1
|
Vu LY, Luo D, Johnson K, Denehy ED, Songrady JC, Martin J, Trivedi R, Alsum AR, Shaykin JD, Chaudhary CL, Woloshin EJ, Kornberger L, Bhuiyan N, Parkin S, Jiang Q, Che T, Alilain W, Turner JR, Bardo MT, Prisinzano TE. Searching for Synthetic Opioid Rescue Agents: Identification of a Potent Opioid Agonist with Reduced Respiratory Depression. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38810170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
While in the process of designing more effective synthetic opioid rescue agents, we serendipitously identified a new chemotype of potent synthetic opioid. Here, we report that conformational constraint of a piperazine ring converts a mu opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist into a potent MOR agonist. The prototype of the series, which we have termed atoxifent (2), possesses potent in vitro agonist activity. In mice, atoxifent displayed long-lasting antinociception that was reversible with naltrexone. Repeated dosing of atoxifent produced antinociceptive tolerance and a level of withdrawal like that of fentanyl. In rats, while atoxifent produced complete loss of locomotor activity like fentanyl, it failed to produce deep respiratory depression associated with fentanyl-induced lethality. Assessment of brain biodistribution demonstrated ample distribution of atoxifent into the brain with a Tmax of approximately 0.25 h. These results indicate enhanced safety for atoxifent-like molecules compared to fentanyl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loan Y Vu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Kai Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Emily D Denehy
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Judy C Songrady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Jocelyn Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Riya Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Alexia R Alsum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Jakob D Shaykin
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Chhabi L Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Eric J Woloshin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Lindsay Kornberger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Nazmul Bhuiyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Qianru Jiang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Tao Che
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Warren Alilain
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Jill R Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tocco G, Laus A, Vanejevs M, Ture A, Mostallino R, Pintori N, De Luca MA, Castelli MP, Di Chiara G. 3-[3-(Phenalkylamino)cyclohexyl]phenols: Synthesis, biological activity, and in silico investigation of a naltrexone-derived novel class of MOR-antagonists. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200432. [PMID: 36328777 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel μ-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonists is one of the main objectives of drug discovery and development. Based on a simplified version of the morphinan scaffold, 3-[3-(phenalkylamino)cyclohexyl]phenol analogs were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their MOR antagonist activity in vitro and in silico. At the highest concentrations, the compounds decreased by 52% to 75% DAMGO-induced GTPγS stimulation, suggesting that they acted as antagonists. Moreover, Extra-Precision Glide and Generalized-Born Surface Area experiments provided useful information on the nature of the ligand-receptor interactions, indicating a peculiar combination of C-1 stereochemistry and N-substitutions as feasibly essential for MOR-ligand complex stability. Interestingly, compound 9 showed the best experimental binding affinity, the highest antagonist activity, and the finest MOR-ligand complex stability. In silico experiments also revealed that the most promising stereoisomer (1R, 3R, 5S) 9 retained 1,3-cis configuration with phenol ring equatorial oriented. Further studies are needed to better characterize the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Tocco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Laus
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maksims Vanejevs
- Laboratory of CNS Active Compounds, Latvian Institute of Organic Chemistry, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anastasija Ture
- Laboratory of CNS Active Compounds, Latvian Institute of Organic Chemistry, Riga, Latvia
| | - Rafaela Mostallino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicholas Pintori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Paola Castelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Di Chiara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baek D, Ryu H, Hahm H, Lee J, Hong S. Palladium Catalysis Featuring Attractive Noncovalent Interactions Enabled Highly Enantioselective Access to β-Quaternary δ-Lactams. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doohyun Baek
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Huijeong Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungwoo Hahm
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro,
Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukwon Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saleh AH, Abdelwaly A, Darwish KM, Eissa AAHM, Chittiboyina A, Helal MA. Deciphering the molecular basis of the kappa opioid receptor selectivity: A Molecular Dynamics study. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 106:107940. [PMID: 34015577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective antagonists for the kappa opioid receptor (KOP) have the potential to treat opiate and alcohol addiction, as well as depression and other CNS disorders. Over the years, the development of KOP-selective antagonists yielded very few successful compounds. Recently, N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines have emerged as a novel class of pure opioid receptor antagonists, including the marketed Mu opioid receptor (MOP) peripheral antagonist Alvimopan and the potent KOP antagonist JDTic. However, the selectivity determinants of this class of compounds towards the opioid receptor subtypes are still vague and understudied. In this work, we have performed Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation to gain insights into the differential binding of this class of compounds into KOP, as exemplified by Alvimopan and JDTic. Our study indicated that the selectivity largely depends on ligands interaction with the selectivity pocket formed by Val108, Thr111, and Val118, supported by two additional polar and hydrophobic contacts with Asp138 and Trp287, respectively. Our results also demonstrate, for the first time, that non-morphinan ligands can still adopt the "message-address model" for KOP efficacy and selectivity by binding to Glu297.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr H Saleh
- University of Science and Technology, Biomedical Sciences Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Abdelwaly
- University of Science and Technology, Biomedical Sciences Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Darwish
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Amal A H M Eissa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amar Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, United States
| | - Mohamed A Helal
- University of Science and Technology, Biomedical Sciences Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza, 12578, Egypt; Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun S, Fu J. Methyl-containing pharmaceuticals: Methylation in drug design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3283-3289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
6
|
Howell JM, Feng K, Clark JR, Trzepkowski LJ, White MC. Remote Oxidation of Aliphatic C-H Bonds in Nitrogen-Containing Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14590-14593. [PMID: 26536374 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles are ubiquitous in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Herein, we disclose a nitrogen complexation strategy that employs a strong Brønsted acid (HBF4) or an azaphilic Lewis acid (BF3) to enable remote, non-directed C(sp(3))-H oxidations of tertiary, secondary, and primary amine- and pyridine-containing molecules with tunable iron catalysts. Imides resist oxidation and promote remote functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Howell
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Kaibo Feng
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Joseph R Clark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Louis J Trzepkowski
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - M Christina White
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zaveri NT, Journigan VB, Polgar WE. Discovery of the first small-molecule opioid pan antagonist with nanomolar affinity at mu, delta, kappa, and nociceptin opioid receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:646-57. [PMID: 25635572 PMCID: PMC4401318 DOI: 10.1021/cn500367b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The trans-(3R,4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine scaffold is a known pharmacophore for mu opioid (MOP), kappa opioid (KOP), and delta opioid (DOP) receptor antagonists; however, it has not been explored in nociceptin opioid (NOP/ORL-1) receptor ligands. We recently found that the selective KOP antagonist JDTic, (3R)-7-hydroxy-N-((1S)-1-{[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl]methyl}-2-methylpropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide, containing this opioid antagonist pharmacophore, has significant binding affinity at the NOP receptor (Ki 16.67 ± 0.76 nM), with no intrinsic activity in the [(35)S]GTPγS functional assay. Since this is the first ligand containing the trans-(3R,4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine opioid antagonist pharmacophore to have affinity for the NOP receptor, we explored the structural determinants of its NOP binding affinity. When rational chemical modifications of JDTic were carried out, based on our previously established NOP pharmacophoric structure-activity relationship (SAR) model, most modifications led to a significant decrease in NOP and opioid binding affinity compared to JDTic. Interestingly, however, removal of the 3,4-dimethyl groups of the trans-(3R,4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine antagonist scaffold of JDTic increased the binding affinity at NOP by 10-fold (Ki 1.75 ± 0.74 nM) while maintaining comparable affinity for KOP, MOP, and DOP receptors (Ki 1.14 ± 0.63, 1.67 ± 0.6, and 19.6 ± 1.3 nM, respectively). In vitro functional efficacy studies using the [(35)S]GTPγS assay showed that this compound AT-076 functions as an antagonist at all four opioid receptors. Detailed characterization of the antagonist activity of AT-076 shows that it has a noncompetitive antagonist profile at the NOP and KOP receptors (insurmountable antagonism), but is a potent competitive antagonist at the MOP and DOP receptors, with Ke values 3-6-fold more potent than those of JDTic. AT-076 is the first opioid pan antagonist with high affinity at all four opioid receptor subtypes. Our SAR studies show that the 3,4-dimethyl groups of the well-known trans-(3R,4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine opioid antagonist scaffold may be removed without significant loss in binding affinity or antagonist potency to obtain an opioid pan antagonist such as AT-076.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurulain T. Zaveri
- Astraea
Therapeutics, 320 Logue Avenue, Suite
142, Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | - V. Blair Journigan
- Astraea
Therapeutics, 320 Logue Avenue, Suite
142, Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | - Willma E. Polgar
- SRI International,
Biosciences, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schmitt S, Colloc'h N, Perrio C. Novel fluoroalkyl derivatives of selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist JDTic: Design, synthesis, pharmacology and molecular modeling studies. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:742-50. [PMID: 25513968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel N- and O-fluoroalkyl derivatives of the highly potent KOR antagonist JDTic were designed and synthesized. Their opioid receptor properties were compared in both in vitro binding assays and modeling approach. All compounds displayed nanomolar affinities for KOR. The fluoropropyl derivatives were more active than their fluoroethyl analogues. N-Fluoroalkylation was preferable to O-alkylation to keep a selective KOR binding. Compared to JDTic, the N-fluoropropyl derivative 2 bound to KOR with an only 4-fold lower affinity and a higher selectivity relative to MOR and DOR [Ki(κ) = 1.6 nM; Ki(μ)/Ki(κ) = 12; Ki(δ)/Ki(κ) = 159 for 2versus Ki(κ) = 0.42 nM; Ki(μ)/Ki(κ) = 9; Ki(δ)/Ki(κ) = 85 for JDTic]. Modeling studies based on the crystal structure of the JDTic/KOR complex revealed that fluorine atom in ligand 2 was involved in specific KOR binding. Ligand 2 was concluded to merit further development for KOR exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Schmitt
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, LDM-TEP, GIP CYCERON, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14074 Caen, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Normandie Univ., France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, France
| | - Nathalie Colloc'h
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Normandie Univ., France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, France; CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Cécile Perrio
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, LDM-TEP, GIP CYCERON, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14074 Caen, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Normandie Univ., France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kormos CM, Gichinga MG, Maitra R, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Brieaddy LE, Mascarella SW, Navarro HA, Carroll FI. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of (3R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-N-[(1S)-1-[[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl]methyl]-2-methylpropyl]-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (JDTic) analogues: in vitro pharmacology and ADME profile. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7367-81. [PMID: 25133923 PMCID: PMC4161151 DOI: 10.1021/jm5008177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
JDTic analogues 4–15 which have
the hydroxyl groups replaced with other groups were synthesized and
their in vitro efficacy at the μ, δ, and κ opioid
receptors determined and compared to JDTic using [35S]GTPγS
assays. Compounds 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, and 15 had Ke = 0.024, 0.01, 0.039, 0.02, 0.11, and 0.041 nM compared
to the Ke = 0.02 nM for JDTic at the κ
receptor and were highly selective for the κ receptor relative
to the μ and δ opioid receptors. Unexpectedly, replacement
of the 3-hydroxyl substituent of the 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) group of
JDTic with a H, F, or Cl substituent leads to potent and selective
KOR antagonists. In vitro studies to determine various ADME properties
combined with calculated TPSA, clogP, and logBB values suggests that
the potent and selective κ opioid receptors 4, 5, 13, and 14 deserve consideration
for further development toward potential drugs for CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kormos
- Research Triangle Institute , 3040 Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-6679, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carroll FI, Dolle RE. The discovery and development of the N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine class of pure opioid receptor antagonists. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1638-54. [PMID: 24981721 PMCID: PMC5588862 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
N-Substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines are a class of pure opioid receptor antagonists with a novel pharmacophore. This opioid receptor antagonist pharmacophore was used as a lead structure to design and develop several interesting and useful opioid receptor antagonists. In this review we describe: 1) early SAR studies that led to the discovery of LY255582 and analogues that are nonselective opioid receptor antagonists developed for the treatment of obesity; 2) the discovery and commercialization of LY246736 (alvimopan; ENTEREG®), a peripherally selective opioid receptor antagonist that accelerates the time to upper and lower GI recovery following surgeries that include partial bowel resection with primary anastomosis; and 3) the discovery and development of the potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonist JDTic and analogues as potential pharmacotherapies for treating depression, anxiety, and substance abuse (nicotine, alcohol, and cocaine). In addition, the use of JDTic for obtaining the X-ray structure of the human κ opioid receptor is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (USA).
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kormos CM, Cueva JP, Gichinga MG, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Brieaddy LE, Mascarella SW, Gilmour BP, Navarro HA, Carroll FI. Effect of the 3- and 4-methyl groups on the opioid receptor properties of N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3140-7. [PMID: 24635568 PMCID: PMC4070716 DOI: 10.1021/jm500184j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines
(2a,b) are opioid receptor antagonists where
the antagonist properties are not due to the type of N-substituent.
