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Haag AC, Cha CB, Noll JG, Gee DG, Shenk CE, Schreier HMC, Heim CM, Shalev I, Rose EJ, Jorgensen A, Bonanno GA. The Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression Scale for Youth (FREE-Y): Adaptation and Validation Across a Varied Sample of Children and Adolescents. Assessment 2023; 30:1265-1284. [PMID: 35510578 PMCID: PMC9636062 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221090465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flexible self-regulation has been shown to be an adaptive ability. This study adapted and validated the adult Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression (FREE) Scale for use with youth (FREE-Y) in community and maltreatment samples. The FREE-Y measures the ability to flexibly enhance and suppress emotion expression across an array of hypothetical social scenarios. Participants (N = 654, 8-19 years) were included from three studies. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed a theoretically appropriate higher order factor structure. Using multiple-group CFAs, measurement invariance was achieved across maltreatment status, age, and gender. Reliabilities were adequate and construct validity was demonstrated through associations with measures of emotion regulation, psychopathology, IQ, and executive functioning. Group comparisons indicated lower Suppression and Flexibility scores for maltreated versus comparison participants. Findings suggest that the FREE-Y is a valid measure of expressive regulation ability in youth that can be applied across a range of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennie G. Noll
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Chad E. Shenk
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | | | - Christine M. Heim
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Idan Shalev
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Emma J. Rose
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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2
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Latham RM, Newbury JB, Fisher HL. A Systematic Review of Resilience Factors for Psychosocial Outcomes During the Transition to Adulthood Following Childhood Victimisation. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023; 24:946-965. [PMID: 34670461 PMCID: PMC10012402 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211048452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to childhood victimisation (i.e. abuse, neglect, domestic violence or bullying) can detrimentally impact later psychosocial adjustment. However, this is not the case for all victimised children; some do well despite their experiences and are considered to be resilient. Understanding the factors associated with such resilience is important to inform interventions to support better psychosocial outcomes among victimised children. This review provides an overview of the extant research examining resilience factors for psychosocial outcomes during the transition to adulthood following exposure to childhood victimisation. Studies were identified through a systematic literature search of Embase, PsychINFO and Ovid MEDLINE databases. The 26 included studies spanned a range of psychosocial outcomes between ages 18-25, including education and work, housing and independent living, criminal behaviour, victimisation, and social and psychological adjustment. For each outcome, a variety of putative resilience factors had been investigated including those related to the individual, their family and the wider community within which they lived. However, because few studies had comparable resilience factors and psychosocial outcomes, it is difficult to draw conclusions about which factors are consistently associated with resilience to a particular psychosocial outcome. Additionally, this review revealed that the included studies were of variable methodological quality - many were limited by cross-sectional designs with retrospective self-reports of childhood victimisation, and convenience or unrepresentative samples. In this review, we also highlight gaps in knowledge about the co-occurring impact of multiple resilience factors in combination and the need for studies conducted in non-Western and low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Latham
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Joanne B. Newbury
- Bristol Medical School: Population and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Helen L. Fisher
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King’s College London, London, UK
- Helen L. Fisher, SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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3
