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DeCarli C, Maillard P, Pase MP, Beiser AS, Kojis D, Satizabal CL, Himali JJ, Aparicio HJ, Fletcher E, Seshadri S. Trends in Intracranial and Cerebral Volumes of Framingham Heart Study Participants Born 1930 to 1970. JAMA Neurol 2024; 81:471-480. [PMID: 38526486 PMCID: PMC10964161 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Importance Human brain development and maintenance is under both genetic and environmental influences that likely affect later-life dementia risk. Objective To examine environmental influences by testing whether time-dependent secular differences occurred in cranial and brain volumes and cortical thickness over birth decades spanning 1930 to 1970. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used data from the community-based Framingham Heart Study cohort for participants born in the decades 1930 to 1970. Participants did not have dementia or history of stroke and had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained from March 18, 1999, to November 15, 2019. The final analysis dataset was created in October 2023. Exposure Years of birth ranging from 1925 to 1968. Main Measures Cross-sectional analysis of intracranial, cortical gray matter, white matter, and hippocampal volumes as well as cortical surface area and cortical thickness. The secular measure was the decade in which the participant was born. Covariates included age at MRI and sex. Results The main study cohort consisted of 3226 participants with a mean (SD) age of 57.7 (7.8) years at the time of their MRI. A total of 1706 participants were female (53%) and 1520 (47%) were male. The birth decades ranged from the 1930s to 1970s. Significant trends for larger intracranial, hippocampal, and white matter volumes and cortical surface area were associated with progressive birth decades. Comparing the 1930s birth decade to the 1970s accounted for a 6.6% greater volume (1234 mL; 95% CI, 1220-1248, vs 1321 mL; 95% CI, 1301-1341) for ICV, 7.7% greater volume (441.9 mL; 95% CI, 435.2-448.5, vs 476.3 mL; 95% CI, 467.0-485.7) for white matter, 5.7% greater value (6.51 mL; 95% CI, 6.42-6.60, vs 6.89 mL; 95% CI, 6.77-7.02) for hippocampal volume, and a 14.9% greater value (1933 cm2; 95% CI, 1908-1959, vs 2222 cm2; 95% CI, 2186-2259) for cortical surface area. Repeat analysis applied to a subgroup of 1145 individuals of similar age range born in the 1940s (mean [SD] age, 60.0 [2.8] years) and 1950s (mean [SD] age, 59.0 [2.8] years) resulted in similar findings. Conclusion and Relevance In this study, secular trends for larger brain volumes suggested improved brain development among individuals born between 1930 and 1970. Early life environmental influences may explain these results and contribute to the declining dementia incidence previously reported in the Framingham Heart Study cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Pauline Maillard
- Department of Neurology & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Matthew P. Pase
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexa S. Beiser
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chonbanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Kojis
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- The Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jayandra J. Himali
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- The Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hugo J. Aparicio
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chonbanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Evan Fletcher
- Department of Neurology & Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chonbanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- The Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio
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Bao X, Komesidou R, Hogan TP. A Review of Screeners to Identify Risk of Developmental Language Disorder. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2024; 33:1548-1571. [PMID: 38324341 DOI: 10.1044/2023_ajslp-23-00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aims to comprehensively summarize, compare, and evaluate screeners used to identify risk for developmental language disorder (DLD), a common learning disability that is underidentified. Screening for DLD is a cost-effective way to identify children in need of further assessment and, in turn, provides much needed supports. METHOD We identified 15 commercially available English language DLD screeners in North America. We then characterized each screener on 27 aspects in three domains, including (a) accessibility information (acronym, subtest, website, cost, materials included, publish year, examiner qualification, age range, administration time, and administration format), (b) usability features (dialect compatibility, progress monitoring function, actionable follow-up instruction, group assessment capability, and online administration availability), and (c) technical standards (the availability of a technical manual, conceptual definition, the sample size used in classification accuracy calculation, sample distribution, year of sample collection, outcome measure, sample base rate, cutoff score, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value). RESULTS We obtained sufficient accessibility information from 14 out of 15 (93%) screeners. In contrast, none of the screeners (0%) included comprehensive usability features. Ten screeners (67%) included a range of classification accuracy (70%-100% sensitivity and 68%-90% specificity). We provided areas of strength and weakness for each screener as a quick reference for users and generated screener recommendations for five practical scenarios. CONCLUSIONS Our findings presented some DLD screeners that meet most standards and highlight numerous areas for improvement, including improving classification accuracy and clarifying follow-up instructions for children who are identified with DLD risk. Screening for DLD is critical to provide timely early identification, intervention, and classroom support, which in turn facilitates student outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bao
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA
| | - Rouzana Komesidou
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA
| | - Tiffany P Hogan
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA
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Eichelberger DA, Chaouch A, Rousson V, Kakebeeke TH, Caflisch J, Wehrle FM, Jenni OG. Secular trends in physical growth, biological maturation, and intelligence in children and adolescents born between 1978 and 1993. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1216164. [PMID: 38741909 PMCID: PMC11089810 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1216164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human physical growth, biological maturation, and intelligence have been documented as increasing for over 100 years. Comparing the timing of secular trends in these characteristics could provide insight into what underlies them. However, they have not been examined in parallel in the same cohort during different developmental phases. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine secular trends in body height, weight, and head circumference, biological maturation, and intelligence by assessing these traits concurrently at four points during development: the ages of 4, 9, 14, and 18 years. Methods Data derived from growth measures, bone age as an indicator of biological maturation, and full-scale intelligence tests were drawn from 236 participants of the Zurich Longitudinal Studies born between 1978 and 1993. In addition, birth weight was analyzed as an indicator of prenatal conditions. Results Secular trends for height and weight at 4 years were positive (0.35 SD increase per decade for height and an insignificant 0.27 SD increase per decade for weight) and remained similar at 9 and 14 years (height: 0.46 SD and 0.38 SD increase per decade; weight: 0.51 SD and 0.51 SD increase per decade, respectively) as well as for weight at age 18 years (0.36 SD increase per decade). In contrast, the secular trend in height was no longer evident at age 18 years (0.09 SD increase per decade). Secular trends for biological maturation at 14 years were similar to those of height and weight (0.54 SD increase per decade). At 18 years, the trend was non-significant (0.38 SD increase per decade). For intelligence, a positive secular trend was found at 4 years (0.54 SD increase per decade). In contrast, negative secular trends were observed at 9 years (0.54 SD decrease per decade) and 14 years (0.60 SD decrease per decade). No secular trend was observed at any of the four ages for head circumference (0.01, 0.24, 0.17, and - 0.04 SD increase per decade, respectively) and birth weight (0.01 SD decrease per decade). Discussion The different patterns of changes in physical growth, biological maturation, and intelligence between 1978 and 1993 indicate that distinct mechanisms underlie these secular trends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aziz Chaouch
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Quantitative Research, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Rousson
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Quantitative Research, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jon Caflisch
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavia M. Wehrle
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neonatology and Intensive Care, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Rosenqvist J, Slama S, Haavisto A. Generalizability of the Swedish WISC-V to the Finland-Swedish minority - the FinSwed study. Child Neuropsychol 2024:1-27. [PMID: 38526303 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2024.2331277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
International guidelines highlight the importance of using appropriate and culturally fair test materials when conducting clinical psychological assessments. In the present study, the generalizability of the Swedish WISC-V with Scandinavian normative data was explored in 6-16-year-old Swedish-speaking children in Finland (N = 134), as no local test versions or norms are available for this minority. First, metric measurement invariance was established, i.e., the constructs measured were equivalent between the standardization data and the present sample. Second, the performance of this minority group on the Swedish WISC-V was compared to the Scandinavian normative mean. The findings showed that the Finland-Swedish children performed overall higher than the normative mean on the Swedish WISC-V, with an FSIQ of 103. The performance was significantly higher also in the indexes VSI, FRI, and WMI as well as in several subtests. However, in the subtest Vocabulary, the Finland-Swedish children achieved significantly lower scores than the Scandinavian mean. Further analyses showed significant associations between cognitive performance and age as well as parental education. For the VCI and the FSIQ, performance increased significantly with age, despite the use of age-standardized scaled scores. The general high performance was suggested to relate to the overall high educational level of the Finland-Swedes as well as to other cultural and test-related factors. The results have implications for clinicians conducting assessments with this minority, but also highlight the importance of establishing test fairness by validating tests when used in different cultural groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rosenqvist
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Neuropsychology, HUS Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Slama
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haavisto
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vasa, Finland
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Ferretti MT, Ding H, Au R, Liu C, Devine S, Auerbach S, Mez J, Gurnani A, Liu Y, Santuccione A, Ang TFA. Maximizing utility of neuropsychological measures in sex-specific predictive models of incident Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Heart Study. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:1112-1122. [PMID: 37882354 PMCID: PMC10917035 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sex differences in neuropsychological (NP) test performance might have important implications for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigates sex differences in neuropsychological performance among individuals without dementia at baseline. METHODS Neuropsychological assessment data, both standard test scores and process coded responses, from Framingham Heart Study participants were analyzed for sex differences using regression model and Cox proportional hazards model. Optimal NP profiles were identified by machine learning methods for men and women. RESULTS Sex differences were observed in both summary scores and composite process scores of NP tests in terms of adjusted means and their associations with AD incidence. The optimal NP profiles for men and women have 10 and 8 measures, respectively, and achieve 0.76 mean area under the curve for AD prediction. DISCUSSION These results suggest that NP tests can be leveraged for developing more sensitive, sex-specific indices for the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Ferretti
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM)University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Women's Brain ProjectGuntershausenSwitzerland
| | - Huitong Ding
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Slone Epidemiology CenterBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeurologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- The Framingham Heart StudyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sherral Devine
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sanford Auerbach
- Department of NeurologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Department of NeurologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ashita Gurnani
- Department of NeurologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yulin Liu
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Ting Fang Alvin Ang
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- The Framingham Heart StudyBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Slone Epidemiology CenterBoston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Boon-Falleur M, Baumard N, André JB. The Effect of Income and Wealth on Behavioral Strategies, Personality Traits, and Preferences. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024:17456916231201512. [PMID: 38261647 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231201512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Individuals living in either harsh or favorable environments display well-documented psychological and behavioral differences. For example, people in favorable environments tend to be more future-oriented, trust strangers more, and have more explorative preferences. To account for such differences, psychologists have turned to evolutionary biology and behavioral ecology, in particular, the literature on life-history theory and pace-of-life syndrome. However, critics have found that the theoretical foundations of these approaches are fragile and that differences in life expectancy cannot explain vast psychological and behavioral differences. In this article, we build on the theory of optimal resource allocation to propose an alternative framework. We hypothesize that the quantity of resources available, such as income, has downstream consequences on psychological traits, leading to the emergence of behavioral syndromes. We show that more resources lead to more long-term orientation, more tolerance of variance, and more investment in low marginal-benefit needs. At the behavioral level, this translates, among others, into more large-scale cooperation, more investment in health, and more exploration. These individual-level differences in behavior, in turn, account for cultural phenomena such as puritanism, authoritarianism, and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélusine Boon-Falleur
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS
| | - Nicolas Baumard
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS
| | - Jean-Baptiste André
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS
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Farran EK, Purser HRM, Jarrold C, Thomas MSC, Scerif G, Stojanovik V, Van Herwegen J. Cross-sectional and longitudinal assessment of cognitive development in Williams syndrome. Dev Sci 2024; 27:e13421. [PMID: 37287370 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic syndrome. As with all rare syndromes, obtaining adequately powered sample sizes is a challenge. Here we present legacy data from seven UK labs, enabling the characterisation of cross-sectional and longitudinal developmental trajectories of verbal and non-verbal development in the largest sample of individuals with WS to-date. In Study 1, we report cross-sectional data between N = 102 and N = 209 children and adults with WS on measures of verbal and non-verbal ability. In Study 2, we report longitudinal data from N = 17 to N = 54 children and adults with WS who had been tested on at least three timepoints on these measures. Data support the WS characteristic cognitive profile of stronger verbal than non-verbal ability, and shallow developmental progression for both domains. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal data demonstrate steeper rates of development in the child participants than the adolescent and adults in our sample. Cross-sectional data indicate steeper development in verbal than non-verbal ability, and that individual differences in the discrepancy between verbal and non-verbal ability are largely accounted for by level of intellectual functioning. A diverging developmental discrepancy between verbal and non-verbal ability, whilst marginal, is not mirrored statistically in the longitudinal data. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data are discussed with reference to validating cross-sectional developmental patterns using longitudinal data and the importance of individual differences in understanding developmental progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Farran
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Harry R M Purser
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Michael S C Thomas
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK
| | - Gaia Scerif
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Attention, Brain and Cognitive Development Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jo Van Herwegen
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, UCL's Faculty of Education and Society, London, UK
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Fletcher JM, Miciak J. Assessment of Specific Learning Disabilities and Intellectual Disabilities. Assessment 2024; 31:53-74. [PMID: 37671726 PMCID: PMC10795803 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231194992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
We review literature related to the assessment and identification of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) and Intellectual Disabilities (ID). SLD and ID are the only two disorders requiring psychometric test performance for identification within the group of neurodevelopmental disorders in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - 5. SLD and ID are considered exclusionary of one another, but the processes for assessment and identification of each disorder vary. There is controversy about the identification and assessment methods for SLD, with little consensus. Unlike ID, SLD is weakly related to full-scale IQ, and there is insufficient evidence that the routine assessment of IQ or cognitive skills adds value to SLD identification and treatment. We have proposed a hybrid method based on the assessment of low achievement with norm-referenced tests, instructional response, and other disorders and contextual factors that may be comorbid or contraindicative of SLD. In contrast to SLD, there is strong consensus for a three-prong definition for the identification and assessment of ID: (a) significantly subaverage IQ, (b) adaptive behavior deficits that interfere with independent living in the community, and (c) age of onset in the developmental period. For both SLD and ID, we identify areas of controversy and best practices for identification and assessment.
