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Gal-Szabo DE, Spinrad TL, Eisenberg N, Sulik MJ. The relations of children’s emotion knowledge to their observed social play and reticent/uninvolved behavior in preschool: Moderation by effortful control. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Berenbaum SA, Beltz AM, Bryk K, McHale S. Gendered Peer Involvement in Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Effects of Prenatal Androgens, Gendered Activities, and Gender Cognitions. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:915-929. [PMID: 29318470 PMCID: PMC9173056 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A key question in understanding gender development concerns the origins of sex segregation. Children's tendencies to interact with same-sex others have been hypothesized to result from gender identity and cognitions, behavioral compatibility, and personal characteristics. We examined whether prenatal androgen exposure was related to time spent with boys and girls, and how that gendered peer involvement was related to sex-typed activities and gender identity and cognitions. We studied 54 girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) aged 10-13 years varying in degree of prenatal androgen exposure: 40 girls with classical CAH (C-CAH) exposed to high prenatal androgens and 14 girls with non-classical CAH (NC-CAH) exposed to low, female-typical, prenatal androgens. Home interviews and questionnaires provided assessments of gendered activity interests and participation, gender identity, and gender cognitions. Daily phone calls over 7 days assessed time spent in gendered activities and with peers. Girls with both C-CAH and NC-CAH interacted more with girls than with boys, with no significant group differences. The groups did not differ significantly in gender identity or gender cognitions, but girls with C-CAH spent more time in male-typed activities and less time in female-typed activities than did girls with NC-CAH. Time spent with girls reflected direct effects of gender identity/cognitions and gender-typed activities, and an indirect effect of prenatal androgens (CAH type) through gender-typed activities. Our results extend findings that prenatal androgens differentially affect gendered characteristics and that gendered peer interactions reflect combined effects of behavioral compatibility and feelings and cognitions about gender. The study also shows the value of natural experiments for testing hypotheses about gender development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri A Berenbaum
- Department of Psychology, 453 Moore Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Adriene M Beltz
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristina Bryk
- Department of Psychology, 453 Moore Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Susan McHale
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Bao Z, Chen C, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Zhu J, Lai X. School Connectedness and Chinese Adolescents' Sleep Problems: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2018; 88:315-321. [PMID: 29498062 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous research indicates an association between school connectedness and adolescents' sleep quality, its causal direction has not been determined. This study used a 2-wave cross-lagged panel analysis to explore the likely causal direction between these 2 constructs. METHODS Participants were 888 Chinese adolescents (43.80% boys; Mage = 15.55) who provided self-report data on school connectedness and sleep quality as well as demographic variables at the beginning and the end of a school year. RESULTS After controlling for sex and age, we found that sleep problems at the beginning of the school year were a significant and negative predictor of school connectedness at the end of the school year (b2 = -.26, SE = .13, β2 = -.10, p < .05), but school connectedness at the beginning of the school year did not predict sleep problems at the end of the school year (b1 = .05, SE = .03, β1 = .09, p > .05). Separate analyses by sex showed that the above pattern of results was mainly driven by the boys. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that sleep problems could be a risk factor for adolescent boys' school connectedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhou Bao
- School of Educational Science, Gannan Normal University, Shiyuan South Road, Rongjiang New District, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Psychology/Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan West Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- School of Psychology/Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, No. 55 Zhongshan West Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xuefen Lai
- School of Education Science, Jiaying University, No. 100 Meisong Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou 514015, China
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Gornik AE, Neal JW, Lo SL, Durbin CE. Connections between preschoolers' temperament traits and social behaviors as observed in a preschool setting. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gender-Biased Attitudes and Attributions Among Young Italian Children: Relation to Peer Dyadic Interaction. SEX ROLES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-015-0526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Herndon KJ, Bailey CS, Shewark EA, Denham SA, Bassett HH. Preschoolers' emotion expression and regulation: relations with school adjustment. J Genet Psychol 2013; 174:642-63. [PMID: 24303577 PMCID: PMC3856321 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2012.759525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Children's expression and regulation of emotions are building blocks of their experiences in classrooms. Thus, the authors' primary goal was to investigate whether preschoolers' expression or ability to regulate emotions were associated with teachers' ratings of school adjustment. A secondary goal was to investigate how boys and girls differed across these associations. Children's social-emotional behaviors in Head Start and private childcare center classrooms were observed, and using a series of measures, teachers' ratings of children's social competence, attitudes toward school, positive teacher relationships, and cooperative participation were collected. Three factors of children's school adjustment were extracted from these indicators. A series of hierarchical regressions revealed that emotion expression and regulation were indeed associated with children's reported school adjustment, with the strongest associations stemming from children's negative emotion expression and their emotion dysregulation. Many of these associations were also different for boys and girls. The results corroborate and extend the authors' earlier findings, and have implications for social-emotional programming to maximize children's early school success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Herndon
- Department of Psychology - MSN 3F5, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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Beltz AM, Beekman C, Molenaar PCM, Buss KA. Mapping temporal dynamics in social interactions with unified structural equation modeling: A description and demonstration revealing time-dependent sex differences in play behavior. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2013; 17:152-168. [PMID: 24039386 DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2013.805953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Developmental science is rich with observations of social interactions, but few available methodological and statistical approaches take full advantage of the information provided by these data. The authors propose implementation of the unified structural equation model (uSEM), a network analysis technique, for observational data coded repeatedly across time; uSEM captures the temporal dynamics underlying changes in behavior at the individual level by revealing the ways in which a single person influences - concurrently and in the future - other people. To demonstrate the utility of uSEM, the authors applied it to ratings of positive affect and vigor of activity during children's unstructured laboratory play with unfamiliar, same-sex peers. Results revealed the time-dependent nature of sex differences in play behavior. For girls more than boys, positive affect was dependent upon peers' prior positive affect. For boys more than girls, vigor of activity was dependent upon peers' current vigor of activity.
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Halpern DF, Eliot L, Bigler RS, Fabes RA, Hanish LD, Hyde J, Liben LS, Martin CL. Education. The pseudoscience of single-sex schooling. Science 2011; 333:1706-7. [PMID: 21940879 DOI: 10.1126/science.1205031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Rumberg B, Baars A, Fiebach J, Ladd ME, Forsting M, Senf W, Gizewski ER. Cycle and gender-specific cerebral activation during a verb generation task using fMRI: Comparison of women in different cycle phases, under oral contraception, and men. Neurosci Res 2010; 66:366-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Schaefer DR, Light JM, Fabes RA, Hanish LD, Martin CL. Fundamental Principles of Network Formation among Preschool Children. SOCIAL NETWORKS 2010; 32:61-71. [PMID: 20161606 PMCID: PMC2811339 DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to investigate the origins of social networks by examining the formation of children's peer relationships in 11 preschool classes throughout the school year. We investigated whether several fundamental processes of relationship formation were evident at this age, including reciprocity, popularity, and triadic closure effects. We expected these mechanisms to change in importance over time as the network crystallizes, allowing more complex structures to evolve from simpler ones in a process we refer to as structural cascading. We analyzed intensive longitudinal observational data of children's interactions using the SIENA actor-based model. We found evidence that reciprocity, popularity, and triadic closure all shaped the formation of preschool children's networks. The influence of reciprocity remained consistent, whereas popularity and triadic closure became increasingly important over the course of the school year. Interactions between age and endogenous network effects were nonsignificant, suggesting that these network formation processes were not moderated by age in this sample of young children. We discuss the implications of our longitudinal network approach and findings for the study of early network developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Schaefer
- Arizona State University, United States
- Corresponding author: School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Box 873701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-3701. Tel.: +1 480 727 8332. E-mail address:
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Fujisawa KK, Kutsukake N, Hasegawa T. Social network analyses of positive and negative relationships among Japanese preschool classmates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025408098015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using social network analysis, we investigated the characteristics of social networks composed of positive relationships (positive network: PN) and negative relationships (negative network: NN) in classrooms of Japanese 3- and 4-year-olds. Analysis of “density” showed that PNs were denser than NNs among 4-year-olds but that this was not the case among 3-year-olds. The difference between the probability of dyads of girls forming cliques, between PNs and NNs, was larger than that for dyads of boys or mixed-sex dyads. Four-year-olds formed cliques more often in PNs than in NNs, compared to 3-year-olds. This study showed that both sex combination of dyads and age affect the quantified properties of social networks among preschoolers.
