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Stern JA, Dunbar AS, Cassidy J. Pathways to emotion regulation in young Black children: An attachment perspective. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 64:163-188. [PMID: 37080668 PMCID: PMC10763371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Attachment theory proposes that a central function of caregivers is to provide protection and co-regulation of children's distress in the context of threat, and that children's secure attachment (confidence in a secure base/safe haven when needed) precipitates positive developmental cascades in part by supporting children's emotion regulation. Yet the field of attachment has rarely considered the unique experiences of African American families, including the context of systemic racism in which caregivers must provide physical and emotional protection for their children, and in which children must learn to regulate emotion across different sociocultural contexts (emotional flexibility and "code-switching"; Dunbar et al., 2022a; Lozada et al., 2022; Stern et al., 2022b). This chapter brings attachment theory into conversation with the field of positive Black youth development to explore pathways to emotion regulation in African American children during early childhood. In doing so, we (a) highlight the strengths of African American caregivers in providing unique and specific forms of protection via racial and emotional socialization; (b) review research on predictors and consequences of secure caregiver-child relationships in Black families, with a focus on the outcome of child emotion regulation; (c) present a theoretical framework for understanding cascades of positive Black youth development via healthy relationships and emotion regulation; and (d) outline promising new directions for more inclusive and just attachment research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Stern
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Angel S Dunbar
- Department of African American Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jude Cassidy
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Thompson RA, Simpson JA, Berlin LJ. Taking perspective on attachment theory and research: nine fundamental questions. Attach Hum Dev 2022; 24:543-560. [DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2022.2030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffry A. Simpson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa J. Berlin
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland School of Social Work, Baltimore, USA
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Pace CS, Muzi S, Madera F, Sansò A, Zavattini GC. Can the family drawing be a useful tool for assessing attachment representations in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Attach Hum Dev 2021; 24:477-502. [PMID: 34726582 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2021.1991664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the quality and validity of Family Drawings (FD) with an Attachment-Based Coding System in assessing attachment representations among pre-school and school-age children. A literature search in notable databases identified 645 records, of which 20 were eligible after screening and quality assessment. Results showed: 1) ABCD attachment distribution in community children was: 48% secure, 20% avoidant, 21% ambivalent, 11% disorganized. Security prevailed both in classifications and Fury et al.' scales. 2) No significant differences according to the cultural background; 3) At-risk/clinical children showed higher insecurity than community ones using scales; 4) Girls were more secure than boys. In conclusion, FD may be a culture-fair method to assess attachment representations in children. Global scales seem more reliable than ABCD classifications for discriminating at-risk and clinical children, but further studies on these groups are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Muzi
- Department of Educational Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Madera
- Department of Educational Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sansò
- Department of Educational Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Vik K, Helgeland A, Daudi VZ, Freuchen A. Marte Meo Counselling given to African caregivers of institutionalised infants a three-case study. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2020; 40:181-195. [PMID: 32865000 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1810849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies from Western countries state that video interaction guidance programmes can support caregiver sensitivity in infant-caregiver dyads. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate if Marte Meo, which is such a programme, could contribute to increasing emotional and social support towards motherless infants at an institution for motherless infants in rural Africa. METHOD Three caregivers participated in five Marte Meo Counselling sessions. The first guidance naïve film and the last film were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively and organised according to two supportive categories: 1) caregiver responds to infants' initiative, 2) caregiver takes initiative to supportive interaction, and two non-supportive: 3) caregiver behaves in an intrusive manner and 4) caregiver does not respond to the infants' initiative. RESULTS After receiving Marte Meo Counselling, all three caregivers showed impressive augmentation of awareness and sensitivity in their care towards the infants' emotional and social needs. CONCLUSION We found indications that professional caregivers of institutionalised infants in an African country can profit on Marte Meo Counselling, showing positive effects on augmenting caregivers' sensitivity towards the infants, and thereby meet the infants' need of emotional and social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Vik
