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Ogiji ED, Aboheimed N, Ross K, Voller C, Siner R, Jensen RL, Jolly CE, Carr DF. Greater mechanistic understanding of the cutaneous pathogenesis of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis can shed light on novel therapeutic strategies: a comprehensive review. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:00130832-990000000-00126. [PMID: 38753537 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs) characterized by widespread epithelial detachment and blistering, which affects the skin and mucocutaneous membranes. To date, therapeutic interventions for SJS/TEN have focused on systematic suppression of the inflammatory response using high-dose corticosteroids or intravenous immunoglobulin G (IgG), for example. No targeted therapies for SJS/TEN currently exist. RECENT FINDINGS Though our understanding of the pathogenesis of SJS/TEN has advanced from both an immunological and dermatological perspective, this knowledge is yet to translate into the development of new targeted therapies. SUMMARY Greater mechanistic insight into SJS/TEN would potentially unlock new opportunities for identifying or repurposing targeted therapies to limit or even prevent epidermal injury and blistering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeka D Ogiji
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Nourah Aboheimed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kehinde Ross
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University
| | - Calum Voller
- School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ryan Siner
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca L Jensen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carol E Jolly
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel F Carr
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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2
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Arimoto KI, Miyauchi S, Liu M, Zhang DE. Emerging role of immunogenic cell death in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1390263. [PMID: 38799433 PMCID: PMC11116615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1390263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), has emerged as a groundbreaking approach for effective cancer treatment. Despite its considerable potential, clinical studies have indicated that the current response rate to cancer immunotherapy is suboptimal, primarily attributed to low immunogenicity in certain types of malignant tumors. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) represents a form of regulated cell death (RCD) capable of enhancing tumor immunogenicity and activating tumor-specific innate and adaptive immune responses in immunocompetent hosts. Therefore, gaining a deeper understanding of ICD and its evolution is crucial for developing more effective cancer therapeutic strategies. This review focuses exclusively on both historical and recent discoveries related to ICD modes and their mechanistic insights, particularly within the context of cancer immunotherapy. Our recent findings are also highlighted, revealing a mode of ICD induction facilitated by atypical interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs), including polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2), during hyperactive type I IFN signaling. The review concludes by discussing the therapeutic potential of ICD, with special attention to its relevance in both preclinical and clinical settings within the field of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-ichiro Arimoto
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sayuri Miyauchi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mengdan Liu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dong-Er Zhang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Schofield JH, Longo J, Sheldon RD, Albano E, Ellis AE, Hawk MA, Murphy S, Duong L, Rahmy S, Lu X, Jones RG, Schafer ZT. Acod1 expression in cancer cells promotes immune evasion through the generation of inhibitory peptides. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113984. [PMID: 38520689 PMCID: PMC11090053 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an important component of many immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapeutic approaches. However, ICB is not an efficacious strategy in a variety of cancer types, in part due to immunosuppressive metabolites in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we find that αPD-1-resistant cancer cells produce abundant itaconate (ITA) due to enhanced levels of aconitate decarboxylase (Acod1). Acod1 has an important role in the resistance to αPD-1, as decreasing Acod1 levels in αPD-1-resistant cancer cells can sensitize tumors to αPD-1 therapy. Mechanistically, cancer cells with high Acod1 inhibit the proliferation of naive CD8+ T cells through the secretion of inhibitory factors. Surprisingly, inhibition of CD8+ T cell proliferation is not dependent on the secretion of ITA but is instead a consequence of the release of small inhibitory peptides. Our study suggests that strategies to counter the activity of Acod1 in cancer cells may sensitize tumors to ICB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Schofield
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Joseph Longo
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Emma Albano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Abigail E Ellis
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Mark A Hawk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Sean Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Loan Duong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Sharif Rahmy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Russell G Jones
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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4
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Cigalotto L, Martinvalet D. Granzymes in health and diseases: the good, the bad and the ugly. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371743. [PMID: 38646541 PMCID: PMC11026543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases, composed of five human members: GA, B, H, M and K. They were first discovered in the 1980s within cytotoxic granules released during NK cell- and T cell-mediated killing. Through their various proteolytic activities, granzymes can trigger different pathways within cells, all of which ultimately lead to the same result, cell death. Over the years, the initial consideration of granzymes as mere cytotoxic mediators has changed due to surprising findings demonstrating their expression in cells other than immune effectors as well as new intracellular and extracellular activities. Additional roles have been identified in the extracellular milieu, following granzyme escape from the immunological synapse or their release by specific cell types. Outside the cell, granzyme activities mediate extracellular matrix alteration via the degradation of matrix proteins or surface receptors. In certain contexts, these processes are essential for tissue homeostasis; in others, excessive matrix degradation and extensive cell death contribute to the onset of chronic diseases, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Here, we provide an overview of both the physiological and pathological roles of granzymes, highlighting their utility while also recognizing how their unregulated presence can trigger the development and/or worsening of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Cigalotto
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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Fernández-Lázaro D, Sanz B, Seco-Calvo J. The Mechanisms of Regulated Cell Death: Structural and Functional Proteomic Pathways Induced or Inhibited by a Specific Protein-A Narrative Review. Proteomes 2024; 12:3. [PMID: 38250814 PMCID: PMC10801515 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Billions of cells die in us every hour, and our tissues do not shrink because there is a natural regulation where Cell Death (CD) is balanced with cell division. The process in which cells eliminate themselves in a controlled manner is called Programmed Cell Death (PCD). The PCD plays an important role during embryonic development, in maintaining homeostasis of the body's tissues, and in the elimination of damaged cells, under a wide range of physiological and developmental stimuli. A multitude of protein mediators of PCD have been identified and signals have been found to utilize common pathways elucidating the proteins involved. This narrative review focuses on caspase-dependent and caspase-independent PCD pathways. Included are studies of caspase-dependent PCD such as Anoikis, Catastrophe Mitotic, Pyroptosis, Emperitosis, Parthanatos and Cornification, and Caspase-Independent PCD as Wallerian Degeneration, Ferroptosis, Paraptosis, Entosis, Methuosis, and Extracellular Trap Abnormal Condition (ETosis), as well as neutrophil extracellular trap abnormal condition (NETosis) and Eosinophil Extracellular Trap Abnormal Condition (EETosis). Understanding PCD from those reported in this review could shed substantial light on the processes of biological homeostasis. In addition, identifying specific proteins involved in these processes is mandatory to identify molecular biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets. This knowledge could provide the ability to modulate the PCD response and could lead to new therapeutic interventions in a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- SARCELLOMICS® Research Group, 27071 León, Spain
| | - Begoña Sanz
- SARCELLOMICS® Research Group, 27071 León, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- SARCELLOMICS® Research Group, 27071 León, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, 27071 León, Spain
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Al-Omari M, Al-Omari T, Batainah N, Al-Qauod K, Olejnicka B, Janciauskiene S. Beneficial effects of alpha-1 antitrypsin therapy in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:722. [PMID: 37532996 PMCID: PMC10394932 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that chronic inflammatory bowel diseases significantly higher a risk for colorectal cancer development. Among different types of treatments for patients with colon cancer, novel protein-based therapeutic strategies are considered. AIM To explore the effect of human plasma alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein in the chemically induced mouse model of colorectal cancer. METHODS BALB/c mice with azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS)-induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), we intraperitoneally treated with commercial preparation of human plasma AAT (4 mg per mouse). Effects of this therapy were evaluated histologically, and by immunohistochemical and gene expression assays. RESULTS When compared with non-treated controls, AOM/DSS mice receiving AAT therapy exhibited significantly longer colons, and less anal bleeding. Concurrently, AAT-treated mice had significantly fewer polyps, and lower numbers of large colon tumors. Immunohistochemical examinations of colon tissues showed significantly lower neutrophil counts, more granzyme B-positive but fewer MMP9 (gelatinase B)-positive cancer cells and lower numbers of apoptotic cells in mice receiving AAT therapy. The expression levels of IL4 were significantly higher while TNFA was slightly reduced in tumor tissues of AOM/DSS mice treated with AAT than in AOM/DSS mice. CONCLUSION Human AAT is an acute phase protein with a broad-protease inhibitory and immunomodulatory activities used as a therapeutic for emphysema patients with inherited AAT deficiency. Our results are consistent with previous findings and support an idea that AAT alone and/or in combination with available anti-cancer therapies may represent a new personalized approach for patients with colitis-induced colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Al-Omari
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, Irbid, 21163, Jordan.
