1
|
Saharia KK, Hall VG, Chesdachai S, Porrett P, Fishman JA, Pouch SM. Heart of the matter-infection and xenotransplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2024; 26:e14206. [PMID: 38055610 DOI: 10.1111/tid.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
In this clinicopathological conference, invited experts discussed a previously published case of a patient with nonischemic cardiomyopathy who underwent heart transplantation from a genetically modified pig source animal. His complex course included detection of porcine cytomegalovirus by plasma microbial cell-free DNA and eventual xenograft failure. The objectives of the session included discussion of selection of immunosuppressive regimens and prophylactic antimicrobials for human xenograft recipients, description of infectious disease risk assessment and mitigation in potential xenograft donors and understanding of screening and therapeutic strategies for potential xenograft-related infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil K Saharia
- Institute of Human Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria G Hall
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Supavit Chesdachai
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paige Porrett
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jay A Fishman
- Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie M Pouch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fiebig U, Krüger L, Denner J. Determination of the Copy Number of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV) in Auckland Island Pigs Repeatedly Used for Clinical Xenotransplantation and Elimination of PERV-C. Microorganisms 2024; 12:98. [PMID: 38257925 PMCID: PMC10820294 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Auckland Island pigs represent an inbred population of feral pigs isolated on the sub-Antarctic island for over 100 years. The animals have been maintained under pathogen-free conditions in New Zealand; they are well characterized virologically and have been used as donor sources in first clinical trials of porcine neonatal islet cell transplantation for the treatment of human diabetes patients. The animals do not carry any of the xenotransplantation-relevant viruses, and in the first clinical trials, no porcine viruses, including porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) were transmitted to the human recipients. PERVs pose a special risk in xenotransplantation, since they are part of the pig genome. When the copy number of PERVs in these animals was analyzed using droplet digital PCR and primers binding to a conserved region of the polymerase gene (PERVpol), a copy number typical for Western pigs was found. This confirms previous phylogenetic analyses of microsatellites as well as mitochondrial analyses showing a closer relationship to European pigs than to Chinese pigs. When kidney cells from very young piglets were analyzed, only around 20 PERVpol copies were detected. Using these cells as donors in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), animals were born showing PERVpol copy numbers between 35 and 56. These data indicate that Auckland Island pigs have a similar copy number in comparison with other Western pig breeds and that the copy number is higher in adult animals compared with cells from young piglets. Most importantly, PERV-C-free animals were selected and the absence of an additional eight porcine viruses was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Fiebig
- Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (U.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Luise Krüger
- Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (U.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (U.F.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Virology, Free University, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Flecks M, Fischer N, Krijnse Locker J, Tönjes RR, Godehardt AW. Analysis of PERV-C superinfection resistance using HA-tagged viruses. Retrovirology 2023; 20:14. [PMID: 37605152 PMCID: PMC10440901 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-023-00630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using pigs as organ donors has advanced xenotransplantation to the point that it is almost ready for clinical use. However, there is still a zoonotic risk associated with xenotransplantation, and the potential transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses needs to be surveyed. Despite significant attempts to eliminate this risk, by the selection of PERV-C free pigs with low expression of PERV-A, -B, and by the genome-wide inactivation of PERV using CRISPR/Cas9, the impact of superinfection resistance (SIR) was not investigated. SIR is a viral trait that prevents reinfection (superinfection). For PERV, the underlying mechanism is unclear, whether and how cells, that harbor functional PERV, are protected. Using PERV-C(5683) as a reference virus, we investigated SIR in a newly developed in vitro model to pursue the mechanism and confirm its protective effect. RESULTS We developed three PERV-C constructs on the basis of PERV-C(5683), each of which carries a hemagglutinin tag (HA-tag) at a different position of the envelope gene (SP-HA, HA-VRA, and RPep-HA), to distinguish between primary infection and superinfection. The newly generated PERV-C(5683)-HA viruses were characterized while quantifying the viral RNA, reverse transcriptase activity, protein expression analysis, and infection studies. It was demonstrated that SP-HA and RPep-HA were comparable to PERV-C(5683), whereas HA-VRA was not replication competent. SP-HA and RPep-HA were chosen to challenge PERV-C(5683)-positive ST-IOWA cells demonstrating that PERV-C-HA viruses are not able to superinfect those cells. They do not integrate into the genome and are not expressed. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of SIR applies to PERV-C. The production of PERV-C particles serves as a defense mechanism from superinfection with exogenous PERV-C. It was demonstrated by newly generated PERV-C(5683)-HA clones that might be used as a cutting-edge tool. The HA-tagging of PERV-C is novel, providing a blueprint for the tagging of other human tropic PERV viruses. The tagged viruses are suitable for additional in vitro and in vivo infection studies and will contribute, to basic research on viral invasion and pathogenesis. It will maintain the virus safety of XTx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merle Flecks