In order to gain a better understanding of the contribution that the
3- and 4-methyl groups make to the pure antagonist properties of 2a,b, we synthesized analogues of 2a,b that lacked the 4-methyl (5a,b), 3-methyl (6a,b), and both the 3- and
4-methyl group (7a,b) and compared their
opioid receptor properties. We found that (1) all N-methyl and N-phenylpropyl substituted compounds
were nonselective opioid antagonists (2) all N-phenylpropyl
analogues were more potent than their N-methyl counterparts,
and (3) compounds 2a,b which have both a
3- and 4-methyl substituent, were more potent antagonists than analogues 5a,b, 6a,b, and 7a,b. We also found that the removal of 3-methyl
substituent of N-methyl and N-phenylpropyl
3-methyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperazines (8a,b) gives (4a,b), which are opioid
antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kormos
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bender AM, Clark MJ, Agius MP, Traynor JR, Mosberg HI. Synthesis and evaluation of 4-substituted piperidines and piperazines as balanced affinity μ opioid receptor (MOR) agonist/δ opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:548-51. [PMID: 24365161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this letter, we describe a series of 4-substituted piperidine and piperazine compounds based on tetrahydroquinoline 1, a compound that shows balanced, low nanomolar binding affinity for the mu opioid receptor (MOR) and the delta opioid receptor (DOR). We have shown that by changing the length and flexibility profile of the side chain in this position, binding affinity is improved at both receptors by a significant degree. Furthermore, several of the compounds described herein display good efficacy at MOR, while simultaneously displaying DOR antagonism. The MOR agonist/DOR antagonist has shown promise in the reduction of negative side effects displayed by selective MOR agonists, namely the development of dependence and tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Bender
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Mary J Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Michael P Agius
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - John R Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Henry I Mosberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carroll FI, Gichinga MG, Williams JD, Vardy E, Roth BL, Mascarella SW, Thomas JB, Navarro HA. 4β-Methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan opioid agonist and partial agonist derived from a 4β-methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan pure antagonist. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8826-33. [PMID: 24144404 DOI: 10.1021/jm401250s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies we reported that addition of 7α-acylamino groups to N-phenylpropyl-4β-methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan (4) led to compounds that were pure opioid receptor antagonists. In contrast to these findings we report in this study that addition of a 7α-amino (5a), 7α-alkylamino (5b-e), or 7α-dialkylamino (5f-h) group to 4 leads to opioid receptor ligands with varying degrees of agonist/antagonist activity. The 7α-amino and 7α-methylamino analogues were full agonists at the μ and δ receptors and antagonists at the κ receptor. The 7α-cyclopropylmethylamino analogue 5h was a full agonist at the μ receptor with weaker agonist activity at the δ and κ receptors. Whereas the addition of a 7α-acylamino group to the pure nonselective opioid receptor antagonist N-phenylpropyl-4β-methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan (4) led to κ selective pure opioid receptor antagonist, the addition of a 7α-amino, 7α-alkylamino, or 7α-dialkylamino group to 4 leads to opioid ligands that are largely μ or δ agonist with mixed agonist/antagonist properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kormos CM, Jin C, Cueva JP, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Brieaddy LE, Mascarella SW, Navarro HA, Gilmour BP, Carroll FI. Discovery of N-{4-[(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]methyl-2-methylpropyl}-4-phenoxybenzamide analogues as selective kappa opioid receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4551-67. [PMID: 23651437 DOI: 10.1021/jm400275h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is continuing interest in the discovery and development of new κ opioid receptor antagonists. We recently reported that N-substituted 3-methyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperazines were a new class of opioid receptor antagonists. In this study, we report the syntheses of two piperazine JDTic-like analogues. Evaluation of the two compounds in an in vitro [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay showed that neither compound showed the high potency and κ opioid receptor selectivity of JDTic. A library of compounds using the core scaffold 21 was synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit [(35)S]GTPγS binding stimulated by the selective κ opioid agonist U69,593. These studies led to N-[(1S)-1-{[(3S)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]methyl}-2-methylpropyl]-4-phenoxybenzamide (11a), a compound that showed good κ opioid receptor antagonist properties. An SAR study based on 11a provided 28 novel analogues. Evaluation of these 28 compounds in the [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay showed that several of the analogues were potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kormos
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
κ opioid receptors (KORs) belong to the G-protein-coupled class of receptors (GPCRs). They are activated by the endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin (DYN) and expressed at particularly high levels within brain areas implicated in modulation of motivation, emotion, and cognitive function. Chronic activation of KORs in animal models has maladaptive effects including increases in behaviors that reflect depression, the propensity to engage in drug-seeking behavior, and drug craving. The fact that KOR activation has such a profound influence on behaviors often triggered by stress has led to interest in selective KOR antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. This Perspective provides a description of preclinical research conducted in the development of several different classes of selective KOR antagonists, a summary of the clinical studies conducted thus far, and recommendations for the type of work needed in the future to determine if these agents would be useful as pharmacotherapies for neuropsychiatric illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schmitt S, Brown RCD, Perrio C. Diastereoselective syntheses of (3R*,4R*)- and (3R*,4S*)-4-aryl-3-methyl-4-piperidinemethanol and fluoro analogues. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1222-9. [PMID: 23298429 DOI: 10.1021/jo302303h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two concise and high-yielding diastereoselective syntheses of 4-aryl-3-methyl-4-piperidinemethanols were realized from 1,3-dimethyl-4-piperidinone. The key reactions to control the C3-C4 relative stereochemistry were the alkoxymethylation of a metalloenamine generated from 4-aryl-3-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine that afforded the (3R*,4S*)-form and the nucleophilic substitution of a fluoroarene with deprotonated 3-methyl-4-piperidinenitrile giving the (3R*,4R*)-isomer. The corresponding fluoromethyl analogues were subsequently obtained through the fluorination of the piperidinemethanols using DAST.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Schmitt