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Rehnberg J, Huisman M, Fors S, Marseglia A, Kok A. The Association between Education and Cognitive Performance Varies at Different Levels of Cognitive Performance: A Quantile Regression Approach. Gerontology 2023; 70:318-326. [PMID: 38086341 PMCID: PMC10911170 DOI: 10.1159/000535717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Educational differences in cognitive performance among older adults are well documented. Studies that explore this association typically estimate a single average effect of education on cognitive performance. We argue that the processes that contribute to the association between education and cognitive performance are unlikely to have equal effects at all levels of cognitive performance. In this study, we employ an analytical approach that enables us to go beyond averages to examine the association between education and five measures of global and domain-specific cognitive performance across the outcome distributions. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1,780 older adults aged 58-68 years from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Conditional quantile regression was used to examine variation across the outcome distribution. Cognitive outcomes included Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, crystallized intelligence, information processing speed, episodic memory, and a composite score of global cognitive performance. RESULTS The results showed that the associations between education and different cognitive measures varied across the outcome distributions. Specifically, we found that education had a stronger association with crystallized intelligence, MMSE, and a composite cognitive performance measure in the lower tail of performance distributions. The associations between education and information processing speed and episodic memory were uniform across the outcome distributions. CONCLUSION Larger associations between education and some domains of cognitive performance in the lower tail of the performance distributions imply that inequalities are primarily generated among individuals with lower performance rather than among average and high performers. Additionally, the varying associations across some of the outcome distributions indicate that estimating a single average effect through standard regression methods may overlook variations in cognitive performance between educational groups. Future studies should consider heterogeneity across the outcome distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Rehnberg
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martijn Huisman
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Aging & Later Life, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Fors
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Marseglia
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Almar Kok
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Aging & Later Life, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Espenes J, Lorentzen IM, Eliassen IV, Hessen E, Waterloo K, Timón-Reina S, Fladby T, Walhovd KB, Fjell AM, Kirsebom BE. Regression-based normative data for the D-KEFS Color-Word Interference Test in Norwegian adults ages 20-85. Clin Neuropsychol 2023:1-27. [PMID: 37974044 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2276967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Color-Word-Interference Test (CWIT; AKA Stroop test) is a widely used measure of processing speed and executive function. While test materials and instructions have been translated to Norwegian, only American age-adjusted norms from D-KEFS are available in Norway. We here develop norms in a sample of 1011 Norwegians between 20 and 85 years. We provide indexes for stability over time and assess demographic adjustments applying the D-KEFS norms. Method: Participants were healthy Norwegian adults from Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC) (n = 899), the Dementia Disease Initiation (n = 77), and Oslo MCI (n = 35). Using regression-based norming, we estimated linear and non-linear effects of age, education, and sex on the CWIT 1-4 subtests. Stability over time was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). The normative adjustment of the D-KEFS norms was assessed with linear regression models. Results: Increasing age was associated with slower completion on all CWIT subtests in a non-linear fashion (accelerated lowering of performance with older age). Women performed better on CWIT-1&3. Higher education predicted faster completion time on CWIT-3&4. The original age-adjusted norms from D-KEFS did not adjust for sex or education. Furthermore, we observed significant, albeit small effects of age on all CWIT subtests. ICC analyses indicated moderate to good stability over time. Conclusion: We present demographically adjusted regression-based norms and stability indexes for the D-KEFS CWIT subtests. US D-KEFS norms may be inaccurate for Norwegians with high or low educational attainment, especially women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Espenes
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingrid Myrvoll Lorentzen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingvild Vøllo Eliassen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Hessen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Waterloo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Santiago Timón-Reina
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Norway
- Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Anders M Fjell
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Norway
- Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Bjørn-Eivind Kirsebom
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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11
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Junn AH, Long AS, Hauc SC, Almeida MN, Alper DP, Rivera JC, Mayes L, Persing JA, Alperovich M. Long-term neurocognitive outcomes in 204 single-suture craniosynostosis patients. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:1921-1928. [PMID: 36877207 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-05908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Craniosynostosis, which describes premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, has been associated with a variety of neurocognitive deficits. We sought to explore the cognitive profiles of the various types of single-suture, non-syndromic craniosynostosis (NSC). METHODS A retrospective review of children 6-18 years old with surgically corrected NSC who underwent neurocognitive testing (Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visuomotor Integration) from the years 2014-2022 was conducted. RESULTS 204 patients completed neurocognitive testing (139 sagittal, 39 metopic, 22 unicoronal, 4 lambdoid suture). 110 (54%) of the cohort was male, and 150 (74%) were White. Mean IQ was 106.10±14.01 and mean age at surgery and testing were 9.0±12.2 months and 10.9±4.0 years, respectively. Sagittal synostosis was associated with higher scores than metopic synostosis, with significant differences in verbal IQ (109.42±15.76 vs 101.37±10.41), full-scale IQ (108.32±14.44 vs 100.05±11.76), visuomotor integration (101.62±13.64 vs 92.44±12.07), visual perception (103.81±12.42 vs 95.87±11.23), and motor coordination (90.45±15.60 vs 84.21±15.44). Sagittal synostosis was associated with significantly higher scores for visuomotor integration (101.62±13.64 vs 94.95±10.24) and visual perception (103.81±12.42 vs 94.82±12.75) than unicoronal synostosis. CONCLUSIONS Compared to patients with sagittal synostosis, patients with metopic synostosis exhibited lower scores in verbal IQ, full-scale IQ, visuomotor integration, visual perception, and motor control after surgical correction. Despite surgical correction for premature metopic suture fusion, the effect on the adjacent frontal lobe and white matter connections to other regions of the brain may have a lasting functional impact. Patients with unicoronal synostosis exhibited lower visuomotor integration and visual perception scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Junn
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Aaron S Long
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sacha C Hauc
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Mariana N Almeida
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - David P Alper
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jean Carlo Rivera
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Linda Mayes
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - John A Persing
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Michael Alperovich
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, Boardman Building, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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12
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Qi Y, Xiong Y. Intercohort upsurge of cognitive ability among the general population in China: Evaluating a Flynn effect. INTELLIGENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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13
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Dworak EM, Revelle W, Condon DM. Looking for Flynn effects in a recent online U.S. adult sample: Examining shifts within the SAPA Project. INTELLIGENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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14
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The future of intelligence: A prediction of the FLynn effect based on past student assessment studies until the year 2100. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2023.112110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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15
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Wongupparaj P, Wongupparaj R, Morris RG, Kumari V. Seventy years, 1000 samples, and 300,000 SPM scores: A new meta-analysis of Flynn effect patterns. INTELLIGENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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16
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Knaier E, Chaouch A, Caflisch JA, Rousson V, Wehrle FM, Kakebeeke TH, Jenni OG. Secular trends in motor performance in Swiss children and adolescents from 1983 to 2018. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1095586. [PMID: 37050948 PMCID: PMC10083304 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1095586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionEnvironmental changes, including globalization, urbanization, social and cultural changes in society, and exposure to modern digital technology undoubtedly have an impact on children’s activity and lifestyle behavior. In fact, marked reductions in children’s physical activity levels have been reported over the years and sedentary behavior has increased around the world. The question arises whether these environmental changes had an impact on general motor performance in children and adolescents. The study aimed to investigate secular trends of motor performance in Swiss children and adolescents, aged between 7 and 18 years, over a period of 35 years from 1983 to 2018.MethodsLongitudinal data on the five motor components of the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNA) – pure motor (PM), fine motor (FM), dynamic balance (DB), static balance (SB), and contralateral associated movements (CAM) – were pooled with cross-sectional data on PM and FM from eight ZNA studies between 1983 and 2018. Regression models were used to estimate the effect of the year of birth on motor performance and body mass index (BMI) measurements. Models were adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic status.ResultsThe secular trend estimates in standard deviation scores (SDS) per 10 years were − 0.06 [−0.33; 0.22, 95% Confidence Interval] for PM, −0.11 [−0.41; 0.20] for FM, −0.38 [−0.66; −0.09] for DB (−0.42 when controlled for BMI), −0.21 [−0.47; 0.06] for SB, and − 0.01 [−0.32; 0.31] for CAM. The mean change in BMI data was positive with 0.30 SDS [0.07; 0.53] over 10 years.DiscussionDespite substantial societal changes since the 1980s, motor performance has remained relatively stable across generations. No secular trend was found in FM, PM, SB, and CAM over a period of 35 years. A secular trend in DB was present independent of the secular trend in body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Knaier
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aziz Chaouch
- Division of Biostatistics, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jon A. Caflisch
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Rousson
- Division of Biostatistics, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Flavia M. Wehrle
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neonatology and Intensive Care, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja H. Kakebeeke
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Oskar G. Jenni,
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17
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Wänström L, O’Keefe P, Clouston SAP, Mann FD, Muniz-Terrera G, Voll S, Zhang Y, Hofer SM, Rodgers JL. It Runs in the Family: Testing for Longitudinal Family Flynn Effects. J Intell 2023; 11:50. [PMID: 36976143 PMCID: PMC10057072 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Flynn effect refers to increases over time in measured (particularly fluid) intelligence of approximately 3 IQ points per decade. We define the Flynn effect at the family level, using longitudinal data and two new family-level cohort definitions. Multilevel growth curve analyses of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data showed that children in families with later-born mothers had higher average PIAT math scores, and lower average reading comprehension scores and growth, in young and middle childhood. Children in families where the first child was born later had higher average PIAT math, reading recognition, and reading comprehension scores, as well as larger developmental growth. The latter family-level Flynn effects were of higher magnitudes than the usual individual-level Flynn effect found in previous studies. Our results, showing family level-intercept and slope Flynn effects for both maternal birthyear and first child birthyear, have implications for research aiming to explain the Flynn effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wänström
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Patrick O’Keefe
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sean A. P. Clouston
- Program in Public Health and Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Frank D. Mann
- Program in Public Health and Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine (OUHCOM), Dublin, OH 43016, USA
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Stacey Voll
- Institute of Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8N 1V8, Canada
| | - Yun Zhang
- Program in Public Health and Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Scott M. Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Institute of Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8N 1V8, Canada
| | - Joseph L. Rodgers
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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18
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Badache AC, Mäki-Torkko E, Widen S, Fors S. Why Are Old-Age Disabilities Decreasing in Sweden and Denmark? Evidence on the Contribution of Cognition, Education, and Sensory Functions. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:483-495. [PMID: 36112366 PMCID: PMC9985323 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Improvements in educational attainment, cognitive and sensory functions, and a decline in the prevalence of disabilities have been observed in older adults in Sweden and Denmark. In the present study, it was investigated whether better cognition, higher educational attainment, and improved sensory function among older adults aged 60 and older in these countries have contributed to decreasing rates of old-age disabilities. METHODS The analyses were based on repeated cross-sectional data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe for the 2004-2017 period. Descriptive data were used to benchmark the declining prevalence of disabilities, improving cognitive and sensory functions, and increased educational level. The association between time and disabilities was analyzed with logistic regression models, and the contribution of the improved cognitive function, education, and sensory function to the declining prevalence of old-age disabilities was estimated using the Karlson-Holm-Breen method for mediation analysis. RESULTS The analysis suggests that the declining prevalence of old-age disabilities in Sweden and Denmark between 2004 and 2017 can largely be attributed to improved cognitive function and vision and to a lesser extent by education and hearing ability. DISCUSSION These findings raise important questions about the causal mechanisms producing the associations between cognition, education, and sensory functions and disability in older age. Future studies should explore the causal nature of the associations between these mediators and old-age disabilities. In addition, they should explore whether these findings differ across regional and cultural contexts and over different time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea C Badache
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Elina Mäki-Torkko
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden.,Audiological Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Stephen Widen
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Stefan Fors
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Reframing the clouded scientific spectacles of the Flynn effect: A view through two lenses. INTELLIGENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2023.101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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20
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Ashtari F, Manouchehri N, Shaygannejad V, Barekatain M, Adibi I, Afshari-Safavi A, Ramezani N, Ghalamkari A, Barzegar M. Assessment of intelligence quotient in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease and multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 70:104492. [PMID: 36587484 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is common in people living with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). However, there is little published data on intelligence quotient (IQ) in NMOSD patients. Therefore, we performed the present study to compare IQ scores across NMOSD, MS, and control groups. METHOD In this cross-sectional study, 49 NMOSD (30 with positive aquaporin4 antibody), 41 MS, and 20 control individuals were recruited. The IQ score for each person was measured using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). Participants were reported on eleven scores of subsets, verbal IQ (VIQ), performance IQ (PIQ), and full score IQ (FSIQ). RESULT The scores of FSIQ, VIQ, PIQ, vocabulary, similarities, and digit-symbol in NMOSD and MS individuals were lower than the control group. Relative to control, NMOSD patients reported a lower score of information. We found no difference between NMOSD and MS groups, except in vocabulary and similarities. No significant difference between seropositive and seronegative NMOSD groups was observed except for the information and block design. In NMOSD group, a greater EDSS score was associated with decreased scores of FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ. Being employed and being married were associated with greater scores of VIQ and PIQ, respectively. In both NMOSD and MS groups, advanced education was associated with increased scores of FSIQ and VIQ. CONCLUSION Our study showed decreased IQ scores in NMOSD and MS. Further studies are required to examine intellectual quotient in people with NMOSD and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ashtari
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Navid Manouchehri
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Barekatain
- Psychosomatic Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Iman Adibi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Afshari-Safavi
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Neda Ramezani
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arshia Ghalamkari
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Barzegar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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21
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DeCarli C, Pase M, Beiser A, Kojis D, Satizabal C, Himali J, Aparicio H, Flether E, Maillard P, Seshadri S. Secular Trends in Head Size and Cerebral Volumes In the Framingham Heart Study for Birth Years 1902-1985. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2524684. [PMID: 36778357 PMCID: PMC9915799 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2524684/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent data suggest that dementia incidence is declining. We investigated whether similar secular trends consisting of increasing size of brain structures and improving memory performance could be simultaneously occurring as a possible explanation. Method The Framingham Heart Study is a 3 generation, longitudinal study that includes cognitive assessment and medical surveillance. This study cohort consisted of 4,506 unique, non-demented, stroke free, individuals with brain MRI, cognitive assessment, and demographic information spanning dates of birth from 1902 to 1985. Outcomes consisted of height, MRI, and memory measures. Covariates included age at MRI, sex, decade of birth, and all interactions. Models with neuropsychological outcomes also included educational achievement as a covariate. Results Height and intracranial (TCV), hippocampus and cortical gray matter volumes were significantly larger, and memory performance significantly better, with advancing decades of birth after adjusting for age, sex, and interactions. Sensitivity analysis using progressively restricted age-ranges to reduce the association between age and decade of birth, confirmed the findings. Mediation analysis showed that hippocampal volume mediated approximately 5-7% of the effect of decade of birth on logical memory performance. Discussion These findings indicate improvement in brain health and memory performance with advancing decades of birth. Although brain structures are under substantial genetic influence, we conclude that improved early life environmental influences over ensuing decades likely explain these results. We hypothesize that these secular improvements are consistent with declining dementia incidence in this cohort potentially through a mechanism of increased brain reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexa Beiser
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health
| | | | - Claudia Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jayandra Himali
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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22
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Meisenberg G, Lynn R. Ongoing trends of human intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Breit M, Scherrer V, Blickle J, Preckel F. Students' intelligence test results after six and sixteen months of irregular schooling due to the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281779. [PMID: 36888586 PMCID: PMC9994686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected schooling worldwide. In many places, schools closed for weeks or months, only part of the student body could be educated at any one time, or students were taught online. Previous research discloses the relevance of schooling for the development of cognitive abilities. We therefore compared the intelligence test performance of 424 German secondary school students in Grades 7 to 9 (42% female) tested after the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., 2020 sample) to the results of two highly comparable student samples tested in 2002 (n = 1506) and 2012 (n = 197). The results revealed substantially and significantly lower intelligence test scores in the 2020 sample than in both the 2002 and 2012 samples. We retested the 2020 sample after another full school year of COVID-19-affected schooling in 2021. We found mean-level changes of typical magnitude, with no signs of catching up to previous cohorts or further declines in cognitive performance. Perceived stress during the pandemic did not affect changes in intelligence test results between the two measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Breit
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Joshua Blickle
- Department of Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Franzis Preckel
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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24
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Gerstorf D, Ram N, Drewelies J, Duezel S, Eibich P, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Liebig S, Goebel J, Demuth I, Villringer A, Wagner GG, Lindenberger U, Ghisletta P. Today's Older Adults Are Cognitively Fitter Than Older Adults Were 20 Years Ago, but When and How They Decline Is No Different Than in the Past. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:22-34. [PMID: 36282991 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221118541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
History-graded increases in older adults' levels of cognitive performance are well documented, but little is known about historical shifts in within-person change: cognitive decline and onset of decline. We combined harmonized perceptual-motor speed data from independent samples recruited in 1990 and 2010 to obtain 2,008 age-matched longitudinal observations (M = 78 years, 50% women) from 228 participants in the Berlin Aging Study (BASE) and 583 participants in the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II). We used nonlinear growth models that orthogonalized within- and between-person age effects and controlled for retest effects. At age 78, the later-born BASE-II cohort substantially outperformed the earlier-born BASE cohort (d = 1.20; 25 years of age difference). Age trajectories, however, were parallel, and there was no evidence of cohort differences in the amount or rate of decline and the onset of decline. Cognitive functioning has shifted to higher levels, but cognitive decline in old age appears to proceed similarly as it did two decades ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin.,German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nilam Ram