- Division of Haematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Division of Haematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Jacomina Krijnse Locker
- Loewe-DRUID Research Group, Electron Microscopy of Pathogens, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Ralf R. Tönjes
- Division of Haematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Antonia W. Godehardt
- Division of Haematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodrigues Costa M, Fischer N, Gronewold A, Gulich B, Godehardt AW, Tönjes RR. Isolation of an Ecotropic Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus PERV-C from a Yucatan SLA D/D Inbred Miniature Swine. J Virol 2023; 97:e0006223. [PMID: 36883860 PMCID: PMC10062142 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00062-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation may compensate the limited number of human allografts for transplantation using pigs as organ donors. Porcine endogenous retroviruses inherit infectious potential if pig cells, tissues, or organs were transplanted to immunosuppressed human recipients. Particularly, ecotropic PERV-C that could recombine with PERV-A to highly replication-competent human-tropic PERV-A/C should be excluded from pig breeds designed for xenotransplantation. Because of their low proviral background, SLAD/D (SLA, swine leukocyte antigen) haplotype pigs are potential candidates as organ donors as they do not bear replication-competent PERV-A and -B, even if they carry PERV-C. In this work, we characterized their PERV-C background isolating a full-length PERV-C proviral clone number 561 from a SLAD/D haplotype pig genome displayed in a bacteriophage lambda library. The provirus truncated in env due to cloning in lambda was complemented by PCR, and the recombinants were functionally characterized, confirming an increased infectivity in vitro compared to other PERV-C. Recombinant clone PERV-C(561) was chromosomally mapped by its 5'-proviral flanking sequences. Full-length PCR using 5'-and 3'-flanking primers specific to the PERV-C(561) locus verified that this specific SLAD/D haplotype pig harbors at least one full-length PERV-C provirus. The chromosomal location is different from that of the previously described PERV-C(1312) provirus, which was derived from the porcine cell-line MAX-T. The sequence data presented here provide further knowledge about PERV-C infectivity and contribute to targeted knockout in order to generate PERV-C-free founder animals. IMPORTANCE Yucatan SLAD/D haplotype miniature swine are candidates as organ donors for xenotransplantation. A full-length replication-competent PERV-C provirus was characterized. The provirus was chromosomally mapped in the pig genome. In vitro, the virus showed increased infectivity compared to other functional PERV-C isolates. Data may be used for targeted knockout to generate PERV-C free founder animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Division of Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Antonia Gronewold
- Division of Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Barbara Gulich
- Division of Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Antonia W. Godehardt
- Division of Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Ralf R. Tönjes
- Division of Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chan JCY, Chaban R, Chang SH, Angel LF, Montgomery RA, Pierson RN. Future of Lung Transplantation: Xenotransplantation and Bioengineering Lungs. Clin Chest Med 2023; 44:201-214. [PMID: 36774165 PMCID: PMC11078107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation promises to alleviate the issue of donor organ shortages and to decrease waiting times for transplantation. Recent advances in genetic engineering have allowed for the creation of pigs with up to 16 genetic modifications. Several combinations of genetic modifications have been associated with extended graft survival and life-supporting function in experimental heart and kidney xenotransplants. Lung xenotransplantation carries specific challenges related to the large surface area of the lung vascular bed, its innate immune system's intrinsic hyperreactivity to perceived 'danger', and its anatomic vulnerability to airway flooding after even localized loss of alveolocapillary barrier function. This article discusses the current status of lung xenotransplantation, and challenges related to immunology, physiology, anatomy, and infection. Tissue engineering as a feasible alternative to develop a viable lung replacement solution is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Y Chan
- NYU Transplant Institute, New York University, 530 1st Avenue, Suite 7R, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ryan Chaban
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, Bau 505, 5. OG55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Chang
- NYU Transplant Institute, New York University, 530 1st Avenue, Suite 7R, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Luis F Angel
- NYU Transplant Institute, New York University, 530 1st Avenue, Suite 7R, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Robert A Montgomery
- NYU Transplant Institute, New York University, 530 1st Avenue, Suite 7R, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard N Pierson
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Y, Niu Y, Ma X, Xiang Y, Wu D, Li W, Wang T, Niu D. