesis and suggested that dynamic explanations of the relationship between trait extraversion and trait positive affect are compatible with structural explanations. An important implication of these findings is that individuals might be able to increase their happiness by self-regulating their extraverted states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wilt
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Neural mechanisms underlying the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts: pleasant bias and unpleasant resistance. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012; 12:175-92. [PMID: 21987094 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-011-0064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the neural mechanisms that underlie the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts. The impact of extraversion on the human sensitivity to pleasant and unpleasant pictures of diverse emotional intensities was examined. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) for highly positive (HP), moderately positive (MP), and neutral stimuli in the pleasant session, and for highly negative (HN), moderately negative (MN), and neutral stimuli in the unpleasant session, while subjects (16 extraverts and 16 ambiverts) performed a standard/deviant categorization task, irrespective of the emotionality of the deviant stimuli. The results showed significant emotion effects for HP and MP stimuli at the P2 and P3 components in extraverts, but not in ambiverts. Despite a pronounced emotion effect for HN stimuli across the P2, N2, and P3 components in both samples, ambiverts displayed a significant emotion effect for MN stimuli at the N2 and P3 components that was absent in extraverts. The posterior cingulate cortices, which connect multiple neural regions that are important in interactions of emotion and extraversion, may mediate the extravert-specific emotion effect for pleasant stimuli. Thus, extraverts are less susceptible to unpleasant stimuli of mild intensity than are ambiverts, while extraverts have an additional enhanced sensitivity to pleasant stimuli, regardless of emotion intensity. Consequently, the decreased threshold for pleasant emotion and the increased threshold for unpleasant emotion might be essential neural mechanisms that underlie the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts.
Collapse
|
27
|
Dyson MW, Olino TM, Durbin CE, Goldsmith HH, Klein DN. The structure of temperament in preschoolers: a two-stage factor analytic approach. Emotion 2012; 12:44-57. [PMID: 21859196 PMCID: PMC3526001 DOI: 10.1037/a0025023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The structure of temperament traits in young children has been the subject of extensive debate, with separate models proposing different trait dimensions. This research has relied almost exclusively on parent-report measures. The present study used an alternative approach, a laboratory observational measure, to explore the structure of temperament in preschoolers. A 2-stage factor analytic approach, exploratory factor analyses (n = 274) followed by confirmatory factor analyses (n = 276), was used. We retrieved an adequately fitting model that consisted of 5 dimensions: Sociability, Positive Affect/Interest, Dysphoria, Fear/Inhibition, and Constraint versus Impulsivity. This solution overlaps with, but is also distinct from, the major models derived from parent-report measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret W Dyson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, StonyBrook, NY 11794-2500, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nelson PA, Thorne A, Shapiro LA. I'm outgoing and she's reserved: the reciprocal dynamics of personality in close friendships in young adulthood. J Pers 2011; 79:1113-47. [PMID: 21241308 PMCID: PMC3094598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Close college-age friendships provide differential opportunities for reinforcing dispositional tendencies and fostering accommodation or change. This finding was obtained from a cross-sectional study of 66 pairs of same-sex college-age friends (58% female). Each pair of friends was extreme and either very similar or different with regard to extraversion-introversion. Interviews with each friend were analyzed for references to each other's role in various friendship domains, including the setting of the friendship and position with regard to chatting, disclosing, expressing opinions about peers, and energizing the friendship. Matched friends mutually reinforced each other's similar dispositional tendencies. Friends with contrasting personalities showed patterns of personality accommodation as well as complementary reinforcement. Implications are discussed for embedding reciprocal theories of personality development in close friendships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nelson PA, Thorne A, Shapiro LA. I'm outgoing and she's reserved: the reciprocal dynamics of personality in close friendships in young adulthood. J Pers 2011. [PMID: 21241308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467–6494.2011.00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Close college-age friendships provide differential opportunities for reinforcing dispositional tendencies and fostering accommodation or change. This finding was obtained from a cross-sectional study of 66 pairs of same-sex college-age friends (58% female). Each pair of friends was extreme and either very similar or different with regard to extraversion-introversion. Interviews with each friend were analyzed for references to each other's role in various friendship domains, including the setting of the friendship and position with regard to chatting, disclosing, expressing opinions about peers, and energizing the friendship. Matched friends mutually reinforced each other's similar dispositional tendencies. Friends with contrasting personalities showed patterns of personality accommodation as well as complementary reinforcement. Implications are discussed for embedding reciprocal theories of personality development in close friendships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Breen WE, Kashdan TB, Lenser ML, Fincham FD. Gratitude and forgiveness: Convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2010; 49:932-937. [PMID: 20871779 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gratitude and forgiveness are theoretically linked character strengths that tend to be studied in isolation from other strengths. We examined gratitude and forgiveness in the same sample using self and confidant reports to better understand how strengths converge and diverge with personality factors, emotional vulnerabilities, and positive psychological processes. Data suggest that gratitude and forgiveness uniquely relate to personality factors, emotional vulnerabilities, and positive psychological processes with forgiveness evidencing stronger relations than gratitude. Forgiveness also appears to be more robust than gratitude due to the unique effects of forgiveness diminishing correlations between gratitude and other variables. Confidant data demonstrated that strengths were observable by others and related to observer perceptions of well-being. Results are discussed with an emphasis on the benefits of studying character strength profiles.