- Departments of Psychology and Communication, Stanford University
| | - Johanna Drewelies
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin.,Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Duezel
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Eibich
- Labor Demography Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Liebig
- German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Goebel
- German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilja Demuth
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine at the Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT-Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gert G Wagner
- German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin, Germany.,Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paolo Ghisletta
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva.,UniDistance Suisse.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES, University of Geneva
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25
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Çelik S, Yıldırım V, Güler ZD, Kadam HT. Predicting normative data in healthy individuals on the computerized wisconsin card sorting test using regression models. NeuroRehabilitation 2023; 53:505-515. [PMID: 38143392 DOI: 10.3233/nre-230164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computerized neuropsychological tests provide advantages to clinicians with cost, administration, and time. However, studies have pointed out performance differences between manual and computerized versions of some neuropsychological tests. One of these is the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Due to the performance difference, the normative data of manual tests cannot be used for their computerized versions. Therefore, normative data searches are needed for computerized versions. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the norm values of WCST-CV in a healthy sample. METHODS 422 healthy adults aged 18-78 participated in this study. WCST-CVsub-scores are modeled by Regression Analysis based on Age and Education level to generate normative data. Among the 13 WCST scores, the regression models for WCST 2, WCST 3, WCST 4, WCST 10, and WCST 11 are significant. WCST 2, WCST 4, and WCST 11 scores are estimated with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). However, WCST 3 and WCST 10 scores are estimated with Weighted Least Squares (WLS) due to the violation of the homoscedasticity assumption. RESULTS The regression results show that p-values calculated from error increase as age and education level increase. CONCLUSION As a result of our research, norm values between 18-78 years of age were produced using RA. It was determined that gender was not significant for any sub-score. Therefore, only age and education level from socio-demographic variables were included in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samet Çelik
- Department of Psychology, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
| | - Vural Yıldırım
- Institute of Earth and Space Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Robertsson Grossmann K, Eriksson Westblad M, Blennow M, Lindström K. Outcome at early school age and adolescence after hypothermia-treated hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: an observational, population-based study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2022; 108:295-301. [PMID: 36600485 PMCID: PMC10176399 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe long-term outcomes following hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH). DESIGN Prospective, population-based observational study. SETTING Tertiary level neonatal intensive care units and neonatal outpatient clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. PATIENTS Sixty-six infants treated with TH due to HIE between 2007 and 2009. INTERVENTIONS At 6-8 years and 10-12 years of age, children were assessed using a standardised neurological examination, the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (MABC-2) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children IV/V. Parents completed the Five-to-Fifteen (FTF) questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adverse outcome among survivors was defined as cerebral palsy (CP), epilepsy, hearing or visual impairment, full-scale IQ (FSIQ) below 85, attention deficit disorder with/without hyperactivity, autism spectrum disorder or developmental coordination disorder. RESULTS Mortality was 12%. Seventeen per cent of survivors developed CP. Mean FSIQ was normal in children without major neuromotor impairment. Assessment in early adolescence revealed emerging deficits in 26% of children with a previously favourable outcome. The proportion of children exhibiting executive difficulties increased from 7% to 19%. This was reflected also by a significantly increased proportion of children with an FTF score >90th percentile compared with norms in early adolescence. The proportion of children with an MABC-2 score ≤5th percentile was also significantly increased compared with norms. CONCLUSIONS Survivors without major neuromotor impairment have normal intelligence. The incidence of executive difficulties appears to be increased in this patient population. More subtle difficulties may go undetected at early school-age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Robertsson Grossmann
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden .,Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mimmi Eriksson Westblad
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Medical Unit of Women's Health and Allied Health Professionals Theme, Medical Unit Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Blennow
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Lindström
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Child Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sadaka Y, Sudry T, Zimmerman DR, Avgil Tsadok M, Baruch R, Yardeni H, Ben Moshe D, Akiva P, Amit G. Assessing the Attainment Rates of Updated CDC Milestones Using a New Israeli Developmental Scale. Pediatrics 2022; 150:190079. [PMID: 36398448 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-057499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Developmental milestones norms are widely used worldwide and are fundamental for early childhood developmental surveillance. We compared a new Israeli evidence-based national developmental scale with the recently updated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) checklists. METHODS We used a cohort of nearly 4.5 million developmental assessments of 758 300 full-term born children aged 0 to 6 years (ALL-FT cohort), who visited maternal child health clinics in Israel for routine developmental surveillance. Among the assessed milestones of 4 developmental domains (gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social) we identified milestones that had equivalents on the CDC checklists and assessed the attainment rates of the Israeli children at the ages recommended by the CDC, at which ≥75% of the children would be expected to achieve the milestone. The analysis was repeated on a subgroup of 658 958 children who were considered healthy, typically developing by their birth and growth characteristics (NORMAL-FT cohort). RESULTS There were 29 milestones, across all developmental domains and assessment ages, whose definitions by both tools were compatible, and could be compared. The attainment rate at the CDC-recommended age was >90% for 22 (76%) and 23 (79%) milestones, and the median attainment rates were 95.2% and 96.3% in the ALL-FT and NORMAL-FT cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS For almost all comparable milestones of all domains and all ages, children of the Israeli cohorts achieved the milestones earlier than expected by the CDC-defined threshold age. Evidence-based analysis of milestone norms among different populations may enable adjustments of developmental scales and facilitate more personalized developmental surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Sadaka
- Neuro-Developmental Research Center, Mental Health Institute, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,KI Research Institute, Kfar Malal, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tamar Sudry
- Neuro-Developmental Research Center, Mental Health Institute, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,KI Research Institute, Kfar Malal, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Hadar Yardeni
- Department of Child Development and Rehabilitation, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Guy Amit
- KI Research Institute, Kfar Malal, Israel
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Domain-specificity of Flynn effects in the CHC-model: Stratum II test score changes in Germanophone samples (1996–2018). INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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Flynn effects are biased by differential item functioning over time: A test using overlapping items in Wechsler scales. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Signs of a Flynn effect in rodents? Secular differentiation of the manifold of general cognitive ability in laboratory mice (Mus musculus) and Norwegian rats (Rattus norvegicus) over a century—Results from two cross-temporal meta-analyses. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Billeiter KB, Froiland JM, Allen JP, Hajovsky DB. Neurodiversity and Intelligence: Evaluating the Flynn Effect in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:919-927. [PMID: 33939111 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Flynn Effect (FE) among child and adolescent populations indicates that intelligence scores improve by about three points per decade. Using nine years of data from the National Database for Autism Research, this study examined whether general intelligence changed significantly for nine cohorts with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; N = 671). Analyses demonstrated a downward trend such that Cohen's d from 1998 to 2006 was - 0.27. The mean IQ is 92.74 for years 1-3, 91.54 for years 4-6, and 87.34 for years 7-9, indicating a reverse FE of 5.4 points per decade. A linear regression revealed a significant negative FE comparable to the positive effect of age on IQ among those with ASD. Implications for research, practice, and law are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Mark Froiland
- Department of Educational Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Justin P Allen
- Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Daniel B Hajovsky
- Division of Counseling and Psychology in Education, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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32
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IQ Assessment in Craniofacial Neurocognitive Studies: Interpreting Results Relative to Evidence-based Systematic Analysis. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2022; 10:e4405. [PMID: 35923996 PMCID: PMC9298474 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000004405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Glück J, Weststrate NM. The Wisdom Researchers and the Elephant: An Integrative Model of Wise Behavior. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022; 26:342-374. [PMID: 35652684 PMCID: PMC9548664 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221094650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article proposes an integrative model of wise behavior in real life. While current research findings depend considerably on how wisdom is conceptualized and measured, there are strong conceptual commonalities across psychological wisdom models. The proposed model integrates the components of several existing models into a dynamic framework explaining wise behavior. The article first specifies which real-life situations require wisdom and discusses characteristics of wise behavior. The core proposition of the model is that in challenging real-life situations, noncognitive wisdom components (an exploratory orientation, concern for others, and emotion regulation) moderate the effect of cognitive components (knowledge, metacognitive capacities, and self-reflection) on wise behavior. The model can explain the situation specificity of wisdom and the commonalities and differences between personal and general wisdom. Empirically, it accounts for the considerable variation in correlations among wisdom measures and between wisdom measures and other variables. The model has implications for the design of wisdom-fostering interventions and new wisdom measures.
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34
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Stephan BCM, Tang EYH, Pakpahan E, Biswas B, Gupta A, McGrattan A, Bosco A, Richardson CD, Robinson L, Siervo M. Secular Trends in Dementia Free Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:417-428. [PMID: 35662123 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous studies have reported a decrease in dementia risk in the last two decades, it is unclear whether dementia-free cognitive function is also changing across generations. OBJECTIVE The objective was to systematically evaluate the published data on generational differences in cognitive function in the older population. METHODS Searches were performed on PubMed, Embase, and PsychInfo for articles published in English before 20 June 2021. Included studies were from population-based samples that reported generational differences in cognition in individuals without dementia, aged ≥60 years. RESULTS 28,101 studies were identified and 15 selected covering the period from 1971 to 2015: including studies from China, Europe, and the USA. The results show generally consistent findings of improvements or stability in dementia free cognitive function in later versus earlier born generations, but not for all cognitive domains. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment no dementia has remained stable in the USA, UK, and China over the last two decades. RESULTS Prevalence of vascular related mild cognitive impairment has increased in China. Improvements in cognition may only partially be explained by increased educational attainment across generations. CONCLUSION This review provides evidence for generational effects in dementia-free cognitive function, predominately stability or improvements in performance, in later compared to earlier born individuals across different world regions. There is an urgent need to determine the factors driving such changes and whether they are being experienced in all world regions, particularly low- and middle-income countries where the burden of cognitive impairment is greatest and rising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blossom C M Stephan
- Institute of Mental Health, Academic Unit 1: Mental Health & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Nottingham, Innovation Park, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, UK
| | - Eugene Y H Tang
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eduwin Pakpahan
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Ellison Building, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bijetri Biswas
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alisha Gupta
- School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrea McGrattan
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Dame Margaret Barbour Building, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alessandro Bosco
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Connor D Richardson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Louise Robinson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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Renaud F, Béliveau MJ, Akzam-Ouellette MA, Jauvin K, Labelle F. Comparison of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Third Edition and the Leiter-R Intellectual Assessments for Clinic-Referred Children. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2022; 40:825-838. [PMID: 36110225 PMCID: PMC9465540 DOI: 10.1177/07342829221105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A review of clinical records was conducted for children with developmental, emotional,
and behavioral difficulties who were assessed with both the Wechsler preschool and primary
scale of intelligence-third edition (WPPSI-IIICDN; Wechsler, 2004) and the
Leiter international performance scale-revised (Leiter-R; Roid & Miller, 1997) within
the same psychological evaluation. Forty children, ages 3–7, were included in this study.
Pearson correlations showed that the IQ scores of the two instruments are strongly related
(r > .70; p < .001). However, paired t-tests
showed that overall Leiter-R scores (M = 99.03) were significantly higher
than WPPSI-IIICDN scores (PIQ; M = 82.28, FSIQ;
M = 75.24) (p < .001). The discrepancies between
the instrument’s scores were clinically important as the use of only one of the two
instruments could result in misclassification of child intellectual ability. These results
should prompt professionals working with this clinical population to be cautious when
using results from a single instrument in a child’s intellectual evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Renaud
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- CIUSSS - Du Nord-de-l’île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Julie Béliveau
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- CIUSSS - Du Nord-de-l’île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Akzam-Ouellette
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- CIUSSS - Du Nord-de-l’île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Karine Jauvin
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- CIUSSS - Du Nord-de-l’île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fannie Labelle
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- CIUSSS - Du Nord-de-l’île-de-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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36
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Egeland J. The ups and downs of intelligence: The co-occurrence model and its associated research program. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Geyer S, Kuhlmann BG, Beller J, Grasshoff J. The role of school education in time-dependent changes of cognitive abilities in cohorts from midlife to old age. Aging Ment Health 2022; 27:729-735. [PMID: 35486386 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2068132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is examined whether older adults' cognitive ability in terms of delayed recall and verbal fluency is improving over time, whether this occurs over all educational levels and both sexes, and whether these changes are due to increasing proportions of individuals with higher education. METHODS Analyses are based on the German samples of the Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (waves 2004 and 2013). RESULTS Achievement levels increased over time and in all age groups. Improvements over educational levels occurred in parallel, differences between educational levels in the earlier survey were later reproduced at higher levels. Increasing proportions of individuals with higher education did not explain improvements of cognitive ability. No sex differences emerged. CONCLUSION Improved cognitive abilities could not be explained by upward shifts of educational levels. Improvements in higher age groups may foster improved health status and prolonged self-determined life in the older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Geyer
- Medical Sociology Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beatrice G Kuhlmann
- Chair of Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Aging, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Beller
- Medical Sociology Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Grasshoff
- Medical Sociology Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
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38
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Kuijpers Y, Domínguez-Andrés J, Bakker OB, Gupta MK, Grasshoff M, Xu CJ, Joosten LAB, Bertranpetit J, Netea MG, Li Y. Evolutionary Trajectories of Complex Traits in European Populations of Modern Humans. Front Genet 2022; 13:833190. [PMID: 35419030 PMCID: PMC8995853 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.833190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have a great diversity in phenotypes, influenced by genetic, environmental, nutritional, cultural, and social factors. Understanding the historical trends of physiological traits can shed light on human physiology, as well as elucidate the factors that influence human diseases. Here we built genome-wide polygenic scores for heritable traits, including height, body mass index, lipoprotein concentrations, cardiovascular disease, and intelligence, using summary statistics of genome-wide association studies in Europeans. Subsequently, we applied these scores to the genomes of ancient European populations. Our results revealed that after the Neolithic, European populations experienced an increase in height and intelligence scores, decreased their skin pigmentation, while the risk for coronary artery disease increased through a genetic trajectory favoring low HDL concentrations. These results are a reflection of the continuous evolutionary processes in humans and highlight the impact that the Neolithic revolution had on our lifestyle and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Kuijpers
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, A Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Olivier B Bakker
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, A Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Grasshoff
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, A Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, A Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jaume Bertranpetit
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department for Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, A Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Shakeel MD, Peterson PE. A Half Century of Progress in US Student Achievement: Agency and Flynn Effects, Ethnic and SES Differences. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-021-09657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPolicymakers, conceptualized here as principals, disagree as to whether US student performance has changed over the past half century. To inform conversations, agents administered seven million psychometrically linked tests in math (m) and reading (rd) in 160 survey waves to national probability samples of cohorts born between 1954 and 2007. Estimated change in standard deviations (sd) per decade varies by agent (m: –0.10sd to 0.27sd, rd: –0.02sd to 0.12sd). Consistent with Flynn effects, median trends show larger gains in m (0.19sd) than in rd (0.04sd), though rates of progress for cohorts born since 1990 have increased in rd but slowed in m. Greater progress is shown by students tested at younger ages (m: 0.31sd, rd: 0.08sd) than when tested in middle years of schooling (m: 0.17sd, rd: 0.03sd) or toward the end of schooling (m: 0.06sd, rd: 0.02sd). Young white students progress more slowly (m: 0.28sd, rd: 0.09sd) than Asian (m: 46sd, rd: 0.28sd), black (m: 0.36sd, rd: 0.19sd), and Hispanic (m: 0.29sd, rd: 0.13sd) students. These ethnic differences generally attenuate as students age. Young students in the bottom quartile of the SES distribution show greater progress than those in the top quartile (difference in m: 0.08sd, in rd: 0.15sd), but the reverse is true for older students. Moderators likely include not only changes in families and schools but also improvements in nutrition, health care, and protection from contagious diseases and environmental risks. International data suggest that subject and age differentials may be due to moderators more general than just the United States.