| | - Tareq Al-Omari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nesreen Batainah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, Irbid, 21163, Jordan
| | - Khaled Al-Qauod
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Beata Olejnicka
- Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases and BREATH German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases and BREATH German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
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7
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Khezri MR, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. The Role of Caspases in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathophysiology Implications and Pharmacologic Modulation. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:71-90. [PMID: 36442198 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Although the main cause of the onset and development of AD is not known yet, neuronal death due to pathologic changes such as amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, tau aggregation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and calcium dyshomeostasis are considered to be the main cause. At the present, there is no cure for this insidious disorder. However, accurate identification of molecular changes in AD can help provide new therapeutic goals. Caspases are a group of proteases which are known because of their role in cellular apoptosis. In addition, different caspases are involved in other cellular responses to the environment, such as induction of inflammation. Emerging evidence suggest that these proteases play a central role in AD pathophysiology due to their role in the processing of amyloid-β protein precursor, tau cleavage, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, it seems that targeting caspases may be a suitable therapeutic option to slow the progression of AD. This review focuses on the role of caspases in AD pathophysiology and introduce results from studies targeted caspases in different models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Research Center for Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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8
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Kong Q, Zhang Z. Cancer-associated pyroptosis: A new license to kill tumor. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1082165. [PMID: 36742298 PMCID: PMC9889862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1082165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a programmed necrotic cell death mediated by pore-forming Gasdermin (GSDM) proteins. After being unleashed from the C-terminal auto-inhibitory domains by proteolytic cleavage, the N-terminal domains of GSDMs oligomerize and perforate on the plasma membrane to induce cytolytic pyroptosis, releasing immune mediators and alarming the immune system. Upon infection or danger signal perception, GSDMD that functions downstream of the inflammasome, a supramolecular complex for inflammatory caspase activation, is cleaved and activated by inflammasome-activated caspase-1/4/5/11 in immune cells and epithelial cells to trigger pyroptosis and exert anti-infection protection. Unlike this inflammasome-activated pyroptosis (IAP), recent studies also suggest an emerging role of cancer-associated pyroptosis (CAP), mediated by other GSDMs in cancer cells, in provoking anti-tumor immunity. IAP and CAP share common features like cell membrane rupture but also differ in occurrence sites, activating mechanisms, secreting cytokines and biological outcomes. Here we review the most recent knowledge of cancer-associated pyroptosis and present a promising avenue for developing therapeutic interventions to enhance anti-tumor immunity for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Kong
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Li J, Zhang H, Wu J, Li L, Xu B, Song Q. Granzymes expression patterns predict immunotherapy response and identify the heterogeneity of CD8+ T cell subsets. Cancer Biomark 2023; 38:77-102. [PMID: 37545222 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-230036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies illustrated the effects of granzymes (GZMs) gene alterations on immunotherapy response of cancer patients. Thus, we aimed to systematically analyze the expression and prognostic value of GZMs for immunotherapy in different cancers, and identified heterogeneity of the GZMs expression-based CD8+ T cell subsets. METHODS First, we analyzed GZMs expression and prognostic value at pan-cancer level. Meanwhile, we established a GZMs score by using the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm to calculate the enrichment scores (ES) based on a gene set of five GZMs. The potential value of GZMs score for predicting survival and immunotherapy response was evaluated using the tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) and immunophenoscore (IPS) algorithm, and we validated it in immunotherapy cohorts. CellChat, scMetabolism, and SCENIC R packages were used for intercellular communication networks, quantifying metabolism activity, and regulatory network reconstruction, respectively. RESULTS The GZMs score was significantly associated with IPS, TIDE score. Patients with high GZMs score tended to have higher objective response rates of immunotherapy in melanoma and urothelial carcinoma. GZMs expression-based CD8+ T cell subsets presented heterogeneity in functions, metabolism, intercellular communications, and the tissue-resident memory programs in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The transcription factors RUNX3 and ETS1, which may regulate the expression of GZMs, was found to be positively correlated with the tissue-resident memory T cells-related marker genes. CONCLUSIONS The higher GZMs score may indicate better response and overall survival (OS) outcome for immunotherapy in melanoma and urothelial carcinoma but worse OS in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The GZMs score is a potential prognostic biomarker of diverse cancers. RUNX3 and ETS1 may be the potential targets to regulate the infiltration of GZMs expression-based CD8+ T cell subsets and affect the tissue-resident memory programs in LUAD, which may affect the prognosis of LUAD patients and the response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huibo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Jie Wu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lan Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Lin JT, Chuang YC, Chen MK, Lo YS, Lin CC, Ho HY, Liu YT, Hsieh MJ. Shuterin Enhances the Cytotoxicity of the Natural Killer Leukemia Cell Line KHYG-1 by Increasing the Expression Levels of Granzyme B and IFN-γ through the MAPK and Ras/Raf Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12816. [PMID: 36361609 PMCID: PMC9654641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell therapy is an emerging tool for cancer immunotherapy. NK cells are isolated from peripheral blood, and their number and activity are limited. Therefore, primary NK cells should be expanded substantially, and their proliferation and cytotoxicity must be enhanced. Shuterin is a phytochemical isolated from Ficus thonningii. In this study, we explored the possible capacity of shuterin to enhance the proliferation and activity of KHYG-1 cells (an NK leukemia cell line). Shuterin enhanced the proliferation of KHYG-1 cells and their cytotoxicity to K562 cells. Moreover, this phytochemical induced the expression of granzyme B by promoting the phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Furthermore, the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ increased with increasing levels of shuterin in KHYG-1 cells and NK cells obtained from adults with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Shuterin appeared to induce IFN-γ secretion by increasing the expression of lectin-like transcript 1 and the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the Ras/Raf pathway. Thus, shuterin represents a promising agent for promoting the proliferation and cytotoxicity of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chuang
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lo
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chieh Lin
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Ho
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tze Liu
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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11
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Tibbs E, Cao X. Murine myeloid derived suppressor cells possess a range of suppressive mechanisms-Granzyme B is not among them. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2255-2266. [PMID: 35129637 PMCID: PMC10693915 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper addresses the controversy of Granzyme B (GzmB) expression by murine Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs). MDSCs are a heterogenous immature myeloid population that are generated in chronic inflammatory pathologies for the purpose to suppress inflammatory responses. MDSCs express a multitude of factors to induce suppressive function such as PD-L1, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and Arginase-1. Recently, Dufait et al. sought to demonstrate GzmB as an additional mechanism for suppression by MDSCs. They reported that murine MDSCs not only significantly express GzmB as well as Perforin (Prf1), but this expression is functionally important for tumor growth in vivo as well as tumor migration in vitro. We conducted experiments to address the same question but made confounding observations: MDSCs under stringent developmental process do not express GzmB. Our results show that not only GzmB protein is not produced at functional level, but the mRNA transcript is not detectable either. In fact, the GzmB protein found in the media of MDSC culture was due to T cells or natural killer cells contained in bone marrow and cultured alongside MDSCs. We strengthen this finding by genetically deleting GzmB from the myeloid lineage and measuring tumor burden compared to WT counterpart. Our results show no significant difference in tumor burden, suggesting that even if there is minor expression of GzmB, it is not produced at a functional amount to affect tumor growth. Therefore, this paper proposes alternative theories that align with the known understanding of GzmB expression and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Tibbs
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Xuefang Cao
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Sankar J, Arora S, Joshi G, Kumar R. Pore-forming proteins and their role in cancer and inflammation: Mechanistic insights and plausible druggable targets. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 366:110127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Kari S, Subramanian K, Altomonte IA, Murugesan A, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Programmed cell death detection methods: a systematic review and a categorical comparison. Apoptosis 2022; 27:482-508. [PMID: 35713779 PMCID: PMC9308588 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is considered a key player in a variety of cellular processes that helps to regulate tissue growth, embryogenesis, cell turnover, immune response, and other biological processes. Among different types of cell death, apoptosis has been studied widely, especially in the field of cancer research to understand and analyse cellular mechanisms, and signaling pathways that control cell cycle arrest. Hallmarks of different types of cell death have been identified by following the patterns and events through microscopy. Identified biomarkers have also supported drug development to induce cell death in cancerous cells. There are various serological and microscopic techniques with advantages and limitations, that are available and are being utilized to detect and study the mechanism of cell death. The complexity of the mechanism and difficulties in distinguishing among different types of programmed cell death make it challenging to carry out the interventions and delay its progression. In this review, mechanisms of different forms of programmed cell death along with their conventional and unconventional methods of detection of have been critically reviewed systematically and categorized on the basis of morphological hallmarks and biomarkers to understand the principle, mechanism, application, advantages and disadvantages of each method. Furthermore, a very comprehensive comparative analysis has been drawn to highlight the most efficient and effective methods of detection of programmed cell death, helping researchers to make a reliable and prudent selection among the available methods of cell death assay. Conclusively, how programmed cell death detection methods can be improved and can provide information about distinctive stages of cell death detection have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Kari
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kumar Subramanian
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilenia Agata Altomonte
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Akshaya Murugesan
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai, 625002, India
| | - Olli Yli-Harja
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441N 34th Street, Seattle, WA, USA.,Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - Meenakshisundaram Kandhavelu
- Molecular Signaling Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 553, 33101, Tampere, Finland. .,Department of Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Thallakulam, Madurai, 625002, India.
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14
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Ramírez-Labrada A, Pesini C, Santiago L, Hidalgo S, Calvo-Pérez A, Oñate C, Andrés-Tovar A, Garzón-Tituaña M, Uranga-Murillo I, Arias MA, Galvez EM, Pardo J. All About (NK Cell-Mediated) Death in Two Acts and an Unexpected Encore: Initiation, Execution and Activation of Adaptive Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896228. [PMID: 35651603 PMCID: PMC9149431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are key mediators of immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward infected and transformed cells, being one of the main executors of cell death in the immune system. NK cells recognize target cells through an array of inhibitory and activating receptors for endogenous or exogenous pathogen-derived ligands, which together with adhesion molecules form a structure known as immunological synapse that regulates NK cell effector functions. The main and best characterized mechanisms involved in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity are the granule exocytosis pathway (perforin/granzymes) and the expression of death ligands. These pathways are recognized as activators of different cell death programmes on the target cells leading to their destruction. However, most studies analyzing these pathways have used pure recombinant or native proteins instead of intact NK cells and, thus, extrapolation of the results to NK cell-mediated cell death might be difficult. Specially, since the activation of granule exocytosis and/or death ligands during NK cell-mediated elimination of target cells might be influenced by the stimulus received from target cells and other microenvironment components, which might affect the cell death pathways activated on target cells. Here we will review and discuss the available experimental evidence on how NK cells kill target cells, with a special focus on the different cell death modalities that have been found to be activated during NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity; including apoptosis and more inflammatory pathways like necroptosis and pyroptosis. In light of this new evidence, we will develop the new concept of cell death induced by NK cells as a new regulatory mechanism linking innate immune response with the activation of tumour adaptive T cell responses, which might be the initiating stimulus that trigger the cancer-immunity cycle. The use of the different cell death pathways and the modulation of the tumour cell molecular machinery regulating them might affect not only tumour cell elimination by NK cells but, in addition, the generation of T cell responses against the tumour that would contribute to efficient tumour elimination and generate cancer immune memory preventing potential recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Ramírez-Labrada
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Unidad de Nanotoxicología e Inmunotoxicología (UNATI), Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA), Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cecilia Pesini
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Carboquimica (ICB), CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sandra Hidalgo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adanays Calvo-Pérez
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Oñate
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Andrés-Tovar
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marcela Garzón-Tituaña
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iratxe Uranga-Murillo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maykel A Arias
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva M Galvez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Carboquimica (ICB), CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo ARAID Foundation, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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15
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Nozaki K, Maltez VI, Rayamajhi M, Tubbs AL, Mitchell JE, Lacey CA, Harvest CK, Li L, Nash WT, Larson HN, McGlaughon BD, Moorman NJ, Brown MG, Whitmire JK, Miao EA. Caspase-7 activates ASM to repair gasdermin and perforin pores. Nature 2022; 606:960-967. [PMID: 35705808 PMCID: PMC9247046 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the caspases that cause regulated cell death, a unique function for caspase-7 has remained elusive. Caspase-3 performs apoptosis, whereas caspase-7 is typically considered an inefficient back-up. Caspase-1 activates gasdermin D pores to lyse the cell; however, caspase-1 also activates caspase-7 for unknown reasons1. Caspases can also trigger cell-type-specific death responses; for example, caspase-1 causes the extrusion of intestinal epithelial cell (IECs) in response to infection with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium)2,3. Here we show in both organoids and mice that caspase-7-deficient IECs do not complete extrusion. Mechanistically, caspase-7 counteracts gasdermin D pores and preserves cell integrity by cleaving and activating acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), which thereby generates copious amounts of ceramide to enable enhanced membrane repair. This provides time to complete the process of IEC extrusion. In parallel, we also show that caspase-7 and ASM cleavage are required to clear Chromobacterium violaceum and Listeria monocytogenes after perforin-pore-mediated attack by natural killer cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which normally causes apoptosis in infected hepatocytes. Therefore, caspase-7 is not a conventional executioner but instead is a death facilitator that delays pore-driven lysis so that more-specialized processes, such as extrusion or apoptosis, can be completed before cell death. Cells must put their affairs in order before they die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Nozaki
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vivien I Maltez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manira Rayamajhi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alan L Tubbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph E Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn A Lacey
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carissa K Harvest
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William T Nash
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and the Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Heather N Larson
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin D McGlaughon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael G Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and the Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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16
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Heib M, Weiß J, Saggau C, Hoyer J, Fuchslocher Chico J, Voigt S, Adam D. Ars moriendi: Proteases as sculptors of cellular suicide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119191. [PMID: 34973300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Ars moriendi, which translates to "The Art of Dying," encompasses two Latin texts that gave advice on how to die well and without fear according to the Christian precepts of the late Middle Ages. Given that ten to hundred billion cells die in our bodies every day, it is obvious that the concept of a well and orderly ("regulated") death is also paramount at the cellular level. In apoptosis, as the most well-studied form of regulated cell death, proteases of the caspase family are the central mediators. However, caspases are not the only proteases that act as sculptors of cellular suicide, and therefore, we here provide an overview of the impact of proteases in apoptosis and other forms of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Heib
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas Weiß
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Justus Hoyer
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Susann Voigt
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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17
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Rasi V, Hameed OA, Matthey P, Bera S, Grandgenett DP, Salentinig S, Walch M, Hoft DF. Improved Purification of Human Granzyme A/B and Granulysin Using a Mammalian Expression System. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830290. [PMID: 35300343 PMCID: PMC8921980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes release proteins contained within the cytoplasmic cytolytic granules after recognition of infected or tumor target cells. These cytotoxic granular proteins (namely granzymes, granulysin, and perforin) are key immunological mediators within human cellular immunity. The availability of highly purified cytotoxic proteins has been fundamental for understanding their function in immunity and mechanistic involvement in sepsis and autoimmunity. Methods for recovery of native cytotoxic proteins can be problematic leading to: 1) the co-purification of additional proteins, confounding interpretation of function, and 2) low yields of highly purified proteins. Recombinant protein expression of individual cytolytic components can overcome these challenges. The use of mammalian expression systems is preferred for optimal post-translational modifications and avoidance of endotoxin contamination. Some of these proteins have been proposed for host directed human therapies (e.g. - granzyme A), or treatment of systemic infections or tumors as in granulysin. We report here a novel expression system using HEK293T cells for cost-effective purification of high yields of human granzymes (granzyme A and granzyme B) and granulysin with enhanced biological activity than previous reports. The resulting proteins are free of native contaminants, fold correctly, and remain enzymatically active. Importantly, these improvements have also led to the first purification of biologically active recombinant human granulysin in high yields from a mammalian system. This method can be used as a template for purification of many other secreted cellular proteins and may lead to advances for human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Rasi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Owais Abdul Hameed
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Matthey
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sibes Bera
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Duane P. Grandgenett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Stefan Salentinig
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walch
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Daniel F. Hoft, ; Michael Walch,
| | - Daniel F. Hoft
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States,*Correspondence: Daniel F. Hoft, ; Michael Walch,
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18
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Lemoine J, Ruella M, Houot R. Overcoming Intrinsic Resistance of Cancer Cells to CAR T-Cell Killing. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6298-6306. [PMID: 34253582 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has emerged as a promising treatment for cancers that failed standard treatments. Such therapies have already been approved in several blood cancers, such as B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Despite this progress, a significant proportion of patients experience primary or secondary resistance to CAR T-cell therapy. Here, we review the mechanisms by which CAR T cells eliminate their target and how cancer cells may be insensitive to such killing (here referred to as intrinsic resistance). Recent studies suggest that the activation of apoptosis through death receptor signaling is responsible for a major part of CAR T-cell cytotoxicity in vivo Indeed, cancer cells harboring aberrant apoptotic machinery may be insensitive to CAR T-cell killing. This intrinsic resistance of cancer cells to CAR T-cell killing could be responsible for a significant portion of treatment failure. Finally, we discuss strategies that may be envisioned to overcome such resistance to enhance CAR T-cell efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lemoine
- AP-HP, Department of Hematology, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies and Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roch Houot
- Department of Hematology, CHU de Rennes, Université de Rennes, INSERM U1236, Rennes, France.
