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Consistently Inconsistent Perceptual Illusions in Nonhuman Primates: The Importance of Individual Differences. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010022. [PMID: 36611632 PMCID: PMC9817689 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual illusions, and especially visual illusions, are of great interest not only to scientists, but to all people who experience them. From a scientific perspective, illusory visual experiences are informative about the nature of visual processes and the translation of sensory experiences to perceptual information that can then be used to guide behavior. It has been widely reported that some nonhuman species share these illusory experiences with humans. However, it is consistently the case that not all members of a species experience illusions in the same way. In fact, individual differences in susceptibility may be more typical than universal experiences of any given illusion. Focusing on research with the same nonhuman primates who were given a variety of perceptual illusion tasks, this "consistent inconsistency" is clearly evident. Additionally, this can even be true in assessments of human illusory experiences. Individual differences in susceptibility offer an important avenue for better understanding idiosyncratic aspects of visual perception, and the goal of isolating any possible universal principles of visual perception (in primates and beyond) should address these individual differences.
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Hemispheric asymmetries for emotions in non-human primates: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104830. [PMID: 36031009 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review of investigations evaluating hemispheric asymmetries for emotions in primates was undertaken to individuate the most consistent lines of research allowing to check the hypothesis of a continuum in emotional lateralization across vertebrates. We reviewed studies on the lateralization of emotional expression (N = 31) and perception (N = 32) and of markers of emotional activation (N = 9), trying to distinguish those which had given respectively more consistent or more conflicting outcomes. Furthermore, we tried to identify the most strongly supported model of emotional lateralization. The most consistent results were obtained in studies investigating asymmetries in emotional expression at the facial level and in the perception of emotional facial expressions, whereas the most disappointing data were obtained in investigations evaluating possible neurophysiological markers of lateralized emotional activation. These results supported more the hypothesis of a continuity between humans and non-human primates than the more general hypothesis of a continuum between humans and all vertebrates. Furthermore, results supported more the 'right hemisphere' than the 'valence' model of emotional lateralization.
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Simultaneous learning of directional and non-directional stimulus relations in baboons (Papio papio). Learn Behav 2022:10.3758/s13420-022-00522-8. [DOI: 10.3758/s13420-022-00522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWhile humans exposed to a sequential stimulus pairing A-B are commonly assumed to form a bidirectional mental relation between A and B, evidence that non-human animals can do so is limited. Careful examination of the animal literature suggests possible improvements in the test procedures used to probe such effects, notably measuring transfer effects on the learning of B-A pairings, rather than direct recall of A upon cuing with B. We developed such an experimental design and tested 20 Guinea baboons (Papio papio). Two pairings of visual shapes were trained (A1-B1, A2-B2) and testing was conducted in a reversed order, either with conserved pairings (B1-A1, B2-A2) or broken ones (B1-A2, B2-A1). We found baboons’ immediate test performance to be above chance level for conserved pairings and below chance level for broken ones. Moreover, baboons needed less trials to learn conserved pairings compared to broken ones. These effects were apparent for both pairings on average, and separately for the best learned pairing. Baboons’ responding on B-A trials was thus influenced by their previous A-B training. Performance level at the onset of testing, however, suggests that baboons did not respond in full accordance with the hypothesis of bidirectionality. To account for these data, we suggest that two competing types of relations were concomitantly encoded: a directional relation between A and B, which retains the sequential order experienced, and a non-directional relation, which retains only the co-occurrence of events, not their temporal order.
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4
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Zhang H, Zhen Y, Yu S, Long T, Zhang B, Jiang X, Li J, Fang W, Sigman M, Dehaene S, Wang L. Working Memory for Spatial Sequences: Developmental and Evolutionary Factors in Encoding Ordinal and Relational Structures. J Neurosci 2022; 42:850-864. [PMID: 34862186 PMCID: PMC8808738 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0603-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence learning is a ubiquitous facet of human and animal cognition. Here, using a common sequence reproduction task, we investigated whether and how the ordinal and relational structures linking consecutive elements are acquired by human adults, children, and macaque monkeys. While children and monkeys exhibited significantly lower precision than adults for spatial location and temporal order information, only monkeys appeared to exceedingly focus on the first item. Most importantly, only humans, regardless of age, spontaneously extracted the spatial relations between consecutive items and used a chunking strategy to compress sequences in working memory. Monkeys did not detect such relational structures, even after extensive training. Monkey behavior was captured by a conjunctive coding model, whereas a chunk-based conjunctive model explained more variance in humans. These age- and species-related differences are indicative of developmental and evolutionary mechanisms of sequence encoding and may provide novel insights into the uniquely human cognitive capacities.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sequence learning, the ability to encode the order of discrete elements and their relationships presented within a sequence, is a ubiquitous facet of cognition among humans and animals. By exploring sequence-processing abilities at different human developmental stages and in nonhuman primates, we found that only humans, regardless of age, spontaneously extracted the spatial relations between consecutive items and used an internal language to compress sequences in working memory. The findings provided insights into understanding the origins of sequence capabilities in humans and how they evolve through development to identify the unique aspects of human cognitive capacity, which includes the comprehension, learning, and production of sequences, and perhaps, above all, language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Zhen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijing Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Tenghai Long
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingqian Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjian Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Junru Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Mariano Sigman
- Laboratory Neuroscience, Universidad Torcuato di Tella, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- School of Language and Education, Universidad Nebrija, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stanislas Dehaene
- Collège de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, NeuroSpin Center, Université Paris Sud/Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Liping Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