Collapse
|
31
|
Lucas RE, Le K, Dyrenforth PS. Explaining the Extraversion/Positive Affect Relation: Sociability Cannot Account for Extraverts' Greater Happiness. J Pers 2008; 76:385-414. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
32
|
Hutcherson CA, Goldin PR, Ramel W, McRae K, Gross JJ. Attention and emotion influence the relationship between extraversion and neural response. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2008; 3:71-9. [PMID: 19015097 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsm040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraversion has been shown to positively correlate with activation within the ventral striatum, amygdala and other dopaminergically innervated, reward-sensitive regions. These regions are implicated in emotional responding, in a manner sensitive to attentional focus. However, no study has investigated the interaction among extraversion, emotion and attention. We used fMRI and dynamic, evocative film clips to elicit amusement and sadness in a sample of 28 women. Participants were instructed either to respond naturally (n = 14) or to attend to and continuously rate their emotions (n = 14) while watching the films. Contrary to expectations, striatal response was negatively associated with extraversion during amusement, regardless of attention. A negative association was also observed during sad films, but only when attending to emotion. These findings suggest that attentional focus does not influence the relationship between extraversion and neural response to positive (amusing) stimuli but does impact the response to negative (sad) stimuli.
Collapse
|
33
|
Neuroanatomical correlates of personality in the elderly. Neuroimage 2007; 35:263-72. [PMID: 17229578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraversion and neuroticism are two important and frequently studied dimensions of human personality. They describe individual differences in emotional responding that are quite stable across the adult lifespan. Neuroimaging research has begun to provide evidence that neuroticism and extraversion have specific neuroanatomical correlates within the cerebral cortex and amygdala of young adults. However, these brain areas undergo alterations in size with aging, which may influence the nature of these personality factor-brain structure associations in the elderly. One study in the elderly demonstrated associations between perisylvian cortex structure and measures of self transcendence [Kaasinen, V., Maguire, R.P., Kurki, T., Bruck, A., Rinne, J.O., 2005. Mapping brain structure and personality in late adulthood. NeuroImage 24, 315-322], but the neuroanatomical correlates of extraversion and neuroticism, or other measures of the Five Factor Model of personality have not been explored. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the structural correlates of neuroticism and extraversion in healthy elderly subjects (n=29) using neuroanatomic measures of the cerebral cortex and amygdala. We observed that the thickness of specific lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions, but not amygdala volume, correlates with measures of extraversion and neuroticism. The results suggest differences in the regional neuroanatomic correlates of specific personality traits with aging. We speculate that this relates to the influences of age-related structural changes in the PFC.
Collapse
|
34
|
Peeters H, Lievens F. Verbal and Nonverbal Impression Management Tactics in Behavior Description and Situational Interviews. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Chen SX, Cheung FM, Bond MH, Leung JP. Going beyond self-esteem to predict life satisfaction: The Chinese case. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-839x.2006.00182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
In two studies, we examined the role of perceived fulfillment of parental expectations in the subjective well-being of college students. In Study 1, we found that American college students reported having higher levels of life satisfaction and self-esteem than did Japanese college students. American college students also reported having fulfilled parental expectations to a greater degree than did Japanese college students. Most importantly, the cultural difference in well-being was mediated by perceived fulfillment of parental expectations. In Study 2, we replicated the mediational finding with Asian American and European American college students. Asian American participants also perceived their parents' expectations about their academic performance to be more specific than did European Americans, which was associated with the cultural difference in perceived fulfillment of parental expectations. In short, perceived parental expectations play an important role in the cultural difference in the well-being of Asians and European Americans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Oishi
- Departmnet of Psychology, University of Virginia, 22904, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kristof-Brown A, Barrick MR, Stevens CK. When opposites attract: a multi-sample demonstration of complementary person-team fit on extraversion. J Pers 2005; 73:935-57. [PMID: 15958140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the nature of the person-team fit relationships for extraversion on members' attraction toward their teams. Unlike most studies of personality-based fit, which emphasize similarity, we predicted that complementary fit on extraversion (i.e., high individual-low team or low individual-high team levels) would result in greater attraction to the team. Data from two independent samples of intact project teams were analyzed, including 324 MBA students comprising 64 case analysis teams and 217 members of 26 manufacturing teams. Using polynomial regression analysis and three-dimensional surface plots, our results supported the predicted relationship. In addition, the data indicated that individuals who were more attracted to their teams were also better performers, as judged by their peers and supervisors.
Collapse
|
38
|
STEWART GREGL, FULMER INGRIDS, BARRICK MURRAYR. AN EXPLORATION OF MEMBER ROLES AS A MULTILEVEL LINKING MECHANISM FOR INDIVIDUAL TRAITS AND TEAM OUTCOMES. PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
39
|
Bockenholt U. Analysing state dependences in emotional experiences by dynamic count data models. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-9876.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
40
|
Andersen SM, Miranda R, Edwards T, Arkin RM, Lakin JL, Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Brown RP, Bosson JK, Campbell WK, Elliot AJ, Thrash TM, Graziano WG, Tobin RM, Kernis MH, Mischel W, Paulhus DL, Robins RW, Tracy JL, Shaver PR, Sedikides C, Gregg AP, Strauman TJ. COMMENTARIES. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327965pli1204_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|