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Zheng Y, Tang R, Xue L, Wang Z, Shi P. Attention modulates facial expression processing in subsyndromal depression: A behavioral and ERP study. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 201:112359. [PMID: 38714215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Impaired facial expression perception is a core element in depression, but the underlying mechanism remains controversial. This event-related potential study investigated how attention modulates facial expression perception in depression using a nonclinical sample. A group of healthy controls (HC, N = 39) and a group of individuals with subsyndromal depression (SD, N = 39) categorized faces based on either facial expression (happy vs. sad) or gender (male vs. female). Behaviorally, the SD group was less sensitive to the emotional valence of facial expression than the HC group when their attention was directed to facial expression, as revealed by comparable subjective ratings and accuracy rates in response to facial expressions. When attention was directed towards facial gender, the SD group versus the HC group showed a negative bias, as revealed by a faster N170 for sad faces than happy faces. Together, our findings suggest that attention plays a role in understanding the relationship between depression and facial expression perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Rumeng Tang
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Linkai Xue
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- Department of Sleeping Disorder, Dalian Seventh People's Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Puyu Shi
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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2
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Koob JL, Gorski M, Krick S, Mustin M, Fink GR, Grefkes C, Rehme AK. Behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates of facial emotion processing in post-stroke depression. Neuroimage Clin 2024; 41:103586. [PMID: 38428325 PMCID: PMC10944179 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion processing deficits are known to accompany depressive symptoms and are often seen in stroke patients. Little is known about the influence of post-stroke depressive (PSD) symptoms and specific brain lesions on altered emotion processing abilities and how these phenomena develop over time. This potential relationship may impact post-stroke rehabilitation of neurological and psychosocial function. To address this scientific gap, we investigated the relationship between PSD symptoms and emotion processing abilities in a longitudinal study design from the first days post-stroke into the early chronic phase. METHODS Twenty-six ischemic stroke patients performed an emotion processing task on videos with emotional faces ('happy,' 'sad,' 'anger,' 'fear,' and 'neutral') at different intensity levels (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%). Recognition accuracies and response times were measured, as well as scores of depressive symptoms (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale). Twenty-eight healthy participants matched in age and sex were included as a control group. Whole-brain support-vector regression lesion-symptom mapping (SVR-LSM) analyses were performed to investigate whether specific lesion locations were associated with the recognition accuracy of specific emotion categories. RESULTS Stroke patients performed worse in overall recognition accuracy compared to controls, specifically in the recognition of happy, sad, and fearful faces. Notably, more depressed stroke patients showed an increased processing towards specific negative emotions, as they responded significantly faster to angry faces and recognized sad faces of low intensities significantly more accurately. These effects obtained for the first days after stroke partly persisted to follow-up assessment several months later. SVR-LSM analyses revealed that inferior and middle frontal regions (IFG/MFG) and insula and putamen were associated with emotion-recognition deficits in stroke. Specifically, recognizing happy facial expressions was influenced by lesions affecting the anterior insula, putamen, IFG, MFG, orbitofrontal cortex, and rolandic operculum. Lesions in the posterior insula, rolandic operculum, and MFG were also related to reduced recognition accuracy of fearful facial expressions, whereas recognition deficits of sad faces were associated with frontal pole, IFG, and MFG damage. CONCLUSION PSD symptoms facilitate processing negative emotional stimuli, specifically angry and sad facial expressions. The recognition accuracy of different emotional categories was linked to brain lesions in emotion-related processing circuits, including insula, basal ganglia, IFG, and MFG. In summary, our study provides support for psychosocial and neural factors underlying emotional processing after stroke, contributing to the pathophysiology of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz L Koob
- University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Maximilian Gorski
- University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Sebastian Krick
- University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Maike Mustin
- University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne 50937, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Christian Grefkes
- University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne 50937, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt and University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Neurology, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| | - Anne K Rehme
- University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Cologne 50937, Germany
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Lavigne KM, Deng J, Raucher-Chéné D, Hotte-Meunier A, Voyer C, Sarraf L, Lepage M, Sauvé G. Transdiagnostic cognitive biases in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110894. [PMID: 37956787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are characterized by cognitive deficits, which have been proposed as a transdiagnostic feature of psychopathology ("C" factor). Similarly, cognitive biases (e.g., in attention, memory, and interpretation) represent common tendencies in information processing that are often associated with psychiatric symptoms. However, the question remains whether cognitive biases are also transdiagnostic or are specific to certain psychiatric disorders/symptoms. The current systematic review sought to address whether the proposed "C" factor of transdiagnostic cognitive dysfunction in psychopathology can be extended to cognitive biases. Overall, 31 studies comprising 4401 participants (2536 patients, 1865 non-clinical controls) met inclusion criteria, assessing 19 cognitive biases across 20 diagnostic categories, with most studies focusing on interpretation (k = 22) and attention (k = 11) biases and only 2 assessing memory biases. Traditional meta-analyses found a moderate effect size (g = 0.32) for more severe cognitive biases in all patients relative to non-clinical controls, as well as small but significant associations between interpretation biases and transdiagnostic symptom categories (general psychopathology: r = 0.20, emotion dysfunction: r = 0.17, psychotic symptoms: r = 0.25). Network meta-analyses revealed significant patient versus non-clinical control differences on attention and interpretation biases across diagnoses, as well as significant differences between diagnoses, with highest severity in panic disorder for attention biases and obsessive-compulsive disorder for interpretation biases. The current findings extend the big "C" interpretation of transdiagnostic cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders to cognitive biases and transdiagnostic symptom dimensions. Results also suggest that while the presence of cognitive biases is transdiagnostic, bias severity differs across diagnoses, as in traditional neurocognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Lavigne
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | | | - Delphine Raucher-Chéné
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Chloe Voyer
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lisa Sarraf
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Lepage
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Sauvé
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département d'éducation et pédagogie, Université de Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Tan GCY, Wang Z, Tan ESE, Ong RJM, Ooi PE, Lee D, Rane N, Tey SYX, Chua SY, Goh N, Lam GW, Chakraborty A, Yew AKL, Ong SK, Kee JL, Lim XY, Hashim N, Lu SH, Meany M, Tolomeo S, Lee CA, Tan HM, Keppo J. Transdiagnostic clustering of self-schema from self-referential judgements identifies subtypes of healthy personality and depression. Front Neuroinform 2024; 17:1244347. [PMID: 38274390 PMCID: PMC10808829 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1244347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The heterogeneity of depressive and anxiety disorders complicates clinical management as it may account for differences in trajectory and treatment response. Self-schemas, which can be determined by Self-Referential Judgements (SRJs), are heterogeneous yet stable. SRJs have been used to characterize personality in the general population and shown to be prognostic in depressive and anxiety disorders. Methods In this study, we used SRJs from a Self-Referential Encoding Task (SRET) to identify clusters from a clinical sample of 119 patients recruited from the Institute of Mental Health presenting with depressive or anxiety symptoms and a non-clinical sample of 115 healthy adults. The generated clusters were examined in terms of most endorsed words, cross-sample correspondence, association with depressive symptoms and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire and diagnostic category. Results We identify a 5-cluster solution in each sample and a 7-cluster solution in the combined sample. When perturbed, metrics such as optimum cluster number, criterion value, likelihood, DBI and CHI remained stable and cluster centers appeared stable when using BIC or ICL as criteria. Top endorsed words in clusters were meaningful across theoretical frameworks from personality, psychodynamic concepts of relatedness and self-definition, and valence in self-referential processing. The clinical clusters were labeled "Neurotic" (C1), "Extraverted" (C2), "Anxious to please" (C3), "Self-critical" (C4), "Conscientious" (C5). The non-clinical clusters were labeled "Self-confident" (N1), "Low endorsement" (N2), "Non-neurotic" (N3), "Neurotic" (N4), "High endorsement" (N5). The combined clusters were labeled "Self-confident" (NC1), "Externalising" (NC2), "Neurotic" (NC3), "Secure" (NC4), "Low endorsement" (NC5), "High endorsement" (NC6), "Self-critical" (NC7). Cluster differences were observed in endorsement of positive and negative words, latency biases, recall biases, depressive symptoms, frequency of depressive disorders and self-criticism. Discussion Overall, clusters endorsing more negative words tended to endorse fewer positive words, showed more negative biases in reaction time and negative recall bias, reported more severe depressive symptoms and a higher frequency of depressive disorders and more self-criticism in the clinical population. SRJ-based clustering represents a novel transdiagnostic framework for subgrouping patients with depressive and anxiety symptoms that may support the future translation of the science of self-referential processing, personality and psychodynamic concepts of self-definition to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rachel Jing Min Ong
- Faculty of Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei En Ooi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Danan Lee
- Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nikita Rane
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Si Ying Chua
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Atlanta Chakraborty
- Institute of Operations Research and Analytics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony Khye Loong Yew
- Institute of Operations Research and Analytics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Xin Ying Lim
- Faculty of Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nawal Hashim
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Michael Meany
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Serenella Tolomeo
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Hong Ming Tan
- Institute of Operations Research and Analytics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jussi Keppo
- Institute of Operations Research and Analytics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Sullivan AJ, Chung YS, Novotny S, Epperson CN, Kober H, Blumberg HP, Gross JJ, Ochsner KN, Pearlson G, Stevens MC. Estradiol effects on an emotional interference task in adolescents with current and remitted depression. Horm Behav 2024; 157:105450. [PMID: 37923628 PMCID: PMC10842169 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Attentional biases to emotional stimuli are thought to reflect vulnerability for mood disorder onset and maintenance. This study examined the association between the endogenous sex hormone estradiol and emotional attentional biases in adolescent females with either current or remitted depression. Three groups of participants (mean age ± SD) completed the Emotional Interrupt Task: 1) 20 adolescent females (15.1 ± 1.83 years) currently diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), 2) 16 adolescent females (16.4 ± 1.31 years) who had experienced at least one episode of MDD in their lifetime but currently met criteria for MDD in remission, and 3) 30 adolescent female (15.4 ± 1.83 years) healthy controls. Attentional interference (AI) scores were calculated as differences in target response reaction time between trials with emotional facial expressions versus neutral facial expressions. Estradiol levels were assayed by Salimetrics LLC using saliva samples collected within 30 min of waking on assessment days. Robust multiple regression with product terms evaluated estradiol's main effect on AI scores, as well as hypothesized estradiol × diagnostic group interactions. Although neither mean estradiol levels nor mean AI scores in the current-MDD and remitted-MDD groups differed from controls, the relationship between estradiol and overall AI score differed between control adolescents and the remitted-MDD group. Specifically, the remitted-MDD adolescents performed worse (i.e., showed greater attentional interference) when they had higher estradiol; no significant relationship existed in the current-MDD group. Because this finding was driven by angry and not happy stimuli, it appears higher estradiol levels were associated with greater susceptibility to the attention-capturing effects of negatively-valenced emotional content in girls at risk for MDD from prior history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Sullivan
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT 06106, United States of America.