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Mansouri FA, Buckley MJ, Fehring DJ, Tanaka K. The Role of Primate Prefrontal Cortex in Bias and Shift Between Visual Dimensions. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:85-99. [PMID: 31220222 PMCID: PMC7029686 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging and neural activity recording studies have shown activation in the primate prefrontal cortex when shifting attention between visual dimensions is necessary to achieve goals. A fundamental unanswered question is whether representations of these dimensions emerge from top-down attentional processes mediated by prefrontal regions or from bottom-up processes within visual cortical regions. We hypothesized a causative link between prefrontal cortical regions and dimension-based behavior. In large cohorts of humans and macaque monkeys, performing the same attention shifting task, we found that both species successfully shifted between visual dimensions, but both species also showed a significant behavioral advantage/bias to a particular dimension; however, these biases were in opposite directions in humans (bias to color) versus monkeys (bias to shape). Monkeys' bias remained after selective bilateral lesions within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), frontopolar cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), or superior, lateral prefrontal cortex. However, lesions within certain regions (ACC, DLPFC, or OFC) impaired monkeys' ability to shift between these dimensions. We conclude that goal-directed processing of a particular dimension for the executive control of behavior depends on the integrity of prefrontal cortex; however, representation of competing dimensions and bias toward them does not depend on top-down prefrontal-mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad A Mansouri
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Buckley
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel J Fehring
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Cognitive Brain Mapping Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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6
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Dimensional bias and adaptive adjustments in inhibitory control of monkeys. Anim Cogn 2021; 24:815-828. [PMID: 33554317 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-021-01483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Humans and macaque monkeys, performing a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), show a significant behavioral bias to a particular sensory dimension (e.g. color or shape); however, lesions in prefrontal cortical regions do not abolish the dimensional biases in monkeys and, therefore, it has been proposed that these biases emerge in earlier stages of visual information processing. It remains unclear whether such dimensional biases are unique to the WCST, in which attention-shifting between dimensions are required, or affect other aspects of executive functions such as 'response inhibition' and 'error-induced behavioral adjustments'. To address this question, we trained six monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to perform a stop-signal task in which they had to inhibit their response when an instruction for inhibition was given by changing the color or shape of a visual stimulus. Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) is an index of inhibitory processes. In all monkeys, SSRT was significantly shorter, and the probability of a successful inhibition was significantly higher, when a change in the shape dimension acted as the stop-cue. Humans show a response slowing following a failure in response inhibition and also adapt a proactive slowing after facing demands for response inhibition. We found such adaptive behavioral adjustments, with the same pattern, in monkeys' behavior; however, the dimensional bias did not modulate them. Our findings, showing dimensional bias in monkey, with the same pattern, in two different executive control tasks support the hypothesis that the bias to shape dimension emerges in early stages of visual information processing.
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7
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Byosiere S, Chouinard PA, Howell TJ, Bennett PC. Illusion susceptibility in domestic dogs. Ethology 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah‐Elizabeth Byosiere
- Thinking Dog Center Department of Psychology Hunter College City University of New York New York NY USA
| | | | - Tiffani J. Howell
- School of Psychology and Public Health La Trobe University Bendigo Vic. Australia
| | - Pauleen C. Bennett
- School of Psychology and Public Health La Trobe University Bendigo Vic. Australia
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The whole is equal to the sum of its parts: Pigeons (Columba livia) and crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) do not perceive emergent configurations. Learn Behav 2020; 48:53-65. [PMID: 31993982 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-020-00413-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that chimpanzees, like humans, showed better accuracy and faster response time in discriminating visual patterns when the patterns were presented in redundant and uninformative contexts than when they were presented alone. In the present study, we examined the effect of redundant context on pattern discrimination in pigeons (Columba livia) and large-billed crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) using the same task and stimuli as those used in our previous study on chimpanzees. Birds were trained to search for an odd target among homogenous distractors. Each stimulus was presented in one of three ways: (1) alone, (2) with identical context that resulted in emergent configuration to chimpanzees (congruent context), or (3) with identical context that did not result in emergent configuration to chimpanzees (incongruent context). In contrast to the facilitative effect of congruent contexts we previously reported in chimpanzees, the same contexts disrupted target localization performance in both pigeons and crows. These results imply that birds, unlike chimpanzees, do not perceive emergent configurations.
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Variations in the Beneficial Effects of Spatial Structure and Serial Organisation on Working Memory Span in Humans and Other Species. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2020. [PMID: 31325116 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2019_97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
This chapter reviews studies of spontaneous search in large-scale settings and studies featuring variations of the Corsi test in humans and animals. It aims to highlight a synergy of working memory (WM) processes and the use of spatio-temporal structure and explain its underpinnings within a comparative framework. The chapter starts by showing that the degree of organisation of serial search patterns spontaneously deployed by humans and animals in simulated foraging tasks is associated with a reduction of WM errors. Then, by comparing studies conducted on different species, it exposes a parallel between the degree of search organisation and taxonomic relatedness to humans. Such a parallel could indicate that a hallmark of the cognition of humans and closely related species is the ability to offload WM by developing serially organised search patterns that exploit the spatial structure of the environment. However, a causal relationship between serial organisation and search efficiency can only be inferred with serial recall tasks, where the structure of specific sequences can be systematically manipulated. Thus, studies using variations of the Corsi test are considered subsequently, which suggest that humans might enjoy an exceptional aptitude to benefit from the spatio-temporal structure in serial tasks, despite remarkable memory abilities shown by other primate species as well. The extent to which the benefit of spatial organisation in human WM span must be mediated by perceptual grouping processes is then considered. To clarify this issue, recent experiments using virtual reality to compare serial recall in small visual displays that afford perceptual grouping and in immersive navigational spaces that cannot do so are discussed. The results of these latter experiments indicate that the effects of structure in serial recall emerge in conditions not affording grouping at perceptual level. Thus, it is suggested that more central representational processes play a role in the interaction between spatio-temporal organisation and working memory span in humans.