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, LDM-TEP, GIP Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, BP5229, F-14074 Caen Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu H, Wacker D, Mileni M, Katritch V, Han GW, Vardy E, Liu W, Thompson AA, Huang XP, Carroll FI, Mascarella SW, Westkaemper RB, Mosier PD, Roth BL, Cherezov V, Stevens RC. Structure of the human κ-opioid receptor in complex with JDTic. Nature 2012; 485:327-32. [PMID: 22437504 PMCID: PMC3356457 DOI: 10.1038/nature10939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors (ORs) mediate the actions of endogenous and exogenous opioids for many essential physiological processes including regulation of pain, respiratory drive, mood, and, in the case of κ-opioid receptors (KOR), dysphoria and psychotomimesis. Here we report the crystal structure of the human KOR (hKOR) in complex with the selective antagonist JDTic, arranged in parallel-dimers, at 2.9 angstrom resolution. The structure reveals important features of the ligand binding pocket that contribute to JDTic’s high affinity and subtype-selectivity for hKOR. Modeling of other important KOR-selective ligands, including the morphinan-derived antagonists nor-BNI and GNTI, and the diterpene agonist salvinorin A analog RB-64, reveals both common and distinct features for binding these diverse chemotypes. Analysis of site-directed mutagenesis and ligand structure-activity relationships confirms the interactions observed in the crystal structure, thereby providing a molecular explanation for hKOR subtype-selectivity along with insight essential for the design of hKOR compounds with new pharmacological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carroll FI, Cueva JP, Thomas JB, Mascarella SW, Runyon SP, Navarro HA. 1-Substituted 4-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)piperazines Are Pure Opioid Receptor Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:365-369. [PMID: 21116435 DOI: 10.1021/ml100126b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the discovery that 1-substituted 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperazines are pure opioid receptor antagonists. Compounds in this new series include N-phenylpropyl (3S)-3-methyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine and (3R)-3-methyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine, both of which diaplay low nanomolar potencies at μ, δ, and κ receptors and pure antagonist properties in a [(35)S]GTPγS assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194
| | - Juan Pablo Cueva
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194
| | - James B. Thomas
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194
| | - S. Wayne Mascarella
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194
| | - Scott P. Runyon
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194
| | - Hernán A. Navarro
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bream-Rouwenhorst HR, Cantrell MA. Alvimopan for postoperative ileus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009; 66:1267-77. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp080445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather R. Bream-Rouwenhorst
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Iowa City, IA, and Clinical Assistant Professor, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Matthew A. Cantrell
- VAMC, and Clinical Assistant Professor, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kappa-opioid ligands in the study and treatment of mood disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123:334-43. [PMID: 19497337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The biological basis of mood is not understood. Most research on mood and affective states has focused on the roles of brain systems containing monoamines (e.g., dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin). However, it is becoming clear that endogenous opioid systems in the brain may also be involved in the regulation of mood. In this review, we focus on the potential utility of kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) ligands in the study and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Research from our group and others suggests that KOR antagonists might be useful for depression, KOR agonists might be useful for mania, and KOR partial agonists might be useful for mood stabilization. Currently available KOR agents have some unfavorable properties that might be addressed through medicinal chemistry. The development of KOR-selective agents with improved drug-like characteristics would facilitate preclinical and clinical studies designed to evaluate the possibility that KORs are a feasible target for new medications.
Collapse
|
21
|
Le Bourdonnec B, Barker WM, Belanger S, Wiant DD, Conway-James NC, Cassel JA, O'Neill TJ, Little PJ, DeHaven RN, DeHaven-Hudkins DL, Dolle RE. Novel trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines as mu opioid receptor antagonists with improved opioid receptor selectivity profiles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2006-12. [PMID: 18313920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines, mu opioid receptor antagonists, analogs of alvimopan, were prepared using solid phase methodology. This study led to the identification of a highly selective mu opioid receptor antagonist, which interacts selectively with mu peripheral receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Le Bourdonnec
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Goodman A, Le Bourdonnec B, Dolle R. Mu Opioid Receptor Antagonists: Recent Developments. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:1552-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
23
|
Abstract
The first asymmetric synthesis of the trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-arylpiperidine opioid antagonist scaffold is reported. C-3 stereochemistry was established via CBS reduction and stereoselective anti-SN2' cuprate displacement of the derived allylic phosphonate. The resultant vinyl bromide was then elaborated to the target compound by Suzuki coupling and trans-selective 4-methylation. Extension of this methodology should allow general enantioselective access to highly substituted piperidine ring systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Furkert
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Le Bourdonnec B, Goodman AJ, Michaut M, Ye HF, Graczyk TM, Belanger S, Herbertz T, Yap GPA, DeHaven RN, Dolle RE. Elucidation of the bioactive conformation of the N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine class of mu-opioid receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 49:7278-89. [PMID: 17149858 DOI: 10.1021/jm060486f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The series of trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines have been widely investigated as opioid receptor antagonists. One of our research goals was to explore the bioactive conformation of the N-phenethyl trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine derivative 3, prototypical mu-opioid antagonist in this series. In this effort, the rotational degrees of freedom of the N-substituent of 3 were limited by incorporation of an ethylene bridge between the piperidine 2- or 6-position of 3 and the benzylic position of the N-phenethyl moiety. The overall modification led to a novel series of fused bicyclic derivatives of the octahydroquinolizine chemical class, conformationally restricted analogue of 3. The constrained analogues 6 and 9 showed high affinity toward the mu-opioid receptor. Compound 6 was found to be a mu-opioid antagonist, whereas the constrained analogue 9 displayed potent mu-agonist activity in vitro. This study provides additional information about the molecular determinants for mu recognition, the structural features affecting ligand binding, and the structure function relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Le Bourdonnec
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Le Bourdonnec B, Goodman AJ, Graczyk TM, Belanger S, Seida PR, DeHaven RN, Dolle RE. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel octahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine as mu-opioid receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 49:7290-306. [PMID: 17149859 DOI: 10.1021/jm0604878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To better understand structural requirements for a mu ligand of the trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine class to interact with the mu opioid receptor, we have described in the previous article (Le Bourdonnec, B. et al. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 25, 7278-7289) new, constrained analogues of the N-phenethyl derivative 3. One of the active constrained analogues, compound 4, exhibited subnanomolar mu-opioid receptor affinity (K(i) = 0.62 nM) and potent mu-opioid antagonist activity (IC(50) = 0.54 nM). On the basis of structure 4, a new series of mu-opioid receptor antagonists were designed. In these compounds the octahydroquinolizine template of 4 was replaced by an octahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine scaffold. The new derivatives were tested for their binding affinities and in vitro functional activity against the cloned human mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptors. From this study, we identified compound 36, which displays high affinity toward the mu-opioid receptor (K(i) = 0.47 nM), potent mu in vitro antagonist activity (IC(50) = 1.8 nM) and improved binding selectivity profile mu/kappa and mu/delta, when compared to 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Le Bourdonnec