| | - Yu Sun Chung
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT 06106, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Novotny
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT 06106, United States of America
| | - C Neill Epperson
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Hedy Kober
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
| | - Hilary P Blumberg
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
| | - James J Gross
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Kevin N Ochsner
- Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States of America
| | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT 06106, United States of America; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
| | - Michael C Stevens
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT 06106, United States of America; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
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Luo Y, Li J, Chen X, He X. Attentional bias modification in male college smokers: The changes of facilitated attention, difficulty in disengagement and the transfer effects of training. Behav Res Ther 2023; 171:104437. [PMID: 37979217 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attentional bias modification (ABM) has been used to modify the attentional bias (AB) towards smoking-related cues. Still, the effects of ABM are extensively controversial. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ABM on AB and its two sub-processes named facilitated attention and difficulty in disengagement at two different stimulus durations, as well as test whether the effects of ABM could transfer to new measures of AB. METHOD Forty-six male college smokers were allocated to either ABM group using a modified visual probe task (n = 24), or the corresponding placebo training (PT) group (n = 22). Participants performed three sessions of training in one week. The pre- and post-training AB and its sub-processes were measured using visual probe task. Cue-target task and pictorial Stroop task were used for testing the transfer effects of ABM. RESULTS The AB in ABM group was significantly decreased compared with the PT group. Specifically, the facilitated attention was significantly reduced at 200 ms stimulus duration, while the difficulty in disengagement was significantly decreased at 500 ms stimulus duration. The benefit of ABM training could transfer to the cue-target task, but not to the pictorial Stroop task. Meanwhile, no effects of ABM were observed on smoking craving and nicotine dependence. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that the stimulus duration is a crucial factor for the efficacy of ABM on the facilitated attention and the difficulty in disengagement in male college smokers and detected the transfer effects between different measures of AB to some extent. Future studies need to further explore the influence mechanism in distinct stimulus durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Xianhong Chen
- School of Education and Science, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, Xingyi, China.
| | - Xiangcai He
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
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Bocanegra ES, Chang SW, Rozenman M, Lee SS, Delgadillo D, Chavira DA. Attention Bias and Anxiety: The Moderating Effect of Sociocultural Variables in Rural Latinx Youth. Community Ment Health J 2023; 59:1465-1478. [PMID: 37148436 PMCID: PMC10598104 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-023-01132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention bias confers risk for anxiety development, however, the influence of sociodemographic variables on the relationship between attention bias and anxiety remains unclear. We examined the association between attention bias and anxiety among rural Latinx youth and investigated potential moderators of this relationship. Clinical symptoms, demographic characteristics, and a performance-based measure of attention bias were collected from 66 rural Latinx youth with clinical levels of anxiety (33.3% female; Mage = 11.74; 92.4% Latinx, 7.6% Mixed Latinx). No moderating effects for age or gender were found. Youth below the poverty line displayed an attention bias away from threat in comparison to youth above the poverty line, who displayed an attention bias towards threat. Among youth below the poverty line, this bias away from threat was associated with increased anxiety. Findings highlight the importance of economic adversity in understanding the relationship between attention bias and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Bocanegra
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Susanna W Chang
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Steve S Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Desiree Delgadillo
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Denise A Chavira
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Lovell B, McCarty K, Penfold P, Wetherell MA. Clinically elevated depression scores do not produce negative attentional biases in caregivers of autistic children. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1192669. [PMID: 37743984 PMCID: PMC10512861 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1192669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Depression scores in caregivers of autistic children often fall in the clinical range. The attention of clinically depressed individuals tends to be biased toward negatively toned information. Whether caring for an autistic child might also be characterized by a negative attentional bias was explored here. Methods A sample of N = 98 (57 caregivers and 41 controls) completed questionnaires assessing depressive symptoms. Orienting attention to (i.e., vigilance), and shifting attention away from (i.e., disengagement), negative information was assessed via an online version of the emotional face dot probe task. Results Mean depression scores in caregivers, falling in the borderline clinical range, were significantly higher compared with controls. Groups, however, were indistinguishable with respect to vigilance and disengagement, and these attentional indices were unrelated to depression scores. Conclusion Caring for an autistic child, while associated with borderline clinical depression scores, was not characterized by a negative attentional bias. Findings are discussed in the context of methodological shortcomings and recommendations for future research.
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Patil AU, Lin C, Lee SH, Huang HW, Wu SC, Madathil D, Huang CM. Review of EEG-based neurofeedback as a therapeutic intervention to treat depression. Psychiatry Res 2023; 329:111591. [PMID: 36682174 PMCID: PMC9837232 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Depression, or major depressive disorder, is a common mental disorder that affects individuals' behavior, mood, and physical health, and its prevalence has increased during the lockdowns implemented to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. There is an urgent need to update the treatment recommendations for mental disorders during such crises. Conventional interventions to treat depression include long-term pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. Electroencephalogram-neurofeedback (EEG-NF) training has been suggested as a non-invasive option to treat depression with minimal side effects. In this systematic review, we summarize the recent literature on EEG-NF training for treating depression. The 12 studies included in our final sample reported that despite several issues related to EEG-NF practices, patients with depression showed significant cognitive, clinical, and neural improvements following EEG-NF training. Given its low cost and the low risk of side effects due to its non-invasive nature, we suggest that EEG-NF is worth exploring as an augmented tool for patients who already receive standard medications but remain symptomatic, and that EEG-NF training may be an effective intervention tool that can be utilized as a supplementary treatment for depression. We conclude by providing some suggestions related to experimental designs and standards to improve current EEG-NF training practices for treating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Uday Patil
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS(2)B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chemin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Hua Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wen Huang
- Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shun-Chi Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Deepa Madathil
- Jindal Institute of Behavioural Sciences, O.P. Jindal Global University, Haryana, India.
| | - Chih-Mao Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS(2)B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons preferentially reactivate dorsal dentate gyrus cell ensembles associated with positive experience. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112149. [PMID: 36821440 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most common mental illnesses. Serotonergic (5-HT) neurons are central to the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD. Repeatedly recalling positive episodes is effective for MDD. Stimulating 5-HT neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) or neuronal ensembles in the dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG) associated with positive memories reverses the stress-induced behavioral abnormalities. Despite this phenotypic similarity, their causal relationship is unclear. This study revealed that the DRN 5-HT neurons activate dDG neurons; surprisingly, this activation was specifically observed in positive memory ensembles rather than neutral or negative ensembles. Furthermore, we revealed that dopaminergic signaling induced by activation of DRN 5-HT neurons projecting to the ventral tegmental area mediates an increase in active coping behavior and positive dDG ensemble reactivation. Our study identifies a role of DRN 5-HT neurons as specific reactivators of positive memories and provides insights into how serotonin elicits antidepressive effects.