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10
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Hirel M. Le jeu des illusions : discrimination entre apparence et réalité chez les primates. REVUE DE PRIMATOLOGIE 2019. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.4056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Watanabe A, Fujimoto M, Hirai K, Ushitani T. Pigeons discriminate shapes based on topological features. Vision Res 2019; 158:120-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Avarguès-Weber A, d'Amaro D, Metzler M, Finke V, Baracchi D, Dyer AG. Does Holistic Processing Require a Large Brain? Insights From Honeybees and Wasps in Fine Visual Recognition Tasks. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1313. [PMID: 30108535 PMCID: PMC6079261 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The expertise of humans for recognizing faces is largely based on holistic processing mechanism, a sophisticated cognitive process that develops with visual experience. The various visual features of a face are thus glued together and treated by the brain as a unique stimulus, facilitating robust recognition. Holistic processing is known to facilitate fine discrimination of highly similar visual stimuli, and involves specialized brain areas in humans and other primates. Although holistic processing is most typically employed with face stimuli, subjects can also learn to apply similar image analysis mechanisms when gaining expertise in discriminating novel visual objects, like becoming experts in recognizing birds or cars. Here, we ask if holistic processing with expertise might be a mechanism employed by the comparatively miniature brains of insects. We thus test whether honeybees (Apis mellifera) and/or wasps (Vespula vulgaris) can use holistic-like processing with experience to recognize images of human faces, or Navon-like parameterized-stimuli. These insect species are excellent visual learners and have previously shown ability to discriminate human face stimuli using configural type processing. Freely flying bees and wasps were consequently confronted with classical tests for holistic processing, the part-whole effect and the composite-face effect. Both species could learn similar faces from a standard face recognition test used for humans, and their performance in transfer tests was consistent with holistic processing as defined for studies on humans. Tests with parameterized stimuli also revealed a capacity of honeybees, but not wasps, to process complex visual information in a holistic way, suggesting that such sophisticated visual processing may be far more spread within the animal kingdom than previously thought, although may depend on ecological constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Avarguès-Weber
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniele d'Amaro
- Institut für Zoologie III (Neurobiologie), Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marita Metzler
- Department of Anatomy II, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Valerie Finke
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - David Baracchi
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Adrian G Dyer
- School of Media and Communication, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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13
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Howard SR, Avarguès-Weber A, Garcia JE, Stuart-Fox D, Dyer AG. Perception of contextual size illusions by honeybees in restricted and unrestricted viewing conditions. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.2278. [PMID: 29167368 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
How different visual systems process images and make perceptual errors can inform us about cognitive and visual processes. One of the strongest geometric errors in perception is a misperception of size depending on the size of surrounding objects, known as the Ebbinghaus or Titchener illusion. The ability to perceive the Ebbinghaus illusion appears to vary dramatically among vertebrate species, and even populations, but this may depend on whether the viewing distance is restricted. We tested whether honeybees perceive contextual size illusions, and whether errors in perception of size differed under restricted and unrestricted viewing conditions. When the viewing distance was unrestricted, there was an effect of context on size perception and thus, similar to humans, honeybees perceived contrast size illusions. However, when the viewing distance was restricted, bees were able to judge absolute size accurately and did not succumb to visual illusions, despite differing contextual information. Our results show that accurate size perception depends on viewing conditions, and thus may explain the wide variation in previously reported findings across species. These results provide insight into the evolution of visual mechanisms across vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, and suggest convergent evolution of a visual processing solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett R Howard
- Bio-inspired Digital Sensing (BIDS) Lab, School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aurore Avarguès-Weber
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jair E Garcia
- Bio-inspired Digital Sensing (BIDS) Lab, School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Devi Stuart-Fox
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian G Dyer
- Bio-inspired Digital Sensing (BIDS) Lab, School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Linke M, Bröker F, Ramscar M, Baayen H. Are baboons learning "orthographic" representations? Probably not. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183876. [PMID: 28859134 PMCID: PMC5578497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Baboons (papio papio) to distinguish between English words and nonwords has been modeled using a deep learning convolutional network model that simulates a ventral pathway in which lexical representations of different granularity develop. However, given that pigeons (columba livia), whose brain morphology is drastically different, can also be trained to distinguish between English words and nonwords, it appears that a less species-specific learning algorithm may be required to explain this behavior. Accordingly, we examined whether the learning model of Rescorla and Wagner, which has proved to be amazingly fruitful in understanding animal and human learning could account for these data. We show that a discrimination learning network using gradient orientation features as input units and word and nonword units as outputs succeeds in predicting baboon lexical decision behavior-including key lexical similarity effects and the ups and downs in accuracy as learning unfolds-with surprising precision. The models performance, in which words are not explicitly represented, is remarkable because it is usually assumed that lexicality decisions, including the decisions made by baboons and pigeons, are mediated by explicit lexical representations. By contrast, our results suggest that in learning to perform lexical decision tasks, baboons and pigeons do not construct a hierarchy of lexical units. Rather, they make optimal use of low-level information obtained through the massively parallel processing of gradient orientation features. Accordingly, we suggest that reading in humans first involves initially learning a high-level system building on letter representations acquired from explicit instruction in literacy, which is then integrated into a conventionalized oral communication system, and that like the latter, fluent reading involves the massively parallel processing of the low-level features encoding semantic contrasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Linke
