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Hsieh S, Chen EH. Specific but not general declines in attention and executive function with aging: Converging cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence across the adult lifespan. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1108725. [PMID: 37008838 PMCID: PMC10050892 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveAttention and executive function (EF) are vulnerable to aging. However, whether all these functions generally decline with aging is not known. Furthermore, most evidence is based on cross-sectional data and fewer follow-up data are available in the literature. Longitudinal follow-up studies are necessary to characterize individualized and precise changes in cognitive function. Additionally, relatively few aging studies have included middle-aged adults to examine age-related differences in attention and EF. Therefore, this study aims to examine whether general or specific attention and EF decline with aging from adulthood to old age by combining cross-sectional and longitudinal follow-up approaches.MethodsThis study recruited 253 participants aged 20 to 78 years. passing a prescreening procedure (see main text for detail) for the baseline session, and 123 of them were invited to return 1 ~ 2 years after their first visit to participate in the follow-up session. The participants completed a series of attention and EF tasks at both the baseline and follow-up sessions, which measured alerting, orienting, conflict control, stopping, memory updating, and switching abilities. We applied linear and nonlinear regression models to evaluate the cross-sectional age effect on attention and EF and employed a modified Brinley plot to inspect follow-up performance against baseline in attention and EF.ResultsThe results of cross-sectional data showed that older adults exhibited decreased efficiency in alerting, stopping, and memory updating but paradoxically increased efficiency in conflict control and switching abilities and no changes in orienting efficiency with age. However, the results of longitudinal data showed that only alerting and memory updating continued to show decreased efficiency. Furthermore, conflict control and switching showed increased efficiency with aging, whereas the orienting network, and stopping no longer showed decreased efficiency.ConclusionThus, converging the cross-sectional and longitudinal data showed that the alerting and memory updating function exhibited the most robust deficit with age (cross-sectional) and aging (longitudinal). Alerting and memory updating abilities are crucial survival skills for human beings. Therefore, developing methods to prevent and improve an individual’s alertness and working memory ability is an important practical issue in aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Hsieh
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Shulan Hsieh,
| | - En-Ho Chen
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Neumann E, Nkrumah IK. Reversal of typical processing dynamics in positive and negative priming using a non-dominant to dominant cross-language lexical manipulation. Memory 2019; 27:829-840. [PMID: 30704345 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1573902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A bilingual primed lexical decision task was used to investigate priming effects produced by attended and ignored words. Participants were required to name prime target words in their weaker (L2) language and then make lexical decisions to probe target items in their dominant (L1) language. Accelerated lexical decisions to probe target words resulted when the word was a translation equivalent of the preceding prime target word, but they were not impaired when the word was a translation equivalent of the preceding ignored nontarget word. This novel finding of a positive priming effect coupled with the absence of a negative priming effect is the opposite pattern of earlier cross-language experiments wherein priming was assessed from L1 to L2 [i.e., Li, Neumann, & Chen, 2017. Identity and semantic negative priming in rapid serial visual presentation streams. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 79, 1755-1776; Neumann, McCloskey, & Felio, 1999. Cross-language positive priming disappears, negative priming does not: evidence for two sources of selective inhibition. Memory & Cognition, 27, 1051-1063; Nkrumah & Neumann, 2018. Cross-language negative priming remains intact, while positive priming disappears: evidence for two sources of selective inhibition. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3, 1-12]. The present results may be a reflection of altered excitatory and inhibitory dynamics when a weaker, non-dominant language is the source for potential positive and negative priming effects between languages in bilinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Neumann
- a Department of Psychology , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Ivy K Nkrumah
- b Department of Educational Foundation , University of Cape Coast , Cape Coast , Ghana, Africa
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Nkrumah IK, Neumann E. Cross-language negative priming remains intact, while positive priming disappears: evidence for two sources of selective inhibition. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2017.1417311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivy K. Nkrumah
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ewald Neumann
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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4
