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Zou K, Deng Q, Zhang H, Huang C. Glymphatic system: a gateway for neuroinflammation. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2661-2672. [PMID: 38595285 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system is a relatively recently identified fluid exchange and transport system in the brain. Accumulating evidence indicates that glymphatic function is impaired not only in central nervous system disorders but also in systemic diseases. Systemic diseases can trigger the inflammatory responses in the central nervous system, occasionally leading to sustained inflammation and functional disturbance of the central nervous system. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the association between glymphatic dysfunction and central nervous system inflammation. In addition, we discuss the hypothesis that disease conditions initially associated with peripheral inflammation overwhelm the performance of the glymphatic system, thereby triggering central nervous system dysfunction, chronic neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Future research investigating the role of the glymphatic system in neuroinflammation may offer innovative therapeutic approaches for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailu Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qingwei Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Changsheng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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2
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Pańczyszyn-Trzewik P, Sowa-Kućma M, Misztak P, Tabecka-Lonczynska A, Stachowicz K. Time-dependent dual mode of action of COX-2 inhibition on mouse serum corticosterone levels. Steroids 2024; 207:109438. [PMID: 38723842 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
To elucidate the effect of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition on corticosterone release, mice were divided into a group receiving NS398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor at a dose of 3 mg/kg for seven days, and a group receiving NS398 for fourteen days. After this time, the mice were sacrificed, and blood serum was collected. An ELISA protocol was used to analyze serum corticosterone levels. Short-term COX-2 inhibition increased corticosterone levels, while long-term inhibition lowered them. The exact schedule of experiments was repeated after the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Escherichia coli challenge in mice to check the influence of stress stimuli on the tested parameters. In this case, we observed increases in corticosterone levels, significant in a seven-day pattern. These results indicate that corticosterone levels are regulated through a COX-2-dependent mechanism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Pańczyszyn-Trzewik
- Medical College of Rzeszów University, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Human Physiology, 35-310 Rzeszow, Kopisto Street 2a, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sowa-Kućma
- Medical College of Rzeszów University, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Human Physiology, 35-310 Rzeszow, Kopisto Street 2a, Poland
| | - Paulina Misztak
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Tabecka-Lonczynska
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stachowicz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Migliorino E, Nonino F, Amici R, Tupone D, Aspide R. Neurogenic Fever after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Animal Models: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11514. [PMID: 37511267 PMCID: PMC10380430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The observation of neurogenic fever resulting from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in animal models is a useful tool for the interpretation of its pathophysiology in humans, which is still a major challenge in the management of neurocritical patients. This systematic review aims to identify the prognostic factors and pathophysiological elements that determine the onset of neurogenic fever and its severity in animal models. In addition, our study aims to analyze which pharmacological treatments are most effective. All the articles available in Pubmed, Embase, and the Biological Science Collection until August 2021 concerning in vivo experimental studies on SAH animal models, including full texts and abstracts written in English and Italian, were considered. The risk of bias was assessed with SYRCLE's Risk of Bias tool. In total, 81 records were retrieved; after excluding duplicates, 76 records were potentially relevant. A total of 64 articles was excluded after title and abstract screening. The remaining 12 studies were evaluated as full texts, and 6 other studies were excluded (SAH-induced animal studies without a body temperature assessment). In one study, body temperature was measured after SAH induction, but the authors did not report temperature recording. Therefore, only five studies met the search criteria. The high methodological heterogeneity (different animal species, different temperature measurement methods, and different methods of the induction of bleeding) prevented meta-analysis. Synthesis methodology without meta-analysis (SWiM) was used for data analysis. The total number of animals used as controls was 87 (23 rabbits, 32 mice, and 32 rats), while there were 130 animals used as interventions (54 rabbits, 44 mice, and 32 rats). The presence of blood in the subarachnoid space, particularly red blood cells, is responsible for neurogenic fever; the role of hemoglobin is unclear. The mechanism is apparently not mediated by prostaglandins. The autonomic nervous system innervating brown adipose tissue is undoubtedly implicated in the onset of neurogenic fever. The activation of the central adenosine-1 receptor is effective in controlling the temperature of animals with neurogenic fever (by inhibiting thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Migliorino
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Anesthesia and Neurointensive Care Unit, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Nonino
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Epidemiology and Biostatistic Unit, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Amici
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Tupone
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Raffaele Aspide
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Anesthesia and Neurointensive Care Unit, 40139 Bologna, Italy
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Guo Y, Jiang X, Jia L, Zhu Y, Han X, Wu Y, Liu W, Zhao W, Zhu H, Wang D, Tu Z, Zhou Y, Sun Q, Kong L, Wu F, Tang Y. Altered gray matter volumes and plasma IL-6 level in major depressive disorder patients with suicidal ideation. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 38:103403. [PMID: 37079937 PMCID: PMC10148078 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Suicidal ideation (SI) is one of the most serious consequences of major depressive disorder (MDD). Understanding the unique mechanism of MDD with SI (MDD + S) is crucial for treatment development. While abundant research has studied MDD, past studies have not reached a consensus on the mechanism of MDD + S. The study aimed to investigate the abnormalities of the gray matter volumes (GMVs) and plasma IL-6 level in MDD + S to further reveal the mechanism of MDD + S. METHODS We tested the plasma IL-6 level using Luminex multifactor assays and collected the Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (SMRI) data from 34 healthy controls (HCs), 36 MDD patients without SI (MDD - S) and 34 MDD + S patients. We performed a partial correlation between the GMVs of the brain regions with significant differences and plasma IL-6 level with age, sex, medication, scores of HAMD-17 and HAMA as the covariates. RESULTS Compared with HCs and MDD - S, MDD + S had significantly decreased GMVs in the left cerebellum Crus I/II and significantly increased plasma IL-6 level; compared with HCs, both the MDD + S and MDD - S had significantly decreased GMVs in right precentral and postcentral gyri. No significant correlation was found between the GMVs and the plasma IL-6 level in the MDD + S and MDD - S, respectively. While the GMVs of the right precentral and postcentral gyri negatively correlated with the level of IL-6 in the whole MDD (r = -0.28, P = 0.03). The GMVs of the left cerebellum Crus I/II (r = -0.47, P = 0.02), and the right precentral and postcentral gyri (r = -0.42, P = 0.04) negatively correlated with the level of IL-6 in HCs. CONCLUSION The altered GMVs and the plasma IL-6 level may provide a scientific basis to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of MDD + S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrui Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Jiang
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linna Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyu Han
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huaqian Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dahai Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qikun Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingtao Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Bei J, Miranda-Morales EG, Gan Q, Qiu Y, Husseinzadeh S, Liew JY, Chang Q, Krishnan B, Gaitas A, Yuan S, Felicella M, Qiu WQ, Fang X, Gong B. Circulating exosomes from Alzheimer's disease suppress VE-cadherin expression and induce barrier dysfunction in recipient brain microvascular endothelial cell. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.03.535441. [PMID: 37066187 PMCID: PMC10103966 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is a component of the progression and pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). BBB dysfunction is primarily caused by reduced or disorganized tight junction or adherens junction proteins of brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC). While there is growing evidence of tight junction disruption in BMECs in AD, the functional role of adherens junctions during BBB dysfunction in AD remains unknown. Exosomes secreted from senescent cells have unique characteristics and contribute to modulating the phenotype of recipient cells. However, it remains unknown if and how these exosomes cause BMEC dysfunction in AD. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the potential roles of AD circulating exosomes and their RNA cargos in brain endothelial dysfunction in AD. Methods We isolated exosomes from sera of five cases of AD compared with age- and sex-matched cognitively normal controls using size-exclusion chromatography technology. We validated the qualities and particle sizes of isolated exosomes with nanoparticle tracking analysis and atomic force microscopy. We measured the biomechanical natures of the endothelial barrier of BMECs, the lateral binding forces between live BMECs, using fluidic force miscopy. We visualized the paracellular expressions of the key adherens junction protein VE-cadherin in BMEC cultures and a 3D BBB model that employs primary human BMECs and pericytes with immunostaining and evaluated them using confocal microscopy. We also examined the VE-cadherin signal in brain tissues from five cases of AD and five age- and sex-matched cognitively normal controls. Results We found that circulating exosomes from AD patients suppress the paracellular expression levels of VE-cadherin and impair the barrier function of recipient BMECs. Immunostaining analysis showed that AD circulating exosomes damage VE-cadherin integrity in a 3D model of microvascular tubule formation. We found that circulating exosomes in AD weaken the BBB depending on the RNA cargos. In parallel, we observed that microvascular VE-cadherin expression is diminished in AD brains compared to normal controls. Conclusion Using in vitro and ex vivo models, our study illustrates that circulating exosomes from AD patients play a significant role in mediating the damage effect on adherens junction of recipient BMEC of the BBB in an exosomal RNA-dependent manner. This suggests a novel mechanism of peripheral senescent exosomes for AD risk.