- Department for Child and Adolescent Mental Health/Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital,Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Anne Helgeland
- Department for Child and Adolescent Mental Health/Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital,Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | - Anne Freuchen
- Department for Child and Adolescent Mental Health/Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital,Kristiansand, Norway
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Nahas N. Liens d’attachement : une autre perspective pour une autre culture. Étude exploratoire sur des enfants libanais. ENFANCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3917/enf2.202.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Alsancak-Akbulut C, Sahin-Acar B, Sumer N. Effect of video-feedback intervention on Turkish mothers' sensitivity and physical intrusiveness: a randomized control trial. Attach Hum Dev 2020; 23:795-813. [PMID: 32308130 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2020.1753085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effectiveness of the video-feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting-Sensitive Discipline (VIPP-SD) in enhancing maternal sensitivity and decreasing maternal physical intrusive behaviors among Turkish mothers. Mothers (N = 68; Mage = 29.29, SD = 5.20) with their children (Mage = 20.04 months, SD = 6.62) participated in a randomized controlled trial with pre-, post-, and follow-up assessments (Nintervention = 40, Ncontrol = 28). Maternal sensitivity was assessed using the Ainsworth Sensitivity Scale. A coding schema was developed and used to assess maternal physical intrusiveness. The results indicated that mothers in intervention group benefited from the VIPP-SD in both increasing their global sensitivity (d = 0.51, p =.016) and decreasing the frequency of physical intrusive behaviors (d = 0.56, p =.007) compared to mothers in the control group. Overall, the VIPP-SD program appears to decrease the level of physical intrusiveness, in addition to promoting maternal sensitivity among Turkish mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Alsancak-Akbulut
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Psychology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Basak Sahin-Acar
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nebi Sumer
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Takács L, Smolík F, Kaźmierczak M, Putnam SP. Early infant temperament shapes the nature of mother-infant bonding in the first postpartum year. Infant Behav Dev 2020; 58:101428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nóblega M, Bárrig-Jo P, Gonzalez L, Fourment K, Salinas-Quiroz F, Vizuet A, Posada G. Secure base scripted knowledge and preschoolers' social competence in samples from Mexico and Peru. Attach Hum Dev 2019; 21:253-264. [PMID: 30856055 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2019.1575548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A central hypothesis in attachment theory poses that child-mother relationships have implications for children's social competence. A key task for researchers is that of investigating the pathways responsible for the association found between child attachment security and social competence. We studied whether children's secure base representations, defined as scripts, are associated with assessments of social competence in a preschool setting. We tested this association in samples from Mexico and Peru. Preschoolers' attachment representations were assessed via narratives gathered with the Attachment Story Completion Task. Teachers (in Mexico) and mothers (in Peru) provided questionnaire information about social competence. Attachment scripts predicted children's social competence in both samples. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for theory and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magaly Nóblega
- a Department of Psychology , Pontifical Catholic University of Peru , Lima , Peru
| | - Patricia Bárrig-Jo
- a Department of Psychology , Pontifical Catholic University of Peru , Lima , Peru
| | - Lucía Gonzalez
- a Department of Psychology , Pontifical Catholic University of Peru , Lima , Peru
| | - Katherine Fourment
- a Department of Psychology , Pontifical Catholic University of Peru , Lima , Peru
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Nóblega M, Bárrig P, Fourment K. Maternal Care and Attachment Security in Preschool Children. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0102.3772e3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study assessed and compared the relationship between maternal sensitivity and child attachment in two groups of mother-child dyads from Lima, Peru, one group with children 4 years old and older and a second group with younger children. Fifty-six dyads participated in the study. The mothers ages ranged between 22 and 45 years (M = 33.14, SD = 5.50); 82.1% of them had higher education and 73.2% were in a partner relationship. Of the children, 53.6 were boys and 41.1% were an only child. The study used AQS and MBPQS to rate child and maternal behavior respectively. Our results show a high correlation between attachment security and maternal sensitivity in both groups, as well as specific manifestations of these variables in the context studied.