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Gizewski ER, Krause E, Schlamann M, Happich F, Ladd ME, Forsting M, Senf W. ORIGINAL RESEARCH—INTERSEX AND GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS: Specific Cerebral Activation due to Visual Erotic Stimuli in Male-to-Female Transsexuals Compared with Male and Female Controls: An fMRI Study. J Sex Med 2009; 6:440-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hanish LD, Martin CL, Fabes RA, Barcelo H. The Breadth of Peer Relationships Among Preschoolers: An Application of theQ-Connectivity Method to Externalizing Behavior. Child Dev 2008; 79:1119-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gizewski ER, Krause E, Karama S, Baars A, Senf W, Forsting M. There are differences in cerebral activation between females in distinct menstrual phases during viewing of erotic stimuli: A fMRI study. Exp Brain Res 2006; 174:101-8. [PMID: 16604320 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 02/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that men experience more sexual arousal than women but also that women in mid-luteal phase experience more sexual arousal than women outside this phase. Recently, a few functional brain imaging studies have tackled the issue of gender differences as pertaining to reactions to erotica. The question of whether or not gender differences in reactions to erotica are maintained with women in different phases has not yet been answered from a functional brain imaging perspective. In order to examine this issue, functional MRI was performed in 22 male and 22 female volunteers. Subjects viewed erotic film excerpts alternating with emotionally neutral excerpts in a standard block-design paradigm. Arousal to erotic stimuli was evaluated using standard rating scales after scanning. Two-sample t-test with uncorrected P < 0.001 values for a priori determined region of interests involved in processing of erotic stimuli and with corrected P < 0.05 revealed gender differences: Comparing women in mid-luteal phase and during their menses, superior activation was revealed for women in mid-luteal phase in the anterior cingulate, left insula, and orbitofrontal cortex. A superior activation for men was found in the left thalamus, the bilateral amygdala, the anterior cingulate, the bilateral orbitofrontal, bilateral parahippocampal, and insular regions, which were maintained at a corrected P in the amygdala, the insula, and thalamus. There were no areas of significant superior activation for women neither in mid-luteal phase nor during their menses. Our results indicate that there are differences between women in the two cycle times in cerebral activity during viewing of erotic stimuli. Furthermore, gender differences with women in mid-luteal phases are similar to those in females outside the mid-luteal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke R Gizewski
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45127 Essen, Germany.
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Rose AJ, Rudolph KD. A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychol Bull 2006. [PMID: 16435959 DOI: 10.1037/0033‐2909.132.1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Theory and research on sex differences in adjustment focus largely on parental, societal, and biological influences. However, it also is important to consider how peers contribute to girls' and boys' development. This article provides a critical review of sex differences in several peer relationship processes, including behavioral and social-cognitive styles, stress and coping, and relationship provisions. The authors present a speculative peer-socialization model based on this review in which the implications of these sex differences for girls' and boys' emotional and behavioral development are considered. Central to this model is the idea that sex-linked relationship processes have costs and benefits for girls' and boys' adjustment. Finally, the authors present recent research testing certain model components and propose approaches for testing understudied aspects of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Rose
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri--Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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Rose AJ, Rudolph KD. A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychol Bull 2006; 132:98-131. [PMID: 16435959 PMCID: PMC3160171 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1156] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Theory and research on sex differences in adjustment focus largely on parental, societal, and biological influences. However, it also is important to consider how peers contribute to girls' and boys' development. This article provides a critical review of sex differences in several peer relationship processes, including behavioral and social-cognitive styles, stress and coping, and relationship provisions. The authors present a speculative peer-socialization model based on this review in which the implications of these sex differences for girls' and boys' emotional and behavioral development are considered. Central to this model is the idea that sex-linked relationship processes have costs and benefits for girls' and boys' adjustment. Finally, the authors present recent research testing certain model components and propose approaches for testing understudied aspects of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Rose