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Blomqvist A. Prostaglandin E 2 Production by Brain Endothelial Cells and the Generation of Fever. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:107-112. [PMID: 36720071 PMCID: PMC10024267 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that prostaglandin production in brain endothelial cells is both necessary and sufficient for the generation of fever during systemic immune challenge. I here discuss this finding in light of the previous literature and point to some unresolved issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Blomqvist
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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7
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Eskilsson A, Shionoya K, Blomqvist A. Prostaglandin production in brain endothelial cells during the initiation of fever. Commun Integr Biol 2023; 16:2166237. [PMID: 36644132 PMCID: PMC9839369 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2023.2166237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of fever has been a matter of controversy. Based on observations of little or no induction of prostaglandin synthesizing enzymes in the brain during the first phase of fever it was suggested that fever is initiated by prostaglandin released into the circulation from cells in the liver and lungs. Here we show in the mouse that prostaglandin synthesis is rapidly induced in the brain after immune challenge. These data are consistent with our recent findings in functional experiments that prostaglandin production in brain endothelial cells is both necessary and sufficient for the generation of all phases of fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eskilsson
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kiseko Shionoya
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomqvist
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,CONTACT Anders Blomqvist Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85Linköping, Sweden
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8
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Bei J, Miranda-Morales EG, Gan Q, Qiu Y, Husseinzadeh S, Liew JY, Chang Q, Krishnan B, Gaitas A, Yuan S, Felicella M, Qiu WQ, Fang X, Gong B. Circulating Exosomes from Alzheimer's Disease Suppress Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin Expression and Induce Barrier Dysfunction in Recipient Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:869-885. [PMID: 37661885 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is a crucial aspect of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Dysfunction in BBB is primarily caused by impaired tight junction and adherens junction proteins in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). The role of adherens junctions in AD-related BBB dysfunction remains unclear. Exosomes from senescent cells have unique characteristics and contribute to modulating the phenotype of recipient cells. However, it remains unknown if and how these exosomes cause BMEC dysfunction in AD. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the impact of AD circulating exosomes on brain endothelial dysfunction. METHODS Exosomes were isolated from sera of AD patients and age- and sex-matched cognitively normal controls using size-exclusion chromatography. The study measured the biomechanical nature of BMECs' endothelial barrier, the lateral binding forces between live BMECs. Paracellular expressions of the key adherens junction protein vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin were visualized in BMEC cultures and a 3D BBB model using human BMECs and pericytes. VE-cadherin signals were also examined in brain tissues from AD patients and normal controls. RESULTS Circulating exosomes from AD patients reduced VE-cadherin expression levels and impaired barrier function in recipient BMECs. Immunostaining analysis demonstrated that AD exosomes damaged VE-cadherin integrity in a 3D microvascular tubule formation model. The study found that AD exosomes weakened BBB integrity depending on their RNA content. Additionally, diminished microvascular VE-cadherin expression was observed in AD brains compared to controls. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the significant role of circulating exosomes from AD patients in damaging adherens junctions of recipient BMECs, dependent on exosomal RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Bei
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ernesto G Miranda-Morales
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Qini Gan
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sorosh Husseinzadeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jia Yi Liew
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Balaji Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Angelo Gaitas
- The Estelle and Daniel Maggin Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Subo Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle Felicella
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Prostaglandin production selectively in brain endothelial cells is both necessary and sufficient for eliciting fever. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122562119. [PMID: 36252026 PMCID: PMC9618080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122562119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is known to be elicited by prostaglandin E2 acting on the brain, but its origin has remained disputed. We show in mice that selective deletion of prostaglandin synthesis in brain endothelial cells, but not in neural cells or myeloid cells, abolished fever induced by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide and that selective rescue of prostaglandin synthesis in brain endothelial cells reinstated fever. These data demonstrate that prostaglandin production in brain endothelial cells is both necessary and sufficient for eliciting fever.
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Singh S, Sharma P, Pal N, Kumawat M, Shubham S, Sarma DK, Tiwari RR, Kumar M, Nagpal R. Impact of Environmental Pollutants on Gut Microbiome and Mental Health via the Gut–Brain Axis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071457. [PMID: 35889175 PMCID: PMC9317668 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, the microbiome has emerged as a high-priority research area to discover missing links between brain health and gut dysbiosis. Emerging evidence suggests that the commensal gut microbiome is an important regulator of the gut–brain axis and plays a critical role in brain physiology. Engaging microbiome-generated metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, the immune system, the enteric nervous system, the endocrine system (including the HPA axis), tryptophan metabolism or the vagus nerve plays a crucial role in communication between the gut microbes and the brain. Humans are exposed to a wide range of pollutants in everyday life that impact our intestinal microbiota and manipulate the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, resulting in predisposition to psychiatric or neurological disorders. However, the interaction between xenobiotics, microbiota and neurotoxicity has yet to be completely investigated. Although research into the precise processes of the microbiota–gut–brain axis is growing rapidly, comprehending the implications of environmental contaminants remains challenging. In these milieus, we herein discuss how various environmental pollutants such as phthalates, heavy metals, Bisphenol A and particulate matter may alter the intricate microbiota–gut–brain axis thereby impacting our neurological and overall mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samradhi Singh
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India; (S.S.); (P.S.); (N.P.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (D.K.S.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Poonam Sharma
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India; (S.S.); (P.S.); (N.P.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (D.K.S.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Namrata Pal
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India; (S.S.); (P.S.); (N.P.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (D.K.S.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Manoj Kumawat
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India; (S.S.); (P.S.); (N.P.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (D.K.S.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Swasti Shubham
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India; (S.S.); (P.S.); (N.P.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (D.K.S.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Devojit Kumar Sarma
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India; (S.S.); (P.S.); (N.P.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (D.K.S.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Rajnarayan R. Tiwari
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India; (S.S.); (P.S.); (N.P.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (D.K.S.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Manoj Kumar
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India; (S.S.); (P.S.); (N.P.); (M.K.); (S.S.); (D.K.S.); (R.R.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (R.N.)
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32302, USA
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (R.N.)
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AIM in Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care. Artif Intell Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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A hypothalamomedullary network for physiological responses to environmental stresses. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 23:35-52. [PMID: 34728833 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Various environmental stressors, such as extreme temperatures (hot and cold), pathogens, predators and insufficient food, can threaten life. Remarkable progress has recently been made in understanding the central circuit mechanisms of physiological responses to such stressors. A hypothalamomedullary neural pathway from the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) to the rostral medullary raphe region (rMR) regulates sympathetic outflows to effector organs for homeostasis. Thermal and infection stress inputs to the preoptic area dynamically alter the DMH → rMR transmission to elicit thermoregulatory, febrile and cardiovascular responses. Psychological stress signalling from a ventromedial prefrontal cortical area to the DMH drives sympathetic and behavioural responses for stress coping, representing a psychosomatic connection from the corticolimbic emotion circuit to the autonomic and somatic motor systems. Under starvation stress, medullary reticular neurons activated by hunger signalling from the hypothalamus suppress thermogenic drive from the rMR for energy saving and prime mastication to promote food intake. This Perspective presents a combined neural network for environmental stress responses, providing insights into the central circuit mechanism for the integrative regulation of systemic organs.