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li W, Wang XH, Lau CW, Tang Y, Xie Q, Qiu ZB. Conformational re-analysis of (+)-meptazinol: an opioid with mixed analgesic pharmacophores. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:1247-52. [PMID: 16923347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To further investigate the analgesic pharmacophore of (+)-meptazinol. METHODS Two different opioid pharmacophores, Pharm-I and Pharm-II, were established from structures of nine typical opiates and meperidine by using molecular modeling approaches according to their different structure activity relationship properties. They were further validated by a set of conformationally constrained arylpiperidines. Two conformers of (+)-meptazinol (Conformer-I and Conformer-II) detected in solution were then fitted into the pharmacophores, respectively, by Fit Atoms facilities available in SYBYL, a computational modeling tool kit for molecular design and analysis. RESULTS Conformer-I fit Pharm-I from typical opiates well. However, Conformer-II fit none of these pharmacophores. Instead, it was found to be similar to another potent analgesic, benzofuro[2,3-c]pyridin-6-ol, whose pharmacophore was suggested to hold the transitional state between the two established pharmacophores. Unlike typical analgesics derived from 4-aryl piperidine (eg, meperidine) with one conformer absolutely overwhelming, the (+)-meptazinol exists in two conformers with similar amounts in solution. Furthermore, both conformers can not transform to each other freely in ordinary conditions based on our NMR results. CONCLUSION (+)-meptazinol was suggested to be an opioid with mixed analgesic pharmacophores, which may account for the complicated pharmacological properties of meptazinol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Carroll FI, Melvin MS, Nuckols MC, Mascarella SW, Navarro HA, Thomas JB. N-substituted 4beta-methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-7alpha-amidomorphans are potent, selective kappa opioid receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1781-91. [PMID: 16509593 DOI: 10.1021/jm058264p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we identified (-)-N-[(1R,4S,5S,7R)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-2-(3-phenylpropyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl]-3-(1-piperidinyl)propanamide (5a, KAA-1) as the first potent and selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist from the 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan class of opioids. In this study we report an improved synthesis of this class of compounds. The new synthetic method was used to prepare analogues 5b-r where the morphan N-substituent and 7alpha-amido group were varied. Most of the analogues showed sub-nanomolar potency for the kappa opioid receptor and were highly selective relative to the mu and delta opioid receptors. (-)-3-(3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)-N-{(1R,4S,5S,7R)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-2-[2-(2-methylphenyl)ethyl]-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl}propanamide (5n, MTHQ) is at least as potent and selective as nor-BNI as a kappa opioid receptor antagonist in the [35S]GTP-gamma-S in vitro functional test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Le Bourdonnec B, Goodman AJ, Michaut M, Ye HF, Graczyk TM, Belanger S, DeHaven RN, Dolle RE. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of a new series of 2α-substituted trans-4,5-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine as μ-selective opioid antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:864-8. [PMID: 16298525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships at the 2alpha-position of the piperidine ring of the trans-4,5-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine mu-opioid antagonist series were investigated. This study showed that only small linear alkyl groups (methyl, propyl) are tolerated at the 2alpha-position of the piperidine ring of this series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Le Bourdonnec
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Carroll FI, Chaudhari S, Thomas JB, Mascarella SW, Gigstad KM, Deschamps J, Navarro HA. N-substituted cis-4a-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-8a-methyloctahydroisoquinolines are opioid receptor pure antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 48:8182-93. [PMID: 16366600 PMCID: PMC2585695 DOI: 10.1021/jm058261c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Substituted cis-4a-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-8a-methyloctahydroisoquinolines (6a-g) were designed and synthesized as conformationally constrained analogues of the trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (4) class of opioid receptor pure antagonists. The methyloctahydroisoquinolines 6a-g can exist in conformations where the 3-hydroxyphenyl substituent is either axial or equatorial, similar to the (3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines 4. The 3-hydroxyphenyl equatorial conformation is responsible for the antagonist activity observed in the (3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine antagonists. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of 6a shows that the 3-hydroxyphenyl equatorial conformation is favored in the solid state. Molecular modeling studies also suggest that the equatorial conformation has lower potential energy relative to that of the axial conformation. Evaluation of 6a-g in the [(35)S]GTP-gamma-S in vitro functional assay showed that they were opioid receptor pure antagonists. N-[4a-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-8a-methyl-2-(3-phenylpropyl)octahydroisoquinoline-6-yl]-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propionamide (6d) with a K(e) of 0.27 nM at the kappa opioid receptor with 154- and 46-fold selectivity relative to those of the micro and delta receptors, respectively, possessed the best combination of kappa potency and selectivity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzeneacetamides/pharmacology
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-/pharmacology
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/antagonists & inhibitors
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- Humans
- Isoquinolines/chemical synthesis
- Isoquinolines/pharmacology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Narcotic Antagonists
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Díaz N, Benvenga M, Emmerson P, Favors R, Mangold M, McKinzie J, Patel N, Peters S, Quimby S, Shannon H, Siegel M, Statnick M, Thomas E, Woodland J, Surface P, Mitch C. SAR and biological evaluation of novel trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-arylpiperidine derivatives as opioid antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3844-8. [PMID: 15993591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The phenolic hydroxy group of opiate-derived ligands is of known importance for biological activity. We have developed a SAR study around LY255582 by comparing the effect of the hydroxy group in the 2- and 4-position of the phenyl ring. Also, we have proved that the 3-position of the phenyl ring is optimal for opioid activity. Furthermore, we have successfully replaced the hydroxy group in LY255582 by carbamate and carboxamide groups. The new analogs have high affinity for the opioid receptors comparable to the corresponding phenol. Carboxamide analog 12 has an improved metabolism profile and proved to be efficacious in in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Díaz
- Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Emmerson PJ, McKinzie JH, Surface PL, Suter TM, Mitch CH, Statnick MA. Na+ modulation, inverse agonism, and anorectic potency of 4-phenylpiperidine opioid antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 494:121-30. [PMID: 15212965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the anorectic activity of morphinan (e.g., naltrexone) and 3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (4PP) opioid receptor antagonists have been described. In an attempt to explain these differences, the influence of Na(+) on opioid binding affinity and functional activity of 4PP antagonists was compared to other opioid antagonists. The binding affinities of neutral antagonists were unaffected by the addition of Na(+), whereas that for the peptide, inverse agonist N,N-diallyl-Tyr-Aib-Aib-Phe-Leu-OH (ICI174864) was increased. Similarly, the binding affinities of the 4PP antagonist (3R,4R)-1-((S)-3-hydroxy-3-cyclohexylpropyl)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidine (LY255582) and other 4PP antagonists were increased in the presence of Na(+) with the greatest effects at the delta opioid receptor followed by the mu and kappa opioid receptors, respectively. Similar to ICI174864, 4PP antagonists were found to inhibit basal GTPgamma[(35)S] binding at the delta opioid receptor indicating inverse agonist activity. A correlation was observed between the binding affinities in the presence of Na(+), the inverse agonist potency, and the anorectic potency of 4PP antagonists. These data suggest that 4PP antagonists differ from morphinan antagonists in their inverse agonist activity and suggest a relationship between inverse agonism and anorectic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Emmerson