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Wylie MS, De France K, Hollenstein T. Adolescents suppress emotional expression more with peers compared to parents and less when they feel close to others. Int J Behav Dev 2023; 47:1-8. [PMID: 36582413 PMCID: PMC9791326 DOI: 10.1177/01650254221132777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by frequent emotional challenges, intense emotions, and higher levels of expressive suppression use than found in older populations. While evidence suggests that contingent expressive suppression use based on context is the most functional, it remains unclear whether adolescents use expressive suppression differentially based on social context. Because the peer relationship is highly salient in adolescence, the current study was designed to assess whether adolescents use expressive suppression differentially based on their social context. Adolescents (N = 179, Mage = 13.94, 49.2% female) reported emotional events using experience sampling via a smartphone application for 14 days. Multilevel modeling revealed that adolescents used less expressive suppression when they were alone compared with when they were with people, and used more expressive suppression when they were with their peers compared with when they were with family. In addition, more closeness with family predicted less overall expressive suppression use, while closeness with peers did not influence the level of expressive suppression use within the peer context. We discuss the importance of peer relations in adolescence and the relationship between closeness and emotional expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S. Wylie
- Queen’s University, Canada,Megan Wylie, Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Humphrey Hall, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Kaklauskas A, Abraham A, Ubarte I, Kliukas R, Luksaite V, Binkyte-Veliene A, Vetloviene I, Kaklauskiene L. A Review of AI Cloud and Edge Sensors, Methods, and Applications for the Recognition of Emotional, Affective and Physiological States. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7824. [PMID: 36298176 PMCID: PMC9611164 DOI: 10.3390/s22207824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Affective, emotional, and physiological states (AFFECT) detection and recognition by capturing human signals is a fast-growing area, which has been applied across numerous domains. The research aim is to review publications on how techniques that use brain and biometric sensors can be used for AFFECT recognition, consolidate the findings, provide a rationale for the current methods, compare the effectiveness of existing methods, and quantify how likely they are to address the issues/challenges in the field. In efforts to achieve the key goals of Society 5.0, Industry 5.0, and human-centered design better, the recognition of emotional, affective, and physiological states is progressively becoming an important matter and offers tremendous growth of knowledge and progress in these and other related fields. In this research, a review of AFFECT recognition brain and biometric sensors, methods, and applications was performed, based on Plutchik's wheel of emotions. Due to the immense variety of existing sensors and sensing systems, this study aimed to provide an analysis of the available sensors that can be used to define human AFFECT, and to classify them based on the type of sensing area and their efficiency in real implementations. Based on statistical and multiple criteria analysis across 169 nations, our outcomes introduce a connection between a nation's success, its number of Web of Science articles published, and its frequency of citation on AFFECT recognition. The principal conclusions present how this research contributes to the big picture in the field under analysis and explore forthcoming study trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Kaklauskas
- Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ajith Abraham
- Machine Intelligence Research Labs, Scientific Network for Innovation and Research Excellence, Auburn, WA 98071, USA
| | - Ieva Ubarte
- Institute of Sustainable Construction, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Romualdas Kliukas
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaida Luksaite
- Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arune Binkyte-Veliene
- Institute of Sustainable Construction, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Vetloviene
- Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Loreta Kaklauskiene
- Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Logue Bosetti R. How Does that Make You Feel? Development and Pilot Testing of Two New Instruments Measuring Emotional Attributions to Experiences of Childhood Sexual Abuse. J Child Sex Abus 2022; 31:782-804. [PMID: 36284501 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2022.2139316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Though prior research has demonstrated that survivors of childhood sexual abuse may experience a range of negative emotions following the abuse, studies have failed to consider the conflicting, ambivalent, or positive emotions being attributed to the experiences by survivors. The current study describes the development and piloting of two new scales to capture the positive and negative emotions that youth may attribute to experiences of childhood sexual abuse. A sample of youth (N = 136) were recruited and surveyed from community corrections and residential treatment centers in a Midwestern state. Item Response Theory was used to test the performance of the measures and their individual items with the subsample of youth who reported a history of childhood sexual abuse (n = 40). Both new measures demonstrated high internal consistency reliability and appropriately captured the range of positive and negative emotions youth may experience following childhood sexual abuse. Findings indicate that youth who have experienced childhood sexual abuse may have conflicting positive and negative emotions associated with the experiences. Implications for measurement refinement, future research directions, and clinical practice are discussed.
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Abstract
We comment on an article by Sheldon et al. from a previous issue of Perspectives (May 2021). They argued that the presence of positive emotion (Hypothesis 1), the intensity of positive emotion (Hypothesis 2), and chronic positive mood (Hypothesis 3) are reliably signaled by the Duchenne smile (DS). We reexamined the cited literature in support of each hypothesis and show that the study findings were mostly inconclusive, irrelevant, incomplete, and/or misread. In fact, there is no single (empirical) article that would unanimously support the idea that DSs function solely as indicators of felt positive affect. Additional evidence is reviewed, suggesting that DSs can be-and often are-displayed deliberately and in the absence of positive feelings. Although DSs may lead to favorable interpersonal perceptions and positive emotional responses in the observer, we propose a functional view that focuses on what facial actions-here specifically DSs-do rather than what they express.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva G Krumhuber
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London
| | - Arvid Kappas
- Department of Psychology, Jacobs University Bremen
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7
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Abstract
Chronic positive mood (CPM) has been shown to confer a wide variety of social, functional, and health benefits. Some researchers have argued that humans evolved to feel CPM, which explains why most people report better than neutral mood (the “positivity offset bias”) and why particularly happy people have particularly good outcomes. Here, we argue that the Duchenne smile evolved as an honest signal of high levels of CPM, alerting others to the psychological fitness of the smiler. Duchenne smiles are honest because they express felt positive emotion, making it difficult for unhappy people to produce them. Duchenne smiles enable happy people to signal and cooperate with one another, boosting their advantages. In our literature review, we found (a) that not all Duchenne smiles are “honest,” although producing them in the absence of positive emotion is difficult and often detectable, and (b) that the ability to produce and recognize Duchenne smiles may vary somewhat by a person’s cultural origin. In the final section of the article, we consider behavioral influences on CPM, reviewing research showing that engaging in eudaimonic activity reliably produces CPM, as posited by the eudaimonic-activity model. This research suggests that frequent Duchenne smiling may ultimately signal eudaimonic personality as well as CPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennon M. Sheldon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
- Department of Psychology, Higher School of Economics, National Research University
| | - Mike Corcoran
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
- Department of Psychology, Cabrini University
| | - Melanie Sheldon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
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Chen X, Padilla AM. Emotions and creativity as predictors of resilience among L3 learners in the Chinese educational context. Curr Psychol 2022; 41:406-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Godara M, Sanchez-lopez A, Liefooghe B, De Raedt R. Contextual Changes Influence Attention Flexibility Towards New Goals. Cogn Ther Res 2020; 44:327-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-019-10072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Haines N, Bell Z, Crowell S, Hahn H, Kamara D, McDonough-Caplan H, Shader T, Beauchaine TP. Using automated computer vision and machine learning to code facial expressions of affect and arousal: Implications for emotion dysregulation research. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:871-886. [PMID: 30919792 PMCID: PMC7319037 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As early as infancy, caregivers' facial expressions shape children's behaviors, help them regulate their emotions, and encourage or dissuade their interpersonal agency. In childhood and adolescence, proficiencies in producing and decoding facial expressions promote social competence, whereas deficiencies characterize several forms of psychopathology. To date, however, studying facial expressions has been hampered by the labor-intensive, time-consuming nature of human coding. We describe a partial solution: automated facial expression coding (AFEC), which combines computer vision and machine learning to code facial expressions in real time. Although AFEC cannot capture the full complexity of human emotion, it codes positive affect, negative affect, and arousal-core Research Domain Criteria constructs-as accurately as humans, and it characterizes emotion dysregulation with greater specificity than other objective measures such as autonomic responding. We provide an example in which we use AFEC to evaluate emotion dynamics in mother-daughter dyads engaged in conflict. Among other findings, AFEC (a) shows convergent validity with a validated human coding scheme, (b) distinguishes among risk groups, and (c) detects developmental increases in positive dyadic affect correspondence as teen daughters age. Although more research is needed to realize the full potential of AFEC, findings demonstrate its current utility in research on emotion dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Haines
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ziv Bell
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sheila Crowell
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hunter Hahn
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dana Kamara
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Tiffany Shader
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Ramírez-Esparza N, García-Sierra A, Rodríguez-Arauz G, Ikizer EG, Fernández-Gómez MJ. No laughing matter: Latinas' high quality of conversations relate to behavioral laughter. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214117. [PMID: 30970019 PMCID: PMC6457494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Latinx in the United States have greater life expectancy than other groups, in spite of their socioeconomic and psychosocial disadvantage. This phenomenon has been described as the Latinx health paradox. This investigation observed the interplay of cultural processes and social networks to shed light on this paradox. Latina (N = 26) and White-European (N = 24) mothers wore a digital recorder as they went about their daily lives. Four conversation styles were characterized from the recordings to measure the mothers' quality of their conversations (small talk and substantive conversations) within different social networks (with the father vs. other adults). As a positive indicator of well-being, laughter was assessed during the conversations. Results demonstrated that Latina mothers tend to laugh more than White-European mothers; and that this relation is mediated by substantive conversations with others. This suggests that Latinas' cultural processes afford meaningful conversations, which relates to more behavioral laughter, a process that may have positive implications on well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairán Ramírez-Esparza