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Davis S, Milechin L, Patel T, Hernandez M, Ciccarelli G, Samsi S, Hensley L, Goff A, Trefry J, Johnston S, Purcell B, Cabrera C, Fleischman J, Reuther A, Claypool K, Rossi F, Honko A, Pratt W, Swiston A. Detecting Pathogen Exposure During the Non-symptomatic Incubation Period Using Physiological Data: Proof of Concept in Non-human Primates. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691074. [PMID: 34552498 PMCID: PMC8451540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Early warning of bacterial and viral infection, prior to the development of overt clinical symptoms, allows not only for improved patient care and outcomes but also enables faster implementation of public health measures (patient isolation and contact tracing). Our primary objectives in this effort are 3-fold. First, we seek to determine the upper limits of early warning detection through physiological measurements. Second, we investigate whether the detected physiological response is specific to the pathogen. Third, we explore the feasibility of extending early warning detection with wearable devices. Research Methods: For the first objective, we developed a supervised random forest algorithm to detect pathogen exposure in the asymptomatic period prior to overt symptoms (fever). We used high-resolution physiological telemetry data (aortic blood pressure, intrathoracic pressure, electrocardiograms, and core temperature) from non-human primate animal models exposed to two viral pathogens: Ebola and Marburg (N = 20). Second, to determine reusability across different pathogens, we evaluated our algorithm against three independent physiological datasets from non-human primate models (N = 13) exposed to three different pathogens: Lassa and Nipah viruses and Y. pestis. For the third objective, we evaluated performance degradation when the algorithm was restricted to features derived from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms to emulate data from a non-invasive wearable device. Results: First, our cross-validated random forest classifier provides a mean early warning of 51 ± 12 h, with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.93 ± 0.01. Second, our algorithm achieved comparable performance when applied to datasets from different pathogen exposures – a mean early warning of 51 ± 14 h and AUC of 0.95 ± 0.01. Last, with a degraded feature set derived solely from ECG, we observed minimal degradation – a mean early warning of 46 ± 14 h and AUC of 0.91 ± 0.001. Conclusion: Under controlled experimental conditions, physiological measurements can provide over 2 days of early warning with high AUC. Deviations in physiological signals following exposure to a pathogen are due to the underlying host’s immunological response and are not specific to the pathogen. Pre-symptomatic detection is strong even when features are limited to ECG-derivatives, suggesting that this approach may translate to non-invasive wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Davis
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Lauren Milechin
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Tejash Patel
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Mark Hernandez
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Greg Ciccarelli
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Siddharth Samsi
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Lisa Hensley
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Arthur Goff
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - John Trefry
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Sara Johnston
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Bret Purcell
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Catherine Cabrera
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Jack Fleischman
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Albert Reuther
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Kajal Claypool
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Franco Rossi
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Anna Honko
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - William Pratt
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Albert Swiston
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
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Lechner J, von Baehr V, Schick F. RANTES/CCL5 Signaling from Jawbone Cavitations to Epistemology of Multiple Sclerosis - Research and Case Studies. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2021; 11:41-50. [PMID: 34262389 PMCID: PMC8275106 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s315321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role played by signaling pathways in the cell-cell communication associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) progression has become a critical area in research. Chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), also named chemokine C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL5; R/C), is a protein that has been investigated in neuroinflammatory research due to its link to MS development. OBJECTIVE Research on bone marrow defects in the jawbone (BMDJ), which morphologically presents as fatty-degenerative osteonecrosis of the jawbone (FDOJ), presents overexpression of R/C signaling in affected areas. Here, we try to elucidate the potential link between jawbone-derived R/C and MS. METHODS Seventeen BMDJ/FDOJ samples extracted from 17 MS patients, as well as samples from 19 healthy controls, were analyzed for R/C expression using bead-based Luminex® analysis. The serum R/C levels from 10 MS patients were examined. Further, bone density, histology, and R/C expression were analyzed in two clinical case studies. RESULTS High R/C overexpression was found in all BMDJ/FDOJ samples obtained from the MS group. Serum R/C levels were also upregulated in the MS group. R/C serum levels in the MS cohort were higher than in the healthy controls. In contrast, the histology of BMDJ/FDOJ samples showed no inflammatory cells. DISCUSSION R/C-induced "silent inflammation" in MS is widely discussed in the scientific literature, along with R/C triggering of inflammation in the central nervous system, which might be key in the development of MS. CONCLUSION The authors suspect that BMDJ/FDOJ may serve as a trigger of MS progression via R/C overexpression. As such, the dental and medical communities should be made aware of BMDJ/FDOJ in cases of MS.
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15
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Du Z, Wei S, Zhang X, Xiang Z, Qu S. The effect of dexmedetomidine premedication on postoperative systemic inflammatory response in children undergoing hernia repair surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Paediatr Anaesth 2021; 31:794-801. [PMID: 33825304 PMCID: PMC8251734 DOI: 10.1111/pan.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery results in systemic inflammation, which can affect the central nervous system, leading to changes in mood, emotion, and behavior. Our previous study has shown that compared to midazolam, dexmedetomidine premedication effectively decreased children's postoperative anxiety. AIM To investigate whether dexmedetomidine infusion before hernia repair alleviates postoperative systemic inflammation in children and whether postoperative anxiety may be associated with postoperative inflammation. METHODS This prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in 120 children scheduled to undergo elective hernia repair. Before anesthesia induction, all children received an intravenous infusion consisted of dexmedetomidine (n = 40; 0.5 µg/g, group D), midazolam (n = 40; 0.08 mg/kg, group M), or normal saline (n = 40; group C). One-way ANOVA with least significant difference multiple comparison test was used for multigroup comparisons of postoperative plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and m-YPAS scores. Spearman rank correlation tests were used for analyzing m-YPAS scores with postoperative plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (7.0 ± 1.6 vs. 8.1 ± 1.6, mean difference [95% CI]: 1.19 [0.26-2.11], p = .008) (pg/ml) and of interleukin-6 (1.8 ± 1.2 vs. 3.3 ± 1.6, mean difference [95% CI]: 1.49 [0.74-2.25], p < .001) (pg/ml) and neutrophils-to-lymphocyte ratio (1.0 ± 0.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.7, mean difference [95% CI]: 0.48 [0.17-0.78], p < .001) were significantly lower in group D than in group C. Furthermore, compared to group M, group D showed significantly lower plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels (7.0 ± 1.6 vs. 7.9 ± 1.9, mean difference [95% CI]: 0.96 [0.04-1.88], p = .04) (pg/ml) and interleukin-6 levels (1.8 ± 1.2 vs. 2.9 ± 1.5, mean difference [95% CI]: 1.06 [0.31-1.81], p = .004) (pg/ml), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (1.0 ± 0.5 vs. 1.5 ± 0.6, mean difference [95% CI]: 0.42 [0.11-0.72], p = .004). Anxiety scores at postoperative 2 and 4 h in the three groups positively correlated with plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION A single preoperative intravenous dexmedetomidine dose in children undergoing same-day surgery reduces postoperative systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Du
- Department of AnesthesiologyHunan Children’ HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Si‐Wei Wei
- Department of AnesthesiologyHunan Children’ HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Xi‐Ying Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyHunan Children’ HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Zhen Xiang
- Department of AnesthesiologyHunan Children’ HospitalChangshaChina
| | - Shuang‐Quan Qu
- Department of AnesthesiologyHunan Children’ HospitalChangshaChina
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16
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Estrada JA, Contreras I. Endocannabinoid Receptors in the CNS: Potential Drug Targets for the Prevention and Treatment of Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:769-787. [PMID: 32065105 PMCID: PMC7536826 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200217140255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system participates in the regulation of CNS homeostasis and functions, including neurotransmission, cell signaling, inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as neuronal and glial cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival. Endocannabinoids are produced by multiple cell types within the CNS and their main receptors, CB1 and CB2, are expressed in both neurons and glia. Signaling through these receptors is implicated in the modulation of neuronal and glial alterations in neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy, anxiety and depression. The therapeutic potential of endocannabinoid receptors in neurological disease has been hindered by unwelcome side effects of current drugs used to target them; however, due to their extensive expression within the CNS and their involvement in physiological and pathological process in nervous tissue, they are attractive targets for drug development. The present review highlights the potential applications of the endocannabinoid system for the prevention and treatment of neurologic and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Estrada
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Irazú Contreras
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
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17
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Eskilsson A, Shionoya K, Engblom D, Blomqvist A. Fever During Localized Inflammation in Mice Is Elicited by a Humoral Pathway and Depends on Brain Endothelial Interleukin-1 and Interleukin-6 Signaling and Central EP 3 Receptors. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5206-5218. [PMID: 33941650 PMCID: PMC8211540 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0313-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the signaling route for fever during localized inflammation in male and female mice, elicited by casein injection into a preformed air pouch. The localized inflammation gave rise to high concentrations of prostaglandins of the E species (PGE2) and cytokines in the air pouch and elevated levels of these inflammatory mediators in plasma. There were also elevated levels of PGE2 in the cerebrospinal fluid, although there was little evidence for PGE2 synthesis in the brain. Global deletion of the PGE2 prostaglandin E receptor 3 (EP3) abolished the febrile response as did deletion of the EP3 receptor in neural cells, whereas its deletion on peripheral nerves had no effect, implying that PGE2 action on this receptor in the CNS elicited the fever. Global deletion of the interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) also abolished the febrile response, whereas its deletion on neural cells or peripheral nerves had no effect. However, deletion of the IL-1R1 on brain endothelial cells, as well as deletion of the interleukin-6 receptor α on these cells, attenuated the febrile response. In contrast, deletion of the PGE2 synthesizing enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin synthase-1 in brain endothelial cells, known to attenuate fever evoked by systemic inflammation, had no effect. We conclude that fever during localized inflammation is not mediated by neural signaling from the inflamed site, as previously suggested, but is dependent on humoral signaling that involves interleukin actions on brain endothelial cells, probably facilitating PGE2 entry into the brain from the circulation and hence representing a mechanism distinct from that at work during systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eskilsson
- Division of Neurobiology and Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, S-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kiseko Shionoya
- Division of Neurobiology and Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, S-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Engblom
- Division of Neurobiology and Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, S-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomqvist
- Division of Neurobiology and Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, S-58185 Linköping, Sweden
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18
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Fedotova АА, Tiaglik АB, Semyanov АV. Effect of Diet as a Factor of Exposome
on Brain Function. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Mouradian GC, Lakshminrusimha S, Konduri GG. Perinatal Hypoxemia and Oxygen Sensing. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1653-1677. [PMID: 33792908 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of the control of breathing begins in utero and continues postnatally. Fetal breathing movements are needed for establishing connectivity between the lungs and central mechanisms controlling breathing. Maturation of the control of breathing, including the increase of hypoxia chemosensitivity, continues postnatally. Insufficient oxygenation, or hypoxia, is a major stressor that can manifest for different reasons in the fetus and neonate. Though the fetus and neonate have different hypoxia sensing mechanisms and respond differently to acute hypoxia, both responses prevent deviations to respiratory and other developmental processes. Intermittent and chronic hypoxia pose much greater threats to the normal developmental respiratory processes. Gestational intermittent hypoxia, due to maternal sleep-disordered breathing and sleep apnea, increases eupneic breathing and decreases the hypoxic ventilatory response associated with impaired gasping and autoresuscitation postnatally. Chronic fetal hypoxia, due to biologic or environmental (i.e. high-altitude) factors, is implicated in fetal growth restriction and preterm birth causing a decrease in the postnatal hypoxic ventilatory responses with increases in irregular eupneic breathing. Mechanisms driving these changes include delayed chemoreceptor development, catecholaminergic activity, abnormal myelination, increased astrocyte proliferation in the dorsal respiratory group, among others. Long-term high-altitude residents demonstrate favorable adaptations to chronic hypoxia as do their offspring. Neonatal intermittent hypoxia is common among preterm infants due to immature respiratory systems and thus, display a reduced drive to breathe and apneas due to insufficient hypoxic sensitivity. However, ongoing intermittent hypoxia can enhance hypoxic sensitivity causing ventilatory overshoots followed by apnea; the number of apneas is positively correlated with degree of hypoxic sensitivity in preterm infants. Chronic neonatal hypoxia may arise from fetal complications like maternal smoking or from postnatal cardiovascular problems, causing blunting of the hypoxic ventilatory responses throughout at least adolescence due to attenuation of carotid body fibers responses to hypoxia with potential roles of brainstem serotonin, microglia, and inflammation, though these effects depend on the age in which chronic hypoxia initiates. Fetal and neonatal intermittent and chronic hypoxia are implicated in preterm birth and complicate the respiratory system through their direct effects on hypoxia sensing mechanisms and interruptions to the normal developmental processes. Thus, precise regulation of oxygen homeostasis is crucial for normal development of the respiratory control network. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1653-1677, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary C Mouradian
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Satyan Lakshminrusimha
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Children's Hospital, UC Davis Health, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Girija G Konduri
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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20
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AIM in Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care. Artif Intell Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58080-3_309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Dos Santos LD, Froes TQ, Contin de Melo MC, Petto de Souza GE, Soares DDM, Castilho MS. Triazol-phenyl antipyretic derivatives inhibit mPGES-1 mRNA levels in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:271-281. [PMID: 33292158 DOI: 10.2174/1871523019999201208202831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) catalyzes the terminal step of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, which plays an important role in the regulation of febrile response. In our previous work, ligand-based pharmacophore models, built with mPGES-1 inhibitors, were employed to identify a novel series of compounds that reduce the febrile response in rats. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the mechanism of action of the most active compound (1). METHODS For in vivo assays, rats were pretreated with the antipyretic compounds 1-8, 30 min before LPS injection. For in vitro assays, RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were incubated with the antipyretic compounds 1-8 for 1 hour before LPS stimu-lus. After 16 h, quantitative real-time PCR was carried out. Additionally, the PGE2 concentration in hypothalamus was quantified by ELISA and the inhibitory effect of N-cyclopentyl-N'-[3-(3-cyclopropyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)phenyl]ethanediamide (1) over human COX-2 enzymatic activity was determined with a COX Colorimetric Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit. RESULTS Compound 1 and CAY10526 have comparable efficacy to reduce the febrile response when injected i.v. (com-pound 1: 63.10%, CAY10526: 70.20%). Moreover, compound 1 significantly reduces the mPGES-1 mRNA levels, in RAW264.7 cells, under inflammatory conditions. A chemically-similar compound (8- ) also significantly reduces the mRNA levels of the gene target. On the other hand, compounds 6 and 7, which are also somewhat similar to compound 1, do not, significantly, impact mPGES-1 mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 concentration reduction in hypothalamus, due to compound 1 central injection, is related to decreased mPGES-1 mRNA levels but not to COX-2 inhibition (IC50> 50 μM). Therefore, compound 1 is a promising lead for inno-vative antipyretic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenisa Dandara Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of inflammation and fever, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, Salvador, BA,. Brazil
| | - Thamires Quadros Froes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of inflammation and fever, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, Salvador, BA,. Brazil
| | - Miriam Cristina Contin de Melo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP,. Brazil
| | - Gloria Emília Petto de Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP,. Brazil
| | - Denis de Melo Soares
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of inflammation and fever, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, Salvador, BA,. Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos Castilho
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, Salvador, BA,. Brazil
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Aliabadi F, Ajami M, Pazoki–Toroudi H. Why does COVID‐19 pathology have several clinical forms? Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000198. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Aliabadi
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Marjan Ajami
- Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Hamidreza Pazoki–Toroudi
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Litvin DG, Denstaedt SJ, Borkowski LF, Nichols NL, Dick TE, Smith CB, Jacono FJ. Peripheral-to-central immune communication at the area postrema glial-barrier following bleomycin-induced sterile lung injury in adult rats. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:610-633. [PMID: 32097765 PMCID: PMC8895345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathways for peripheral-to-central immune communication (P → C I-comm) following sterile lung injury (SLI) are unknown. SLI evokes systemic and central inflammation, which alters central respiratory control and viscerosensory transmission in the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS). These functional changes coincide with increased interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in the area postrema, a sensory circumventricular organ that connects P → C I-comm to brainstem circuits that control homeostasis. We hypothesize that IL-1β and its downstream transcriptional target, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), mediate P → C I-comm in the nTS. In a rodent model of SLI induced by intratracheal bleomycin (Bleo), the sigh frequency and duration of post-sigh apnea increased in Bleo- compared to saline- treated rats one week after injury. This SLI-dependent change in respiratory control occurred concurrently with augmented IL-1β and COX-2 immunoreactivity (IR) in the funiculus separans (FS), a barrier between the AP and the brainstem. At this barrier, increases in IL-1β and COX-2 IR were confined to processes that stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and that projected basolaterally to the nTS. Further, FS radial-glia did not express TNF-α or IL-6 following SLI. To test our hypothesis, we blocked central COX-1/2 activity by intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of Indomethacin (Ind). Continuous ICV Ind treatment prevented Bleo-dependent increases in GFAP + and IL-1β + IR, and restored characteristics of sighs that reset the rhythm. These data indicate that changes in sighs following SLI depend partially on activation of a central COX-dependent P → C I-comm via radial-glia of the FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Litvin
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Scott J Denstaedt
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Lauren F Borkowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Nicole L Nichols
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Thomas E Dick
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Corey B Smith
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Frank J Jacono
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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Benmakhlouf Y, Zian Z, Nourouti NG, Barakat A, Mechita MB. Potential Cytokine Biomarkers in Intellectual Disability. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:569-576. [PMID: 32600239 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200628024944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID), previously called mental retardation, is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by life-long intellectual and adaptive functioning impairments that have an impact on individuals, families, and society. Its prevalence is estimated to 3% of the general population and its etiology is still insufficiently understood. Besides the involvement of genetic and environmental factors, immunological dysfunctions have been also suggested to contribute to the pathophysiology of ID. Over the years, immune biomarkers related to ID have gained significant attention and researchers have begun to look at possible cytokine profiles in individuals suffered from this disorder. In fact, in addition to playing crucial physiological roles in the majority of normal neurodevelopmental processes, cytokines exert an important role in neuroinflammation under pathological conditions, and interactions between the immune system and central nervous system have long been under investigation. Cytokine levels imbalance has been reported associated with some behavioral characteristics and the onset of some syndromic forms of ID. In this review, we will focus on immunological biomarkers, especially the cytokine profiles that have been identified in people with ID. Thus, data reported and discussed in the present paper may provide additional information to start further studies and to plan strategies for early identification and managing of ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra Benmakhlouf
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Zeineb Zian
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Naima G Nourouti
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Amina Barakat
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Mohcine B Mechita
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
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Böttcher M, Müller-Fielitz H, Sundaram SM, Gallet S, Neve V, Shionoya K, Zager A, Quan N, Liu X, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Haenold R, Wenzel J, Blomqvist A, Engblom D, Prevot V, Schwaninger M. NF-κB signaling in tanycytes mediates inflammation-induced anorexia. Mol Metab 2020; 39:101022. [PMID: 32446877 PMCID: PMC7292913 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Infections, cancer, and systemic inflammation elicit anorexia. Despite the medical significance of this phenomenon, the question of how peripheral inflammatory mediators affect the central regulation of food intake is incompletely understood. Therefore, we have investigated the sickness behavior induced by the prototypical inflammatory mediator IL-1β. Methods IL-1β was injected intravenously. To interfere with IL-1β signaling, we deleted the essential modulator of NF-κB signaling (Nemo) in astrocytes and tanycytes. Results Systemic IL-1β increased the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB in tanycytes of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). By activating NF-κB signaling, IL-1β induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and stimulated the release of the anorexigenic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from tanycytes. When we deleted Nemo in astrocytes and tanycytes, the IL-1β-induced anorexia was alleviated whereas the fever response and lethargy response were unchanged. Similar results were obtained after the selective deletion of Nemo exclusively in tanycytes. Conclusions Tanycytes form the brain barrier that mediates the anorexic effect of systemic inflammation in the hypothalamus. Systemic IL-1β activates NF-κB in tanycytes. IL-1β induces the expression of Ptgs2 (Cox-2) and the release of PGE2 from tanycytes. NEMO-dependent NF-κB signaling in tanycytes is required for anorexia induced by IL-1β. Tanycytes are not involved in fever and lethargy induced by IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Böttcher
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sivaraj M Sundaram
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Gallet
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, Lille, France; University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, U1172, Lille, France
| | - Vanessa Neve
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kiseko Shionoya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Adriano Zager
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ning Quan
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Department of Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronny Haenold
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745, Jena, Germany; Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anders Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Engblom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, Lille, France; University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, U1172, Lille, France
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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26
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Erickson MA, Wilson ML, Banks WA. In vitro modeling of blood-brain barrier and interface functions in neuroimmune communication. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:26. [PMID: 32228633 PMCID: PMC7106666 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune communication contributes to both baseline and adaptive physiological functions, as well as disease states. The vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB) and associated cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU) serve as an important interface for immune communication between the brain and periphery through the blood. Immune functions and interactions of the BBB and NVU in this context can be categorized into at least five neuroimmune axes, which include (1) immune modulation of BBB impermeability, (2) immune regulation of BBB transporters, secretions, and other functions, (3) BBB uptake and transport of immunoactive substances, (4) immune cell trafficking, and (5) BBB secretions of immunoactive substances. These axes may act separately or in concert to mediate various aspects of immune signaling at the BBB. Much of what we understand about immune axes has been from work conducted using in vitro BBB models, and recent advances in BBB and NVU modeling highlight the potential of these newer models for improving our understanding of how the brain and immune system communicate. In this review, we discuss how conventional in vitro models of the BBB have improved our understanding of the 5 neuroimmune axes. We further evaluate the existing literature on neuroimmune functions of novel in vitro BBB models, such as those derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and discuss their utility in evaluating aspects of neuroimmune communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Miranda L Wilson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA. .,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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27
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Alboghobeish S, Pashmforosh M, Zeidooni L, Samimi A, Rezaei M. High fat diet deteriorates the memory impairment induced by arsenic in mice: a sub chronic in vivo study. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1595-1606. [PMID: 31422513 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both arsenic (As) and obesity are associated with brain disorders. However, long term studies to evaluate their concomitant adverse effects on the brain functions are lacking. Present study was conducted to evaluate the long term co-exposure of As and high fat diet (HFD) on memory and brain mitochondrial function in mice. Male mice were randomly divided into 7 groups fed with HFD or ordinary diet (OD) and instantaneously exposed to As (25 or 50 ppm) in drinking water for, 4, 8, 12, 16 or 20 weeks. Step-down passive avoidance method was used for memory assessment and post exposure various parameters including mitochondrial damage, level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdeid (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were determined. Results indicated that the retention latency decreased in As (25 and 50 ppm) and HFD received mice after 12 and 16 weeks respectively. Same results were observed at significantly shorter duration (8th week) when As was administered along with HFD as compared to control group. In the HFD alone fed mice increased the mitochondrial membrane damage, levels of ROS and MDA were observed while GSH contents decreased significantly. Concomitant administration of HFD and As amplified those mentioned toxic effects (p < 0.001). In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that the simultaneous HFD and As impaired memory at least three times more than exposing each one alone. These toxic effects could be due to the mitochondria originated oxidative stress along with the depleted antioxidant capacity of the brain of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Alboghobeish
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Pashmforosh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Zeidooni
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Student Research Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Azin Samimi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Student Research Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rezaei
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-331, Tehran, Iran.
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Cachexia induced by Yoshida ascites hepatoma in Wistar rats is not associated with inflammatory response in the spleen or brain. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 337:577068. [PMID: 31606594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent data indicate that peripheral, as well as hypothalamic pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the development of cancer cachexia. However, there are only a few studies simultaneously investigating the expression of inflammatory molecules in both the periphery and hypothalamic structures in animal models of cancer cachexia. Therefore, using the Yoshida ascites hepatoma rat's model of cancer cachexia we investigated the gene expression of inflammatory markers in the spleen along with the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei, two hypothalamic structures that are involved in regulating energy balance. In addition, we investigated the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of PS-1145 dihydrochloride (an Ikβ inhibitor) on the expression of selected inflammatory molecules in these hypothalamic nuclei and spleen. We observed significantly reduced food intake in tumor-bearing rats. Moreover, we found significantly decreased expression of IL-6 in the spleen as well as decreased NF-κB in the paraventricular nucleus of rats with Yoshida ascites hepatoma. Similarly, expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, and COX-2 in the arcuate nucleus was significantly reduced in tumor-bearing rats. Administration of PS-1145 dihydrochloride reduced only the gene expression of COX-2 in the hypothalamus. Based on our findings, we suggest that the growing Yoshida ascites hepatoma decreased food intake by mechanical compression of the gut and therefore this model is not suitable for investigation of the inflammation-related mechanisms of cancer cachexia development.
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Langgartner D, Lowry CA, Reber SO. Old Friends, immunoregulation, and stress resilience. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:237-269. [PMID: 30386921 PMCID: PMC6334733 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable body of evidence indicating that chronic adverse experience, especially chronic psychosocial stress/trauma, represents a major risk factor for the development of many somatic and affective disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the mechanisms underlying the development of chronic stress-associated disorders are still in large part unknown, and current treatment and prevention strategies lack efficacy and reliability. A greater understanding of mechanisms involved in the development and persistence of chronic stress-induced disorders may lead to novel approaches to prevention and treatment of these disorders. In this review, we provide evidence indicating that increases in immune (re-)activity and inflammation, potentially promoted by a reduced exposure to immunoregulatory microorganisms ("Old Friends") in today's modern society, may be causal factors in mediating the vulnerability to development and persistence of stress-related pathologies. Moreover, we discuss strategies to increase immunoregulatory processes and attenuate inflammation, as for instance contact with immunoregulatory Old Friends, which appears to be a promising strategy to promote stress resilience and to prevent/treat chronic stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langgartner
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Denver, CO, 80220, USA
- Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, 80220, USA
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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30
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Khazaeipool Z, Wiederman M, Inoue W. Prostaglandin E 2 depresses GABA release onto parvocellular neuroendocrine neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus via presynaptic receptors. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12638. [PMID: 30084511 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the ensuing release of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids are critical for the fine-tuning of the inflammatory response. This immune-induced neuroendocrine response is in large part mediated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), the central actions of which ultimately translate into the excitation of parvocellular neuroendocrine cells (PNCs) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. However, the neuronal mechanisms by which PGE2 excites PNCs remain incompletely understood. In the present study, we report that PGE2 potently depresses GABAergic inhibitory synaptic transmission onto PNCs. Using whole-cell patch clamp recordings obtained from PNCs in ex vivo hypothalamic slices from rats, we found that bath application of PGE2 (0.01-100 μmol L-1 ) concentration-dependently decreased the amplitude of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) with maximum effects at 10 μmol L-1 . The PGE2 -mediated depression of eIPSCs had a rapid onset and was long-lasting, and also was accompanied by an increase in paired pulse ratio. In addition, PGE2 decreased the frequency but not the amplitude of both spontaneous IPSCs and miniature IPSCs. These results collectively indicate that PGE2 acts at a presynaptic locus to decrease the probability of GABA release. Using pharmacological approaches, we also demonstrated that the EP3 subtype of the PGE2 receptor mediated the actions of PGE2 on GABA synapses. Taken together, our results show that PGE2 , via actions of presynaptic EP3 receptors, potently depresses GABA release onto PNCs, providing a plausible mechanism for the disinhibition of HPA axis output during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khazaeipool
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meagan Wiederman
- Neuroscience Program, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Neuroscience Program, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Characterization of Brain Dysfunction Induced by Bacterial Lipopeptides That Alter Neuronal Activity and Network in Rodent Brains. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10672-10691. [PMID: 30381406 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0825-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathological states of the brain induced by bacterial lipoproteins have been well characterized by using biochemical and histological assays. However, these studies have limitations in determining functional states of damaged brains involving aberrant synaptic activity and network, which makes it difficult to diagnose brain disorders during bacterial infection. To address this, we investigated the effect of Pam3CSK4 (PAM), a synthetic bacterial lipopeptide, on synaptic dysfunction of female mice brains and cultured neurons in parallel. Our functional brain imaging using PET with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [18F] flumazenil revealed that the brain dysfunction induced by PAM is closely aligned to disruption of neurotransmitter-related neuronal activity and functional correlation in the region of the limbic system rather than to decrease of metabolic activity of neurons in the injection area. This finding was verified by in vivo tissue experiments that analyzed synaptic and dendritic alterations in the regions where PET imaging showed abnormal neuronal activity and network. Recording of synaptic activity also revealed that PAM reorganized synaptic distribution and decreased synaptic plasticity in hippocampus. Further study using in vitro neuron cultures demonstrated that PAM decreased the number of presynapses and the frequency of miniature EPSCs, which suggests PAM disrupts neuronal function by damaging presynapses exclusively. We also showed that PAM caused aggregation of synapses around dendrites, which may have caused no significant change in expression level of synaptic proteins, whereas synaptic number and function were impaired by PAM. Our findings could provide a useful guide for diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders specific to bacterial infection.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is challenging to diagnose brain disorders caused by bacterial infection because neural damage induced by bacterial products involves nonspecific neurological symptoms, which is rarely detected by laboratory tests with low spatiotemporal resolution. To better understand brain pathology, it is essential to detect functional abnormalities of brain over time. To this end, we investigated characteristic patterns of altered neuronal integrity and functional correlation between various regions in mice brains injected with bacterial lipopeptides using PET with a goal to apply new findings to diagnosis of brain disorder specific to bacterial infection. In addition, we analyzed altered synaptic density and function using both in vivo and in vitro experimental models to understand how bacterial lipopeptides impair brain function and network.
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32
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Duan L, Zhang XD, Miao WY, Sun YJ, Xiong G, Wu Q, Li G, Yang P, Yu H, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang M, Hu LY, Tong X, Zhou WH, Yu X. PDGFRβ Cells Rapidly Relay Inflammatory Signal from the Circulatory System to Neurons via Chemokine CCL2. Neuron 2018; 100:183-200.e8. [PMID: 30269986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute infection, if not kept in check, can lead to systemic inflammatory responses in the brain. Here, we show that within 2 hr of systemic inflammation, PDGFRβ mural cells of blood vessels rapidly secrete chemokine CCL2, which in turn increases total neuronal excitability by promoting excitatory synaptic transmission in glutamatergic neurons of multiple brain regions. By single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified Col1a1 and Rgs5 subgroups of PDGFRβ cells as the main source of CCL2. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or Poly(I:C)-treated pericyte culture medium induced similar effects in a CCL2-dependent manner. Importantly, in Pdgfrb-Cre;Ccl2fl/fl mice, LPS-induced increase in excitatory synaptic transmission was significantly attenuated. These results demonstrate in vivo that PDGFRβ cells function as initial sensors of external insults by secreting CCL2, which relays the signal to the central nervous system. Through their gateway position in the brain, PDGFRβ cells are ideally positioned to respond rapidly to environmental changes and to coordinate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Duan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Di Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wan-Ying Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yun-Jun Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guoliang Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiuzi Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guangying Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Hang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Humingzhu Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li-Yuan Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiaoping Tong
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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Abstract
Fever is a common symptom of infectious and inflammatory disease. It is well-established that prostaglandin E2 is the final mediator of fever, which by binding to its EP3 receptor subtype in the preoptic hypothalamus initiates thermogenesis. Here, we review the different hypotheses on how the presence of peripherally released pyrogenic substances can be signaled to the brain to elicit fever. We conclude that there is unequivocal evidence for a humoral signaling pathway by which proinflammatory cytokines, through their binding to receptors on brain endothelial cells, evoke fever by eliciting prostaglandin E2 synthesis in these cells. The evidence for a role for other signaling routes for fever, such as signaling via circumventricular organs and peripheral nerves, as well as transfer into the brain of peripherally synthesized prostaglandin E2 are yet far from conclusive. We also review the efferent limb of the pyrogenic pathways. We conclude that it is well established that prostaglandin E2 binding in the preoptic hypothalamus produces fever by disinhibition of presympathetic neurons in the brain stem, but there is yet little understanding of the mechanisms by which factors such as nutritional status and ambient temperature shape the response to the peripheral immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Engblom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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34
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Porter A, Leckie R, Verstynen T. White matter pathways as both a target and mediator of health behaviors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1428:71-88. [PMID: 29749627 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Health behaviors arise from the dynamics of highly interconnected networks in the brain and variability in these networks drives individual differences in behavior. In this review, we show how many factors that predict the physical health of the body also correlate with variability of the myelinated fascicles, called white matter, that connect brain regions together. The general pattern present in the literature is that as predictors of physical health decline, there is often a coincident reduction in the integrity of major white matter pathways. We also highlight a plausible mechanism, inflammatory pathways, whereby health-related activation of the immune system can impact the myelin sheath, a protective tissue that facilitates long range communication in the brain. The growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that degrading health in the periphery may disrupt the communication efficiency of the macroscopic neural circuits that mediate complex behaviors, which can in turn contribute to poorer physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Porter
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Regina Leckie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy Verstynen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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TNFα and IL-1β modify the miRNA cargo of astrocyte shed extracellular vesicles to regulate neurotrophic signaling in neurons. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:363. [PMID: 29507357 PMCID: PMC5838212 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are known to be critical regulators of neuronal function. However, relatively few mediators of astrocyte to neuron communication have been identified. Recent advancements in the biology of extracellular vesicles have begun to implicate astrocyte derived extracellular vesicles (ADEV) as mediators of astrocyte to neuron communication, suggesting that alterations in the release and/or composition of ADEVs could influence gliotransmission. TNFα and IL-1β are key mediators of glial activation and neuronal damage, but the effects of these cytokines on the release or molecular composition of ADEVs is unknown. We found that ADEVs released in response to IL-1β (ADEV-IL-1β) and TNFα (ADEV-TNFα) were enriched with miRNAs that target proteins involved in neurotrophin signaling. We confirmed that miR-125a-5p and miR-16-5p (both enriched in ADEV-IL-1β and ADEV-TNFα) targeted NTKR3 and its downstream effector Bcl2. Downregulation of these targets in neurons was associated with reductions in dendritic growth, dendritic complexity, reduced spike rates, and burst activity. Molecular interference of miR-125a-5p and miR-16-5p prevented ADEV-IL-1β from reducing dendritic complexity, spike, and burst rates. These findings suggest that astrocytes respond to inflammatory challenge by modifying the miRNA cargo of ADEVs to diminish the activity of target neurons by regulating the translational expression of proteins controlling programs essential for synaptic stability and neuronal excitability.
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Xiao JY, Xiong BR, Zhang W, Zhou WC, Yang H, Gao F, Xiang HB, Manyande A, Tian XB, Tian YK. PGE2-EP3 signaling exacerbates hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment after laparotomy by reducing expression levels of hippocampal synaptic plasticity-related proteins in aged mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:917-929. [PMID: 29488342 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Multifactors contribute to the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), of which the most important mechanism is neuroinflammation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a key neuroinflammatory molecule and could modulate hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity. This study was designed to investigate whether PGE2 and its receptors signaling pathway were involved in the pathophysiology of POCD. METHODS Sixteen-month old male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to laparotomy. Cognitive function was evaluated by fear conditioning test. The levels of PGE2 and its 4 distinct receptors (EP1-4) were assessed by biochemical analysis. Pharmacological or genetic methods were further applied to investigate the role of the specific PGE2 receptors. RESULTS Here, we found that the transcription and translation level of the EP3 receptor in hippocampus increased remarkably, but not EP1, EP2, or EP4. Immunofluorescence results showed EP3 positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 region were mainly neurons. Furthermore, pharmacological blocking or genetic suppression of EP3 could alleviate surgery-induced hippocampus-dependent memory deficits and rescued the expression of plasticity-related proteins, including cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus. CONCLUSION This study showed that PGE2-EP3 signaling pathway was involved in the progression of POCD and identified EP3 receptor as a promising treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bing-Rui Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Chang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, London, UK
| | - Xue-Bi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Ke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Garami A, Steiner AA, Romanovsky AA. Fever and hypothermia in systemic inflammation. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 157:565-597. [PMID: 30459026 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64074-1.00034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation-associated syndromes (e.g., sepsis and septic shock) often have high mortality and remain a challenge in emergency medicine. Systemic inflammation is usually accompanied by changes in body temperature: fever or hypothermia. In animal studies, systemic inflammation is often modeled by administering bacterial lipopolysaccharide, which triggers autonomic and behavioral thermoeffector responses and causes either fever or hypothermia, depending on the dose and ambient temperature. Fever and hypothermia are regulated changes of body temperature, which correspond to mild and severe forms of systemic inflammation, respectively. Mediators of fever and hypothermia are called endogenous pyrogens and cryogens; they are produced when the innate immune system recognizes an infectious pathogen. Upon an inflammatory challenge, hepatic and pulmonary macrophages (and later brain endothelial cells) start to release lipid mediators, of which prostaglandin (PG) E2 plays the key role, and cytokines. Blood PGE2 enters the brain and triggers fever. At later stages of fever, PGE2 synthesized within the blood-brain barrier maintains fever. In both cases, PGE2 is synthesized by cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal PGE2synthase-1. Mediators of hypothermia are not well established. Both fever and hypothermia are beneficial host defense responses. Based on evidence from studies in laboratory animals and clinical trials in humans, fever is beneficial for fighting mild infection. Based mainly on animal studies, hypothermia is beneficial in severe systemic inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Garami
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrej A Romanovsky
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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38
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Abstract
Fever depends on a complex physiologic response to infectious agents and other conditions. To alleviate fever, many medicinal agents have been developed over a century of trying to improve upon aspirin, which was determined to work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. We present the process of fever induction through prostaglandin synthesis and discuss the development of pharmaceuticals that target enzymes and receptors involved in prostaglandin-mediated signal transduction, including prostaglandin H2 synthase (also known as cyclooxygenase), phospholipase A2, microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1, EP receptors, and transient potential cation channel subfamily V member 1. Clinical use of established antipyretics will be discussed as well as medicinal agents under clinical trials and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Lee
- Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Daniel L Simmons
- Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States.
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Matsuwaki T, Shionoya K, Ihnatko R, Eskilsson A, Kakuta S, Dufour S, Schwaninger M, Waisman A, Müller W, Pinteaux E, Engblom D, Blomqvist A. Involvement of interleukin-1 type 1 receptors in lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness responses. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 66:165-176. [PMID: 28655587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined in mice with deletion of the interleukin (IL)-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1). IL-1R1 knockout (KO) mice displayed intact anorexia and HPA-axis activation to intraperitoneally injected LPS (anorexia: 10 or 120µg/kg; HPA-axis: 120µg/kg), but showed attenuated but not extinguished fever (120µg/kg). Brain PGE2 synthesis was attenuated, but Cox-2 induction remained intact. Neither the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) inhibitor etanercept nor the IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab abolished the LPS induced fever in IL-1R1 KO mice. Deletion of IL-1R1 specifically in brain endothelial cells attenuated the LPS induced fever, but only during the late, 3rd phase of fever, whereas deletion of IL-1R1 on neural cells or on peripheral nerves had little or no effect on the febrile response. We conclude that while IL-1 signaling is not critical for LPS induced anorexia or stress hormone release, IL-1R1, expressed on brain endothelial cells, contributes to the febrile response to LPS. However, also in the absence of IL-1R1, LPS evokes a febrile response, although this is attenuated. This remaining fever seems not to be mediated by IL-6 receptors or TNFα, but by some yet unidentified pyrogenic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsuwaki
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kiseko Shionoya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Ihnatko
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Eskilsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - David Engblom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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40
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Liu R, Rong B, Tu P, Tang Y, Song W, Toyos R, Toyos M, Yan X. Analysis of Cytokine Levels in Tears and Clinical Correlations After Intense Pulsed Light Treating Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Am J Ophthalmol 2017; 183:81-90. [PMID: 28887117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the change from baseline of inflammatory markers in tears of dry eye disease (DED) subjects owing to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) after intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment and meibomian gland expression (MGE) compared to sham treatment, and the correlations with ocular surface parameters. DESIGN Randomized, double-masked, controlled study. METHODS Those randomized into the active treatment arm received 3 consecutive treatments (14∼16 J/cm2) approximately 4 weeks apart in the periocular region. Control eyes received 3 treatments in the same intervals of 0 J/cm2. Tear samples in all eyes were collected and analyzed at baseline, week 12, and/or week 4 for interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-6, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The correlations between cytokines and ocular surface parameters were analyzed before and after IPL treatment. RESULTS All of the inflammatory markers declined in value compared to baselines. IL-17A and IL-6 showed statistically significant decreases compared to sham treatment at each measured time point. PGE2 showed statistically significant decreases compared to sham at week 12. Results showed that the expressions of IL-17A and IL-6 correlated well with ocular surface parameters of the lower eyelid before IPL. The changed values of IL-6 and PGE2 in tears correlated with the changed values of partial ocular surface parameters after IPL treatment in study eyes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The study results suggest that IPL can significantly reduce inflammatory markers in tears of patients suffering with DED owing to MGD after IPL treatment. These findings indicate that IL-17A and IL-6 play roles in the pathogenesis of DED owing to MGD, and the reduction of the inflammatory factors is consistent with the improvement of partial clinical symptoms and signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Tu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Xiaoming Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Zaheer S, Ahmed ME, Raikwar SP, Zahoor H, Saeed D, Natteru PA, Iyer S, Zaheer A. Brain and Peripheral Atypical Inflammatory Mediators Potentiate Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:216. [PMID: 28790893 PMCID: PMC5522882 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory response is primarily a protective mechanism in the brain. However, excessive and chronic inflammatory responses can lead to deleterious effects involving immune cells, brain cells and signaling molecules. Neuroinflammation induces and accelerates pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammatory pathways are indicated as novel therapeutic targets for these diseases. Mast cells are immune cells of hematopoietic origin that regulate inflammation and upon activation release many proinflammatory mediators in systemic and central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory conditions. In addition, inflammatory mediators released from activated glial cells induce neurodegeneration in the brain. Systemic inflammation-derived proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and other factors cause a breach in the blood brain-barrier (BBB) thereby allowing for the entry of immune/inflammatory cells including mast cell progenitors, mast cells and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines into the brain. These peripheral-derived factors and intrinsically generated cytokines/chemokines, α-synuclein, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), substance P (SP), beta amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1–42) peptide and amyloid precursor proteins can activate glial cells, T-cells and mast cells in the brain can induce additional release of inflammatory and neurotoxic molecules contributing to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal death. The glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein discovered in our laboratory released from glia, activates mast cells to release inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Chronic increase in the proinflammatory mediators induces neurotoxic Aβ and plaque formation in AD brains and neurodegeneration in PD brains. Glial cells, mast cells and T-cells can reactivate each other in neuroinflammatory conditions in the brain and augment neuroinflammation. Further, inflammatory mediators from the brain can also enter into the peripheral system through defective BBB, recruit immune cells into the brain, and exacerbate neuroinflammation. We suggest that mast cell-associated inflammatory mediators from systemic inflammation and brain could augment neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain. This review article addresses the role of some atypical inflammatory mediators that are associated with mast cell inflammation and their activation of glial cells to induce neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Prashant A Natteru
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
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42
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Tricyclic 4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydrochromeno[3,4- d ]imidazole derivatives as microsomal prostaglandin E 2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitors: SAR and in vivo efficacy in hyperalgesia pain model. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2594-2601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Divergent Influences of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Domains on Cognition and Gray and White Matter Morphology. Psychosom Med 2017; 79:541-548. [PMID: 28498826 PMCID: PMC5453811 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity are associated with preclinical alterations in cognition and brain structure; however, this often comes from studies of comprehensive risk scores or single isolated factors. We examined associations of empirically derived cardiovascular disease risk factor domains with cognition and brain structure. METHODS A total of 124 adults (age, 59.8 [13.1] years; 41% African American; 50% women) underwent neuropsychological and cardiovascular assessments and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Principal component analysis of nine cardiovascular disease risk factors resulted in a four-component solution representing 1, cholesterol; 2, glucose dysregulation; 3, metabolic dysregulation; and 4, blood pressure. Separate linear regression models for learning, memory, executive functioning, and attention/information processing were performed, with all components entered at once, adjusting for age, sex, and education. MRI analyses included whole-brain cortical thickness and tract-based fractional anisotropy adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS Higher blood pressure was associated with poorer learning (B = -0.19; p = .019), memory (B = -0.22; p = .005), and executive functioning performance (B = -0.14; p = .031), and lower cortical thickness within the right lateral occipital lobe. Elevated glucose dysregulation was associated with poorer attention/information processing performance (B = -0.21; p = .006) and lower fractional anisotropy in the right inferior and bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculi. Cholesterol was associated with higher cortical thickness within left caudal middle frontal cortex. Metabolic dysfunction was positively associated with right superior parietal lobe, left inferior parietal lobe, and left precuneus cortical thickness. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular domains were associated with distinct cognitive, gray, and white matter alterations and distinct age groups. Future longitudinal studies may assist in identifying vulnerability profiles that may be most important for individuals with multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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Marsland AL, Kuan DCH, Sheu LK, Krajina K, Kraynak TE, Manuck SB, Gianaros PJ. Systemic inflammation and resting state connectivity of the default mode network. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 62:162-170. [PMID: 28126500 PMCID: PMC5402695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) encompasses brain systems that exhibit coherent neural activity at rest. DMN brain systems have been implicated in diverse social, cognitive, and affective processes, as well as risk for forms of dementia and psychiatric disorders that associate with systemic inflammation. Areas of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and surrounding medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) within the DMN have been implicated specifically in regulating autonomic and neuroendocrine processes that relate to systemic inflammation via bidirectional signaling mechanisms. However, it is still unclear whether indicators of inflammation relate directly to coherent resting state activity of the ACC, mPFC, or other areas within the DMN. Accordingly, we tested whether plasma interleukin (IL)-6, an indicator of systemic inflammation, covaried with resting-state functional connectivity of the DMN among 98 adults aged 30-54 (39% male; 81% Caucasian). Independent component analyses were applied to resting state fMRI data to generate DMN connectivity maps. Voxel-wise regression analyses were then used to test for associations between IL-6 and DMN connectivity across individuals, controlling for age, sex, body mass index, and fMRI signal motion. Within the DMN, IL-6 covaried positively with connectivity of the sub-genual ACC and negatively with a region of the dorsal medial PFC at corrected statistical thresholds. These novel findings offer evidence for a unique association between a marker of systemic inflammation (IL-6) and ACC and mPFC functional connectivity within the DMN, a network that may be important for linking aspects of immune function to psychological and behavioral states in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Dora C-H. Kuan
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Lei K. Sheu
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Katarina Krajina