- Leibniz Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Bröker
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harald Baayen
- Department of Linguistics, University of Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Truppa V, Carducci P, De Simone DA, Bisazza A, De Lillo C. Global/local processing of hierarchical visual stimuli in a conflict-choice task by capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Anim Cogn 2016; 20:347-357. [PMID: 27858168 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-016-1057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, comparative research has addressed the issue of how the global and local levels of structure of visual stimuli are processed by different species, using Navon-type hierarchical figures, i.e. smaller local elements that form larger global configurations. Determining whether or not the variety of procedures adopted to test different species with hierarchical figures are equivalent is of crucial importance to ensure comparability of results. Among non-human species, global/local processing has been extensively studied in tufted capuchin monkeys using matching-to-sample tasks with hierarchical patterns. Local dominance has emerged consistently in these New World primates. In the present study, we assessed capuchins' processing of hierarchical stimuli with a method frequently adopted in studies of global/local processing in non-primate species: the conflict-choice task. Different from the matching-to-sample procedure, this task involved processing local and global information retained in long-term memory. Capuchins were trained to discriminate between consistent hierarchical stimuli (similar global and local shape) and then tested with inconsistent hierarchical stimuli (different global and local shapes). We found that capuchins preferred the hierarchical stimuli featuring the correct local elements rather than those with the correct global configuration. This finding confirms that capuchins' local dominance, typically observed using matching-to-sample procedures, is also expressed as a local preference in the conflict-choice task. Our study adds to the growing body of comparative studies on visual grouping functions by demonstrating that the methods most frequently used in the literature on global/local processing produce analogous results irrespective of extent of the involvement of memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Truppa
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Ulisse Aldrovandi 16/B, 00197, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Carducci
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Ulisse Aldrovandi 16/B, 00197, Rome, Italy.,Environmental and Evolutionary Biology PhD Program, Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Antonio De Simone
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Ulisse Aldrovandi 16/B, 00197, Rome, Italy.,Department of Philosophy, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Carlo Fea 2, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Bisazza
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo De Lillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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Fagot J, Tomonaga M. Etude comparative des phénomènes de groupement perceptif chez le babouin, le chimpanzé et l’humain. REVUE DE PRIMATOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Wilson DA, Tomonaga M, Vick SJ. Eye preferences in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella). Primates 2016; 57:433-40. [PMID: 27083927 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study explored whether capuchin monkey eye preferences differ systematically in response to stimuli of positive and negative valence. The 'valence hypothesis' proposes that the right hemisphere is more dominant for negative emotional processing and the left hemisphere is more dominant for positive emotional processing. Visual information from each eye is thought to be transferred faster to and primarily processed by the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. Therefore, it was predicted capuchin monkeys would show greater left eye use for looking at negative stimuli and greater right eye use for looking at positive stimuli. Eleven captive capuchin monkeys were presented with four images of different emotional valence (an egg and capuchin monkey raised eyebrow face were categorised as positive, and a harpy eagle face and capuchin monkey threat face were categorised as negative) and social relevance (consisting of capuchin monkey faces or not), and eye preferences for viewing the stimuli through a monocular viewing hole were recorded. While strong preferences for using either the left or right eye were found for most individuals, there was no consensus at the population level. Furthermore, the direction of looking, number of looks and duration of looks did not differ significantly with the emotional valence of the stimuli. These results are inconsistent with the main hypotheses about the relationship between eye preferences and processing of emotional stimuli. However, the monkeys did show significantly more arousal behaviours (vocalisation, door-touching, self-scratching and hand-rubbing) when viewing the negatively valenced stimuli than the positively valenced stimuli, indicating that the stimuli were emotionally salient. These findings do not provide evidence for a relationship between eye preferences and functional hemispheric specialisations, as often proposed in humans. Additional comparative studies are required to better understand the phylogeny of lateral biases, particularly in relation to emotional valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan A Wilson
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Masaki Tomonaga
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Sarah-Jane Vick
- Division of Psychology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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18
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Thompson RKR, Flemming TM, Hagmann CE. Can old-world and new-world monkeys judge spatial above/below relations to be the same or different? Some of them, but not all of them. Behav Processes 2016; 123:74-83. [PMID: 26581319 PMCID: PMC4729642 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with the aid of token training can achieve analogical reasoning, or the ability to understand relations-between-relations (e.g., Premack, 1976; Thompson, Oden, & Boysen, 1997). However, extraordinarily few numbers of old- and new-world monkeys have demonstrated this ability in variants of relational matching to sample tasks. Moreover, the rarity of replications leaves open the question of whether the results are normative for other captive colonies of the same species. In experiment one we attempted to replicate whether old world rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) might demonstrate the same level of proficiency on a spatial above/below relational matching task as reported for old world baboons (Papio papio). None of the rhesus monkeys attained above chance performances over 10,000 training trials. In experiment two we attempted to replicate results demonstrating that new-world capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) match above/below relations. The capuchin monkeys performed above chance only in the absence of 'Clever Hans' controls for cuing of the correct choice by the experimenters. These failures to replicate previously reported results demonstrate that some, but definitely not all monkeys can judge the equivalence of abstract 'relations between relations' and warrant further investigations into the behavioral and cognitive characteristics that underlie these similarities and differences within population and between individuals of different primate species.