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Adrián García-Sierra
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Elif G. Ikizer
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maria J. Fernández-Gómez
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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12
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Coifman KG, Summers CB. Understanding Emotion Inflexibility in Risk for Affective Disease: Integrating Current Research and Finding a Path Forward. Front Psychol 2019; 10:392. [PMID: 30873087 PMCID: PMC6402431 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion-related disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, eating, substance and some personality disorders) include some of the most common, burdensome, and costly diseases worldwide. Central to many, if not all of these disorders, may be patterns of rigid or inflexible emotion responses. Indeed, theorists point to emotion in-flexibility as a potential cause or maintaining factor in emotion-related diseases. Despite the increasing prominence of emotion inflexibility in theories of affective disease, a comprehensive review of the developing empirical literature has not yet been conducted. Accordingly, this review will examine the three dominant lines of inquiry assessing emotion flexibility. These include: (1) the capacity to use and vary deliberate emotion regulation strategies, (2) the context sensitivity of spontaneous emotional responses, and (3) flexibility in the appraisal of emotional events and experiences. Moreover, current evidence suggests that each of these three lines of research may converge to suggest the interplay of two key biological dimensions in emotion inflexibility, threat sensitivity, and cognitive control, known to be impaired in patients with affective disorders. In short, this developing body of work suggests a path by which future research could explicate and even exploit the ties between emotion inflexibility and affective disease, contributing to the development of improved models of risk, assessment, and intervention, with broad implications for psychological health.
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Linton SJ, Flink IK, Vlaeyen JWS. Understanding the Etiology of Chronic Pain From a Psychological Perspective. Phys Ther 2018; 98:315-324. [PMID: 29669087 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of chronic pain-related disability is not fully understood, particularly from a clinical perspective. Investigations to date have identified risk factors and elucidated some important processes driving the development of persistent pain problems. Yet this knowledge and its application are not always accessible to practicing physical therapists or other clinicians. This article aims to summarize the main psychological processes involved in the development of chronic pain disability and to derive some guidelines for treatment and future research. To this end, the focus is on the paradox of why coping strategies that are helpful in the short term continue to be used even when-ironically-they maintain the problem in the long term. To aid in summarizing current knowledge, 4 tenets that elucidate the etiology of chronic pain are described. These tenets emphasize that chronic pain disability is a developmental process over time, contextual factors set the stage for this development, underlying transdiagnostic psychological factors fuel this development, and the principles of learning steer the development of pain behaviors. With these tenets, an explanation of how a chronic problem develops for one person but not another is provided. Finally, hypotheses that can be empirically tested to guide clinical application as well as basic research are generated. In conclusion, understanding the psychological processes underlying the etiology of chronic pain provides testable ideas and a path forward for improving treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Linton
- Center for Health and Medical Psychology, School of Law, Psychology, and Social Work, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ida K Flink
- Center for Health and Medical Psychology, School of Law, Psychology, and Social Work, Örebro University
| | - Johan W S Vlaeyen
- Health Psychology, Katholieke University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Behavioral inhibition indicates increased risk for development of social anxiety. Recent work has identified a pattern of dysregulated fear (DF), characterized by high fear in low-threat situations, that provides a more precise marker of developmental risk through early childhood. This study tested a new longitudinal sample of children (n = 124) from ages 24 to 48 months. Replicating prior findings, at 24 months, we identified a pattern of fearful behavior across contexts marked by higher fear to putatively low-threat situations. DF was associated with higher parental report of social inhibition at 24, 36, and 48 months. Extending prior findings, we observed differences in cardiac physiology during fear-eliciting situations, suggesting that the neurobiological underpinnings of DF relate to difficulty with regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nilam Ram
- The Pennsylvania State University
- German Institute for Economic Research (DIW)
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15
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Chen WW, Yan JJ, Chen CC. Lesson of emotions in the family: The role of emotional intelligence in the relation between filial piety and life satisfaction among Taiwanese college students. Asian J Soc Psychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin Jin Yan
- University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas USA
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16
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Greenaway KH, Kalokerinos EK. Suppress for success? Exploring the contexts in which expressing positive emotion can have social costs. European Review of Social Psychology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2017.1331874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Kurtz LE, Algoe SB. When Sharing a Laugh Means Sharing More: Testing the Role of Shared Laughter on Short-Term Interpersonal Consequences. J Nonverbal Behav 2017; 41:45-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-016-0245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The authors provide an original and integrative framework for understanding the complex array of factors that contribute to resilience. Their faith in the uniform benefits of positive appraisals neglects the potential costs of overly positive appraisals, however. As a result, their theory may have difficulty capturing the complexity of appraisal's role in determining resilience.