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri--Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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Hammarberg A, Hagekull B. Changes in externalizing and internalizing behaviours over a school-year: differences between 6-year-old boys and girls. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gizewski ER, Krause E, Wanke I, Forsting M, Senf W. Gender-specific cerebral activation during cognitive tasks using functional MRI: comparison of women in mid-luteal phase and men. Neuroradiology 2005; 48:14-20. [PMID: 16328492 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-005-0004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of gender-specific differences in functional imaging during spatial and language tasks have been inconclusive. Furthermore, among women, such differences may occur during mid-luteal phase compared to the rest of the menstrual cycle. In order to examine further gender differences, functional MRI was performed in 12 male volunteers and 12 female volunteers (in the mid-luteal phase) during mental rotation and verb-generation tests. Two-sample t-tests with uncorrected P values of <0.001 for the specific regions of interest (ROIs) revealed cerebral activation differences in both stimuli. During mental rotation tests, higher levels of activation were noted in the right medial frontal, precentral, and bilateral inferior parietal cortex, while in women this occurred in the right inferior and medial temporal, right superior frontal cortex, and left fusiform gyrus. During verb-generation tests, higher levels of activation in men was found in the left medial temporal and precentral cortex. Our results indicate that differences in cerebral activity during cognitive tasks can be shown between men and women in the mid-luteal phase. Gender differences while performing a mental rotation task were more prominent than during a verb-generation task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke R Gizewski
- Department of Diagnostic, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Hanish LD, Martin CL, Fabes RA, Leonard S, Herzog M. Exposure to externalizing peers in early childhood: homophily and peer contagion processes. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2005; 33:267-81. [PMID: 15957556 PMCID: PMC1262636 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-005-3564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Guided by a transactional model, we examined the predictors and effects of exposure to externalizing peers in a low-risk sample of preschoolers and kindergarteners. On the basis of daily observations of peer interactions, we calculated measures of total exposure to externalizing peers and measures of exposure to same- and other-sex externalizing peers. Analyses of predictors of externalizing peer exposure supported a homophily hypothesis for girls. Tests of peer contagion effects varied by sex, and exposure to externalizing peers predicted multiple problem behaviors for girls but not for boys. Sex differences were a function of children's own sex, but not of peers' sex. The study provides evidence of externalizing peer exposure effects in a low-risk sample of young children, notably for girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Hanish
- Department of Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2502, USA.
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Karam EG, Mneimneh Z, Salamoun M, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS. Psychometric properties of the Lebanese-Arabic TEMPS-A: a national epidemiologic study. J Affect Disord 2005; 87:169-83. [PMID: 16023731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several measures have been proposed to evaluate temperament traits and their connection to psychopathology. One recent development in this area is the TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire). The purpose of this study is to psychometrically validate the Lebanese-Arabic version of TEMPS-A. METHODS The TEMPS-A was adapted to Lebanese-Arabic and administered to 1320 Lebanese (593 males, 727 females, mean age of 43+/-16 years) representing the adult population of Lebanon (total population: 4.2 million). This section was added by the Institute for Development Research and Applied Care (IDRAC) to the cross-national World Mental Health (WMH) initiative Lebanese chapter. Chronbach-alpha and Pearson's correlation were used to test the internal consistency and correlation among the subscales. Factor loadings were calculated using the principal component analysis with varimax rotation. RESULTS Internal consistency varied between 0.66 (depressive) and 0.88 (anxious). As formulated by the originators of the instrument, five main factors emerged from the factor analysis, with some overlap between the depressive, the cyclothymic and the anxious temperaments, but almost none for the hyperthymic and irritable temperaments. The strongest correlation was observed between the anxious and the cyclothymic temperament subscales. Women had higher mean scores on the depressive, cyclothymic, and anxious subscales, whereas men scored higher on the hyperthymic subscale. There was a trend of increase by age in scores of the depressive subscale, and a trend of decrease in the cyclothymic and irritable subscales. CONCLUSION The Lebanese-Arabic TEMPS-A has a good internal consistency, is easy to use, and opens new and interesting research avenues in large epidemiologic national studies on temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie G Karam
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, PO Box 166227, Achrafieh, Beirut 1100-2110, Lebanon.