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Rutherford AV, McDougle SD, Joormann J. "Don't [ruminate], be happy": A cognitive perspective linking depression and anhedonia. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 101:102255. [PMID: 36871425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia, a lack of pleasure in things an individual once enjoyed, and rumination, the process of perseverative and repetitive attention to specific thoughts, are hallmark features of depression. Though these both contribute to the same debilitating disorder, they have often been studied independently and through different theoretical lenses (e.g., biological vs. cognitive). Cognitive theories and research on rumination have largely focused on understanding negative affect in depression with much less focus on the etiology and maintenance of anhedonia. In this paper, we argue that by examining the relation between cognitive constructs and deficits in positive affect, we may better understand anhedonia in depression thereby improving prevention and intervention efforts. We review the extant literature on cognitive deficits in depression and discuss how these dysfunctions may not only lead to sustained negative affect but, importantly, interfere with an ability to attend to social and environmental cues that could restore positive affect. Specifically, we discuss how rumination is associated to deficits in working memory and propose that these deficits in working memory may contribute to anhedonia in depression. We further argue that analytical approaches such as computational modeling are needed to study these questions and, finally, discuss implications for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jutta Joormann
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Schmitter M, Vanderhasselt MA, Spijker J, Smits JAJ, Vrijsen JN. Working it out: can an acute exercise bout alleviate memory bias, rumination and negative mood? Cogn Behav Ther 2023; 52:232-245. [PMID: 36779437 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2022.2164349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well known that exercise reduces depressive symptoms, the underlying psychological mechanisms remain unclear. This experimental study examined the acute effect of exercise on mood, and depressotypic memory bias and state rumination. Trait rumination was tested as a possible moderator. A sample of non-regular exercisers (N = 100) was randomized to exercise or rest. After a negative mood induction, the exercise condition cycled for 24 min at moderate intensity, while the rest condition rested. Negative and overgeneral memory bias, as well as positive and negative affect were assessed after exercise/rest. To capture the lingering of negative mood and state rumination, both were assessed multiple times throughout the study. The exercise (as compared to rest) condition reported more positive affect. However, no differences were found on overgeneral memory bias, as well as depression-specific mood or state rumination measured throughout the study. Interestingly, the exercise condition showed more negative memory bias at higher levels of rumination. Individual differences in trait rumination moderated the exercise-memory bias relation, such that exercise increased negative memory bias at higher levels of rumination. It is possible that long-term exercise protocols are necessary to change cognitive processes related to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Schmitter
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, Nijmegen 6525 GD, The Netherlands.,Depression Expertise Center, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Nijmeegsebaan 61, Nijmegen 6525 DX, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt
- Department of Head and Skin, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry Lab, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jan Spijker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, Nijmegen 6525 GD, The Netherlands.,Depression Expertise Center, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Nijmeegsebaan 61, Nijmegen 6525 DX, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper A J Smits
- Department of Psychology & Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Janna N Vrijsen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, Nijmegen 6525 GD, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Reinier Postlaan 10, Nijmegen 6525 GC, The Netherlands
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13
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Fernandez A, Quigley L, Dobson K, Sears C. Coherence of attention and memory biases in currently and previously depressed women. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:1239-1254. [PMID: 35819001 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2099348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has found that depression is characterised by biased processing of emotional information. Although most studies have examined cognitive biases in isolation, simultaneous examination of multiple biases is required to understand how they may interact and influence one another to produce depression vulnerability. In this study, the attention and memory biases of currently depressed, previously depressed, and never depressed women were examined using the same stimuli and a unified methodology. Participants viewed negative, positive, and neutral words while their eye gaze was tracked and recorded. After a distraction task, participants completed an incidental recognition test that included words from the eye-tracking task and new words. The results supported the hypothesised mediation model for positive words: currently depressed women had a reduced attention bias for positive words and, in turn, had poorer memory for positive words relative to never depressed women. Previously depressed women, however, showed a lack of coherence between attention and memory biases for positive words. The groups did not differ in their attention or memory biases for negative words. The findings provide novel evidence in support of a causal link between the absence of protective attention and memory biases for positive information in clinical depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Leanne Quigley
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keith Dobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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14
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Stalmeier TDM, Lubbers J, Cladder-Micus MB, Hanssen I, Huijbers MJ, Speckens AEM, Geurts DEM. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) reduces depression-related self-referential processing in patients with bipolar disorder: an exploratory task-based study. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:1255-1272. [PMID: 35916755 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Negative self-referential processing has fruitfully been studied in unipolar depressed patients, but remarkably less in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). This exploratory study examines the relation between task-based self-referential processing and depressive symptoms in BD and their possible importance to the working mechanism of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for BD. The study population consisted of a subsample of patients with BD (n = 49) participating in an RCT of MBCT for BD, who were assigned to MBCT + TAU (n = 23) or treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 26). Patients performed the self-referential encoding task (SRET), which measures (1) positive and (2) negative attributions to oneself as well as (3) negative self-referential memory bias, before and after MBCT + TAU or TAU. At baseline, all three SRET measures were significantly related to depressive symptoms in patients with BD. Moreover, repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that negative self-referential memory bias diminished over time in the MBCT + TAU group, compared with the TAU group. Given the preliminary nature of our findings, future research should explore the possibly mediating role of reducing negative self-referential memory bias in preventing and treating depressive symptoms in BD through MBCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia D M Stalmeier
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Lubbers
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Depression Expertise Centre, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mira B Cladder-Micus
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Depression Expertise Centre, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Imke Hanssen
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes J Huijbers
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne E M Speckens
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk E M Geurts
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Mindfulness, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Medina JC, Paz C, Salla M, Aguilera M, Montesano A, Compañ V, Feixas G. The effect of two cognitive therapies on subjective wellbeing of individuals with depression: results from a randomised controlled trial. J Ment Health 2022; 32:655-661. [PMID: 36062848 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2022.2118682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the burden associated to depression, current standards of care are still limited in scope and effectiveness. In addition, therapy outcomes have frequently focused solely on symptoms, leaving patients' wellbeing relatively unaddressed. AIMS The objective of this study was to test whether two cognitive therapies increased subjective wellbeing in a sample of adults diagnosed with a depressive disorder, additionally assessing the relationship between this growth and decreases in both depression severity and psychological distress. METHODS Data from 116 participants from a randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy and dilemma-focused therapy were analysed. Multilevel linear models were employed, together with correlational analyses. RESULTS Results showed that both interventions significantly improved wellbeing with moderate to large effect sizes, while no significant differences were found between treatments. In turn, the increase in wellbeing was significantly associated to improvements in depression severity and psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS This study sheds light on the complex relationship between happiness and depression, supporting their conceptualisation as related yet independent human experiences, and strengthening subjective wellbeing as a useful outcome for psychological research. Psychotherapy is presented as an effective intervention to enhance wellbeing, even among individuals with severe depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan C Medina
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Paz
- School of Psychology, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Marta Salla
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mari Aguilera
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Montesano
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Compañ
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Feixas
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Cognitive processing of emotional information during menstrual phases in women with and without postpartum depression: differential sensitivity to changes in gonadal steroids. Arch Womens Ment Health 2022; 25:753-762. [PMID: 35532792 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-022-01235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Gonadal steroids (GSs) have been repeatedly shown to play a central role in the onset of postpartum depression (PPD). The underlying mechanisms, however, are only partially understood. We investigated the relationship between cognitive processing of emotional information and naturally occurring hormonal fluctuations in women with and without previous PPD. Euthymic, parous women, with a history (hPPD, n=32) and without a history (nhPPD, n=43) of PPD, were assessed during late-follicular and late-luteal phases. Participants were administered cognitive tasks assessing attention (dot-probe; emotional Stroop), evaluation (self-referential encoding) and incidental recall, and self-report measures. Menstrual-phase-specific differences were found between late-follicular vs. late-luteal phases among hPPD only, with depression-associated patterns observed in the late-luteal phase on the self-referential encoding and incidental recall task and emotional Stroop task, but not on the dot-probe task. No main effect for menstrual phase was found on any of the tasks or questionnaires, apart from the brooding component of rumination. Women with hPPD demonstrate a differential bias in cognitive processing of emotional information that is menstrual phase dependent, and did not correspond to similar difference in mood symptoms. These biases may reflect sensitivity to gonadal steroid fluctuations that are associated with PPD.