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Vik (KV) K, Daudi (VZD) VZ, Kajula (LJK) LJ, Rohde (RR) R, Ubuguyu (OSU) OS, Saibulu (JNS) JN. Infancy and Caring. PSYCHOLOGY AND DEVELOPING SOCIETIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0971333617749141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Caregivers at an institution for motherless infants in rural Tanzania participated in focus group interviews and participant observations. This paper aims at describing how they perceive infancy, caring and sensitivity in their everyday context. It adds knowledge from Tanzania about institutional infant care and the concept of sensitivity in caregiving, based on an approach sensitive to culture and context. The main result is that the caregivers are most concerned with fulfilling the infants’ physical needs. They defined infants’ social and emotional needs in a variety of ways and gave accounts about what sensitivity in caring for infants meant in their context. They also described their workload, their burdens and their strengths, and demonstrated shortcomings in fulfilling the infants’ social and emotional needs. Interventions to promote emotional and social support in addition to fulfilling physical needs are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Vik (KV)
- Researcher PhD, Department for Child and Adolescent Mental Health/Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | | | - Rolf Rohde (RR)
- Family Therapist/Marte Meo Licensed Supervisor, Department for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
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Attachment in Context: The Role of Demographic Factors Among Indonesians from Three Ethnic Groups. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-016-9232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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You J, Huang JL, Ho MY, Leung H, Li C, Bond MH. Perceived support and relational conflict as mediators linking attachment orientations with depressive symptoms: A comparison of dating individuals from Hong Kong and the United States. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mojgan FN, Abdul Kadir R, Noah SM, Hassan SA. The Relation of Career Indecision and Parental Attachment among Iranian Undergraduate Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-012-9180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tummala-Narra P. A Psychodynamic Perspective on the Negotiation of Prejudice Among Immigrant Women. WOMEN & THERAPY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/02703149.2011.591676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Pierrehumbert B, Santelices MP, Ibáñez M, Alberdi M, Ongari B, Roskam I, Stievenart M, Spencer R, Fresno Rodríguez A, Borghini A. Gender and Attachment Representations in the Preschool Years. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022109335181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bowlby proposed that the individual's social experiences, as early as in infancy, contribute to the construction of Internal Working Models (IWMs) of attachment, which will later guide the individual's expectations and behaviors in close relationships all along his or her life. The qualitative, individual characteristics of these models reflect the specificity of the individual's early experiences with attachment figures. The attachment literature globally shows that the qualities of IWMs are neither gender specific nor cultural specific. Procedures to evaluate IWMs in adulthood have been well established, based on narrative accounts of childhood experiences. Narrative procedures at earlier ages (e.g., in the preschool years) have been proposed, such as Bretherton's Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT), to evaluate attachment representations. More than 500 ASCT narratives of preschoolers, coming from five different countries, have been collected, in the perspective of examining possible interactions between gender and culture regarding attachment representations. A specific Q-Sort coding procedure (CCH) has been used to evaluate several dimensions of the narratives. Girls' narratives appeared as systematically more secure than those of same-age boys, whatever their culture. The magnitude of gender differences, however, varied between countries. Taylor's model of gender-specific responses to stress and Harwood's and Posada's hypothesis on inter-cultural differences regarding caregiving are evoked to understand the differences across gender and countries.
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Cowan PA, Cowan CP. Attachment Theory: Seven Unresolved Issues and Questions for Future Research. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15427600701663007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gregoriadis A, Tsigilis N. Applicability of the Student—Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) in the Greek Educational Setting. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282907306894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the applicability of the Student—Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) within the Greek cultural context. Sixty-seven kindergarten teachers filled in a Greek version of the STRS concerning 403 kindergarten students. Exploratory factor analysis showed that a 26-item version of the STRS could be considered as a valid and reliable instrument to measure Closeness (α = .86), Conflict (α = .87) and Dependency (α = .79). Findings further indicated that teachers described young boys as having more conflictual relationships with their teachers and young girls as having closer and more dependent relationships with them. In contrast with previous studies, the Dependency subscale was positively correlated with the Closeness subscale ( r = .34) and did not associate with the Conflict subscale. These findings might be attributed to the different cultural background of the Greek kindergarten teachers or their differentiated interpretation of the notion of dependency.
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MINDE KLAUS, MINDE REGINA, VOGEL WENDY. Culturally sensitive assessment of attachment in children aged 18–40 months in a South African township. Infant Ment Health J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/imhj.20106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wang CCDC, Mallinckrodt BS. Differences between Taiwanese and U.S. cultural beliefs about ideal adult attachment. J Couns Psychol 2006. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Posada G, Carbonell OA, Alzate G, Plata SJ. Through Colombian Lenses: Ethnographic and Conventional Analyses of Maternal Care and Their Associations With Secure Base Behavior. Dev Psychol 2004; 40:508-18. [PMID: 15238039 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.4.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to attachment theory, the quality of care plays a key role in the organization of infants' secure base behavior across contexts and cultures. Yet information about attachment relationships in a variety of cultures is scarce, and questions remain as to whether Ainsworth's conceptualization of early care quality (sensitivity; M. D. S. Ainsworth, M. C. Blehar, E. Waters, & S. Wall, 1978) is appropriate for characterizing caregiving behavior in different groups and whether culturally specific descriptions of early care are related to conventional measures of maternal sensitivity and to infants' security. In this naturalistic study of mother-infant interactions in Colombia, scores on different domains of maternal care were obtained through ethnographic methodology, and conventional Q-sort scores for maternal and infant behavior were obtained. Findings are discussed in terms of the cross-cultural generality of the sensitivity construct and the sensitivity-security link and of the relevance of naturalistic open-ended studies in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Posada
- Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1267, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rothbaum
- Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Study, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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