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Thomas E. Kraynak
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Stephen B. Manuck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Peter J. Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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Freytag V, Carrillo-Roa T, Milnik A, Sämann PG, Vukojevic V, Coynel D, Demougin P, Egli T, Gschwind L, Jessen F, Loos E, Maier W, Riedel-Heller SG, Scherer M, Vogler C, Wagner M, Binder EB, de Quervain DJF, Papassotiropoulos A. A peripheral epigenetic signature of immune system genes is linked to neocortical thickness and memory. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15193. [PMID: 28443631 PMCID: PMC5414038 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing age is tightly linked to decreased thickness of the human neocortex. The biological mechanisms that mediate this effect are hitherto unknown. The DNA methylome, as part of the epigenome, contributes significantly to age-related phenotypic changes. Here, we identify an epigenetic signature that is associated with cortical thickness (P=3.86 × 10−8) and memory performance in 533 healthy young adults. The epigenetic effect on cortical thickness was replicated in a sample comprising 596 participants with major depressive disorder and healthy controls. The epigenetic signature mediates partially the effect of age on cortical thickness (P<0.001). A multilocus genetic score reflecting genetic variability of this signature is associated with memory performance (P=0.0003) in 3,346 young and elderly healthy adults. The genomic location of the contributing methylation sites points to the involvement of specific immune system genes. The decomposition of blood methylome-wide patterns bears considerable potential for the study of brain-related traits. Cortical thickness has high heritability estimates and is known to be influenced by genetic factors. Here, Freytag and colleagues show that DNA methylation patterns of peripheral blood monocytes are also correlated with cortical thickness and memory performance in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Freytag
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tania Carrillo-Roa
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Milnik
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp G Sämann
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Vanja Vukojevic
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Coynel
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Demougin
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Egli
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leo Gschwind
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Jessen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), D-53175 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, D-50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Loos
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), D-53175 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Scherer
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of Primary Medical Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Vogler
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Wagner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), D-53175 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Dominique J-F de Quervain
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Papassotiropoulos
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Immune-Induced Fever Is Dependent on Local But Not Generalized Prostaglandin E 2 Synthesis in the Brain. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5035-5044. [PMID: 28438967 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3846-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever occurs upon binding of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to EP3 receptors in the median preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, but the origin of the pyrogenic PGE2 has not been clearly determined. Here, using mice of both sexes, we examined the role of local versus generalized PGE2 production in the brain for the febrile response. In wild-type mice and in mice with genetic deletion of the prostaglandin synthesizing enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 in the brain endothelium, generated with an inducible CreERT2 under the Slco1c1 promoter, PGE2 levels in the CSF were only weakly related to the magnitude of the febrile response, whereas the PGE2 synthesizing capacity in the hypothalamus, as reflected in the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA, showed strong correlation with the immune-induced fever. Histological analysis showed that the deletion of cyclooxygenase-2 in brain endothelial cells occurred preferentially in small- and medium-sized vessels deep in the brain parenchyma, such as in the hypothalamus, whereas larger vessels, and particularly those close to the neocortical surface and in the meninges, were left unaffected, hence leaving PGE2 synthesis largely intact in major parts of the brain while significantly reducing it in the region critical for the febrile response. Furthermore, injection of a virus vector expressing microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) into the median preoptic nucleus of fever-refractive mPGES-1 knock-out mice, resulted in a temperature elevation in response to LPS. We conclude that the febrile response is dependent on local release of PGE2 onto its target neurons and not on the overall PGE2 production in the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT By using mice with selective deletion of prostaglandin synthesis in brain endothelial cells, we demonstrate that local prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in deep brain areas, such as the hypothalamus, which is the site of thermoregulatory neurons, is critical for the febrile response to peripheral inflammation. In contrast, PGE2 production in other brain areas and the overall PGE2 level in the brain do not influence the febrile response. Furthermore, partly restoring the PGE2 synthesizing capacity in the anterior hypothalamus of mice lacking such capacity with a lentiviral vector resulted in a temperature elevation in response to LPS. These data imply that the febrile response is dependent on the local release of PGE2 onto its target neurons, possibly by a paracrine mechanism.
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Singh AK, Zajdel J, Mirrasekhian E, Almoosawi N, Frisch I, Klawonn AM, Jaarola M, Fritz M, Engblom D. Prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of serotonin signaling controls the affective component of inflammatory pain. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1370-1374. [PMID: 28287401 DOI: 10.1172/jci90678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is fundamentally unpleasant and induces a negative affective state. The affective component of pain is mediated by circuits that are distinct from those mediating the sensory-discriminative component. Here, we have investigated the role of prostaglandins in the affective dimension of pain using a rodent pain assay based on conditioned place aversion to formalin injection, an inflammatory noxious stimulus. We found that place aversion induced by inflammatory pain depends on prostaglandin E2 that is synthesized by cyclooxygenase 2 in neural cells. Further, mice lacking the prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 selectively on serotonergic cells or selectively in the area of the dorsal raphe nucleus failed to form an aversion to formalin-induced pain, as did mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Chemogenetic manipulations revealed that EP3 receptor activation elicited conditioned place aversion to pain via inhibition of serotonergic neurons. In contrast to their role in inflammatory pain aversion, EP3 receptors on serotonergic cells were dispensable for acute nociceptive behaviors and for aversion induced by thermal pain or a κ opioid receptor agonist. Collectively, our findings show that prostaglandin-mediated modulation of serotonergic transmission controls the affective component of inflammatory pain.
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Villéga F, Delpech JC, Griton M, André C, Franconi JM, Miraux S, Konsman JP. Circulating bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation reduces flow in brain-irrigating arteries independently from cerebrovascular prostaglandin production. Neuroscience 2017; 346:160-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kiernan EA, Smith SMC, Mitchell GS, Watters JJ. Mechanisms of microglial activation in models of inflammation and hypoxia: Implications for chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Physiol 2017; 594:1563-77. [PMID: 26890698 DOI: 10.1113/jp271502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a hallmark of sleep apnoea, a condition associated with diverse clinical disorders. CIH and sleep apnoea are characterized by increased reactive oxygen species formation, peripheral and CNS inflammation, neuronal death and neurocognitive deficits. Few studies have examined the role of microglia, the resident CNS immune cells, in models of CIH. Thus, little is known concerning their direct contributions to neuropathology or the cellular mechanisms regulating their activities during or following pathological CIH. In this review, we identify gaps in knowledge regarding CIH-induced microglial activation, and propose mechanisms based on data from related models of hypoxia and/or hypoxia-reoxygenation. CIH may directly affect microglia, or may have indirect effects via the periphery or other CNS cells. Peripheral inflammation may indirectly activate microglia via entry of pro-inflammatory molecules into the CNS, and/or activation of vagal afferents that trigger CNS inflammation. CIH-induced release of damage-associated molecular patterns from injured CNS cells may also activate microglia via interactions with pattern recognition receptors expressed on microglia. For example, Toll-like receptors activate mitogen-activated protein kinase/transcription factor pathways required for microglial inflammatory gene expression. Although epigenetic effects from CIH have not yet been studied in microglia, potential epigenetic mechanisms in microglial regulation are discussed, including microRNAs, histone modifications and DNA methylation. Epigenetic effects can occur during CIH, or long after it has ended. A better understanding of CIH effects on microglial activities may be important to reverse CIH-induced neuropathology in patients with sleep disordered breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kiernan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Stephanie M C Smith
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jyoti J Watters
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Turrin NP, Rivest S. Unraveling the Molecular Details Involved in the Intimate Link between the Immune and Neuroendocrine Systems. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 229:996-1006. [PMID: 15522835 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422901003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During systemic infections, the immune system can signal the brain and act on different neuronal circuits via soluble molecules, such as proinflammatory cytokines, that act on the cells forming the blood-brain barrier and the circumventricular organs. These activated cells release prostaglandin of the E2 type (PGE2), which is the endogenous ligand that triggers the pathways involved in the control of autonomic functions necessary to restore homeostasis and provide inhibitory feedback to innate immunity. Among these neurophysiological functions, activation of the circuits that control the plasma release of glucocorticoids is probably the most critical to the survival of the host in the presence of pathogens. This review revisits this issue and describes in depth the molecular details (including the emerging role of Toll-like receptors during inflammation) underlying the influence of circulating inflammatory molecules on the cerebral tissue, focusing on their contribution in the synthesis and action PGE2 in the brain. We also provide an innovative view supporting the concept of “fast and delayed response” involving the same ligands but different groups of cells, signal transduction pathways, and target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas P Turrin
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, CHUL Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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