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17
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Duyser FA, Vrijsen JN, van Oort J, Collard RM, Schene AH, Tendolkar I, van Eijndhoven PF. Amygdala sensitivity for negative information as a neural marker for negative memory bias across psychiatric diagnoses. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 323:111481. [PMID: 35500466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-referent negative memory bias is a known risk factor for depression, but recent evidence suggests its function as a transdiagnostic cognitive depressotypic marker. The amygdala's sensitivity for negative information is considered a neurobiological depressotypic marker. However, their relationship remains unknown. We transdiagnostically investigated the association between the amygdala's sensitivity, self-referent negative memory bias and its two components: negative endorsement bias and negative recall bias. Patients (n= 125) with (multimorbid) stress-related and neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders and healthy controls (n= 78) performed an fMRI task to assess the amygdala's sensitivity for negative information and a task outside the scanner for the biases. Linear regression models assessed their associations. The left amygdala's sensitivity for negative information was significantly positively associated with negative recall bias in patients, but not controls. There were no significant associations with self-referent negative memory bias or negative endorsement bias or between the two depressotypic markers. Thus, the left amygdala's sensitivity for negative information may be considered a neural marker of negative memory bias across psychiatric diagnoses. Further research on the interactons with known determinants such as genetic predisposition is required to fully understand the relationship between the amygdala's sensitivity for negative information and these biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur A Duyser
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Janna N Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Depression Expertise Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper van Oort
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rose M Collard
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Indira Tendolkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Philip F van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Liu S, Zhai S, Guo D, Chen S, He Y, Ke Y, Ming D. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Reduced Attention Bias Toward Negative Facial Expression: A Pilot Study in Healthy Subjects. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:894798. [PMID: 35801177 PMCID: PMC9256464 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.894798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the cognitive neuroscience field has shown that individuals with a stronger attention bias for negative information had higher depression risk, which may be the underlying pathogenesis of depression. This dysfunction of affect-biased attention also represents a decline in emotion regulation ability. Clinical studies have suggested that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) treatment can improve the symptoms of depression, yet the neural mechanism behind this improvement is still veiled. This study aims to investigate the effects of tDCS on affect-biased attention. A sample of healthy participants received 20 min active (n = 22) or sham tDCS (n = 19) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 7 consecutive days. Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were recorded while performing the rest task and emotional oddball task. The oddball task required response to pictures of the target (positive or negative) emotional facial stimuli and neglecting distracter (negative or positive) or standard (neutral) stimuli. Welch power spectrum estimation algorithm was applied to calculate frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) in the rest task, and the overlapping averaging method was used to extract event-related potentials (ERP) components in the oddball task. Compared to sham tDCS, active tDCS caused an obvious increment in FAA in connection with emotion regulation (p < 0.05). Also, participants in the active tDCS group show greater P3 amplitudes following positive targets (p < 0.05) and greater N2 amplitudes following negative distracters (p < 0.05), reflecting emotion-related attention biases. These results offer valuable insights into the relationship between affect-biased attention and the effects of tDCS, which may be of assistance in exploring the neuropathological mechanism of depression and anxiety and new treatment strategies for tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Siyu Zhai
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongyue Guo
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuchen He
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yufeng Ke
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Dong Ming,
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19
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Royuela-Colomer E, Wante L, Orue I, Braet C, Mueller SC. Comparing emotional working memory in adolescents and young adults with and without depressive symptoms: developmental and psychopathological differences. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:134. [PMID: 35614497 PMCID: PMC9131646 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are associated with working memory impairments. Yet, comparative studies examining working memory across the developmental spectrum in depressed and non depressed cohorts are lacking. This study examined emotional working memory in 74 adolescents (mean age = 14; 21 with depressive symptoms) and 92 adults (mean age = 22; 36 with depressive symptoms). Participants completed two versions of an emotional face n-back task, and either paid attention to the valence of the emotion or the gender. Both tasks were completed at low load (0-back) and high load (2-back). In the high load condition, healthy adolescents showed a bias towards positive faces, both speeding up reaction times (RTs) when emotion was task relevant but slowing RTs when they were task irrelevant. This interaction was neither significant in adolescents with depressive symptoms nor in young adults. Depressive symptoms did not influence RTs in low load. The results indicate that adolescents with depressive symptoms might lack the bias towards positive affective material at high load WM task present in healthy adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz Royuela-Colomer
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Laura Wante
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Izaskun Orue
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven C Mueller
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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O'Brien B, Kane L, Houle SA, Aquilina F, Ashbaugh AR. Recall, response bias and recognition are differentially impacted by social anxiety irrespective of feedback modality. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2022; 74:101694. [PMID: 34543804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study replicates and extends Houle-Johnson et al.'s (2019) findings to better understand the role of feedback modality, ambiguity and social anxiety in the recognition and recall of self-relevant feedback. METHODS Participants gave a speech and were provided with positive, negative, and ambiguous feedback via written text, (n = 33) or recorded sentences (n = 31) and later completed a recognition and recall task for the feedback. RESULTS Recognition (p = .80, ηp2 = 0) and recall (p = .09, ηp2 = 0.08) did not differ between written or recorded feedback. All participants demonstrated a negative response bias (p < .001, ηp2 = 0.22) and recalled more negative than positive feedback (p = .02, ηp2 = 0.10) but were no more accurate in recognizing negative compared to positive feedback (p = .08, ηp2 = 0). Although social anxiety did not impact recognition accuracy (p = .94, ηp2 = 0), participants with high social anxiety demonstrated a more pronounced negative response bias (p < .01, ηp2 = 0.11) and negative recall bias (p = .02, SE = 1.12) than low social anxiety participants. Moreover, the more negatively ambiguous items were perceived, the more likely they were identified old in the high social anxiety group, whereas the opposite was true for the low social anxiety group (B = .13, p < .10). LIMITATIONS Task believability was relatively low across all participants. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that modality does not influence memory for feedback. Moreover, social anxiety might be characterized by a negative bias in recall and response bias, but not necessarily increased accuracy in recognition of negative feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn O'Brien
- University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Leanne Kane
- University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Stephanie A Houle
- University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Florence Aquilina
- University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Andrea R Ashbaugh
- University of Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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21
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Gooding DC, Pflum M. The Transdiagnostic Nature of Social Anhedonia: Historical and Current Perspectives. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 58:381-395. [PMID: 35156185 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we trace the historical roots of the social anhedonia (SoA) construct to current conceptualizations. We first describe the aspects of SoA that distinguish it from anhedonia in general. We summarize evidence that SoA is a transdiagnostic symptom and risk factor. Although several forms of psychopathology are associated with elevated rates of self-reported SoA, one unresolved issue is whether the processes and mechanisms underlying SoA in one disorder are the same as the processes and mechanisms underlying SoA seen in another disorder. We assert that there may be different causal factors underlying SoA across disorders. Considering both the principles of equifinality and multifinality, we offer an integrative model for social reward processing. This conceptualization considers roles for the following: attention; social cognition, including, but not limited to, social skills; reward learning and valuation; working memory; anticipation, prediction, and remembering; and motivation and effort. We conclude that SoA may be caused by multiple underlying impairments, all of which may serve as targets for intervention. This conceptualization is provided as an impetus for further research in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Carol Gooding
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Madeline Pflum
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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22
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The effects of hypnotherapy compared to cognitive behavioral therapy in depression: a NIRS-study using an emotional gait paradigm. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:729-739. [PMID: 35113202 PMCID: PMC9095550 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypnotherapy (HT) is a promising approach to treating depression, but so far, no data are available on the neuronal mechanisms of functional reorganization after HT for depressed patients. Here, 75 patients with mild to moderate depression, who received either HT or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), were measured before and after therapy using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. We investigated the patients' cerebral activation during an emotional human gait paradigm. Further, rumination was included as predictor. Our results showed a decrease of functional connectivity (FC) between two regions that are crucial to emotional processing, the Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) and the Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS). This FC decrease was traced back to an activation change throughout therapy in the right STS, not the EBA and was only found in the HT group, depending on rumination: less ruminating HT patients showed a decrease in right STS activation, while highly ruminating patients showed an increase. We carefully propose that this activation change is due to the promotion of emotional experiences during HT, while in CBT a focus lay on activating behavior and changing negative cognitions. HT seemed to have had differential effects on the patients, depending on their rumination style: The increase of right STS activation in highly ruminating patients might mirror the improvement of impaired emotional processing, whilst the decrease of activation in low ruminating patients might reflect a dismissal of an over-compensation, associated with a hyperactivity before therapy. We conclude that HT affects emotional processing and this effect is moderated by rumination.