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19
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Sanz L, Ibáñez-Pérez R, Guerrero-Ochoa P, Lacadena J, Anel A. Antibody-Based Immunotoxins for Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1729. [PMID: 34829955 PMCID: PMC8615520 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are included among the treatment options for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). However, while these mAbs effectively target cancer cells, they may have limited clinical activity. A strategy to improve their therapeutic potential is arming them with a toxic payload. Immunotoxins (ITX) combining the cell-killing ability of a toxin with the specificity of a mAb constitute a promising strategy for CRC therapy. However, several important challenges in optimizing ITX remain, including suboptimal pharmacokinetics and especially the immunogenicity of the toxin moiety. Nonetheless, ongoing research is working to solve these limitations and expand CRC patients' therapeutic armory. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of targets and toxins employed in the design of ITX for CRC and highlight a wide selection of ITX tested in CRC patients as well as preclinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Ibáñez-Pérez
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.I.-P.); (P.G.-O.)
| | - Patricia Guerrero-Ochoa
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.I.-P.); (P.G.-O.)
| | - Javier Lacadena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis, Immunity and Cancer Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS-Aragón), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.I.-P.); (P.G.-O.)
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20
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Abbas HA, Hao D, Tomczak K, Barrodia P, Im JS, Reville PK, Alaniz Z, Wang W, Wang R, Wang F, Al-Atrash G, Takahashi K, Ning J, Ding M, Beird HC, Mathews JT, Little L, Zhang J, Basu S, Konopleva M, Marques-Piubelli ML, Solis LM, Parra ER, Lu W, Tamegnon A, Garcia-Manero G, Green MR, Sharma P, Allison JP, Kornblau SM, Rai K, Wang L, Daver N, Futreal A. Single cell T cell landscape and T cell receptor repertoire profiling of AML in context of PD-1 blockade therapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6071. [PMID: 34663807 PMCID: PMC8524723 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the curative effect of allogenic stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia via T cell activity, only modest responses are achieved with checkpoint-blockade therapy, which might be explained by T cell phenotypes and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. Here, we show by paired single-cell RNA analysis and TCR repertoire profiling of bone marrow cells in relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia patients pre/post azacytidine+nivolumab treatment that the disease-related T cell subsets are highly heterogeneous, and their abundance changes following PD-1 blockade-based treatment. TCR repertoires expand and primarily emerge from CD8+ cells in patients responding to treatment or having a stable disease, while TCR repertoires contract in therapy-resistant patients. Trajectory analysis reveals a continuum of CD8+ T cell phenotypes, characterized by differential expression of granzyme B and a bone marrow-residing memory CD8+ T cell subset, in which a population with stem-like properties expressing granzyme K is enriched in responders. Chromosome 7/7q loss, on the other hand, is a cancer-intrinsic genomic marker of PD-1 blockade resistance in AML. In summary, our study reveals that adaptive T cell plasticity and genomic alterations determine responses to PD-1 blockade in acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein A. Abbas
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Division of Cancer Medicine, Medical Oncology Fellowship, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Dapeng Hao
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Division of Cancer Medicine, Medical Oncology Fellowship, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Katarzyna Tomczak
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Praveen Barrodia
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jin Seon Im
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Patrick K. Reville
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Division of Cancer Medicine, Medical Oncology Fellowship, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Zoe Alaniz
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Wei Wang
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ruiping Wang
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Feng Wang
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Gheath Al-Atrash
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Koichi Takahashi
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jing Ning
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Maomao Ding
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX USA
| | - Hannah C. Beird
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jairo T. Mathews
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Latasha Little
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sreyashi Basu
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Mario L. Marques-Piubelli
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Luisa M. Solis
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Edwin Roger Parra
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Wei Lu
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Auriole Tamegnon
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Guillermo Garcia-Manero
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Michael R. Green
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - James P. Allison
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Steven M. Kornblau
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Kunal Rai
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Linghua Wang
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Naval Daver
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Andrew Futreal
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
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21
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Lee KCH, Ko JP, Oh CC, Sewa DW. Managing respiratory complications in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:660-666. [PMID: 34494255 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the recently published guidelines by the Society of Dermatology Hospitalists on the management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), a brief section was included on airway management. These recommendations provide an easy reference on how to manage respiratory complications of the disease. Understanding the evidence that underlies these recommendations would offer physicians greater clarity on the considerations behind every decision and treatment offered. We present a review of the literature on respiratory manifestations associated with SJS and TEN. In addition, we aim to address specific concerns regarding the respiratory management of these patients. These include issues such as the indications and optimal timing of intubation, tracheostomy, role of flexible nasoendoscopy, bronchoscopy, ventilation strategies, and management of chronic respiratory complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Cheah Hooi Lee
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanna Phone Ko
- Nursing Division (Specialty Nursing), Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon Chiat Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Duu Wen Sewa
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Liu X, Xia S, Zhang Z, Wu H, Lieberman J. Channelling inflammation: gasdermins in physiology and disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:384-405. [PMID: 33692549 PMCID: PMC7944254 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gasdermins were recently identified as the mediators of pyroptosis — inflammatory cell death triggered by cytosolic sensing of invasive infection and danger signals. Upon activation, gasdermins form cell membrane pores, which release pro-inflammatory cytokines and alarmins and damage the integrity of the cell membrane. Roles for gasdermins in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, deafness and cancer are emerging, revealing potential novel therapeutic avenues. Here, we review current knowledge of the family of gasdermins, focusing on their mechanisms of action and roles in normal physiology and disease. Efforts to develop drugs to modulate gasdermin activity to reduce inflammation or activate more potent immune responses are highlighted. Gasdermins (GSDMs) are a recently characterized protein family that mediate a programmed inflammatory cell death termed pyroptosis. Here, Lieberman and colleagues review current understanding of the expression, activation and regulation of GSDMs, highlighting their roles in cell death, cytokine secretion and inflammation. Emerging opportunities to develop GSDM-targeted drugs and the associated challenges are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shiyu Xia
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Nguyen S, Sada-Japp A, Petrovas C, Betts MR. Jigsaw falling into place: A review and perspective of lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells and control of HIV. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:42-50. [PMID: 32526556 PMCID: PMC7279761 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are crucial for immunity against viral infections, including HIV. Several characteristics of CD8+ T cells, such as polyfunctionality and cytotoxicity, have been correlated with effective control of HIV. However, most of these correlates have been established in the peripheral blood. Meanwhile, HIV primarily replicates in lymphoid tissues. Therefore, it is unclear which aspects of CD8+ T cell biology are shared and which are different between blood and lymphoid tissues in the context of HIV infection. In this review, we will recapitulate the latest advancements of our knowledge on lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells during HIV infection and discuss the insights these advancements might provide for the development of a HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alberto Sada-Japp
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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24