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Avarguès-Weber A, Dyer AG, Ferrah N, Giurfa M. The forest or the trees: preference for global over local image processing is reversed by prior experience in honeybees. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142384. [PMID: 25473017 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional models of insect vision have assumed that insects are only capable of low-level analysis of local cues and are incapable of global, holistic perception. However, recent studies on honeybee (Apis mellifera) vision have refuted this view by showing that this insect also processes complex visual information by using spatial configurations or relational rules. In the light of these findings, we asked whether bees prioritize global configurations or local cues by setting these two levels of image analysis in competition. We trained individual free-flying honeybees to discriminate hierarchical visual stimuli within a Y-maze and tested bees with novel stimuli in which local and/or global cues were manipulated. We demonstrate that even when local information is accessible, bees prefer global information, thus relying mainly on the object's spatial configuration rather than on elemental, local information. This preference can be reversed if bees are pre-trained to discriminate isolated local cues. In this case, bees prefer the hierarchical stimuli with the local elements previously primed even if they build an incorrect global configuration. Pre-training with local cues induces a generic attentional bias towards any local elements as local information is prioritized in the test, even if the local cues used in the test are different from the pre-trained ones. Our results thus underline the plasticity of visual processing in insects and provide new insights for the comparative analysis of visual recognition in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Avarguès-Weber
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Université de Toulouse; UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 9 31062, France Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 9 31062, France
| | - Adrian G Dyer
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia School of Media and Communication, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Noha Ferrah
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Université de Toulouse; UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 9 31062, France Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 9 31062, France
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20
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Sovrano VA, da Pos O, Albertazzi L. The Müller-Lyer illusion in the teleost fish Xenotoca eiseni. Anim Cogn 2015; 19:123-32. [PMID: 26362031 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-015-0917-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the Müller-Lyer illusion, human subjects usually see a line with two inducers at its ends facing outwards as longer than an identical line with inducers at its ends facing inwards. We investigate the tendency for fish to perceive, in suitable conditions, line length according to the Müller-Lyer illusion. Redtail splitfins (Xenotoca eiseni, family Goodeidae) were trained to discriminate between two lines of different length. After reaching the learning criterion, the fish performed test trials, in which they faced two lines (black or red) of identical length, differing only in the context in terms of arrangement of the inducers, which were positioned at the ends of the line, either inward, outward, or perpendicular. Fish chose the stimulus that appear to humans as either longer or shorter, in accordance with the prediction of the Müller-Lyer illusion, consistently with the condition of the training. These results show that redtail splitfins tend to be subject to this particular illusion. The results of the study are discussed with reference to similar studies concerning the same illusion as recently observed in fish. Contrasting results are presented. The significance of the results in light of their possible evolutionary implications is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Anna Sovrano
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, P.zza Manifattura 1 and C.so Bettini 31, 38068, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, C.so Bettini 31, 38068, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.
| | - Osvaldo da Pos
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Liliana Albertazzi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, P.zza Manifattura 1 and C.so Bettini 31, 38068, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.
- Department of Humanities, University of Trento, Via Tommaso Gar 14, 38122, Trento, Italy.
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21
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Sovrano VA, Albertazzi L, Rosa Salva O. The Ebbinghaus illusion in a fish (Xenotoca eiseni). Anim Cogn 2014; 18:533-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-014-0821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Hecht D. Cerebral lateralization of pro- and anti-social tendencies. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:1-27. [PMID: 24737936 PMCID: PMC3984952 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggest that the right-hemisphere (RH) has a relative advantage, over the left-hemisphere (LH), in mediating social intelligence - identifying social stimuli, understanding the intentions of other people, awareness of the dynamics in social relationships, and successful handling of social interactions. Furthermore, a review and synthesis of the literature suggest that pro-social attitudes and behaviors are associated with physiological activity in the RH, whereas unsocial and anti-social tendencies are mediated primarily by the LH. This hemispheric asymmetry is rooted in several neurobiological and functional differences between the two hemispheres. (I) Positive social interactions often require inhibiting one's immediate desires and considering the perspectives and needs of others. Given that self-control is mediated by the RH, pro-social emotions and behaviors are, therefore, inherently associated with the RH as it subserves the brain's self-restraint mechanisms. (II) The RH mediates experiences of vulnerability. It registers the relative clumsiness and motor weakness of the left limbs, and it is involved, more than the LH, in processing threats and mediating fear. Emotional states of vulnerability trigger the need for affiliation and sociality, therefore the RH has a greater role in mediating pro-social attitudes and behaviors. (III) The RH mediates a holistic mode of representing the world. Holistic perception emphasizes similarities rather than differences, takes a long-term perspective, is associated with divergent thinking and seeing other points-of-view, and it mediates a personal mode of relating to people. All these features of holistic perception facilitate a more empathetic attitude toward others and pro-social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hecht
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Fagot J, Kruschke JK, Dépy D, Vauclair J. Associative learning in baboons (Papio papio) and humans (Homo sapiens): species differences in learned attention to visual features. Anim Cogn 2014; 1:123-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s100710050017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Pitteri E, Mongillo P, Carnier P, Marinelli L. Hierarchical stimulus processing by dogs (Canis familiaris). Anim Cogn 2013; 17:869-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-013-0720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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De Lillo C, Kirby M, James FC. Spatial working memory in immersive virtual reality foraging: Path organization, traveling distance and search efficiency in humans (Homo sapiens). Am J Primatol 2013; 76:436-46. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo De Lillo
- School of Psychology; University of Leicester; Leicester United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Kirby
- School of Psychology; University of Leicester; Leicester United Kingdom
| | - Frances C. James
- School of Psychology; University of Leicester; Leicester United Kingdom
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26
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Rosa Salva O, Rugani R, Cavazzana A, Regolin L, Vallortigara G. Perception of the Ebbinghaus illusion in four-day-old domestic chicks (Gallus gallus). Anim Cogn 2013; 16:895-906. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-013-0622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Goujon A, Fagot J. Learning of spatial statistics in nonhuman primates: contextual cueing in baboons (Papio papio). Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:101-9. [PMID: 23499707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of theories of cognition suggest that many of our behaviors result from the ability to implicitly extract and use statistical redundancies present in complex environments. In an attempt to develop an animal model of statistical learning mechanisms in humans, the current study investigated spatial contextual cueing (CC) in nonhuman primates. Twenty-five baboons (Papio papio) were trained to search for a target (T) embedded within configurations of distrators (L) that were either predictive or non-predictive of the target location. Baboons exhibited an early CC effect, which remained intact after a 6-week delay and stable across extensive training of 20,000 trials. These results demonstrate the baboons' ability to learn spatial contingencies, as well as the robustness of CC as a cognitive phenomenon across species. Nevertheless, in both the youngest and oldest baboons, CC required many more trials to emerge than in baboons of intermediate age. As a whole, these results reveal strong similarities between CC in humans and baboons, suggesting similar statistical learning mechanisms in these two species. Therefore, baboons provide a valid model to investigate how statistical learning mechanisms develop and/or age during the life span, as well as how these mechanisms are implemented in neural networks, and how they have evolved throughout the phylogeny.