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23
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Hager NM, Judah MR, Rawls E. Win, lose, or draw: Examining salience, reward memory, and depression with the reward positivity. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e13953. [PMID: 34637149 PMCID: PMC8633076 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The reward positivity (RewP) is a putative biomarker of depression. Careful control of stimulus properties and manipulation of both stimulus valence and salience could facilitate interpretation of the RewP. RewP interpretation could further be improved by investigating functional outcomes of a blunted RewP in depression, such as reduced memory for rewarding outcomes. This study sought to advance RewP interpretation first by advancing task design through use of neutral (i.e., draw) control trials and counterbalanced feedback stimuli. Second, we examined the RewP's association with memory and the impact of depression. Undergraduates completed self-report measures of depression and anhedonia prior to a modified doors task in which words were displayed in colored fonts that indicated win, loss, or draw feedback. Memory of the feedback associated with each word (i.e., source memory) was tested. Results showed that RewP response to wins was more positive than to losses, which was more positive than to draws. The RewP was not associated with depression or anhedonia. The low depression group showed a source memory advantage for win words, but the high depression group did not. Source memory showed small relations to the RewP, but these did not survive Bonferroni correction. Results suggest the RewP is sensitive to salience and highlight challenges in detecting an association between the RewP and depression in modified doors tasks. Findings indicate that depression is related to dysfunctional source memory for reward but not loss and that future research should probe the possible associations between the RewP and memory in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Hager
- Old Dominion University,Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology
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24
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Günther V, Kropidlowski A, Schmidt FM, Koelkebeck K, Kersting A, Suslow T. Attentional processes during emotional face perception in social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of eye-tracking findings. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110353. [PMID: 34000291 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background In recent years, a growing body of eye-tracking research has investigated gaze behavior in individuals with social anxiety during the visual perception of emotional stimuli. The aim of this article was to review and synthesize studies examining attention orientation in patients with clinical social anxiety by means of eye-tracking methodology. Methods Through a systematic search, 30 articles were identified, including 11 studies in which single emotional faces were used as stimuli and seven eligible studies in which threatening faces were paired with neutral stimuli. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare prolonged eye-contact behavior and early attentional biases to threats in individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and healthy controls. Results Moderate group differences were revealed for single face viewing studies, with SAD patients showing significantly reduced eye contact with negative (Hedges' g = -0.67) and positive emotional faces (g = -0.49) compared to that of healthy participants. Type of task and duration of stimulus presentation were (marginally) significant moderators of between-study variance in effect size. Small but significant group differences were found for early attentional biases toward angry faces versus neutral stimuli (g = 0.21) but not toward happy faces versus neutral stimuli (g = 0.05). Preliminary evidence for a hyperscanning strategy in SAD patients relative to healthy controls emerged (g = 0.42). Limitations The number of included studies with face pairings was low, and two studies were excluded due to unavailable data. Conclusions Our results suggest that eye contact avoidance with emotional faces is a prominent feature in SAD patients. Patients might benefit from guidance to learn to make adequate eye contact during therapeutic interventions, such as exposure therapy. SAD patients demonstrated slightly heightened attention allocation toward angry faces relative to that of healthy participants during early processing stages. Threat biases can be potential targets for attention modification training as an adjuvant to other treatments. Future research on early attentional processes may benefit from improved arrangements of paired stimuli to increase the psychometric properties of initial attention indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Günther
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adam Kropidlowski
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Martin Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Koelkebeck
- LVR-Hospital Essen, Institute and Hospital of the University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Essen, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
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Krause FC, Linardatos E, Fresco DM, Moore MT. Facial emotion recognition in major depressive disorder: A meta-analytic review. J Affect Disord 2021; 293:320-328. [PMID: 34229285 PMCID: PMC8457509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with difficulties in social and interpersonal functioning. Deficits in emotion processing may contribute to the development and maintenance of interpersonal difficulties in MDD. Although some studies have found that MDD is associated with deficits in recognition of emotion in faces, other studies have failed to find any impairment. METHODS The present meta-analysis of 23 studies, with 516 dysthymic/depressed participants and 614 euthymic control participants, examined facial emotion recognition accuracy in MDD. Several potential moderators were investigated, including type of emotion, symptom severity, patient status, method of diagnosis, type of stimulus, and stimulus duration. RESULTS Results showed that participants with MDD in inpatient settings (Hedges' g = -0.35) and with severe levels of symptom severity (g = -0.42) were less accurate in recognizing happy facial expressions of emotion (g = -0.25) compared to participants in outpatient settings (g = -0.24) and with mild symptoms of depression (g = -0.17). Studies that presented stimuli for longer durations (g = -0.26) tended to find lower accuracy levels in dysthymic/depressed, relative to euthymic, participants. LIMITATIONS Limitations include a lack of studies which examined gender identity, as well as other potential moderators. CONCLUSIONS Results of the current study support the existence of a broad facial emotion recognition deficit in individuals suffering from unipolar depression. Clinicians should be mindful of this and other research which suggests broad-based deficits in various forms of information processing, including attention, perception, and memory in depression.
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Hsu TY, Liu TL, Cheng PZ, Lee HC, Lane TJ, Duncan NW. Depressive rumination is correlated with brain responses during self-related processing. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E518-E527. [PMID: 34548386 PMCID: PMC8526127 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.210052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rumination, a tendency to focus on negative self-related thoughts, is a central symptom of depression. Studying the self-related aspect of such symptoms is challenging because of the need to distinguish self effects from the emotional content of task stimuli. This study employed an emotionally neutral self-related paradigm to investigate possible altered self-processing in depression and its link to rumination. METHODS People with major depressive disorder (n = 25) and controls (n = 25) underwent task-based electro-encephalogram recording. We studied late event-related potentials, along with low-frequency oscillatory power. We compared electroencephalogram metrics between groups and correlated them with depressive symptoms and reported rumination. RESULTS Participants with major depressive disorder displayed a difference in late positive potentials across frontocentral electrodes between self-related and non-self-related conditions. We found no such difference in controls. The magnitude of this difference was positively correlated with depressive symptoms and reported rumination. Participants with major depressive disorder also had elevated theta oscillation power at central electrodes in self-related conditions, a finding that we did not see in controls. LIMITATIONS Patients with major depressive disorder were medicated at the time of the study. The group studied was primarily female, so the observed effects may have been sex-specific. CONCLUSION Rumination appears to be linked to altered self-related processing in depression, independent of stimuli-related emotional confounds. This connection between self-related processing and depression may point to a self disorder as a core component of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Hsu
- From the Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Hsu, Liu, Cheng, Lane, Duncan); the Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, TMU Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan (Hsu, Cheng, Lane, Duncan); the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Zhongda, Taiwan (Liu); the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Lee)
| | - Tzu-Ling Liu
- From the Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Hsu, Liu, Cheng, Lane, Duncan); the Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, TMU Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan (Hsu, Cheng, Lane, Duncan); the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Zhongda, Taiwan (Liu); the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Lee)
| | - Paul Z Cheng
- From the Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Hsu, Liu, Cheng, Lane, Duncan); the Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, TMU Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan (Hsu, Cheng, Lane, Duncan); the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Zhongda, Taiwan (Liu); the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Lee)
| | - Hsin-Chien Lee
- From the Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Hsu, Liu, Cheng, Lane, Duncan); the Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, TMU Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan (Hsu, Cheng, Lane, Duncan); the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Zhongda, Taiwan (Liu); the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Lee)
| | - Timothy J Lane
- From the Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Hsu, Liu, Cheng, Lane, Duncan); the Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, TMU Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan (Hsu, Cheng, Lane, Duncan); the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Zhongda, Taiwan (Liu); the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Lee)
| | - Niall W Duncan
- From the Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Hsu, Liu, Cheng, Lane, Duncan); the Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, TMU Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan (Hsu, Cheng, Lane, Duncan); the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Zhongda, Taiwan (Liu); the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Lee); and the Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (Lee)
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Attention Bias and Recognition of Sexual Images in Depression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168880. [PMID: 34444629 PMCID: PMC8395037 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Depression greatly affects sexuality. Theoretical and empirical evidence account for the existence of attention bias to sex-related stimuli. This attention bias might be impaired in depression, resulting in sexual problems. A sample of 13 patients with depression and 13 matched healthy controls were tested using the dot-probe and picture recognition task to measure attention to erotic images. No difference in attention to sex-related stimuli (ω2 = 0, p = 0.22) and in memory bias (ω2 = 0, p = 0.72) was found between the two groups. Explorative analyses were conducted to identify the sexual content-induced delay effect in the data, assess variability differences, and compare trial-level bias score-based indexes between groups. Across all analyses, there was little evidence for depression affecting sexual-related cognitive processing, and even this might be explained by other means. Our results suggest that restrained attention is probably not the main factor behind sexual problems in depression.
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Knockout of the Serotonin Transporter in the Rat Mildly Modulates Decisional Anhedonia. Neuroscience 2021; 469:31-45. [PMID: 34182055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin transporter gene variance has long been considered an essential factor contributing to depression. However, meta-analyses yielded inconsistent findings recently, asking for further understanding of the link between the gene and depression-related symptoms. One key feature of depression is anhedonia. While data exist on the effect of serotonin transporter gene knockout (5-HTT-/-) in rodents on consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia, with mixed outcomes, the effect on decisional anhedonia has not been investigated thus far. Here, we tested whether 5-HTT-/- contributes to decisional anhedonia. To this end, we established a novel touchscreen-based go/go task of visual decision-making. During the learning of stimulus discrimination, 5-HTT+/+ rats performed more optimal decision-making compared to 5-HTT-/- rats at the beginning, but this difference did not persist throughout the learning period. During stimulus generalization, the generalization curves were similar between both genotypes and did not alter as the learning progress. Interestingly, the response time in 5-HTT+/+ rats increased as the session increased in general, while 5-HTT-/- rats tended to decrease. The response time difference might indicate that 5-HTT-/- rats altered willingness to exert cognitive effort to the categorization of generalization stimuli. These results suggest that the effect of 5-HTT ablation on decisional anhedonia is mild and interacts with learning, explaining the discrepant findings on the link between 5-HTT gene and depression.
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29
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Zareian B, Wilson J, LeMoult J. Cognitive Control and Ruminative Responses to Stress: Understanding the Different Facets of Cognitive Control. Front Psychol 2021; 12:660062. [PMID: 34025524 PMCID: PMC8138047 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rumination has been linked to the onset and course of depression. Theoretical models and empirical evidence suggest that deficits controlling negative material in working memory underlie rumination. However, we do not know which component of cognitive control (inhibition, shifting, or updating) contributes most to rumination, and whether different components predict the more maladaptive (brooding) versus the more adaptive (reflection) forms of rumination. We aimed to advance theory and research by examining the contribution of different facets of cognitive control to the level and trajectory of brooding and reflection. At baseline, participants completed three cognitive tasks that assessed their inhibition, shifting, and updating biases, respectively. Next, using experience sampling methodology, participants rated their level of rumination and negative affect nine times during the 48 h after their most stressful exam. At each time point, higher levels of brooding, but not reflection, predicted higher levels of negative affect at the next time point. Furthermore, several facets of shifting and inhibition, but not updating, predicted brooding immediately after the exam and its trajectory of change over 48 h. Additionally, difficulty inhibiting neutral words predicted both brooding and reflection. These findings inform theoretical models describing the role of cognitive control in brooding and reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Zareian
- Depression, Anxiety and Stress Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica Wilson
- Depression, Anxiety and Stress Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joelle LeMoult
- Depression, Anxiety and Stress Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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30
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Collins AC, Lass ANS, Jordan DG, Winer ES. Examining rumination, devaluation of positivity, and depressive symptoms via community-based network analysis. J Clin Psychol 2021; 77:2228-2244. [PMID: 33960420 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Components of rumination, including brooding and reflection, as well as devaluating prospective positivity, may help maintain depressive symptoms. We examined these components together for the first time using network analysis. METHODS We examined the robustness of rumination communities of closely related items in one network and then examined the interrelationships between rumination communities, devaluation of positivity, and depression, in a second network. RESULTS Three rumination communities emerged, replicating findings of Bernstein et al. (2019). Within a dense network, nodes representing brooding, reflective pondering, and difficulty trusting positive feelings were most influential. In addition, the node representing the depressive symptom negative self-views shared strong edges with nodes representing devaluation of positivity and brooding. CONCLUSION Brooding, reflective pondering, and elements of devaluing positivity are influential to depressive symptoms and may be important future experimental and therapeutic targets. Depressed individuals with negative self-views may engage in brooding and devalue their experience of positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Collins
- Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alisson N S Lass
- Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - D Gage Jordan
- Department of Psychology, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
| | - E Samuel Winer
- Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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31
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Rantanen M, Hautala J, Loberg O, Nuorva J, Hietanen JK, Nummenmaa L, Astikainen P. Attentional bias towards interpersonal aggression in depression - an eye movement study. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:639-647. [PMID: 33956357 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Depressed individuals exhibit an attentional bias towards mood-congruent stimuli, yet evidence for biased processing of threat-related information in human interaction remains scarce. Here, we tested whether an attentional bias towards interpersonally aggressive pictures over interpersonally neutral pictures could be observed to a greater extent in depressed participants than in control participants. Eye movements were recorded while the participants freely viewed visually matched interpersonally aggressive and neutral pictures, which were presented in pairs. Across the groups, participants spent more time looking at neutral pictures than at aggressive pictures, probably reflecting avoidance behavior. When the participants could anticipate the stimulus valence, depressed participants - but not controls - showed an early attentional bias towards interpersonally aggressive pictures, as indexed by their longer first fixation durations on aggressive pictures than on neutral pictures. Our results thus preliminarily suggest both an early attentional bias towards interpersonal aggression, which is present, in depressed participants, also when aggression contents are anticipated, and a later attentional avoidance of aggression. The early depression-related bias in information processing may have maladaptive effects on the way depressed individuals perceive and function in social interaction and can, therefore, maintain depressed mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Rantanen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Otto Loberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaakko Nuorva
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari K Hietanen
- Human Information Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Piia Astikainen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
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32
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Nishiguchi Y, Tanno Y. Decreased attentional allocation to centrally presented positive stimuli in individuals with depressive symptoms. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Bodenschatz CM, Czepluch F, Kersting A, Suslow T. Efficient visual search for facial emotions in patients with major depression. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:92. [PMID: 33573637 PMCID: PMC7879523 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder has been associated with specific attentional biases in processing emotional facial expressions: heightened attention for negative and decreased attention for positive faces. However, using visual search paradigms, previous reaction-time-based research failed, in general, to find evidence for increased spatial attention toward negative facial expressions and reduced spatial attention toward positive facial expressions in depressed individuals. Eye-tracking analyses allow for a more detailed examination of visual search processes over time during the perception of multiple stimuli and can provide more specific insights into the attentional processing of multiple emotional stimuli. METHODS Gaze behavior of 38 clinically depressed individuals and 38 gender matched healthy controls was compared in a face-in-the-crowd task. Pictures of happy, angry, and neutral facial expressions were utilized as target and distractor stimuli. Four distinct measures of eye gaze served as dependent variables: (a) latency to the target face, (b) number of distractor faces fixated prior to fixating the target, (c) mean fixation time per distractor face before fixating the target and (d) mean fixation time on the target. RESULTS Depressed and healthy individuals did not differ in their manual response times. Our eye-tracking data revealed no differences between study groups in attention guidance to emotional target faces as well as in the duration of attention allocation to emotional distractor and target faces. However, depressed individuals fixated fewer distractor faces before fixating the target than controls, regardless of valence of expressions. CONCLUSIONS Depressed individuals seem to process angry and happy expressions in crowds of faces mainly in the same way as healthy individuals. Our data indicate no biased attention guidance to emotional targets and no biased processing of angry and happy distractors and targets in depression during visual search. Under conditions of clear task demand depressed individuals seem to be able to allocate and guide their attention in crowds of angry and happy faces as efficiently as healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlott Maria Bodenschatz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix Czepluch
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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34
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Shapero BG, Gibb BE, Archibald A, Wilens TE, Fava M, Hirshfeld-Becker DR. Risk Factors for Depression in Adolescents With ADHD: The Impact of Cognitive Biases and Stress. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:340-354. [PMID: 30198368 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718797447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Youth diagnosed with ADHD are at heightened risk of depression. However, many do not develop depression. Individuals with specific cognitive biases are more likely to develop depression yet it remains untested whether these vulnerability-stress models apply to depression risk in youth with ADHD. Method: We examined whether interpretation and attention biases moderated the relation between stressful life events and depressive symptoms in a sample of adolescents (Mage = 14.42) with ADHD (n = 59) and without ADHD (n = 36). Results: Youth with ADHD experienced more stressful life events compared with those without ADHD. Interpretation biases moderated the association between stress and depressive symptoms in youth with and without ADHD. Attention biases moderated the association between stress and depressive symptoms in the non-ADHD youth only. Conclusion: These results enhance our understanding of vulnerability for depression in adolescence with ADHD and inform targeted prevention and treatment models during this critical developmental juncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Shapero
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy E Wilens
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Klawohn J, Bruchnak A, Burani K, Meyer A, Lazarov A, Bar-Haim Y, Hajcak G. Aberrant attentional bias to sad faces in depression and the role of stressful life events: Evidence from an eye-tracking paradigm. Behav Res Ther 2020; 135:103762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Ao X, Mo L, Wei Z, Yu W, Zhou F, Zhang D. Negative Bias During Early Attentional Engagement in Major Depressive Disorder as Examined Using a Two-Stage Model: High Sensitivity to Sad but Bluntness to Happy Cues. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:593010. [PMID: 33328939 PMCID: PMC7717997 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.593010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative attentional bias has been well established in depression. However, there is very limited knowledge about whether this depression-relevant negative bias exits during initial attentional allocation, as compared with the converging evidence for the negative bias during sustained attention engagement. This study used both behavioral and electrophysiological measures to examine the initial attention engagement in depressed patients influenced by mood-congruent and mood-incongruent emotions. The dot-probe task was performed with a 100-ms exposure time of the emotional cues (emotional and neutral face pairs). The behavioral results showed that the patients responded faster following valid compared with invalid sad facial cues. Electrophysiological indexes in the frame of the two-stage model of attentional modulation by emotions provided cognitive mechanisms in distinct attention engagement stages: (1) the patients exhibited reduced P1 amplitudes following validly than invalidly happy cues than did the healthy controls, indicating a positive attenuation at an early stage of automatic attention orientation; and (2) the patients exhibited enhanced whereas the controls showed reduced P3 amplitudes following validly than invalidly sad cues, suggesting a mood-congruent negative potentiation in depression at the later stage of top-down voluntary control of attention. Depressed patients show a negative bias in early attentional allocation, reflected by preferred engagement with mood-congruent and diminished engagement with positive emotional cues/stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ao
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Licheng Mo
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wei
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China
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37
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Adults with Autism and Adults with Depression Show Similar Attentional Biases to Social-Affective Images. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:2336-2347. [PMID: 29882107 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with ASD have increased rates of depression compared to the general population. Repetitive cognition is a core feature of ASD; in typically developing adults, repetitive cognition has been associated with attentional biases to negative emotional material and increased prospective depression risk. We compared adults with ASD to typically developing adults with depression and never-depressed controls, using a paired preference paradigm sensitive to affective biases in the context of repetitive cognition. Both clinical cohorts oriented faster to negative social-emotional material and spent less time overall on positive material, compared to healthy controls. Exploratory analyses within ASD revealed specific influences of repetitive behavior on patterns of affective bias. Findings help pinpoint susceptibilities in ASD that may confer increased risk for depression.