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Anton SD, Ebner N, Dzierzewski JM, Zlatar ZZ, Gurka MJ, Dotson VM, Kirton J, Mankowski RT, Marsiske M, Manini TM. Effects of 90 Days of Resveratrol Supplementation on Cognitive Function in Elders: A Pilot Study. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24:725-732. [PMID: 29583015 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2017.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this trial was to study the effects of chronic resveratrol use on cognitive function in humans. DESIGN The authors conducted a double-blind, Phase IIa randomized, placebo-controlled trial to obtain preliminary estimates of the effects of resveratrol supplementation on cognitive function over a 90-day period in older adults. LOCATION University of Florida in Gainesville, FL. SUBJECTS Sedentary, overweight older adults (N = 32; age range: 65-93 years, M age = 73.34 years, SD age = 7.02 years). INTERVENTION Participants were randomized to one of three treatment groups (placebo, 300 mg/day resveratrol, 1000 mg/day resveratrol) for 90 days. OUTCOME MEASURES Cognitive function was assessed before and after treatment using a well-characterized test battery: Trail Making, Digits Forward and Backward, Erikson-Flanker, Controlled Oral Word Association, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, and Task Switching. RESULTS Psychomotor speed improved on the Trail Making Test part A in participants taking 1000 mg/day of resveratrol compared with participants in both the 300 mg/day condition and the placebo condition (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION This pilot study suggests that 90 days of resveratrol supplementation at a dose of 1000/mg per day selectively improves psychomotor speed but does not significantly affect other domains of cognitive function in older adults. These findings provide modest support to further study the effects of resveratrol on cognitive function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Anton
- 1 Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.,2 Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Natalie Ebner
- 1 Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.,3 Department of Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Joseph M Dzierzewski
- 4 Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zvinka Z Zlatar
- 5 Department of Psychiatry, University of California , San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Matthew J Gurka
- 6 Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Vonetta M Dotson
- 2 Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Joshua Kirton
- 2 Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Robert T Mankowski
- 1 Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael Marsiske
- 2 Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Todd M Manini
- 1 Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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Neumann E, Nkrumah IK, Chen Z. Excitatory and inhibitory priming by attended and ignored non-recycled words with monolinguals and bilinguals. Memory 2018; 26:1244-1255. [PMID: 29502469 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1447132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Experiments examining identity priming from attended and ignored novel words (words that are used only once except when repetition is required due to experimental manipulation) in a lexical decision task are reported. Experiment 1 tested English monolinguals whereas Experiment 2 tested Twi (a native language of Ghana, Africa)-English bilinguals. Participants were presented with sequential pairs of stimuli composed of a prime followed by a probe, with each containing two items. The participants were required to name the target word in the prime display, and to make a lexical decision to the target item in the probe display. On attended repetition (AR) trials the probe target item was identical to the target word on the preceding attentional display. On ignored repetition (IR) trials the probe target item was the same as the distractor word in the preceding attentional display. The experiments produced facilitated (positive) priming in the AR trials and delayed (negative) priming in the IR trials. Significantly, the positive and negative priming effects also replicated across both monolingual and bilingual groups of participants, despite the fact that the bilinguals were responding to the task in their non-dominant language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Neumann
- a Department of Psychology , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Ivy K Nkrumah
- a Department of Psychology , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Zhe Chen
- a Department of Psychology , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
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Abstract
Two experiments are reported in which performance of old and young adults in an auditory negative priming task was compared. Auditory negative priming was not smaller in old than in young adults. This result was independent of whether or not conditions were present that had previously been assumed to favour episodic retrieval, as opposed to inhibitory processes, as a basis of the negative priming phenomenon. The data from the present auditory negative priming experiments are incompatible with the global assumption that the efficiency of inhibitory attentional processes in general diminishes across the adult life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Buchner
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Mittner M, Behrendt J, Menge U, Titz C, Hasselhorn M. Response-retrieval in identity negative priming is modulated by temporal discriminability. Front Psychol 2014; 5:621. [PMID: 24999338 PMCID: PMC4064705 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction times to previously ignored information are often delayed, a phenomenon referred to as negative priming (NP). Rothermund et al. (2005) proposed that NP is caused by the retrieval of incidental stimulus-response associations when consecutive displays share visual features but require different responses. In two experiments we examined whether the features (color, shape) that reappear in consecutive displays, or their level of processing (early-perceptual, late-semantic) moderate the likelihood that stimulus-response associations are retrieved. Using a perceptual matching task (Experiment 1), NP occurred independently of whether responses were repeated or switched. Only when implementing a semantic-matching task (Experiment 2), negative priming was determined by response-repetition as predicted by response-retrieval theory. The results can be explained in terms of a task-dependent temporal discrimination process (Milliken et al., 1998): Response-relevant features are encoded more strongly and/or are more likely to be retrieved than irrelevant features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Behrendt
- Georg-Elias-Müller Institute for Psychology, University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Menge
- German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF) Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cora Titz
- German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF) Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcus Hasselhorn
- German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF) Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Störmer VS, Li SC, Heekeren HR, Lindenberger U. Normal aging delays and compromises early multifocal visual attention during object tracking. J Cogn Neurosci 2012; 25:188-202. [PMID: 23016765 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Declines in selective attention are one of the sources contributing to age-related impairments in a broad range of cognitive functions. Most previous research on mechanisms underlying older adults' selection deficits has studied the deployment of visual attention to static objects and features. Here we investigate neural correlates of age-related differences in spatial attention to multiple objects as they move. We used a multiple object tracking task, in which younger and older adults were asked to keep track of moving target objects that moved randomly in the visual field among irrelevant distractor objects. By recording the brain's electrophysiological responses during the tracking period, we were able to delineate neural processing for targets and distractors at early stages of visual processing (~100-300 msec). Older adults showed less selective attentional modulation in the early phase of the visual P1 component (100-125 msec) than younger adults, indicating that early selection is compromised in old age. However, with a 25-msec delay relative to younger adults, older adults showed distinct processing of targets (125-150 msec), that is, a delayed yet intact attentional modulation. The magnitude of this delayed attentional modulation was related to tracking performance in older adults. The amplitude of the N1 component (175-210 msec) was smaller in older adults than in younger adults, and the target amplification effect of this component was also smaller in older relative to younger adults. Overall, these results indicate that normal aging affects the efficiency and timing of early visual processing during multiple object tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola S Störmer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
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Mayas J, Fuentes L, Ballesteros S. Stroop interference and negative priming (NP) suppression in normal aging. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 54:333-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Filippova MG. Does unconscious information affect cognitive activity?: a study using experimental priming. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 14:20-36. [PMID: 21568162 DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a series of three experiments the influence that information unrecognised by the subjects has on the effectiveness of occurring cognitive activity is studied. With this aim 3 types of stimulus were compared which for one reason or another were not afforded sufficient attention, namely: unconscious meanings of polysemantic information, stimuli presented at the subliminal level, and intentionally ignored distractors. All the listed types of stimuli are united in that the subjects were not able to give an account of them, i.e., these stimuli were not processed attentively. It is assumed that each of the types of stimuli studied is in actuality perceived, which can be judged by the impact they have on occurring cognitive activity. The purpose of the present research is the comparison of this impact: apart from the determination of the impact of unperceived stimuli on the information directly associated with them (priming-effect registration), also identified is the presence/absence of an overall interference effect rendered by the unperceived stimuli on the performance of occurring cognitive activity. To this end, each experiment had a control condition the aim of which was the creation of the possibility for the subjects to perceive stimuli unnoticed under experimental conditions. An experimental priming paradigm was used in combination with image-classification and lexical-decision tasks. The results of the experiments conducted demonstrate that all types of stimuli 'slipping the attention' are assimilated, but their effect on occurring cognitive activity is varied. Thus, subliminally presented information aids, and distractors, on the contrary, hinder the solution of tasks associated with them, whereas unperceived meanings of polysemantic information hinder not only the solution of the tasks directly associated with them, but also the performance of any other cognitive activity for which they serve as a context. The effect of subliminal stimuli on occurring cognitive activity in the present research is explained by the spreading activation in the memory, the effect of distractors--by the inhibition of irrelevant representations in the information-processing system. For an explanation of the consequence of unperceived meanings of polysemanticity, not only an inhibition model was used, but also an unconscious negative choice model which assumed the necessity of making a special decision on non-perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita G Filippova
- St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