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28
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Taubert J, Aagten-Murphy D, Parr LA. A comparative study of face processing using scrambled faces. Perception 2012; 41:460-73. [PMID: 22896918 DOI: 10.1068/p7151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is a widespread assumption that all primate species process faces in the same way because the species are closely related and they engage in similar social interactions. However, this approach ignores potentially interesting and informative differences that may exist between species. This paper describes a comparative study of holistic face processing. Twelve subjects (six chimpanzees Pan troglodytes and six rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta) were trained to discriminate whole faces (faces with features in their canonical position) and feature-scrambled faces in two separate conditions. We found that both species tended to match the global configuration of features over local features, providing strong evidence of global precedence. In addition, we show that both species were better able to generalize from a learned configuration to an entirely novel configuration when they were first trained to match feature-scrambled faces compared to when they were trained with whole faces. This result implies that the subjects were able to access local information easier when facial features were presented in a scrambled configuration and is consistent with a holistic processing hypothesis. Interestingly, these data also suggest that, while holistic processing in chimpanzees is tuned to own-species faces, monkeys have a more general approach towards all faces. Thus, while these data confirm that both chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys process faces holistically, they also indicate that there are differences between the species that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Taubert
- Yerkes National Primate Research Centre, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
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29
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De Lillo C, James FC. Spatial working memory for clustered and linear configurations of sites in a virtual reality foraging task. Cogn Process 2012; 13 Suppl 1:S243-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-012-0448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Sabbatini G, Truppa V, Hribar A, Gambetta B, Call J, Visalberghi E. Understanding the functional properties of tools: chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) attend to tool features differently. Anim Cogn 2012; 15:577-90. [PMID: 22466753 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-012-0486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether eight capuchins and eight chimpanzees were able to retrieve a reward placed inside a tube, of varying length, by selecting the correct stick from different sets of three sticks differing in length (functional feature) and handle (non-functional feature). Moreover, to investigate whether seeing the stick inside the tube (visual feedback) improves performance, half of the subjects were tested with a transparent apparatus and the other half with an opaque apparatus. Phase 1 included (a) Training 1 in which each stick had a different handle and (b) Transfer 1 in which the handles were switched among sticks, so that the functional tool had the same length but a different handle than before. The seven chimpanzees and one capuchin that passed Transfer 1 received Transfer 2. The other subjects received (a) Training 2, which used the same sticks from Phase 1 with handles switched in every trial, and (b) Transfer 2 in which the tube was longer, all sticks had the same new handle, and the formerly longest tool became intermediate in length. Eight chimpanzees and three capuchins passed Transfer 2. Results showed that (1) chimpanzees applied relational structures in tool using tasks more quickly than capuchins and (2) capuchins required more varied experience to attend to the functional feature of the tool. Interestingly, visual feedback did not improve performance in either species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Sabbatini
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Via Ulisse Aldrovandi 16/B, Rome, Italy.
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31
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Rosa Salva O, Regolin L, Vallortigara G. Inversion of contrast polarity abolishes spontaneous preferences for face-like stimuli in newborn chicks. Behav Brain Res 2012; 228:133-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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De Lillo C, Palumbo M, Spinozzi G, Giustino G. Effects of pattern redundancy and hierarchical grouping on global–local visual processing in monkeys (Cebus apella) and humans (Homo sapiens). Behav Brain Res 2012; 226:445-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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33
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Discrimination of contour-deleted images in baboons (Papio papio) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Anim Cogn 2011; 14:415-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-010-0376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Automated testing of cognitive performance in monkeys: use of a battery of computerized test systems by a troop of semi-free-ranging baboons (Papio papio). Behav Res Methods 2010; 42:507-16. [PMID: 20479182 DOI: 10.3758/brm.42.2.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fagot and Paleressompoulle (2009) published an automated learning device for monkeys (ALDM) to test the cognitive functions of nonhuman primates within their social groups, but the efficiency of the ALDM procedure with large groups remains unknown. In the present study, 10 ALDM systems were provided ad lib to a troop of 26 semi-free-ranging baboons that were initially naive with computerized testing. The test program taught baboons to solve two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) and matching-to-sample (MTS) tasks. A million trials were recorded for the group during a period of 85 days (Experiment 1). Their analysis shows that 75% of the baboons participated at high frequencies and quickly learned the 2AFC and MTS tasks. In Experiment 2, we compared the baboons' behavior when the ADLM systems were either accessible or closed. ALDM reduced frequencies of object-directed behaviors, but had no overt consequence on social conflicts. In Experiment 3, we tested the process of the global or local attributes of visual stimuli in MTS-trained baboons in order to illustrate the efficiency of ALDM for behavioral studies requiring complex experimental designs. Altogether, the results of the present study validate the use of ALDM to efficiently test monkeys in large social groups. ALDM has a strong potential for a variety of scientific disciplines, including for biomedical research. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
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35
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Thompson RKR, Oden DL. Categorical Perception and Conceptual Judgments by Nonhuman Primates: The Paleological Monkey and the Analogical Ape. Cogn Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s15516709cog2403_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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36
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Representing the forest before the trees: a global advantage effect in monkey inferotemporal cortex. J Neurosci 2009; 29:7788-96. [PMID: 19535590 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5766-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hierarchical stimuli (large shapes composed of small shapes) have long been used to study how humans perceive the global and the local content of a scene--the forest and the trees. Studies using these stimuli have revealed a global advantage effect: humans consistently report global shape faster than local shape. The neuronal underpinnings of this effect remain unclear. Here we demonstrate a correlate and possible mechanism in monkey inferotemporal cortex (IT). Inferotemporal neurons signal the global content of a hierarchical display approximately 30 ms before they signal its local content. This is a specific expression of a general principle, related to spatial scale or spatial frequency rather than to hierarchical level, whereby the representation of a large shape develops in IT before that of a small shape. These findings provide support for a coarse-to-fine model of visual scene representation.
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37
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Automatic testing of cognitive performance in baboons maintained in social groups. Behav Res Methods 2009; 41:396-404. [DOI: 10.3758/brm.41.2.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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A comparative psychophysical approach to visual perception in primates. Primates 2009; 50:121-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-008-0128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Concept of uprightness in baboons: assessment with pictures of realistic scenes. Anim Cogn 2008; 12:369-79. [PMID: 18925421 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-008-0196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
How nonhuman primates process pictures of natural scenes or objects remains a matter of debates. This issue was addressed in the current research by questioning the processing of the canonical orientation of pictures in baboons. Two adult guinea baboons were trained to use an interactive key (IK) on a touch-screen to change the orientation of target pictures showing humans or quadruped mammals until upright. In experiment 1, both baboons successfully learned to use the IK when that key induced a 90 degrees rightward rotation of the picture, but post-training transfer of performance did not occur to novel pictures of natural scenes due to potential motor biases. In Experiment 2, a touch on IK randomly displayed the pictures in any of the four cardinal orientations. Baboons successfully learned the task, but transfer to novel pictures could only be demonstrated after they had been exposed to 360-480 pictures in that condition. Experiment 3 confirmed positive transfers to novel pictures, and showed that both the figure and background information controlled the behavior. Our research on baboons therefore demonstrates the development and use of an "upright" concept, and indicates that picture processing modes strongly depend on the subject's past experience with naturalistic pictorial stimuli.
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Davidoff J, Fonteneau E, Fagot J. Local and global processing: Observations from a remote culture. Cognition 2008; 108:702-9. [PMID: 18662813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Santos A, Rondan C, Milne D, Démonet JF, Deruelle C. Social relevance boosts context processing in Williams syndrome. Dev Neuropsychol 2008; 33:553-64. [PMID: 18568904 DOI: 10.1080/87565640802111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) are able to recognize facial expressions of emotion and objects missing on the basis of contextual cues. Sixteen individuals with WS were compared to typically developing individuals matched on chronological and mental age. WS group performed significantly lower than both control groups in object recognition. By contrast, no such group differences were found in facial expression recognition, suggesting that individuals with WS do have the ability to process contextual cues. However, this ability seems to be boosted when they are to process socially relevant cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Santos
- Mediterranean Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences-CNRS, Marseille, France.
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42
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Deruelle C, Fagot J. Hemispheric lateralisation and global precedence effects in the processing of visual stimuli by humans and baboons (Papio papio). Laterality 2008; 2:233-46. [PMID: 15513066 DOI: 10.1080/713754268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the effect of global precedence (GPE: Navon, 1977) and its lateralisation from a comparative perspective. Using a divided field matching-to-sample task with compound stimuli, Experiment 1 demonstrated consistent patterns of lateralisation in humans and baboons, corresponding to a right-hemisphere advantage for global processing and a left- but nonsignificant advantage for local processing. Species differences emerged in terms of GPE; humans showed a global precedence effect, and baboons were better for local than for global matching. In Experiment 2, a visual search task was used to assess the origin of species differences in terms of GPE. Humans processed the global structure of the forms pre-attentively, whereas baboons used an attentional search strategy. From this finding, it is argued that lateralisation in Experiment 1 was rooted in early perceptual mechanisms. So far, consistent patterns of lateralisation for global/local processing have been found in baboons, chimpanzees, and humans, suggesting that this phenomenon has a long evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Deruelle
- Center for Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402 Marseille, Cedex 20, France
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Rondan C, Santos A, Mancini J, Livet MO, Deruelle C. Global and Local processing in Williams Syndrome: Drawing versus Perceiving. Child Neuropsychol 2008; 14:237-48. [PMID: 17852122 DOI: 10.1080/09297040701346321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that a local processing bias underlies overall visuospatial impairments in Williams syndrome (WS). However, recent studies have challenged this hypothesis by providing evidence against a local processing bias at the perceptual level. The aim of the present study was to further examine drawing and perceptual skills in children with WS using closely matched-hierarchical stimuli. In the drawing task children with WS exhibited a local processing bias. However, no significant preferential bias was found in the perceptual task. This indicates that children with WS do not systematically present a preferential bias for local information. Taken together the findings of the present study suggest that perceptual processing deficits per se are unlikely to explain local processing biases in visuoconstructive tasks often described in people with WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rondan
- Mediterranean Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille, France
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Perceptual and Motor Lateralization in Two Species of Baboons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1936-8526(07)05007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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45
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Matsuno T, Tomonaga M. Visual search for moving and stationary items in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens). Behav Brain Res 2006; 172:219-32. [PMID: 16790282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Four visual search experiments were conducted using human and chimpanzee subjects to investigate attentional processing of movement, and perceptual organization based on movement of items. In the first experiment, subjects performed visual searches for a moving target among stationary items, and for a stationary target among moving items. Subjects of both species displayed an advantage in detecting the moving item compared to the stationary one, suggesting the priority of movement in the attentional processing. A second experiment assessed the effect of the coherent movement of items in the search for a stationary target. Facilitative effects of motion coherence were observed only in the performance of human subjects. In the third and fourth experiments, the effect of coherent movement of the reference frame on the search for moving and stationary targets was tested. Related target movements significantly influenced the search performance of both species. The results of the second, third, and fourth experiments suggest that perceptual organization based on coherent movements is partially shared by chimpanzees and humans, and is more highly developed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyomi Matsuno
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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46
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Deruelle C, Rondan C, Gepner B, Fagot J. Processing of compound visual stimuli by children with autism and Asperger syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00207590500184610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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47
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Låg T, Hveem K, Ruud KPE, Laeng B. The visual basis of category effects in object identification: Evidence from the visual hemifield paradigm. Brain Cogn 2006; 60:1-10. [PMID: 16182424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The basis for the category specific living things advantage in object recognition (i.e., faster and more accurate identification of living compared to nonliving things) was investigated in two experiments. It was hypothesised that the global shape of living things on average provides more information about their basic level identity than the global shape of nonliving things. In two experiments subjects performed name-picture or picture-name verification tasks, in which blurred or clear images of living and nonliving things were presented in either the right or the left visual hemifield. With blurred images, recognition performance was worst for nonliving things presented to the right visual field/left hemisphere, indicating that the lack of visual detail in the stimulus combined with a left hemisphere bias toward processing high frequency visual elements proved detrimental for processing nonliving stimuli in this condition. In addition, an overall living things advantage was observed in both experiments. This advantage was considerably larger with blurred images than with clear. These results are compatible with the global shape hypothesis and converge with evidence using other paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torstein Låg
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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48
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De Lillo C, Spinozzi G, Truppa V, Naylor DM. A comparative analysis of global and local processing of hierarchical visual stimuli in young children (Homo sapiens) and monkeys (Cebus apella). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 119:155-65. [PMID: 15982159 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.119.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Results obtained with preschool children (Homo sapiens) were compared with results previously obtained from capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in matching-to-sample tasks featuring hierarchical visual stimuli. In Experiment 1, monkeys, in contrast with children, showed an advantage in matching the stimuli on the basis of their local features. These results were replicated in a 2nd experiment in which control trials enabled the authors to rule out that children used spurious cues to solve the matching task. In a 3rd experiment featuring conditions in which the density of the stimuli was manipulated, monkeys' accuracy in the processing of the global shape of the stimuli was negatively affected by the separation of the local elements, whereas children's performance was robust across testing conditions. Children's response latencies revealed a global precedence in the 2nd and 3rd experiments. These results show differences in the processing of hierarchical stimuli by humans and monkeys that emerge early during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo De Lillo
- School of Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, England.
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Spinozzi G, De Lillo C, Salvi V. Local advantage in the visual processing of hierarchical stimuli following manipulations of stimulus size and element numerosity in monkeys (Cebus apella). Behav Brain Res 2005; 166:45-54. [PMID: 16169097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that monkeys process local elements of hierarchical visual patterns more quickly and more accurately than they process the global shape. These results could be indicative of differences between relatively high visual functions of humans and non-human primates. It is, however, important to rule out that relatively low-level factors can explain these differences. We addressed this issue with two experiments carried out on capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) using matching-to-sample tasks featuring hierarchical stimuli. The first experiment assessed whether manipulations of stimulus size can affect the local advantage so far observed in this New World monkey species. An overall local versus global advantage still emerges in capuchins, irrespectively of the amplitude of the visual angle subtended by the hierarchical shapes. Moreover, a local-to-global interference, indicative of a strong local advantage, was observed for the first time. In the second experiment, we manipulated size and numerosity of the local elements of hierarchical patterns, mimicking procedures that in human perception relegate the local elements to texture and enhance a global advantage. Our results show that in capuchin monkeys, a local advantage emerges clearly even when these procedures are used. These results are of interest since extensive neurophysiological research is carried out on non-human primate vision, often taking for granted a similarity of visual skills in human and non-human primates. These behavioural results show that this assumption is not always warranted and that more research is needed to clarify the differences in the processes involved in basic visual skills among primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Spinozzi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, C.N.R., 00197 Rome, Italy.
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Cook RG, Goto K, Brooks DI. Avian detection and identification of perceptual organization in random noise. Behav Processes 2005; 69:79-95. [PMID: 15795072 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that pigeons may have difficulty globally integrating visual information in hierarchically arranged stimuli. To isolate and understand the mechanisms responsible for processing emergent perceptual structure, three pigeons were tested in a two alternative choice task that required the global integration of organized local information. They were reinforced for localizing, on randomized distractor backgrounds of black and white square elements, different types of structured targets (e.g., stripes, squares, checkerboards) arranged from these same elements. These hierarchical stimuli were tested at four different levels of spatial granularity (i.e., different element sizes). Experiment 1 found rapid acquisition for the vertical and horizontal stripes or square targets and somewhat slower learning with the checkerboard pattern. Experiment 2 demonstrated successful transfer to a novel target types (alternating bars and "diagonal" stripes). In both experiments, displays with the greatest spatial granularity (smallest elements and most repetitive structure) monotonically supported the best discrimination. These results indicate pigeons can perceive and discriminate emergent visual structure under the right circumstances and suggest they do so with a generalized rule for detecting patterns of non-random perceptual structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Cook
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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