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40
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McGrath A, Thomas M, Sugden N, Skilbeck C. The Flynn effect in estimates of premorbid intellectual functioning in an Australian sample. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.2001297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McGrath
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
| | - Matt Thomas
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
- Marathon Health, Bathurst, Australia
- Western NSW Local Health District, Orange, Australia
| | - Nicole Sugden
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
| | - Clive Skilbeck
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Australia
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41
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Less-Intelligent and Unaware? Accuracy and Dunning–Kruger Effects for Self-Estimates of Different Aspects of Intelligence. J Intell 2022; 10:jintelligence10010010. [PMID: 35225925 PMCID: PMC8883889 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence10010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
People’s perceptions of their intelligence correlate only moderately with objective intelligence measures. On average, people overestimate themselves. According to the popular Dunning–Kruger effect, this is particularly true for low performers: across many domains, those in the lowest quartile overestimate their abilities the most. However, recent work using improved statistical approaches found little support for a Dunning–Kruger effect in general intelligence. We investigated accuracy and Dunning–Kruger effects for self-estimates of general, verbal, numerical, and spatial intelligence—domains that differed in how well they can be judged in the past. A total of 281 participants completed self-estimates and intelligence measures online. Self-estimates showed mostly moderate correlational accuracy that was slightly higher for numerical intelligence and lower for verbal intelligence. Across domains, participants rated their intelligence as above average. However, as their intelligence was indeed high, this was not an overestimation. While standard analyses indicated Dunning–Kruger effects in general, verbal, and spatial intelligence, improved statistical methods only yielded some support for one in verbal intelligence: people with lower verbal intelligence tended to have less self-knowledge about it. The generalizability of these findings is limited to young, highly educated populations. Nevertheless, our results contribute to a growing literature questioning the generality of the Dunning–Kruger effect.
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42
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Billeiter KB, Froiland JM. Diversity of Intelligence is the Norm Within the Autism Spectrum: Full Scale Intelligence Scores Among Children with ASD. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022:10.1007/s10578-021-01300-9. [PMID: 35083590 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although previous research helped to define differences in intelligence between neurotypicals and those with ASD, results were limited by small sample sizes or restricted subtests. Using data from the NIMH Data Archive, this study examined the intelligence of children with ASD (N = 671). Results demonstrate an average standard deviation of 25.75, which is 1.72 times greater than that of the normative sample for the WISC-III. Moreover, students with ASD are 12 times more likely than the general population of students to score within the intellectual disability range, but are also 1.5 times more likely to score in the superior range, suggesting that more students with ASD should be considered for giftedness. Determining the diversity of intelligence among those with ASD has implications for research, clinical practice, and neurological understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzie B Billeiter
- Department of School Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA.
| | - John Mark Froiland
- Department of Educational Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
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Beller J, Kuhlmann BG, Sperlich S, Geyer S. Secular Improvements in Cognitive Aging: Contribution of Education, Health, and Routine Activities. J Aging Health 2022; 34:807-817. [PMID: 35018846 PMCID: PMC9483682 DOI: 10.1177/08982643211065571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Limited evidence exists regarding the reasons for secular changes in
cognitive functioning over historical time. Thus, we examined potential
explanatory factors for changes in cognitive speed, a central dimension of
cognitive functioning. Methods Population-based data of middle-aged and older adults from Germany
(N = 5443) was used with baseline participants from
2002 to 2014, comparing the time periods 2002–2014. Results Cognitive speed improved in middle-aged adults (40–65) and older adults
(66+). In both age groups, increases were partly explained by education,
employment status, volunteering status, routine activities, and physical
functioning. Changes in education were more important in explaining
increases in older than in middle-aged adults, whereas changes in health
were more important for explaining increases in middle-aged adults. Conclusions Cognitive speed increased in both age groups over historical time. Education,
employment, volunteering, routine activities, and health were all important
in explaining these changes, but their importance differed between age
groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Beller
- Medical Sociology Unit, 9177Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beatrice G Kuhlmann
- Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Aging, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sperlich
- Medical Sociology Unit, 9177Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Siegfried Geyer
- Medical Sociology Unit, 9177Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Leung DH, Sorensen LG, Ye W, Hawthorne K, Ng VL, Loomes KM, Fredericks EM, Alonso EM, Heubi JE, Horslen SP, Karpen SJ, Molleston JP, Rosenthal P, Sokol RJ, Squires RH, Wang KS, Kamath BM, Magee JC. Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children With Inherited Liver Disease and Native Liver. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 74:96-103. [PMID: 34694263 PMCID: PMC8673857 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate neurodevelopmental status among children with inherited cholestatic liver diseases with native liver and variables predictive of impairment. METHODS Participants with Alagille syndrome (ALGS), progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), and alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AT) enrolled in a longitudinal, multicenter study and completed the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III or Intelligence Scale for Children-IV. Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) was analyzed continuously and categorically (>100, 85-99, 70-84, <70). Univariate linear regression was performed to study association between FSIQ and risk factors, stratified by disease. RESULTS Two hundred and fifteen completed testing (ALGS n = 70, PFIC n = 43, A1AT n = 102); median age was 7.6 years (3.0-16.9). Mean FSIQ in ALGS was lower than A1AT (94 vs 101, P = 0.01). Frequency of FSIQ < 85 (>1 standard deviation [SD] below average) was highest in ALGS (29%) versus 18.6% in PFIC and 12.8% in A1AT, and was greater than expected in ALGS based on normal distribution (29% vs 15.9%, P = 0.003). ALGS scored significantly lower than test norms in almost all Wechsler composites; A1AT scored lower on Working Memory and Processing Speed; PFIC was not different from test norms. Total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, hemoglobin, and parental education were significantly associated with FSIQ. CONCLUSIONS Patients with ALGS are at increased risk of lower FSIQ, whereas our data suggest A1AT and PFIC are not. A1AT and ALGS appear vulnerable to working memory and processing speed deficits suggestive of attention/executive function impairment. Malnutrition, liver disease severity, and sociodemographic factors appear related to FSIQ deficits, potentially identifying targets for early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Leung
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Lisa G. Sorensen
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Wen Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan
| | | | - Vicky L. Ng
- Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen M. Loomes
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily M. Fredericks
- CS Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Estella M. Alonso
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital and Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - James E. Heubi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Simon P. Horslen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's, Seattle, WA
| | - Saul J. Karpen
- Pediatrics, Emory University, Children's Healthcare Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jean P. Molleston
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Philip Rosenthal
- Pediatrics and Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | | | | | - Binita M. Kamath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John C. Magee
- Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
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45
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Hahnefeld A, Sukale T, Weigand E, Dudek V, Münch K, Aberl S, Eckler LV, Nehring I, Friedmann A, Plener PL, Fegert JM, Mall V. Non-verbal cognitive development, learning, and symptoms of PTSD in 3- to 6-year-old refugee children. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:1205-1212. [PMID: 34817673 PMCID: PMC8897318 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As IQ tests are commonly used as key assessment method, we address the question whether our commonly used standardized IQ tests are appropriate for children from families of diverse cultures and different educational levels in a refugee population. We examined 109 refugee children aged 3-7 years (M = 5.10 years, SD = 1.25) with the "Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children " (KABC-II; Kaufmann & Kaufmann, 2015) on a language-free scale (Scale of Intellectual Functioning, SIF) and learning performance (subtest Atlantis). With a non-verbal IQ of 81.5 (SD = 18.01), the population mean of the refugee children is more than one standard deviation lower than the mean of the German norm population. Standardized scores follow the normal distribution and are not correlated to any of the assessed markers of adversity (flight duration, time spent in Germany, child PTSD in parent rating, parental symptom load, and parental education level).Conclusion: The interpretation of IQ test results for refugee children should be done cautiously as results may underestimate their cognitive capacity. Environmental factors, such as high illiteracy among parents in this study, the lack of institutional education of children and high lifetime stress, may explain our findings.Trial registration: DRKS00021150. What is Known: • There is a high pervasiveness for the use of standardized IQ tests in the German health and education system to determine eligibility for special education and social services. What is New: • Refugee children score significantly lower than German children in a language-free IQ test. As results are normally distributed and not correlated to any of the assessed markers of adversity, the low scores in the refugee group might be due to missing formal education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hahnefeld
- Chair of Social Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- kbo Kinderzentrum, Heiglhofstrasse 65, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Sukale
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elena Weigand
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Dudek
- Chair of Social Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Münch
- Chair of Social Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- kbo Kinderzentrum, Heiglhofstrasse 65, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sigrid Aberl
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychosomatic Medicine, Munich Municipal Hospital Group, Munich, Germany
| | - Lea V Eckler
- Chair of Social Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ina Nehring
- Chair of Social Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Friedmann