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Zhou SS, Fan J, Lee TM, Wang CQ, Wang K. Age-related differences in attentional networks of alerting and executive control in young, middle-aged, and older Chinese adults. Brain Cogn 2011; 75:205-10. [PMID: 21251744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chao HF. Revisiting the prime–probe contextual similarity effect on negative priming: The impact of cue variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440802049051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Witthöft M, Sander N, Süß HM, Wittmann WW. Adult Age Differences in Inhibitory Processes and their Predictive Validity for Fluid Intelligence. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2009; 16:133-63. [DOI: 10.1080/13825580802348554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Titz C, Behrendt J, Menge U, Hasselhorn M. A reassessment of negative priming within the inhibition framework of cognitive aging: there is more in it than previously believed. Exp Aging Res 2008; 34:340-66. [PMID: 18726749 DOI: 10.1080/03610730802273936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Three negative-priming studies were carried out to examine whether this paradigm allows a separation of the effects of aging on access, deletion, and restraint control of inhibition. In each study 24 younger (18 to 35 years old) and 24 older (57 to 82 years old) adults were asked to identify pictures. The results reveal difficulties among older adults in preventing the access of distracting perceptual input into responses; however, the ability to restrain inappropriate answers and the ability to delete once-relevant information are not affected by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Titz
- German Institute for International Education Research, Center for Education and Development, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Troche SJ, Gibbons H, Rammsayer TH. Identity and Location Priming Effects and their Temporal Stability in Young and Older Adults. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2008; 15:281-301. [DOI: 10.1080/13825580701336874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chao HF, Yeh YY. Attentional demand and memory retrieval in negative priming. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2007; 72:249-60. [PMID: 17206450 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-006-0106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Negative priming refers to delayed response to previous distractors, and can reflect the operation of attentional selection in prime trials. One important feature of negative priming is that it is modulated by the characteristics of probe trials. The current study manipulated competition from probe distractors and prime-probe similarity to examine the effects of attentional demand and memory retrieval in probe trials. The results demonstrated that the effects of attentional demand and memory retrieval on negative priming were dynamic. Distractor competition in probe trials affected negative priming in Experiment 1, and prime-probe similarity affected negative priming in Experiment 2. Moreover, negative priming in Experiment 3 was observed either when competition from probe distractors was strong or when identical spatial layouts were used in prime-probe couplets. Taken together, either competition from probe distractors or prime-probe similarity of spatial layouts was critical to the manifestation of negative priming at one time. Implications for distractor inhibition and memory retrieval in negative priming were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Fu Chao
- Department of Psychology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Abstract. Reactions to recently ignored stimuli are slowed down or more error prone when compared to reactions to control stimuli. This so-called negative priming effect has been traditionally investigated in the area of selective attention. More recent theory developments conceptualize the negative priming effect as a memory phenomenon. This review presents four models to explain the phenomenon as well as their essential empirical evidence. The review also considers several negative priming characteristics - that is stimulus modality, prime selection and prime response requirement, probe interference, stimulus repetition, aging and thought disorders, and physiological correlates. On these bases, it is concluded that only the distractor inhibition and the episodic retrieval models have survived empirical testing so far. Whereas evidence has increased that negative priming clearly obeys memory retrieval principles, the distractor inhibition model has lost much of its persuasiveness within recent years.
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Possin KL, Cagigas XE, Strayer DL, Filoteo JV. Lack of impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease on an object-based negative priming task. Percept Mot Skills 2006; 102:219-30. [PMID: 16671622 DOI: 10.2466/pms.102.1.219-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
12 nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease (M age = 67.3) and 12 normal control participants were administered an object-based attention task that enabled examination of both negative and positive priming. Unlike previous studies in which spatial-based attention tasks were used, results of the present study indicated that the patients displayed negative and positive priming not different from those shown by controls. These results suggest that certain object-based attentional processes may not be impaired in patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Chao HF, Yeh YY. Location negative priming in identity discrimination relies on location repetition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 67:789-801. [PMID: 16334052 DOI: 10.3758/bf03193533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Negative priming manifests when a previously ignored stimulus becomes a target. The contingency of identity negative priming on repeated stimuli has been demonstrated, implying a crucial role for distractor competition. In this study, a naming task was used to examine whether location negative priming also relies on the repetition of locations. In Experiment 1, location negative priming was observed only when a small set of repeated locations was used. Positive priming was found instead when a large set of nonrepeated locations was used. Experiment 2 demonstrated that target-to-distractor distance modulated location priming effects, with priming effects observed only for a far distance. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that the effect of location negative priming increased as locations repeated. Like identity negative priming, location negative priming depends on location repetition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Fu Chao
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan.