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Leaper C, Smith TE. A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Variations in Children's Language Use: Talkativeness, Affiliative Speech, and Assertive Speech. Dev Psychol 2004; 40:993-1027. [PMID: 15535753 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three sets of meta-analyses examined gender effects on children's language use. Each set of analyses considered an aspect of speech that is considered to be gender typed: talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Statistically significant average effect sizes were obtained with all three language constructs. On average, girls were slightly more talkative and used more affiliative speech than did boys, whereas boys used more assertive speech than did girls. However, the average effect sizes were either negligible (talkativeness, d=0.11; assertive speech, d=0.11) or small (affiliative speech, d=0.26). Larger effect sizes were indicated for some language constructs depending on either the operational definition of the language measure, the method of recording, the child's age level, the interaction partner (adult or peer), group size, gender composition, observational setting, or type of activity. The results are interpreted in relation to social-developmental and social-constructionist approaches to gender; these views are presented as complementary--rather than competing--meta-theoretical viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell Leaper
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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Fabes RA, Martin CL, Hanish LD, Anders MC, Madden-Derdich DA. Early school competence: the roles of sex-segregated play and effortful control. Dev Psychol 2003; 39:848-58. [PMID: 12952398 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.39.5.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to examine the role that young children's same-sex peer interactions play in influencing early school competence. The authors also examined the degree to which effortful control (EC) moderated these relations. The same-sex play preferences of 98 young children (50 boys and 48 girls; mean age = 54.77 months) were observed during the fall semester. At the end of the fall semester, one set of teachers reported on children's EC, and at the end of the following springsemester, another set reported on children's school competence (social, academic, and perceptual-motor). Results revealed that EC moderated the relations of children's same-sex play to their school competence. These patterns differed for boys and girls such that same-sex play was positively related to school outcomes for boys high in EC and for girls low in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Fabes
- Department of Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-2502, USA.
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Fabes RA, Hanish LD, Martin CL. Children at play: the role of peers in understanding the effects of child care. Child Dev 2003; 74:1039-43. [PMID: 12938698 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8624.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the studies of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Child Care Research Network (this issue) and of Watamura, Donzella, Alwin, and Gunnar (this issue) identify the potential of child care to affect children's adjustment, how these effects are produced remains unclear. In this commentary, it is argued that there is a need to expand child care research by considering one of the most important, but unrecognized, contributors to child care effects-peers. Research is reviewed that suggests that children's interactions in same-sex peer groups at child care affect their short- and long-term adjustment. We consider how research on early peer influences can inform the findings of the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network and Watamura et al. studies, aswell as contribute to the next generation of child care research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Fabes
- Department of Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2502, USA.
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Abstract
The authors tested the hypothesis that deviant behaviors within a preschool peer group would be linked with peer rejection, irrespective of child gender. Seventy-six children, aged 3 to 5 years, participated. Teachers rated children's behavior on the Child Adaptive Behavior Inventory, and children provided sociometric ratings. For a subsample of children (n = 47), observers coded aggressive, noncompliant, and withdrawn behavior using a time-sampling system. For both boys and girls, noncompliance, hyperactivity, and social withdrawal were associated with peer rejection; overt aggression was associated with peer rejection for boys, but not for girls. Analysis revealed that approximately half of the variance in sociometric and teacher ratings of peer rejection was accounted for by aggression and social withdrawal for both boys and girls. The results suggest that the association between behavior problems and peer rejection emerges at a very early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Wood
- Psychology Clinic, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.
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González C, Fuentes LJ, Carranza JA, Estévez AF. Temperament and attention in the self-regulation of 7-year-old children. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Research and theory on the role of emotion and regulation in morality have received considerable attention in the last decade. Much relevant work has concerned the role of moral emotions in moral behavior. Research on differences between embarrassment, guilt, and shame and their relations to moral behavior is reviewed, as is research on the association of these emotions with negative emotionality and regulation. Recent issues concerning the role of such empathy-related responses as sympathy and personal distress to prosocial and antisocial behavior are discussed, as is the relation of empathy-related responding to situational and dispositional emotionality and regulation. The development and socialization of guilt, shame, and empathy also are discussed briefly. In addition, the role of nonmoral emotions (e.g. anger and sadness), including moods and dispositional differences in negative emotionality and its regulation, in morally relevant behavior, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Eisenberg
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1107, USA.
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Martin CL, Fabes RA. The stability and consequences of young children's same-sex peer interactions. Dev Psychol 2001. [DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.37.3.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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