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20
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Abstract
Addressing the characteristics of children as witnesses has been a focus of many researchers; however, the emotion derived from children during investigative interviews is an understudied field that is vital for practitioners from various contexts. The current study explores the emotional language that children use during forensic investigations following suspected sexual abuse. The sample comprises 97 investigative interviews with children (N = 97) aged 3-14 years. These interviews were randomly selected from all forensic interviews carried out in Israel in 2011. All of the interviews were conducted in conformity with the National Institute of Child Health and Development Protocol, and the emotional language of the children was coded. The results reveal a limited overall presence of emotional language. Children hardly used positive emotional language and mainly employed negative emotional language. The interview phase and the age of the children greatly affected the use of emotional language, and gender and suspect familiarity had no effect on the children's emotional language. The findings from the current study enhance existing knowledge on the emotional language of children during forensic investigations and highlight the study's unique characteristics in the context of abuse, trauma, and forensic investigation. The results of this study demonstrate the need for including probes about emotions in investigative interviews and the addition of emotional language to coding schemes for investigative interviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Katz
- a Bob Shapell School of Social Work , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Misha Janet Paddon
- a Bob Shapell School of Social Work , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Zion Barnetz
- b School of Social Work , The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College , Jezreel Valley , Israel
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21
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Linton SJ, Flink IK, Schrooten MGS, Wiksell R. Understanding Co-occurring Emotion and Pain: The Role of Context Sensitivity from a Transdiagnostic Perspective. J Contemp Psychother 2016; 46:129-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10879-016-9323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Soenke M, O'Connor MF, Greenberg J. Broadening the definition of resilience and "reappraising" the use of appetitive motivation. Behav Brain Sci 2015; 38:e121. [PMID: 26785906 DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X14001691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Kalisch et al.'s PASTOR model synthesizes current knowledge of resilience, focusing on mechanisms as a common pathway to outcomes and highlighting neuroscience as a method for exploring this. We propose the model broaden its definition of resiliency to include positive indices of recovery, include positive affect as a mechanism, and approach motivation as distinct from overcoming aversive motivation.
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Melinder A, Burrell L, Eriksen MO, Magnussen S, Wessel E. The Emotional Child Witness Effect Survives Presentation Mode. Behav Sci Law 2016; 34:113-125. [PMID: 26990221 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The emotional witness effect - the phenomenon whereby people are affected by the emotional manner in which a witness presents testimony - constitutes a possible source of wrongful decisions in legal contexts. One stereotypical view of abused children is that they should be sad when talking about their experiences of maltreatment, whereas children may in fact express a variety of emotional expressions when talking about abusive events. This raises the question as to whether there is an optimal mode in which to present child victim testimony that could reduce the possible influence of displayed emotions. In the present study, mock police interviews were carried out with female child actors, role-playing the victims of physical abuse by their stepfather, telling the same story with four emotional expressions (neutral, sad, angry, or positive). Laypersons (N = 465) were presented with the interviews as transcripts with the emotional reactions of the child witness noted, audio recordings, or videotaped recordings. Participants then rated the credibility of the victim witness. Replicating previous results, the "sad" expression elicited the highest credibility ratings across all modes of presentations. Presentation mode affected ratings of credibility, with the transcript versions resulting in the highest ratings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Melinder
- Cognitive Developmental Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisa Burrell
- Cognitive Developmental Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Olaussen Eriksen
- Cognitive Developmental Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ellen Wessel
- Cognitive Developmental Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Laughter is a pervasive human behavior that most frequently happens in a social context. However, data linking the behavior of laughter with psychological or social outcomes is exceptionally rare. Here, we draw attention to shared laughter as a useful objective marker of relationship well-being. Spontaneously-generated laughs of 71 heterosexual romantic couples were coded from a videorecorded conversation about how the couple first met. Multilevel models revealed that, while controlling for all other laughter present, the proportion of the conversation spent laughing simultaneously with the romantic partner was uniquely positively associated with global evaluations of relationship quality, closeness, and social support. Results are discussed with respect to methodological considerations and theoretical implications for relationships and behavioral research more broadly.
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Harvey MM, Coifman KG, Ross G, Kleinert D, Giardina P. Contextually appropriate emotional word use predicts adaptive health behavior: Emotion context sensitivity and treatment adherence. J Health Psychol 2014; 21:579-89. [PMID: 24801328 DOI: 10.1177/1359105314532152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion context sensitivity is the ability to respond emotionally in a manner that is functionally appropriate for the context in which the emotion arises. This study examined the relationship between emotion context sensitivity and treatment adherence in adults with the chronic illness Thalassemia. Emotional responses were measured by examining the frequency of positive and negative emotional words used to answer two interview questions that created two different emotional contexts. Consistent with previous research on adaptive and contextually appropriate emotions, negative emotion words were related to adherence in the context of the disease itself, while positive emotion words were related to adherence in the context of coping.
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Abstract
Clinicians make a variety of assessments about their clients, from judging personality traits to making diagnoses, and a variety of methods are available to do so, ranging from observations to structured interviews. A large body of work demonstrates that from a brief glimpse of another's nonverbal behavior, a variety of traits and inner states can be accurately perceived. Additionally, from these "thin slices" of behavior, even future outcomes can be predicted with some accuracy. Certain clinical disorders such as Parkinson's disease and facial paralysis disrupt nonverbal behavior and may impair clinicians' ability to make accurate judgments. In certain contexts, personality disorders, anxiety, depression, and suicide attempts and outcomes can be detected from others' nonverbal behavior. Additionally, thin slices can predict psychological adjustment to divorce, bereavement, sexual abuse, and well-being throughout life. Thus, for certain traits and disorders, judgments from a thin slice could provide a complementary tool for the clinician's toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Slepian
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155;
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Etter DW, Gauthier JR, McDade-Montez E, Cloitre M, Carlson EB. Positive affect, childhood adversity, and psychopathology in psychiatric inpatients. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2013; 4:20771. [PMID: 23946881 PMCID: PMC3742840 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low positive affect is closely related to common pathological responses to childhood adversity, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, but little is known about how the characteristics of early adversity experiences might be related to positive affect in adulthood. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore whether low positive affect is related to specific childhood adversities, including abuse, neglect, caretaker dysfunction, and low childhood social support. METHOD Using structured interviews and self-report measure data collected from 173 adult psychiatric inpatients, this study examined the relationship between positive affect and symptoms of psychopathology, as well as how the number of types of abuse experienced, severity of adversity types (physical abuse and sexual abuse), childhood environment (childhood social support, neglect, and caretaker dysfunction), and number of non-abuse traumas related to positive affect. RESULTS Positive affect was significantly negatively related to several symptoms of psychopathology, including depression, dissociation, self-destructive behavior, PTSD, and global psychopathology. Individuals who experienced both physical and sexual abuse reported significantly less positive affect than those with only physical or no abuse experiences. Lower positive affect was predicted by lower childhood social support and greater severity of sexual abuse, with both factors accounting for unique variance in positive affect. CONCLUSION These results suggest that individuals who experience multiple types of early adversity, more severe sexual abuse experiences, and less social support are at risk of psychological difficulties. Given the relatively strong association between positive affect and childhood social support, interventions to foster social support may be a means of increasing positive affect among individuals exposed to childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl W. Etter
- PGSP-Stanford Psy.D. Consortium, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Justin R. Gauthier
- Department of Counseling, Clinical, and School Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Marylene Cloitre
- National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Eve B. Carlson
- National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Abstract
Emotion and pain are known to be intimately related, but treating co-occurring problems is still in its infancy mainly because we lack a clear theoretical understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved. This lack of understanding is problematic because treatment has proved challenging and co-occurring pain and emotional problems are associated with poor outcome, relapse, and greater sick absenteeism. Transdiagnostics has emerged as one way of focusing on the shared underlying mechanisms that drive comorbid problems. This approach has not been thoroughly examined for pain and emotion. Hence, the purpose of this review is to describe a transdiagnostic approach to pain and emotion and its clinical implications. To this end, the transdiagnostic approach is applied to pain and emotion in a narrative review of the literature. A focus on the function of emotion and pain relative to the context is underscored as a way to understand the relationship better. Avoidance, catastrophic worry, and thought suppression are put forward as three examples of potential transdiagnostic mechanisms that may underlie a co-occurring emotion and pain problem. The approach is readily translated to the clinic where assessment and treatment should focus on identifying transdiagnostic mechanisms. However, additional exploration is needed and therefore suggestions for future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Linton
- CHAMP (Center for Health and Medical Psychology) Department of Law, Psychology, and Social Work, Örebro University
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Sharma S, Gangopadhyay M, Austin E, Mandal MK. Development and Validation of a Situational Judgment Test of Emotional Intelligence. Int J Select Assess 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Sharma
- Olin Business School; Washington University in St. Louis; 1 Brooking drive; St. Louis; MO; 63130; USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Austin
- Department of Psychology; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh; UK
| | - Manas K. Mandal
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences; IIT-Kharagpur; Kharagpur; West Bengal; India
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Lougheed JP, Hollenstein T. A Limited Repertoire of Emotion Regulation Strategies is Associated with Internalizing Problems in Adolescence. Social Development 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Burton CL, Yan OH, Pat-Horenczyk R, Chan ISF, Ho S, Bonanno GA. Coping flexibility and complicated grief: a comparison of American and Chinese samples. Depress Anxiety 2012; 29:16-22. [PMID: 21898713 PMCID: PMC3242921 DOI: 10.1002/da.20888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to process a death and the ability to remain optimistic and look beyond the loss are both thought to be effective means of coping with loss and other aversive events. Recently, these seemingly contrary dimensions have been integrated into the idea of coping flexibility. METHODS In this study, we assessed the ability of married and bereaved individuals in the United States and Hong Kong to use both coping approaches as operationalized by the trauma-focused and forward-focused coping scales of a previously validated questionnaire. We also calculated a single flexibility score. RESULTS Bereaved participants reported greater trauma-focused coping ability than did married participants. However, bereaved participants meeting criteria for complicated grief (CG) reported less forward-focused coping than both asymptomatic bereaved and married participants. The CG group also showed less overall coping flexibility than the asymptomatic bereaved and married groups. Country was not a factor. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that deficits in coping flexibility are indicative of pathology in bereaved individuals, and that this relationship extends across cultures. Limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L. Burton
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120Street, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Oscar H. Yan
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120Street, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Ruth Pat-Horenczyk
- Israel Center for the Treatment of Psychotrauma, Herzog Hospital, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 3900, Jerusalem, Israel 91035
| | - Ide S. F. Chan
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, 608 Knowles Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Samuel Ho
- Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - George A. Bonanno
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120Street, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Abstract
Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is more difficult compared to other disorders for multiple reasons that are listed and explained. Multiple causes of low sensitivity for making the PTSD diagnosis in children are discussed. Diagnostic validity and comorbidity issues in particular are highlighted. For the diagnostic criteria, wording changes to five of the items have been proposed, but the most substantial proposed change is lowering the criterion C requirement from three to one symptom. Early studies suggest the course is more chronic. Parenting effects are reviewed and caution is urged before drawing premature conclusions about the directionality of effects. Advice for interviewing respondents is organized into seven practical suggestions. Treatment implications from the above are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Scheeringa
- Institute of Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine,
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Mauss IB, Shallcross AJ, Troy AS, John OP, Ferrer E, Wilhelm FH, Gross JJ. Don't hide your happiness! Positive emotion dissociation, social connectedness, and psychological functioning. J Pers Soc Psychol 2011; 100:738-48. [PMID: 21280962 DOI: 10.1037/a0022410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is now clear that positive emotion leads to enhanced psychological functioning. What is less clear, however, is just why this is so. Drawing on a social-functional perspective, we argue that positive emotional behavior that accurately signals to others the individual's internal state will enhance social connectedness. Positive emotional behavior that does not accurately signal a person's experience--such as a smile that is not felt--may impede social connectedness and, in turn, psychological functioning. This perspective suggests that (a) the degree to which experience and behavior are dissociated during positive emotional episodes, over and above level of positive behavior, should predict worse psychological functioning and (b) the effect of dissociation should be mediated by social connectedness. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a short-term prospective longitudinal study, with a baseline assessment of depressive symptoms and well-being at Time 1. Six months later, at Time 2, we used a novel within-individual laboratory paradigm to measure the degree to which positive emotional behavior was dissociated from (vs. coherent with) a participant's positive emotional experience. We also assessed level of positive behavior and experience. Then, another 6 months later, we assessed social connectedness as a mediator and depressive symptoms and well-being as outcomes at Time 3. Even when controlling for baseline functioning and for level of positive emotion behavior and experience, we found that greater positive experience-behavior dissociation at Time 2 predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of well-being at Time 3. As predicted, these associations were mediated by social connectedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris B Mauss
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
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Abstract
This is a report on the research design and findings of a 23-year longitudinal study of the impact of intrafamilial sexual abuse on female development. The conceptual framework integrated concepts of psychological adjustment with theory regarding how psychobiological factors might impact development. Participants included 6- to 16-year-old females with substantiated sexual abuse and a demographically similar comparison group. A cross-sequential design was used and six assessments have taken place, with participants at median age 11 at the first assessment and median age 25 at the sixth assessment. Mothers of participants took part in the early assessments and offspring took part at the sixth assessment. Results of many analyses, both within circumscribed developmental stages and across development, indicated that sexually abused females (on average) showed deleterious sequelae across a host of biopsychosocial domains including: earlier onsets of puberty, cognitive deficits, depression, dissociative symptoms, maladaptive sexual development, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal attenuation, asymmetrical stress responses, high rates of obesity, more major illnesses and healthcare utilization, dropping out of high school, persistent posttraumatic stress disorder, self-mutilation, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses, physical and sexual revictimization, premature deliveries, teen motherhood, drug and alcohol abuse, and domestic violence. Offspring born to abused mothers were at increased risk for child maltreatment and overall maldevelopment. There was also a pattern of considerable within group variability. Based on this complex network of findings, implications for optimal treatments are elucidated. Translational aspects of extending observational research into clinical practice are discussed in terms that will likely have a sustained impact on several major public health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope K Trickett
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90899-0411, USA.
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Abstract
Although there is marked variation in how people cope with interpersonal loss, there is growing recognition that most people manage this extremely stressful experience with minimal to no impact on their daily functioning (G. A. Bonanno, 2004). What gives rise to this resilient capacity? In this paper, we provide an operational definition of resilience as a specific trajectory of psychological outcome and describe how the resilient trajectory differs from other trajectories of response to loss. We review recent data on individual differences in resilience to loss, including self-enhancing biases, repressive coping, a priori beliefs, identity continuity and complexity, dismissive attachment, positive emotions, and comfort from positive memories. We integrate these individual differences in a hypothesized model of resilience, focusing on their role in appraisal processes and the use of social resources. We conclude by considering potential cultural constraints on resilience and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Mancini
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, Box 102, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Giesbrecht T, Abidi K, Smeets T, Merckelbach H, van Oorsouw K, Raymaeker L. Adversity does not always lead to psychopathology:cognitive reactivity is related to longitudinal changes in resilience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 65:62-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03080128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal was to examine children's expressed emotions when they disclose maltreatment. Little scientific research exists on this topic, and yet children's emotional expressions at disclosure may inform psychological theory and play a crucial role in legal determinations. METHOD One hundred and twenty-four videotaped forensic interviews were coded for children's emotional displays. In addition, children's trauma-related symptoms (depression, dissociation, and PTSD) and global adaptive functioning were assessed, and abuse type and frequency were documented. RESULTS Most children in the sample evinced neutral emotion during disclosure. However, stronger negative reactions were linked to indices of psychopathology. Number of abuse experiences was inversely related to negative emotional displays. CONCLUSION Fact finders may profit from knowing that maltreated children do not necessarily cry or display strong emotion when disclosing maltreatment experiences. Nevertheless, predictors of greater negative affect at disclosure can be identified: fewer abuse experiences; higher global adaptive functioning; and for sexually abused children, greater dissociative tendencies. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Although further research is needed, practitioners should consider that children who disclose abuse may display relatively neutral affect despite having experienced maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Sayfan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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