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Langley LK, Vivas AB, Fuentes LJ, Bagne AG. Differential Age Effects on Attention-Based Inhibition: Inhibitory Tagging and Inhibition of Return. Psychol Aging 2005; 20:356-60. [PMID: 16029098 DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether 2 forms of attentional inhibition, inhibition of return (IOR) and inhibitory tagging, are differentially affected by the aging process. The authors tested 24 younger adults (mean age = 22 years) and 24 older adults (mean age = 69 years) on a combined IOR and Stroop task (Vivas & Fuentes, 2001). As predicted, younger adults' performance was consistent with inhibitory tagging of objects at inhibited locations. Although older adults demonstrated intact IOR, there was no evidence of inhibitory tagging. The results suggest that age deficits in inhibition are selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Langley
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, 115 Miniard Hall, Fargo, ND 58105, USA.
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Bialystok E, Craik FIM, Klein R, Viswanathan M. Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: evidence from the Simon task. Psychol Aging 2004; 19:290-303. [PMID: 15222822 DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 965] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that bilingualism is associated with more effective controlled processing in children; the assumption is that the constant management of 2 competing languages enhances executive functions (E. Bialystok, 2001). The present research attempted to determine whether this bilingual advantage persists for adults and whether bilingualism attenuates the negative effects of aging on cognitive control in older adults. Three studies are reported that compared the performance of monolingual and bilingual middle-aged and older adults on the Simon task. Bilingualism was associated with smaller Simon effect costs for both age groups; bilingual participants also responded more rapidly to conditions that placed greater demands on working memory. In all cases the bilingual advantage was greater for older participants. It appears, therefore, that controlled processing is carried out more effectively by bilinguals and that bilingualism helps to offset age-related losses in certain executive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Bialystok
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Yeh YY, Chao HF. Probe distractors can influence negative priming by perceptual grouping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 66:208-18. [PMID: 15129743 DOI: 10.3758/bf03194873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Negative priming occurs when a response is slower to a target that was a previously ignored stimulus. According to a computational model of inhibition, negative priming results from relative activation between a target and a distractor in probe trials. Thus, the degree of competition in the probe trial should influence negative priming. The results from three experiments supported this hypothesis. Probe distractors grouped with a target by a rectangle produced a larger negative priming effect than did distractors isolated from the target. Moreover, neither prime-probe similarity nor perceptual interference could explain the grouping effect. The results suggest that perceptual mechanisms can influence negative priming via a race in the probe trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yei-Yu Yeh
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Pritchard VE, Neumann E. Negative Priming Effects in Children Engaged in Nonspatial Tasks: Evidence for Early Development of an Intact Inhibitory Mechanism. Dev Psychol 2004; 40:191-203. [PMID: 14979760 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments are reported that examined conceptual negative priming effects in children 5 to 12 years of age. Experiment 1 used a negative priming variant of a flanker task requiring the naming of a central color blob flanked by irrelevant distractors. Experiment 2 used a negative priming variant of the Stroop color-word task. Experiment 3 used a same-different matching task with novel 3-D shapes. Results revealed significant and equivalent magnitudes of negative priming across the tested age groups for all 3 tasks. It is concluded that the inhibitory mechanism underlying conceptual (i.e., identity or semantic) negative priming in visual selective attention tasks is intact in young children. Because the findings and conclusions diverge from the developmental literature on negative priming, the authors attempt to reconcile the contradictions by pinning down the reasons for the discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena E Pritchard
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Negative priming and stimulus repetition: A reply to Neill and Joordens (2002). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03194752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Current awareness in geriatric psychiatry. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17:395-402. [PMID: 11994897 DOI: 10.1002/gps.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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