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38
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Peng X, Lau WKW, Wang C, Ning L, Zhang R. Impaired left amygdala resting state functional connectivity in subthreshold depression individuals. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17207. [PMID: 33057046 PMCID: PMC7560839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Subthreshold depression (StD) affects people who experience clinically relevant depressive symptoms, which does not meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). StD represents an ideal model for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of depression. Impaired emotion processing is a core feature of depression; careful investigation is required to better understand the neural correlates of emotion processing in depressed populations. In the current study, we explored whether the resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala, a hub that taps a wide range of brain areas involved in emotion processing, is altered in individuals with StD when compared with healthy controls. Resting-state imaging data was collected from 59 individuals with StD and 59 age- and gender-matched controls. We found that the resting-state functional connectivity of the left amygdala with the cognitive control network and the left insula was significantly lower in people with StD than that in healthy controls. Such association was not observed in the right amygdala. Furthermore, functional connectivity strength between the left amygdala and the left precuneus was positively associated with depressive symptoms in individuals with StD. Our findings are in line with those reported in subjects with MDD, which may assist in further elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms of depression, and contribute to the development of tailored treatments for individuals with StD who are at high risk of developing MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Peng
- Cognitive and Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Guangzhou Cana School, Guangzhou Rehabilitation and Research Center for Children With ASD, Guangzhou, 510540, China
| | - Way K W Lau
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Integrated Centre for Wellbeing, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Bioanalytical Laboratory for Educational Sciences, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chanyu Wang
- Cognitive and Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lingfang Ning
- Cognitive and Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ruibin Zhang
- Cognitive and Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
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Duyser FA, van Eijndhoven PFP, Bergman MA, Collard RM, Schene AH, Tendolkar I, Vrijsen JN. Negative memory bias as a transdiagnostic cognitive marker for depression symptom severity. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:1165-1172. [PMID: 32663947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative memory bias is a strong risk factor for the development and maintenance of depression. Recent evidence also found negative memory bias in other mental disorders. Here, we aim to: 1) assess the presence and strength of negative memory bias in a range of (comorbid) mental disorders, 2) investigate which disorder-specific symptoms are associated with negative memory bias, and 3) test whether negative memory bias might be a transdiagnostic mechanism. METHODS Negative memory bias was measured in patients with at least one diagnosis of a stress-related disorder (n = 86), a neurodevelopmental disorder (n = 53), or both (n = 68), and 51 controls. Depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder symptom severity was assessed using questionnaires. Groups were compared on negative memory bias and the associations between negative memory bias and symptom severity were made using linear regression models. RESULTS All patient groups showed stronger negative memory bias than the controls. Negative memory bias was individually associated with all symptom severity indices, but when added into a single model, only the association with depressive symptom severity remained. This persisted after controlling for diagnostic group. LIMITATIONS Due to the cross-sectional sectional study design, we could only look at the associations between negative memory bias and disorder-specific symptoms and not at the direction of the effects. CONCLUSIONS Negative memory bias is characteristic of a depressotypic processing style and present in different mental disorders. It might play a mechanistic role in the development of (subclinical) co-occurrence between mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Duyser
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P F P van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M A Bergman
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R M Collard
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I Tendolkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - J N Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Depression Expertise Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Attentional avoidance of emotions in functional movement disorders. J Psychosom Res 2020; 133:110100. [PMID: 32224346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emotional difficulties are common in functional movement disorders (FMD), yet their contribution to the disease remains unclear. We explored the potential role of emotional difficulties as risk and maintaining factors of FMD by looking at the effect of emotions on attention. METHOD The dot-probe task was used to investigate attentional biases induced by emotional faces in 25 patients with FMD and 25 healthy controls (HC). A pair of faces, one emotional (happy, angry, sad) and the other neutral, was displayed on a monitor to either the left or the right side of a central fixation cross. The face disappeared and a dot was flashed in place of one of the faces. Participants had to indicate the location of the dot. All participants completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Psychological assessment of 23 patients also involved the Short Form Health Survey, the Hamilton Anxiety and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scales. RESULTS A general attentional bias away from emotional faces was noted for the FMD group compared to the HC. A more fine-tuned analysis revealed an attentional bias specifically away from sad faces for the FMD. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a specific effect of emotions on attention in FMD that likely involves avoidance of sadness. Since this was not related to alexithymia or mood, we excluded these factors in explaining the results. Attentional bias away from sad faces correlated with general health, suggesting that avoidance of sadness might contribute to the perception of a better general health status in FMD.
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Dai J, Gao H, Zhang L, Chen H. Attention and memory biases for aggressive information in college students with fragile high self-esteem. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 56:118-128. [PMID: 32468585 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined attention and memory biases for aggressive information in two groups of college students. Individuals with fragile high self-esteem (n = 30) and individuals with secure high self-esteem (n = 30) first performed a dot-probe task investigating attention bias, followed by a memory task. Incidental free recall of words presented in the memory task was then completed to assess memory bias. Results revealed that individuals with fragile high self-esteem exhibited significant attention and memory biases for aggressive words compared with secure high self-esteem individuals. Attention bias for aggressive words was positively correlated with memory bias in individuals with fragile high self-esteem, but no correlation was found for individuals with secure high self-esteem. These findings suggest that individuals with fragile high self-esteem selectively attend to and remember aggression-related information. They may process information in ways that are congruent with an aggression-related schema. This study reveals the aggressive cognitive processes of individuals with fragile high self-esteem, which may be related to aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Dai
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Heming Gao
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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Vanaken L, Bijttebier P, Hermans D. I like you better when you are coherent. Narrating autobiographical memories in a coherent manner has a positive impact on listeners' social evaluations. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232214. [PMID: 32353027 PMCID: PMC7192457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We all have stories to tell. The stories that prevail in our conversations frequently concern significant past personal experiences and are accordingly based on autobiographical memory retrieval and sharing. This is in line with the social function of autobiographical memory, which embodies the idea that we share memories with others to develop and maintain social relationships. However, the successful fulfilment of this social function is dependent on phenomenological properties of the memory, which are highly inter-individually different. One important individual difference is memory coherence, operationalized as narrative coherence. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of memory coherence on the social evaluations of listeners. We hypothesized that being incoherent in the sharing of autobiographical memories, would evoke more negative social evaluations from listeners, in comparison to coherently sharing autobiographical memories. METHODS In a within-subject experimental study, 96 participants listened to four pre-recorded audio clips in which the speaker narrated about an autobiographical experience, in either a coherent or an incoherent manner. RESULTS Results were in line with our hypotheses. Participants showed more willingness to interact, more instrumental support, more positive feelings, more empathy and more trust towards those narrators who talked in a coherent manner about their autobiographical memories, as compared to those that talked in an incoherent manner. Negative feelings in the listener were evoked when the speaker talked incoherently, but especially when it concerned a positive memory. DISCUSSION Results can be explained in terms of a reduction in the attraction effect when effortful processing is increased, which is in line with the dual processing theory of impression formation. Another explanation involves the idea that coherence is necessary to establish truthfulness in communication. The clinical relevance of these findings is further illustrated in light of the relation between social support and psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauranne Vanaken
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dirk Hermans
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Psychobiology of threat appraisal in the context of psychotic experiences: A selective review. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 30:817-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA key factor in the transition to psychosis is the appraisal of anomalous experiences as threatening. Cognitive models of psychosis have identified attentional and interpretative biases underlying threat-based appraisals. While much research has been conducted into these biases within the clinical and cognitive literature, little examination has occurred at the neural level. However, neurobiological research in social cognition employing threatening stimuli mirror cognitive accounts of maladaptive appraisal in psychosis. This review attempted to integrate neuroimaging data regarding social cognition in psychosis with the concepts of attentional and interpretative threat biases. Systematic review methodology was used to identify relevant articles from Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE, and PubMed databases. The selective review showed that attentional and interpretative threat biases relate to abnormal activation of a range of subcortical and prefrontal structures, including the amygdala, insula, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, and prefrontal cortex, as well as disrupted connectivity between these regions, when processing threatening and neutral or ambiguous stimuli. Notably, neural findings regarding the misattribution of threat to neutral or ambiguous stimuli presented a more consistent picture. Overall, however, the findings for any specific emotion were mixed, both in terms of the specific brain areas involved and the direction of effects (increased/decreased activity), possibly owing to confounds including small sample sizes, varying experimental paradigms, medication, and heterogeneous, in some cases poorly characterised, patient groups. Further neuroimaging research examining these biases by employing experimentally induced anomalous perceptual experiences and well-characterised large samples is needed for greater aetiological specificity.