- Endocrine Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center DC0403, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dolle RE, Machaut M, Martinez-Teipel B, Belanger S, Cassel JA, Stabley GJ, Graczyk TM, DeHaven RN. (4-Carboxamido)phenylalanine is a surrogate for tyrosine in opioid receptor peptide ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3545-8. [PMID: 15177470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 04/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
(S)-4-(Carboxamido)phenylalanine (Cpa) is examined as a bioisosteric replacement for the terminal tyrosine (Tyr) residue in a variety of known peptide ligands for the mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors. The Cpa-containing peptides, assayed against cloned human opioid receptors, display comparable binding affinity (Ki), and agonist potency (EC50) to the parent ligands at the three receptors. Cpa analogs of delta selective peptides show an increase in delta selectivity relative to the mu receptor. Cpa is the first example of an amino acid that acts as a surrogate for Tyr in opioid peptide ligands, challenging the long-standing belief that a phenolic residue is required for high affinity binding.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acids, Aromatic/chemical synthesis
- Amino Acids, Aromatic/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line
- Humans
- Ligands
- Molecular Structure
- Opioid Peptides/metabolism
- Phenol/chemistry
- Phenylalanine/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylalanine/chemical synthesis
- Phenylalanine/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Tyrosine/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Le Bourdonnec B, Belanger S, Cassel JA, Stabley GJ, DeHaven RN, Dolle RE. trans -3,4-Dimethyl-4-(3-carboxamidophenyl)piperidines: A novel class of μ-Selective opioid antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:4459-62. [PMID: 14643346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
trans-3,4-Dimethyl-4-(3-carboxamidophenyl)piperidines constitute a novel class of micro opioid receptor antagonists. The CONH(2) group was found to be an effective isostere of the phenolic OH moiety. Structure-activity relationships at the piperidine nitrogen position led to the identification of several ligands displaying high affinity toward the cloned human micro opioid receptors, good selectivity micro/delta, micro/kappa, and potent in vitro antagonist activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Le Bourdonnec
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kim IJ, Ullrich T, Janetka JW, Furness MS, Jacobson AE, Rothman RB, Dersch CM, Flippen-Anderson JL, George C, Rice KC. Diaryldimethylpiperazine ligands with μ- and δ-opioid receptor affinity: Synthesis of (+)-4-[(αR)-α-(4-allyl-(2S,5S)-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)-(3-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-N-ethyl-N-phenylbenzamide and (−)-4-[(αR)-α-(2S,5S)-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)-(3-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-N-ethyl-N-phenylbenzamide. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4761-8. [PMID: 14556791 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have explored the synthesis of compounds that have good affinity for both mu- and delta-opioid receptors from the (alphaR,2S,5S) class of diaryldimethylpiperazines. These non-selective compounds were related to opioids that have been found to interact selectively with mu- or delta-opioid receptors as agonists or antagonists. In our initial survey, we found two compounds, (+)-4-[(alphaR)-alpha-(4-allyl-(2S,5S)-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)-(3-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-N-ethyl-N-phenylbenzamide (14) and its N-H relative, (-)-4-[(alphaR)-alpha-(2S,5S)-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)-(3-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-N-ethyl-N-phenylbenzamide (15), that interacted with delta-receptors with good affinity, and, as we hoped, with much higher affinity at mu-receptors than SNC80. The relative configuration of the benzylic position in (+)-4-[(alphaR)-alpha-(4-allyl-(2S,5S)-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-(3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-benzyl alcohol (10) was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis of a crystal that was an unresolved twin. The absolute stereochemistry of that benzylic stereogenic center was unequivocally derived by the X-ray crystallographic analysis from the two other centers of asymmetry in the molecule that were known. Those were established from the synthesis via a dipeptide cyclo-L-Ala-L-Ala in which the absolute stereochemistry was established.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzamides/chemical synthesis
- Benzamides/chemistry
- Benzamides/metabolism
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Guinea Pigs
- Ligands
- Molecular Conformation
- Molecular Structure
- Piperazines/chemical synthesis
- Piperazines/chemistry
- Piperazines/metabolism
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In Jong Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Carroll FI. 2002 Medicinal Chemistry Division Award address: monoamine transporters and opioid receptors. Targets for addiction therapy. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1775-94. [PMID: 12723940 DOI: 10.1021/jm030092d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Chemistry and Life Sciences Group, Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Thomas JB, Atkinson RN, Rothman RB, Fix SE, Mascarella SW, Vinson NA, Xu H, Dersch CM, Lu Y, Cantrell BE, Zimmerman DM, Carroll FI. Identification of the first trans-(3R,4R)- dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine derivative to possess highly potent and selective opioid kappa receptor antagonist activity. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2687-90. [PMID: 11495579 DOI: 10.1021/jm015521r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A structurally novel opioid kappa receptor selective ligand has been identified. This compound, (3R)-7-hydroxy-N-((1S)-1-[[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl]methyl]-2-methylpropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (JDTic, 10) demonstrated high affinity for the kappa receptor in the binding assay (kappa K(i) = 0.3 nM) and highly potent and selective kappa antagonism in the [(35)S]GTP-gamma-S assay using cloned opioid receptors (kappa K(i) = 0.006 nM, mu/kappa ratio = 570, delta/kappa ratio > 16600).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Brain/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Isoquinolines/chemical synthesis
- Isoquinolines/chemistry
- Isoquinolines/metabolism
- Isoquinolines/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Narcotic Antagonists/chemistry
- Narcotic Antagonists/metabolism
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Piperidines/chemical synthesis
- Piperidines/chemistry
- Piperidines/metabolism
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Thomas
- Chemistry and Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Thomas JB, Fall MJ, Cooper JB, Rothman RB, Mascarella SW, Xu H, Partilla JS, Dersch CM, McCullough KB, Cantrell BE, Zimmerman DM, Carroll FI. Identification of an opioid kappa receptor subtype-selective N-substituent for (+)-(3R,4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine. J Med Chem 1998; 41:5188-97. [PMID: 9857089 DOI: 10.1021/jm980511k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A three-component library of compounds was prepared in parallel using multiple simultaneous solution-phase synthetic methodology. The compounds were biased toward opioid receptor antagonist activity by incorporating (+)-(3R,4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (a potent, nonselective opioid pure antagonist) as one of the monomers. The other two monomers, which included N-substituted or unsubstituted Boc-protected amino acids and a range of substituted aryl carboxylic acids, were selected to add chemical diversity. Screening of these compounds in competitive binding experiments with the kappa opioid receptor selective ligand [3H]U69,593 led to the discovery of a novel kappa opioid receptor selective ligand, N-¿(2'S)-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamido]-3'-methylbutyl¿-(3R, 4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (8, RTI-5989-29). Additional structure-activity relationship studies suggested that 8 possesses lipophilic and hydrogen-bonding sites that are important to its opioid receptor potency and selectivity. These sites appear to exist predominantly within the kappa receptor since the selectivity arises from a 530-fold loss of affinity of 8 for the mu receptor and an 18-fold increase in affinity for the kappa receptor relative to the mu-selective ligand, (+)-N-[trans-4-phenyl-2-butenyl]-(3R, 4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (5a). The degree of selectivity observed in the radioligand binding experiments was not observed in the functional assay. According to its ability to inhibit agonist stimulated binding of [35S]GTPgammaS at all three opioid receptors, compound 8 behaves as a mu/kappa opioid receptor pure antagonist with negligible affinity for the delta receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Thomas
- Chemistry and Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Thomas JB, Mascarella SW, Burgess JP, Xu H, McCullough KB, Rothman RB, Flippen-Anderson JL, George CF, Cantrell BE, Zimmerman DM, Carroll FI. N-substituted octahydro-4a-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-10a-methyl-benzo[g]isoquinolines are opioid receptor pure antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3149-52. [PMID: 9873693 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl- and N-phenylethyl-(+/-)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,10,10a- octahydro-4a-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-10a-methyl-benzo[g]isoquinolines (4 and 5, respectively) were found to be pure opioid antagonists. These compounds were shown to share many of the characteristics identified with the N-methyl- and N-phenylethyl trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (1 and 2, respectively) including N-substituent mediated potency and a lack of N-substituent mediated antagonism. These data suggest that compounds 4 and 5 and the N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines (1 and 2) may interact with opioid receptors similarly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Thomas
- Chemistry and Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Thomas JB, Zheng X, Mascarella SW, Rothman RB, Dersch CM, Partilla JS, Flippen-Anderson JL, George CF, Cantrell BE, Zimmerman DM, Carroll FI. N-Substituted 9beta-methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphans are opioid receptor pure antagonists. J Med Chem 1998; 41:4143-9. [PMID: 9767649 DOI: 10.1021/jm980290i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of radioligand binding and [35S]GTPgammaS functional assay data for N-methyl- and N-phenethyl-9beta-methyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphans (5b and 5c) show that these compounds are pure antagonists at the micro, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. Since 5b and 5c have the 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl) group locked in a conformation comparable to an equatorial group of a piperidine chair conformation, this information provides very strong evidence that opioid antagonists can interact with opioid receptors in this conformation. In addition, it suggests that the trans-3, 4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine class of antagonist operates via a phenyl equatorial piperidine chair conformation. Importantly, the close relationship between the 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines and 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan antagonists shows that the latter class of compound provides a rigid platform on which to build a novel series of opioid antagonists.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- Guinea Pigs
- In Vitro Techniques
- Molecular Conformation
- Morphinans/chemical synthesis
- Morphinans/chemistry
- Morphinans/metabolism
- Morphinans/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists
- Putamen/drug effects
- Putamen/metabolism
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Thomas
- Chemistry and Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Thomas JB, Mascarella SW, Rothman RB, Partilla JS, Xu H, McCullough KB, Dersch CM, Cantrell BE, Zimmerman DM, Carroll FI. Investigation of the N-substituent conformation governing potency and mu receptor subtype-selectivity in (+)-(3R, 4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine opioid antagonists. J Med Chem 1998; 41:1980-90. [PMID: 9599247 DOI: 10.1021/jm980063g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A study of the binding site requirements associated with the N-substituent of (+)-(3R,4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (4) derivatives was undertaken using a set of rigid vs flexible N-substituents. The study showed that compounds 7-9 bearing the trans-cinnamyl N-substituent most closely reproduced the potency at the opioid receptor of the flexible N-propylphenyl or N-propylcyclohexyl analogues previously reported. Neither the N-substituted cis-cinnamyl nor the cis-phenylcyclopropylmethyl compounds 10 and 11, respectively, showed high affinity for the opioid receptor. However, the N-trans-phenylcyclopropylmethyl compound 12 closely approximated the affinity of compounds 7-9. Additionally, we found that free rotation of the phenyl ring is necessary for high affinity binding and mu receptor subtype selectivity as the planar N-substituted thianaphthylmethyl and benzofuranylmethyl compounds 13 and 14 had significantly lower binding affinities. Altogether, these findings suggest that the high binding affinity, selectivity, and antagonist potency of N-propylphenyl or N-propylcyclohexyl analogues of (+)-(3R, 4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (4) are achieved via a conformation wherein the connecting chain of the N-substituents is extended away from piperidine nitrogen with the appended ring system rotated out-of-plane relative to the connecting chain atoms. This conformation is quite similar to that observed in the solid state for 5, as determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. Additionally, it was found that, unlike naltrexone, N-substituents bearing secondary carbons attached directly to the piperidine nitrogen of 4 suffer dramatic losses of potency vs analogues not substituted in this manner. Using a functional assay which measured stimulation or inhibition of [35S]GTP-gamma-S binding, we show that the trans-cinnamyl analogues of (+)-(3R, 4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (4) retain opioid pure antagonist activity and possess picomolar antagonist potency at the mu receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Thomas
- Chemistry and Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cheng CY, Liou JP, Lee MJ. Synthesis of morphine fragments spiro[benzofuran-3(2H),4′-piperidine] and octahydro-1H-benzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline by intramolecular Heck reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
43
|
Werner JA, Cerbone LR, Frank SA, Ward JA, Labib P, Tharp-Taylor RW, Ryan CW. Synthesis of trans-3,4-Dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine Opioid Antagonists: Application of the Cis-Thermal Elimination of Carbonates to Alkaloid Synthesis. J Org Chem 1996; 61:587-597. [PMID: 11666979 DOI: 10.1021/jo951403y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Improved syntheses of twotrans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine opioid antagonists from 1,3-dimethyl-4-piperidinone are described. The 1,3-dimethyl-4-arylpiperidinol 23 was selectively dehydrated in a two step process to the 1,3-dimethyl-4-aryl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 26 by the cis-thermal elimination of the corresponding alkyl carbonate derivative at 190 degrees C. In the presence of a basic nitrogen, the success of the elimination was found to be critically dependent upon the nature of the carbonate alkyl group, with Et, i-Bu, and i-Pr being preferred (90% yield). Alkylation of the metalloenamine, formed by deprotonation of 26 with n-BuLi, proceeded regio- and stereospecifically to give the trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine 27, which was converted in three steps to the common intermediate, (3R,4R)-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine. LY255582, a centrally-active opioid antagonist, and LY246736-dihydrate, a peripherally-active opioid antagonist, were prepared from 1,3-dimethyl-4-piperidinone in 11.8% yield (8 steps) and 6.2% yield (12 steps), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Werner
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-4813
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Grishina GV, Gaidarova EL, Zefirov NS. Chiral 4-piperidones and their bicyclic analogs. Strategy of stereoselective synthesis (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01172866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
45
|
Froimowitz M, Cody V. Absolute configurations and conformations of the opioid agonist and antagonist enantiomers of picenadol. Chirality 1995; 7:518-25. [PMID: 7495643 DOI: 10.1002/chir.530070705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The absolute configurations of the enantiomers of the opioid picenadol [cis-1,3-dimethyl-4-propyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine; cis-3-methyl, 4-propyl] have been determined by an X-ray crystallographic study of the chloride salt of the (+)-enantiomer. The agonist (+)-enantiomer and the antagonist (-)-enantiomer were found to have the 3R,4R and 3S,4S absolute configurations, respectively. The conformational properties of the enantiomers were also examined with MM2-87 calculations. There was good agreement between the computed global minimum and the crystallographic structure with the phenyl ring approximately bisecting the piperidine ring by both methods. This orientation of the phenyl ring differs from that of related opioids such as the phenylmorphans, prodines, meperidine, and ketobemidone in which the phenyl ring tends to eclipse one edge of the piperidine ring. Because the phenyl ring bisects the piperidine ring in picenadol, there is little difference in the three-dimensional orientations of the phenyl rings of the two enantiomers when one superimposes the piperidine rings. The agonist (+)-enantiomer is ambiguous with respect to an opioid ligand model, which suggests that agonist activity requires a specific range of dihedral angles for the phenyl ring. While the global minimum of the agonist is not consistent with the model, a second conformer that is only 1.2 kcal/mol above the global minimum is consistent. An alternative explanation is that agonist or antagonist activity is solely due to the presence of the 3-methyl group on the different edges of the piperidine ring.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Froimowitz
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yin D, Khanolkar AD, Makriyannis A, Froimowitz M. Chiral resolution of 1,3-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperidine derivatives using high-performance liquid chromatography with a chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 1994; 678:176-9. [PMID: 7921191 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)87087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A number of racemic 1,3-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperidines which serve as intermediates in the synthesis of opioid analgesics have been resolved on two commercially available high-performance liquid chromatography columns containing cellulose-based chiral stationary phases: Chiralcel OD and Chiralcel OJ. The resolution results were complementary between the two columns. Also, the polarity of substituents appears to play an important role on the ability of the Chiralcel OD column to resolve pairs of enantiomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Yin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06268
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
LY255582, administered subcutaneously, decreased food intake and body weight gain of fed obese Zucker rats during the entire 30-day period of treatment. No tolerance to these biologic effects of LY255582 could be demonstrated. d-Amphetamine and naltrexone, administered subcutaneously, and d,l-fenfluramine and salbutamol, administered orally, decreased food intake for no more than 6 to 12 days, in contrast to the long-lasting effects of LY255582. Salbutamol suppressed the appetite of obese rats for 3-4 days only. After an additional 12 days of treatment, weight gain decreased significantly accompanied by no appetite suppression. Thus, there is a difference in the duration of action of the opioid antagonist, LY255582, when compared to amphetamine, fenfluramine, naltrexone, and salbutamol, on food intake and body weight gain of obese rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W N Shaw
- Diabetes Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46825
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Froimowitz M, Cody V. Enantiomeric conformers of the opioid agonist ketobemidone HCl in the crystal state. Chirality 1993; 5:560-4. [PMID: 7902122 DOI: 10.1002/chir.530050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A crystal of the potent opioid agonist ketobemidone [1-methyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propionylipiperidine] HCl was analyzed by X-ray crystallography. The crystal was monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n with four molecules in the unit cell. In agreement with MM2 calculations (J. Med. Chem. 25:1127-1133, 1982), the crystal contains mirror image conformers in which the phenyl ring is equatorial to the piperidine ring. The conformers are enantiomers since they are not superimposable. One conformer is predicted to be responsible for the typical morphine-like activity of the compound since it closely matches the preferred conformer of the morphine-like (+)-phenylmorphan whereas the other conformer resembles the preferred conformers of (+)-beta-prodine and (-)-phenylmorphan which have atypical opioid properties and/or structure-activity relationships. The importance of considering the conformational enantiomers of a nonchiral receptor ligand in centrosymmetric crystal structures is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Froimowitz
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02178-9106
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Levine AS, Grace M, Billington CJ, Zimmerman DM. Central administration of the opioid antagonist, LY255582, decreases short- and long-term food intake in rats. Brain Res 1991; 566:193-7. [PMID: 1667609 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A variety of opioid antagonists have been reported to decrease short-term food intake, but few appear to reduce long-term intake. In the present study we evaluated the effect of a relatively new class of opioid antagonists, 3,4-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperidines, on short-term and long-term food intake after central administration. We also evaluated their affinities for the mu and kappa opioid receptor sites in synaptosomal membranes derived from rat whole brain tissue (minus cerebellum) and guinea-pig cortex, respectively. The affinities for the mu receptor sites were LY255582 greater than LY217273 greater than LY256897 greater than naloxone greater than LY227444. The affinities for the kappa receptor sites were LY255582 greater than LY256897 = LY217273 greater than LY227444. LY255582 reduced food intake for up to 24 h after a single intraventricular injection. Doses as low as 1 microgram of LY255582 decreased food intake for up to 4 h. All other drugs were much less powerful. Naloxone and LY256897 only decreased food intake after injection of the 100 microgram dose. LY227444 and LY217273 failed to decrease intake at all doses tested. LY255582 (100 micrograms) decreased food intake over a 7 day period when injected intraventricularly once per day. The body weight of the rats also decreased during the 7 day period. Upon cessation of drug administration body weights and food intake approached control levels. Thus, LY255582 appears to be a very potent and long-acting anorectic agent which may be useful in the treatment of obesity. The mu and kappa binding profile of the phenylpiperidines does not seem to clearly correlate with their anorectic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Levine
- VA Medical Center Research Service-151, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55417
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Casy AF, Dewar GH, al Deeb OA. Stereochemical influences upon the opioid ligand activities of 4-alkyl-4-arylpiperidine derivatives. Chirality 1989; 1:202-8. [PMID: 2561991 DOI: 10.1002/chir.530010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and stereochemistry (configuration and preferred solute conformation) of some 4-alkyl (methyl, n-propyl, isobutyl)-4-(3-hydroxy-phenyl)-1-methylpiperidines and corresponding 3-methyl diastereoisomeric pairs are reported, together with their in vivo and in vitro activities as opioid ligands. All potent agonists exhibit a preference for axial 4-aryl chair conformations when protonated, and stereochemical analogies with rigid opioids of the benzomorphan class are discussed. Antagonist properties are found in compounds with preference for equatorial 4-aryl chairs, notably the cis 3,4-dimethyl derivative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Casy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, England
| | | | | |
Collapse
|