- Chair of Social Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul L Plener
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Volker Mall
- Chair of Social Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- kbo Kinderzentrum, Heiglhofstrasse 65, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Overton M, Pihlsgård M, Elmståhl S. Secular trends in prevalent mild cognitive impairment: Data from the Swedish population‐based study Good Aging in Skåne. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2022; 8:e12260. [PMID: 35310525 PMCID: PMC8919245 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Research suggests that incident dementia is decreasing, yet research on secular trends of prodromal dementia such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is lacking. Methods To determine change of MCI prevalence over time and potential explanatory factors, four baseline samples (years 2001–2020) of Swedish participants (n = 3910) aged 60 and 81 at examination were compared. Results An overall drop of 9 to 10 percentage points in MCI prevalence between 2001 and 2020 was observed, with lower odds ratios (OR) for MCI in the latest birth cohorts compared to earliest (e.g., ORs for 60‐year‐olds in latest born = 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37–0.76). Adjustments for sociodemographic (e.g., education), lifestyle, vascular and metabolic health and depression could not fully explain the observed MCI decline (e.g., 60‐year‐olds, OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.40–0.88). Discussion Studies like this are imperative as even a slight postponement in the onset of dementia could have a substantial impact on future public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieclaire Overton
- Division of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Clinical Sciences in MalmöLund UniversitySkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Mats Pihlsgård
- Perinatal and Cardiovascular EpidemiologyLund UniversitySkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Sölve Elmståhl
- Division of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Clinical Sciences in MalmöLund UniversitySkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
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47
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Giangrande EJ, Beam CR, Finkel D, Davis DW, Turkheimer E. Genetically informed, multilevel analysis of the Flynn Effect across four decades and three WISC versions. Child Dev 2022; 93:e47-e58. [PMID: 34762291 PMCID: PMC9812031 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the systematic rise in cognitive ability scores over generations, known as the Flynn Effect, across middle childhood and early adolescence (7-15 years; 291 monozygotic pairs, 298 dizygotic pairs; 89% White). Leveraging the unique structure of the Louisville Twin Study (longitudinal data collected continuously from 1957 to 1999 using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC], WISC-R, and WISC-III ed.), multilevel analyses revealed between-subjects Flynn Effects-as both decrease in mean scores upon test re-standardization and increase in mean scores across cohorts-as well as within-child Flynn Effects on cognitive growth across age. Overall gains equaled approximately three IQ points per decade. Novel genetically informed analyses suggested that individual sensitivity to the Flynn Effect was moderated by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J. Giangrande
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher R. Beam
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deborah Finkel
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany, Indiana, USA,Institute for Gerontology, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Deborah W. Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eric Turkheimer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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48
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Nyberg J, Henriksson M, Wall A, Vestberg T, Westerlund M, Walser M, Eggertsen R, Danielsson L, Kuhn HG, Åberg ND, Waern M, Åberg M. Anxiety severity and cognitive function in primary care patients with anxiety disorder: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:617. [PMID: 34886841 PMCID: PMC8662874 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in cognitive performance are reported in patients with anxiety disorders, but research is limited and inconsistent. We aimed to investigate cross-sectional associations between cognitive function, with focus on executive function, and anxiety severity in primary care patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders. METHODS 189 Swedish patients aged 18-65 years (31% men) with anxiety disorders diagnosed according to Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview were included. Severity of anxiety was assessed using Beck Anxiety Inventory self-assessment scale. Digit span, block design and matrix reasoning tests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV, and the design fluency test from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System were used. Multivariable linear regression models were applied to investigate the relationship of anxiety severity and cognitive functioning. Comparisons were also performed to a normed non-clinical population, using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS More severe anxiety was associated with lower digit span test scores (R2 = 0.109, B = -0.040, p = 0.018), but not with block design, matrix reasoning or design fluency tests scores, after adjustment for comorbid major depression in a multivariable model. When compared to a normed population, patients with anxiety performed significantly lower on the block design, digit span forward, digit span sequencing and matrix reasoning tests. CONCLUSIONS Severity of anxiety among patients with anxiety disorder was associated with executive functions related to working memory, independently of comorbid major depression, but not with lower fluid intelligence. A further understanding of the executive behavioral control in patients with anxiety could allow for more tailored treatment strategies including medication, therapy and interventions targeted to improve specific cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Nyberg
- Section for Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Region Västra Götaland, Neurology Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Malin Henriksson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582School of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Wall
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 428, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XRegion Västra Götaland, Department of Acute Medicine and Geriatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Vestberg
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, K8 Clinical Neuroscience, K8 Neuro Ingvar, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marion Walser
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 428, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XRegion Västra Götaland, Department of Acute Medicine and Geriatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Eggertsen
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582School of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,R&D Centre Gothenburg and Södra Bohuslän, Kungsgatan 12, SE-411 19 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Danielsson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 455, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.502499.3Region Västra Götaland, Angered Hospital, Box 63, SE-424 22 Gothenburg, Angered Sweden
| | - H. Georg Kuhn
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Section for Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - N. David Åberg
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 428, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XRegion Västra Götaland, Department of Acute Medicine and Geriatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margda Waern
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XRegion Västra Götaland, Psychosis Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndalsvägen 31 hus V, SE-431 80 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Åberg
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582School of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,Region Västra Götaland, Regionhälsan, Gothenburg, Sweden
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49
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Hegelund ER, Teasdale TW, Okholm GT, Osler M, Sørensen TIA, Christensen K, Mortensen EL. The secular trend of intelligence test scores: The Danish experience for young men born between 1940 and 2000. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261117. [PMID: 34882746 PMCID: PMC8659667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the Danish secular trend of intelligence test scores among young men born between 1940 and 2000, as well as the possible associations of birth cohort changes in family size, nutrition, education, and intelligence test score variability with the increasing secular trend. The study population included all men born from 1940 to 2000 who appeared before a draft board before 2020 (N = 1,556,770). At the mandatory draft board examination, the approximately 19-year-old men underwent a medical examination and an intelligence test. In the statistical analyses, the IQ mean and standard deviation (SD) were estimated separately for each of the included annual birth cohorts based on information from birth cohorts with available total intelligence test scores for all tested individuals (i.e. 1940-1958 and 1987-2000; the mean and SD were interpolated for the intermediate birth cohorts). Moreover, the possible associations with birth cohort changes in family size, height as a proxy for nutritional status, education, and IQ variability were investigated among those birth cohorts for whom a secular increase in intelligence test scores was found. The results showed that the estimated mean IQ score increased from a baseline set to 100 (SD: 15) among individuals born in 1940 to 108.9 (SD: 12.2) among individuals born in 1980, since when it has decreased. Focusing on the birth cohorts of 1940-1980, for whom a secular increase in intelligence test scores was found, birth cohort changes in family size, height, and education explained large proportions of the birth cohort variance in mean intelligence test scores, suggesting that these factors may be important contributors to the observed Flynn effect in Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie R. Hegelund
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gunhild T. Okholm
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Merete Osler
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Kaare Christensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Erik L. Mortensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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50
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Abstract
In this article, I critically examine a number of widely held beliefs about the nature of replication and its place in science, with particular reference to psychology. In doing so, I present a number of underappreciated understandings of the nature of science more generally. I contend that some contributors to the replication debates overstate the importance of replication in science and mischaracterize the relationship between direct and conceptual replication. I also claim that there has been a failure to appreciate sufficiently the variety of legitimate replication practices that scientists engage in. In this regard, I highlight the tendency to pay insufficient attention to methodological triangulation as an important strategy for justifying empirical claims. I argue, further, that the replication debates tend to overstate the closeness of the relationship between replication and theory construction. Some features of this relationship are spelt out with reference to the hypothetico-deductive and the abductive accounts of scientific method. Additionally, an evaluation of the status of replication in different characterizations of scientific progress is undertaken. I maintain that viewing replication as just one element of the wide array of scientific endeavors leads to the conclusion that it is not as prominent in science as is often claimed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Haig
- School of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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