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Simultaneously examining negative appraisals, emotion reactivity, and cognitive reactivity in relation to depressive symptoms in children. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 31:1527-1540. [PMID: 30837008 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prior theory and research have linked negative appraisals (NA), emotion reactivity (ER), and cognitive reactivity (CR) to depression; however, few studies have examined whether even two of these constructs simultaneously, but none have done so in child or adolescent populations. A total of 571 youths (ages 9-13) completed a novel procedure in which all three constructs were assessed in response to the same personally relevant, hypothetical, peer victimization events. Multilevel modeling enabled the extraction of dynamic, within-person, latent-variable measures of NA, ER, and CR. All three constructs were related to children's depressive symptoms in ways that were commensurate with most (but not all) theoretical frameworks. Gender and age differences also emerged. Support for an NA-predicts-ER-predicts-CR model suggests ways that these constructs can be integrated into a more complete, transtheoretical understanding of the cognitive-emotional substrate of depression in children.
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Jopling E, Tracy A, LeMoult J. Childhood Maltreatment, Negative Self-Referential Processing, and Depressive Symptoms During Stress. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:79-87. [PMID: 32021511 PMCID: PMC6969673 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s231505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Researchers have documented that the impact of childhood maltreatment on later symptoms of depression differs depending on the type(s) of maltreatment experienced, with emotional abuse and neglect being more likely than other forms of childhood maltreatment to increase the risk for depression. It is possible that emotional abuse and neglect are more likely to increase the risk for depression because they promote the development of negative self-referential processing (SRP), but this has not yet been tested empirically. The current study was designed to examine whether negative SRP mediated the association between different forms of childhood maltreatment and symptoms of depression during a time of stress. Methods We assessed the experience of different forms of childhood maltreatment (ie, emotional neglect, physical neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse) and negatively biased self-schemas early on in the university semester, among a sample of undergraduate students. We then assessed levels of depressive symptoms 2 months later during a naturalistic stressor (ie, university students’ first final exams). Results As expected, negative SRP mediated the relation between both neglect and emotional abuse, but not physical and sexual abuse, and later symptoms of depression. Discussion This is the first study to examine SRP as a mechanism underlying the association between forms of childhood maltreatment and symptoms of depression during a time of stress. Results suggest that the development of negative SRP biases may explain why some types of childhood maltreatment are more likely than others to increase an individual’s risk for depression during stressful developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Jopling
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alison Tracy
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joelle LeMoult
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Brühl A, Kley H, Grocholewski A, Neuner F, Heinrichs N. Child maltreatment, peer victimization, and social anxiety in adulthood: a cross-sectional study in a treatment-seeking sample. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:418. [PMID: 31882002 PMCID: PMC6935074 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood adversities, especially emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and peer victimization are considered to be crucial risk factors for social anxiety disorder (SAD). We investigated whether particular forms of retrospectively recalled childhood adversities are specifically associated with SAD in adulthood or whether we find similar links in other anxiety or depressive disorders. METHODS Prevalences of adversities assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and a questionnaire of stressful social experiences (FBS) were determined in N = 1091 outpatients. Adversity severities among patients with SAD only (n = 25), specific phobia only (n = 18), and generalized anxiety disorder only (n = 19) were compared. Differences between patients with anxiety disorders only (n = 62) and depressive disorders only (n = 239) as well as between SAD with comorbid depressive disorders (n = 143) and SAD only were tested. RESULTS None of the adversity types were found to be specifically associated with SAD and severities did not differ among anxiety disorders but patients with depressive disorders reported more severe emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse than patients with anxiety disorders. SAD patients with a comorbid depressive disorder also reported more severe adversities across all types compared to SAD only. CONCLUSION Findings indicate that particular forms of recalled childhood adversities are not specifically associated with SAD in adulthood. Previously established links with SAD may be better explained by comorbid depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Brühl
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bremen, Grazer Strasse 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany. .,Department of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Assessment, Outpatient clinic, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstr. 33, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Hanna Kley
- 0000 0001 0944 9128grid.7491.bDepartment of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Outpatient clinic, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 2-4, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anja Grocholewski
- 0000 0001 1090 0254grid.6738.aDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Assessment, Outpatient clinic, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstr. 33, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Neuner
- 0000 0001 0944 9128grid.7491.bDepartment of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Outpatient clinic, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 2-4, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nina Heinrichs
- 0000 0001 2297 4381grid.7704.4Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bremen, Grazer Strasse 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany ,0000 0001 1090 0254grid.6738.aDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Assessment, Outpatient clinic, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstr. 33, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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What is top-down about seeing enemies? Social anxiety and attention to threat. Atten Percept Psychophys 2019; 82:1779-1792. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-019-01920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Łosiak W, Blaut A, Kłosowska J, Łosiak-Pilch J. Stressful Life Events, Cognitive Biases, and Symptoms of Depression in Young Adults. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2165. [PMID: 31681059 PMCID: PMC6798061 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the link between stressful experiences and depression has been supported in numerous studies, the specific mechanisms of this relationship are still unclear. Cognitive theories of depression postulate that the influence of stress on depression may be modified by cognitive factors. The aim of the present study was to examine the interplay between negative life events, cognitive vulnerability factors, and depressive symptoms. It was hypothesized that the relationship between negative life events and symptoms of depression is shaped by rumination and cognitive biases. The study sample consisted of 108 young adults (19 men and 89 women; M = 20.31; SD = 1.84). Memory bias and attentional bias were assessed using the Attentional Blink Task and the Memory Task, respectively. Rumination and depressive symptoms were assessed via self-report questionnaires. Logistic regression and moderation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between the study variables. Stressful life events, rumination and memory bias were found to be significantly related to depressive symptoms. Moderation analyses revealed that there is a positive relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms but only among individuals characterized by an elevated level of rumination and among participants exhibiting negative attentional bias. The results provide further evidence for cognitive models of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Władysław Łosiak
- Department of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Blaut
- Department of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Kłosowska
- Department of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Julia Łosiak-Pilch
- Department of Philosophy, Institute of Pedagogy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Bae S, Kang KD, Kim SW, Shin YJ, Nam JJ, Han DH. Investigation of an emotion perception test using functional magnetic resonance imaging. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 179:104994. [PMID: 31443867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Patients with mood disorders are known to have an emotion recognition deficit in facial emotion processing. Emotion perception involves two systems of cognitive and affective processes associated with brain activation in the fusiform gyrus and prefrontal cortices. To overcome the limitations of existing emotion perception tests, we designed an emotion perception index to assess the individuals' mood status. METHODS We selected 66 emotional faces (22 pleasant, 22 unpleasant, and 22 neutral) for the emotion perception test and recruited 40 healthy participants to verify the test. The participants completed a demographic data questionnaire and were administered the Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI). They were also scanned to assess the brain functional connectivity (FC) between seeds of the fusiform gyrus and other brain regions using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). After rs-fMRI scanning, the participants were administered the emotion perception test on a computer. RESULTS In response to 108 questions regarding emotional face differentiation, the study group showed an average correct-answer rate of 90.7 ± 6.4% and a mean reaction time of 1.4 ± 0.4 s. We created an emotion perception index from the calculation of correct rate, number of correct responses, and reaction time in response to 108 questions; the mean of the emotion perception index in the study group was 3.8 ± 0.2. The emotion perception index was positively correlated with the BDI scores (r = 0.4, p = 0.01); further, it was positively correlated with the FC from the fusiform gyrus to the left superior frontal gyrus (FDRq < 0.01), left medial frontal gyrus (FDRq < 0.01), left frontal precentral gyrus (FDRq = 0.02), left insula (FDRq < 0.01), and left occipital cuneus (FDRq = 0.01). The FC from the fusiform gyrus to the left insula was positively correlated with the BDI scores (r = 0.59, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The emotion perception index designed in this study may correctly indicate the mood status of individuals. In addition, the emotion perception test was associated with brain FC from the fusiform gyrus to the frontal and insular cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Bae
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, South Korea.
| | - Kyoung Doo Kang
- Department of Medi-soft, S.E.A. Group, A-Chsan ro, Seong Dong gu, 67-16, KIMG building Seoul 04793, South Korea
| | - Si Won Kim
- Department of Medi-soft, S.E.A. Group, A-Chsan ro, Seong Dong gu, 67-16, KIMG building Seoul 04793, South Korea.
| | - Yee Jin Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yeonsei University Hospital, Yeonse-ro 50-1, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jae Jun Nam
- Department of Golf, Korea Golf University, Hoeng Seong, South Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, South Korea.
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Depressive Suppression: Effects of Emotion Suppression on Multiple Emotions for Depressed Versus Nondepressed Individuals. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-10002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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