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Maldini CR, Gayout K, Leibman RS, Dopkin DL, Mills JP, Shan X, Glover JA, Riley JL. HIV-Resistant and HIV-Specific CAR-Modified CD4 + T Cells Mitigate HIV Disease Progression and Confer CD4 + T Cell Help In Vivo. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1585-1599. [PMID: 32454027 PMCID: PMC7335752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection preferentially depletes HIV-specific CD4+ T cells, thereby impairing antiviral immunity. In this study, we explored the therapeutic utility of adoptively transferred CD4+ T cells expressing an HIV-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR4) to restore CD4+ T cell function to the global HIV-specific immune response. We demonstrated that CAR4 T cells directly suppressed in vitro HIV replication and eliminated virus-infected cells. Notably, CAR4 T cells containing intracellular domains (ICDs) derived from the CD28 receptor family (ICOS and CD28) exhibited superior effector functions compared to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family ICDs (CD27, OX40, and 4-1BB). However, despite demonstrating limited in vitro efficacy, only HIV-resistant CAR4 T cells expressing the 4-1BBζ ICD exhibited profound expansion, concomitant with reduced rebound viremia after antiretroviral therapy (ART) cessation and protection of CD4+ T cells (CAR-) from HIV-induced depletion in humanized mice. Moreover, CAR4 T cells enhanced the in vivo persistence and efficacy of HIV-specific CAR-modified CD8+ T cells expressing the CD28ζ ICD, which alone exhibited poor survival. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that HIV-resistant CAR4 T cells can directly control HIV replication and augment the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response, highlighting the therapeutic potential of engineered CD4+ T cells to engender a functional HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby R Maldini
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kevin Gayout
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel S Leibman
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Derrick L Dopkin
- Deparment of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua P Mills
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Shan
- Deparment of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua A Glover
- Deparment of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James L Riley
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Immune cells use a variety of membrane-disrupting proteins [complement, perforin, perforin-2, granulysin, gasdermins, mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL)] to induce different kinds of death of microbes and host cells, some of which cause inflammation. After activation by proteolytic cleavage or phosphorylation, these proteins oligomerize, bind to membrane lipids, and disrupt membrane integrity. These membrane disruptors play a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Here we review our current knowledge of the functions, specificity, activation, and regulation of membrane-disrupting immune proteins and what is known about the mechanisms behind membrane damage, the structure of the pores they form, how the cells expressing these lethal proteins are protected, and how cells targeted for destruction can sometimes escape death by repairing membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Center for Microbes, Development and Health; Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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26
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Zhou Z, He H, Wang K, Shi X, Wang Y, Su Y, Wang Y, Li D, Liu W, Zhang Y, Shen L, Han W, Shen L, Ding J, Shao F. Granzyme A from cytotoxic lymphocytes cleaves GSDMB to trigger pyroptosis in target cells. Science 2020; 368:science.aaz7548. [PMID: 32299851 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated immunity relies on granzymes. Granzymes are thought to kill target cells by inducing apoptosis, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report that natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill gasdermin B (GSDMB)-positive cells through pyroptosis, a form of proinflammatory cell death executed by the gasdermin family of pore-forming proteins. Killing results from the cleavage of GSDMB by lymphocyte-derived granzyme A (GZMA), which unleashes its pore-forming activity. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) up-regulates GSDMB expression and promotes pyroptosis. GSDMB is highly expressed in certain tissues, particularly digestive tract epithelia, including derived tumors. Introducing GZMA-cleavable GSDMB into mouse cancer cells promotes tumor clearance in mice. This study establishes gasdermin-mediated pyroptosis as a cytotoxic lymphocyte-killing mechanism, which may enhance antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhou
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huabin He
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kun Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuyan Shi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ya Su
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Molecular and Immunology and Department of Bio-therapeutics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Da Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wang Liu
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | | | | | - Weidong Han
- Department of Molecular and Immunology and Department of Bio-therapeutics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jingjin Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Research Unit of Pyroptosis and Immunity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China. .,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
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27
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells eliminate infected cells from the organism by triggering programmed cell death (apoptosis). The contents of the lytic granules of killer cells, including pore-forming proteins perforins and proteolytic enzymes granzymes, are released with the following penetration of the released proteins into the target cells. Granzyme B initiates mitochondria-dependent apoptosis via (i) proapoptotic Bid protein, (ii) Mcl-1 and Bim proteins, or (iii) p53 protein. As a result, cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, causing formation of apoptosomes that initiate the proteolytic cascade of caspase activation. Granzymes M, H, and F cause cell death accompanied by the cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Granzyme A induces generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promotes translocation of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated SET complex to the nucleus where it is cleaved by granzyme A, leading to the activation of nucleases that catalyze single-strand DNA breaks. Granzymes A and B penetrate into the mitochondria and cleave subunits of the respiratory chain complex I. One of the complex I subunits is also a target for caspase-3. Granzyme-dependent damage to complex I leads to the ROS generation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Kiselevsky
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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28
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Gao S, Chen J, Xie J, Wang J. The effects of BAFF on T lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2020; 21:66. [PMID: 32160903 PMCID: PMC7066828 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been reported that B cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) expression is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However its role in this chronic inflammatory disease is not fully understood. Previous studies have suggested that BAFF also affects T cell function. We therefore investigated the effects of BAFF on T lymphocytes in COPD. Methods BAFF was detected in the cells of sputum and the plasma. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from COPD patients and treated with BAFF or BAFF plus BR3-Fc (BAFF antagonist). The apoptosis of CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells were isolated from peripheral blood of COPD patients respectively and treated with BAFF or BAFF plus BR3-Fc. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were detected in the CD4+ cells, and perforin and granzyme B were detected in the CD8+ cells. Results BAFF expression was increased in the cells of sputum and the plasma from COPD patients compared with control subjects. The plasma BAFF levels were inversely correlated with FEV1 percentage of predicted in patients with COPD. BAFF did not significantly alter the apoptosis of CD4+ cells, however it significantly inhibited the apoptosis of CD8+ cells from COPD patients. BAFF increased IFN-γ expression in the CD4+ cells from COPD patients, while it did not significantly alter the expresson of IL-4 in these cells. BAFF increased the expression of perforin and granzyme B in the CD8+ cells from COPD patients. Conclusions Our findings indicate that BAFF may be involved in the inflammatory response in COPD via affecting T lymphocytes, suggesting a possible role of BAFF in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupei Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jinqing Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jungang Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jianmiao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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29
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Boice A, Bouchier-Hayes L. Targeting apoptotic caspases in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118688. [PMID: 32087180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Members of the caspase family of proteases play essential roles in the initiation and execution of apoptosis. These caspases are divided into two groups: the initiator caspases (caspase-2, -8, -9 and -10), which are the first to be activated in response to a signal, and the executioner caspases (caspase-3, -6, and -7) that carry out the demolition phase of apoptosis. Many conventional cancer therapies induce apoptosis to remove the cancer cell by engaging these caspases indirectly. Newer therapeutic applications have been designed, including those that specifically activate individual caspases using gene therapy approaches and small molecules that repress natural inhibitors of caspases already present in the cell. For such approaches to have maximal clinical efficacy, emerging insights into non-apoptotic roles of these caspases need to be considered. This review will discuss the roles of caspases as safeguards against cancer in the context of the advantages and potential limitations of targeting apoptotic caspases for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Boice
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lisa Bouchier-Hayes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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30
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Xiao Z, Su Z, Han S, Huang J, Lin L, Shuai X. Dual pH-sensitive nanodrug blocks PD-1 immune checkpoint and uses T cells to deliver NF-κB inhibitor for antitumor immunotherapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay7785. [PMID: 32076650 PMCID: PMC7002126 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay7785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The response to programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blockade in cancer immunotherapy is limited because of multiple immune evasion mechanisms. Here, a previously unknown strategy is proposed to synergize the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inhibition and PD-1 blockade for antitumor immunotherapy. A dual pH-sensitive nanocarrier loading curcumin (CUR) and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (aPD-1) may bind to circulating PD-1+ T cells and then follow their infiltration into the tumor. Furthermore, the nanodrug bound to PD-1+ T cells may be released in the tumor microenvironment, leaving aPD-1 to block PD-1 on T cells and generating a CUR-encapsulated cationic nanodrug that can be easily taken up by tumor cells/tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). Thus, not only the antitumor T cells mediate efficient CUR delivery to tumor but also the efficient CUR delivery promotes the tumor infiltration of antitumor T cells, thereby resulting in effective activation of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zecong Xiao
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhenwei Su
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shisong Han
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jinsheng Huang
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liteng Lin
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, and Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xintao Shuai
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Corresponding author.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Saba Aslam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liudi Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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32
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Zhang P, Zhai Y, Cai Y, Zhao Y, Li Y. Nanomedicine-Based Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer Metastasis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904156. [PMID: 31566275 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-associated death, with poor prognosis even after extensive treatment. The dormancy of metastatic cancer cells during dissemination or after colony formation is one major reason for treatment failure, as most drugs target cells of active proliferation. Immunotherapy has shown great potential in cancer therapy because the activity of effector cells is less affected by the metabolic status of cancer cells. In addition, metastatic cells out of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) are more susceptible to immune clearance, although these cells can achieve immune surveillance evasion via strategies such as platelet and macrophage recruitment. Since nanomaterials themselves or their carried drugs have the capability to modulate the immune system, a great amount of focus has been placed on nanomedicine strategies that leverage immune cells participating the metastatic cascade. These nanomedicines successfully inhibit the tumor metastasis and prolong the survival of model animals. Immune cells that are involved in the metastasis cascade are first summarized and then recent and inspiring strategies and nanomaterials in this growing field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yihui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Del Re DP, Amgalan D, Linkermann A, Liu Q, Kitsis RN. Fundamental Mechanisms of Regulated Cell Death and Implications for Heart Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1765-1817. [PMID: 31364924 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve regulated cell death programs have been described. We review in detail the basic biology of nine including death receptor-mediated apoptosis, death receptor-mediated necrosis (necroptosis), mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, mitochondrial-mediated necrosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, and immunogenic cell death. This is followed by a dissection of the roles of these cell death programs in the major cardiac syndromes: myocardial infarction and heart failure. The most important conclusion relevant to heart disease is that regulated forms of cardiomyocyte death play important roles in both myocardial infarction with reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion) and heart failure. While a role for apoptosis in ischemia/reperfusion cannot be excluded, regulated forms of necrosis, through both death receptor and mitochondrial pathways, are critical. Ferroptosis and parthanatos are also likely important in ischemia/reperfusion, although it is unclear if these entities are functioning as independent death programs or as amplification mechanisms for necrotic cell death. Pyroptosis may also contribute to ischemia/reperfusion injury, but potentially through effects in non-cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte loss through apoptosis and necrosis is also an important component in the pathogenesis of heart failure and is mediated by both death receptor and mitochondrial signaling. Roles for immunogenic cell death in cardiac disease remain to be defined but merit study in this era of immune checkpoint cancer therapy. Biology-based approaches to inhibit cell death in the various cardiac syndromes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Del Re
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dulguun Amgalan
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Qinghang Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Kirby L, Jin J, Cardona JG, Smith MD, Martin KA, Wang J, Strasburger H, Herbst L, Alexis M, Karnell J, Davidson T, Dutta R, Goverman J, Bergles D, Calabresi PA. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells present antigen and are cytotoxic targets in inflammatory demyelination. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3887. [PMID: 31467299 PMCID: PMC6715717 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are abundant in the adult central nervous system, and have the capacity to regenerate oligodendrocytes and myelin. However, in inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) remyelination is often incomplete. To investigate how neuroinflammation influences OPCs, we perform in vivo fate-tracing in an inflammatory demyelinating mouse model. Here we report that OPC differentiation is inhibited by both effector T cells and IFNγ overexpression by astrocytes. IFNγ also reduces the absolute number of OPCs and alters remaining OPCs by inducing the immunoproteasome and MHC class I. In vitro, OPCs exposed to IFNγ cross-present antigen to cytotoxic CD8 T cells, resulting in OPC death. In human demyelinated MS brain lesions, but not normal appearing white matter, oligodendroglia exhibit enhanced expression of the immunoproteasome subunit PSMB8. Therefore, OPCs may be co-opted by the immune system in MS to perpetuate the autoimmune response, suggesting that inhibiting immune activation of OPCs may facilitate remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Kirby
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyle A Martin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Hayley Strasburger
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leyla Herbst
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maya Alexis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joan Goverman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dwight Bergles
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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35
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Hiroyasu S, Turner CT, Richardson KC, Granville DJ. Proteases in Pemphigoid Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1454. [PMID: 31297118 PMCID: PMC6607946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigoid diseases are a subgroup of autoimmune skin diseases characterized by widespread tense blisters. Standard of care typically involves immunosuppressive treatments, which may be insufficient and are often associated with significant adverse events. As such, a deeper understanding of the pathomechanism(s) of pemphigoid diseases is necessary in order to identify improved therapeutic approaches. A major initiator of pemphigoid diseases is the accumulation of autoantibodies against proteins at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ), followed by protease activation at the lesion. The contribution of proteases to pemphigoid disease pathogenesis has been investigated using a combination of in vitro and in vivo models. These studies suggest proteolytic degradation of anchoring proteins proximal to the DEJ is crucial for dermal-epidermal separation and blister formation. In addition, proteases can also augment inflammation, expose autoantigenic cryptic epitopes, and/or provoke autoantigen spreading, which are all important in pemphigoid disease pathology. The present review summarizes and critically evaluates the current understanding with respect to the role of proteases in pemphigoid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Hiroyasu
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher T. Turner
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katlyn C. Richardson
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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36
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Orthohantaviruses belonging to three phylogroups all inhibit apoptosis in infected target cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:834. [PMID: 30696898 PMCID: PMC6351540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses, previously known as hantaviruses, are zoonotic viruses that can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans. The HPS-causing Andes virus (ANDV) and the HFRS-causing Hantaan virus (HTNV) have anti-apoptotic effects. To investigate if this represents a general feature of orthohantaviruses, we analysed the capacity of six different orthohantaviruses – belonging to three distinct phylogroups and representing both pathogenic and non-pathogenic viruses – to inhibit apoptosis in infected cells. Primary human endothelial cells were infected with ANDV, HTNV, the HFRS-causing Puumala virus (PUUV) and Seoul virus, as well as the putative non-pathogenic Prospect Hill virus and Tula virus. Infected cells were then exposed to the apoptosis-inducing chemical staurosporine or to activated human NK cells exhibiting a high cytotoxic potential. Strikingly, all orthohantaviruses inhibited apoptosis in both settings. Moreover, we show that the nucleocapsid (N) protein from all examined orthohantaviruses are potential targets for caspase-3 and granzyme B. Recombinant N protein from ANDV, PUUV and the HFRS-causing Dobrava virus strongly inhibited granzyme B activity and also, to certain extent, caspase-3 activity. Taken together, this study demonstrates that six different orthohantaviruses inhibit apoptosis, suggesting this to be a general feature of orthohantaviruses likely serving as a mechanism of viral immune evasion.
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37
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Fulop T, Franceschi C, Hirokawa K, Pawelec G. Immunosenescence Modulation by Vaccination. HANDBOOK OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121048 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A decline in immune function is a hallmark of aging that leads to complicated illness from a variety of infectious diseases, cancer and other immune-mediated disorders, and may limit the ability to appropriately respond to vaccination. How vaccines might alter the senescent immune response and what are the immune correlates of protection will be addressed from the perspective of (1) stimulating a previously primed response as in the case of vaccines for seasonal influenza and herpes zoster, (2) priming the response to novel antigens such as pandemic influenza or West Nile virus, (3) vaccination against bacterial pathogens such as pneumococcus and pertussis, (4) vaccines against bacterial toxins such as tetanus and Clostridium difficile, and (5) vaccine approaches to mitigate effects of cytomegalovirus on immune senescence. New or improved vaccines developed over recent years demonstrate the considerable opportunity to improve current vaccines and develop new vaccines as a preventive approach to a variety of diseases in older adults. Strategies for selecting appropriate immunologic targets for new vaccine development and evaluating how vaccines may alter the senescent immune response in terms of potential benefits and risks in the preclinical and clinical trial phases of vaccine development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Division of Geriatrics Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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38
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Turner CT, Lim D, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in skin inflammation and disease. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:126-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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39
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Jaime-Sánchez P, Catalán E, Uranga-Murillo I, Aguiló N, Santiago L, M Lanuza P, de Miguel D, A Arias M, Pardo J. Antigen-specific primed cytotoxic T cells eliminate tumour cells in vivo and prevent tumour development, regardless of the presence of anti-apoptotic mutations conferring drug resistance. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1536-1548. [PMID: 29743559 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T (Tc) cells are the main executors of transformed and cancer cells during cancer immunotherapy. The latest clinical results evidence a high efficacy of novel immunotherapy agents that modulate Tc cell activity against bad prognosis cancers. However, it has not been determined yet whether the efficacy of these treatments can be affected by selection of tumoural cells with mutations in the cell death machinery, known to promote drug resistance and cancer recurrence. Here, using a model of prophylactic tumour vaccination based on the LCMV-gp33 antigen and the mouse EL4 T lymphoma, we analysed the molecular mechanism employed by Tc cells to eliminate cancer cells in vivo and the impact of mutations in the apoptotic machinery on tumour development. First of all, we found that Tc cells, and perf and gzmB are required to efficiently eliminate EL4.gp33 cells after LCMV immunisation during short-term assays (1-4 h), and to prevent tumour development in the long term. Furthermore, we show that antigen-pulsed chemoresistant EL4 cells overexpressing Bcl-XL or a dominant negative form of caspase-3 are specifically eliminated from the peritoneum of infected animals, as fast as parental EL4 cells. Notably, antigen-specific Tc cells control the tumour growth of the mutated cells, as efficiently as in the case of parental cells. Altogether, expression of the anti-apoptotic mutations does not confer any advantage for tumour cells neither in the short-term survival nor in long-term tumour formation. Although the mechanism involved in the elimination of the apoptosis-resistant tumour cells is not completely elucidated, neither necroptosis nor pyroptosis seem to be involved. Our results provide the first experimental proof that chemoresistant cancer cells with mutations in the main cell death pathways are efficiently eliminated by Ag-specific Tc cells in vivo during immunotherapy and, thus, provide the molecular basis to treat chemoresistant cancer cells with CD8 Tc-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Jaime-Sánchez
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Catalán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iratxe Uranga-Murillo
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nacho Aguiló
- Dept. Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar M Lanuza
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego de Miguel
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Maykel A Arias
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Julián Pardo
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), IIS Aragon/University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Dept. Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Aragon I+D Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain.
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40
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Immunoproteasome Subunits Are Required for CD8 + T Cell Function and Host Resistance to Brucella abortus Infection in Mice. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00615-17. [PMID: 29263103 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00615-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoproteasome is a specific proteasome isoform composed of three subunits, termed β1i, β2i, and β5i. Its proteolytic activity enhances the quantity and quality of peptides to be presented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules to CD8+ T cells. However, the role of the combined deficiency of the three immunoproteasome subunits in protective immunity against bacterial pathogens has not been investigated. In this study, we addressed the role of the immunoproteasome during infection by Brucella abortus, an intracellular bacterium that requires CD8+ T cell responses for the control of infection. Here, we demonstrate that immunoproteasome triple-knockout (TKO) mice were more susceptible to Brucella infection. This observed susceptibility was accompanied by reduced interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production by mouse CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, the absence of the immunoproteasome had an impact on MHC-I surface expression and antigen presentation by dendritic cells. CD8+ T cell function, which plays a pivotal role in B. abortus immunity, also presented a partial impairment of granzyme B expression and, consequently, reduced cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest that immunoproteasome subunits are important components in host resistance to B. abortus infection by impacting both the magnitude and quality of CD8+ T cell responses.
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41
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Chen P, Liu Y, Zhao J, Pang X, Zhang P, Hou X, Chen P, He CY, Wang Z, Chen ZY. The synthesis of amphiphilic polyethyleneimine/calcium phosphate composites for bispecific T-cell engager based immunogene therapy. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:633-641. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm01143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) are single chain variable fragments, which could connect the surface antigen on cancer cells and CD3 ligands on T cells, and then engage the T cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingzhang Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yunhong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- The People's Hospital of Longhua
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | | | - Peifa Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Hou
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng-yi He
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Zhi-ying Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- P. R. China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
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42
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Jung MH, Jung SJ. CpG ODN 1668 induce innate and adaptive immune responses in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) against rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:247-257. [PMID: 28860075 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes severe mass mortalities in rock bream in Korea. CpG ODN 1668 showed promise as immunoprotective agents against RBIV infection in rock bream. In this study, we assessed innate/adaptive-related gene expression patterns in RBIV-infected rock bream with and without CpG ODN 1668 administration to determine important immune defense related factors that may affect fish survival. In the CpG ODN 1668+virus-injected group, virus copies were more than 7.4- to 790591-fold lower than in the virus-injected group at 4 d (8.79 × 104 and 6.58 × 105/μl, respectively), 7 d (5.30 × 102 and 2.29 × 107/μl, respectively) and 10 dpi (7.79 × 101 and 6.16 × 107/μl, respectively). Furthermore, in the CpG ODN 1668+virus-injected group, significantly higher levels of MyD88 (6 h, 1 d, 4 d and 7 dpi), IL1β (1 d, 2 d and 7 dpi) and perforin/granzyme (1 dpi) expression were observed, whereas these genes were not significantly expressed in the virus-injected group at that time points. Mx, ISG15 and PKR were significantly highly expressed at 4 d and 7 dpi and reduced when low viral loads at 10 dpi in the CpG ODN 1668+virus-injected group. Conversely, in the virus-injected group, Mx, ISG15 and PKR expression were significantly higher than the control group until 10 dpi. However, MHC class I, CD8, Fas, Fas ligand and caspases (3, 8 and 9) expression levels showed no statistically significant differences between virus- and CpG ODN 1668+virus-injected group. In summary, CpG ODN 1668 administration in fish induces innate immune response or cell death pathway, which could be a major contributing factor to effective fish control over viral transcription on 4 d to 10 dpi. Expression of MyD88, IL1β, perforin and granzyme-related immune gene response is critical factor for inhibition of RBIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hwa Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Ju Jung
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea
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43
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Jee YK, Kim S, Lee JM, Park HS, Kim SH. CD8 + T-cell activation by methazolamide causes methazolamide-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:972-974. [PMID: 28295713 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y-K Jee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - S Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - J-M Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - H-S Park
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - S-H Kim
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Translational Research Laboratory for Inflammatory Disease, Clinical Trial Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea
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44
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Granzyme B enters the mitochondria in a Sam50-, Tim22- and mtHsp70-dependent manner to induce apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:747-758. [PMID: 28338658 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have found that granzyme B (GB)-induced apoptosis also requires reactive oxygen species resulting from the alteration of mitochondrial complex I. How GB, which does not possess a mitochondrial targeting sequence, enter this organelle is unknown. We show that GB enters the mitochondria independently of the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane complex, but requires instead Sam50, the central subunit of the sorting and assembly machinery that integrates outer membrane β-barrel proteins. Moreover, GB breaches the inner membrane through Tim22, the metabolite carrier translocase pore, in a mitochondrial heat-shock protein 70 (mtHsp70)-dependent manner. Granzyme A (GA) and caspase-3 use a similar route to the mitochondria. Finally, preventing GB from entering the mitochondria either by mutating lysine 243 and arginine 244 or depleting Sam50 renders cells more resistant to GB-mediated reactive oxygen species and cell death. Similarly, Sam50 depletion protects cells from GA-, GM- and caspase-3-mediated cell death. Therefore, cytotoxic molecules enter the mitochondria to induce efficiently cell death through a noncanonical Sam50-, Tim22- and mtHsp70-dependent import pathway.
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45
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Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are a spectrum of T-cell mediated immune disorders. While the contributory mechanisms leading to the apoptosis of epidermal cells in SJS/TEN remain unproven, the keratinocyte apoptosis seen in SJS/TEN is thought to occur through the T-cell mediated Fas-Fas ligand (FasL), perforin/granzyme B, and other immune mediators. Most recently, emphasis has been placed on the granulysin pathway as being the primary mediator of apoptosis and widespread epidermal necrosis in SJS/TEN. This article aims to review the proposed mechanisms by which these pathways work and the immunomodulatory therapies that have been developed in an attempt to target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajirah N Saeed
- a Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - James Chodosh
- a Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
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46
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Wu J, He Z, Wang DL, Sun FL. Depletion of JMJD5 sensitizes tumor cells to microtubule-destabilizing agents by altering microtubule stability. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2980-2991. [PMID: 27715397 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1234548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules play essential roles in mitosis, cell migration, and intracellular trafficking. Drugs that target microtubules have demonstrated great clinical success in cancer treatment due to their capacity to impair microtubule dynamics in both mitotic and interphase stages. In a previous report, we demonstrated that JMJD5 associated with mitotic spindle and was required for proper mitosis. However, it remains elusive whether JMJD5 could regulate the stability of cytoskeletal microtubules and whether it affects the efficacy of microtubule-targeting agents. In this study, we find that JMJD5 localizes not only to the nucleus, a fraction of it also localizes to the cytoplasm. JMJD5 depletion decreases the acetylation and detyrosination of α-tubulin, both of which are markers of microtubule stability. In addition, microtubules in JMJD5-depleted cells are more sensitive to nocodazole-induced depolymerization, whereas JMJD5 overexpression increases α-tubulin detyrosination and enhances the resistance of microtubules to nocodazole. Mechanistic studies revealed that JMJD5 regulates MAP1B protein levels and that MAP1B overexpression rescued the microtubule destabilization induced by JMJD5 depletion. Furthermore, JMJD5 depletion significantly promoted apoptosis in cancer cells treated with the microtubule-targeting anti-cancer drugs vinblastine or colchicine. Together, these findings suggest that JMJD5 is required to regulate the stability of cytoskeletal microtubules and that JMJD5 depletion increases the susceptibility of cancer cells to microtubule-destabilizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Wu
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences , School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Zhimin He
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences , School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Da-Liang Wang
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences , School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Fang-Lin Sun
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences , School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China.,b Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University , Shanghai , China
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Lv XZ, Zheng MY, Lin ZQ, Zhao M, Wang H, Zeng WS. Granzyme B-truncated VEGF fusion protein represses angiogenesis and tumor growth of OSCC. Oral Dis 2016; 22:688-96. [PMID: 27291760 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antitumor effects of fusion protein hGrB-TV of human granzyme B (hGrB) and truncated vascular endothelial growth factor (tVEGF) on human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The fusion protein hGrB-TV was expressed and purified from E. coli bacteria by affinity chromatography. The cytotoxcity of hGrB-TV on VEGFR-2 (Flk-1)(+) OSCC cells was analyzed in vitro. The antitumor therapeutic study was conducted on OSCC xenografts in vivo. RESULTS The purified hGrB-TV fusion protein was selectively internalized into VEGFR-2 (Flk-1)(+) OSCC cells and endothelial cells. It can cleave inactive caspase 3 into its active p20 form. The hGrB-TV showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity on VEGFR-2(+) SCC-9 cells. The morphological changes and cytolysis were appeared within dozen minutes. However, no cytotoxicity was observed on VEGFR-2(-) cells. The hGrB alone or tVEGF alone did not have any toxicity on SCC-9 cells. In addition, hGrB-TV treatment completely destroyed the vasculature of the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in vivo and consequently led to chick embryo development arrest. Most importantly, the fusion protein hGrB-TV inhibited tumor angiogenesis and growth of human OSCC xenografts in nude mice without any apparent toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The fusion protein hGrB-TV specifically inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth of OSCC; hGrB-TV is a powerful and safe therapeutic molecule for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-Z Lv
- Department Oral & Head and Neck Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M-Y Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z-Q Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Zhao
- Department Oral & Head and Neck Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - W-S Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Frasca D, Blomberg BB. B Cell-Specific Biomarkers for Optimal Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccination and Molecular Pathways That Reduce B Cell Function with Aging. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 36:523-537. [PMID: 28845758 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent findings on the effects of aging on influenza vaccine responses, with major emphasis on T and B cells, which are significantly impaired by aging. We discuss changes in T cell production and thymic output; T cell subsets; and TCR repertoire, function, and response to latent persistent infection. We also discuss changes in B cell subsets, repertoire, and function, and how function is impaired by increased intrinsic B cell inflammation and reduced signal transduction. This review presents age-related effects on antigen-presenting cells, summarizes recent studies, including our own, aimed at the identification of biomarkers of protective vaccine responses, and provides examples of recent technical advances and insights into human vaccine responses that are helping to define the features associated with successful vaccination and that may enable a more predictive vaccinology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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Sasazuki T, Inoko H, Morishima S, Morishima Y. Gene Map of the HLA Region, Graves’ Disease and Hashimoto Thyroiditis, and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Adv Immunol 2016; 129:175-249. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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50
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Identification of a novel compound (β-sesquiphellandrene) from turmeric (Curcuma longa) with anticancer potential: comparison with curcumin. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:1175-86. [PMID: 26521943 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Considering that as many as 80% of the anticancer drugs have their roots in natural products derived from traditional medicine, we examined compounds other than curcumin from turmeric (Curcuma longa) that could exhibit anticancer potential. Present study describes the isolation and characterization of another turmeric-derived compound, β-sesquiphellandrene (SQP) that exhibits anticancer potential comparable to that of curcumin. We isolated several compounds from turmeric, including SQP, α-curcumene, ar-turmerone, α-turmerone, β-turmerone, and γ-turmerone, only SQP was found to have antiproliferative effects comparable to those of curcumin in human leukemia, multiple myeloma, and colorectal cancer cells. While lack of the NF-κB-p65 protein had no effect on the activity of SQP, lung cancer cells that expressed p53 were more susceptible to the cytotoxic effect of SQP than were cells that lacked p53 expression. SQP was also found to be highly effective in suppressing cancer cell colony formation and inducing apoptosis, as shown by assays of intracellular esterase activity, plasma membrane integrity, and cell-cycle phase. SQP was found to induce cytochrome c release and activate caspases that lead to poly ADP ribose polymerase cleavage. SQP exposure was associated with downregulation of cell survival proteins such cFLIP, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, c-IAP1, and survivin. Furthermore, SQP was found to be synergistic with the chemotherapeutic agents velcade, thalidomide and capecitabine. Overall, our results indicate that SQP has anticancer potential comparable to that of curcumin.
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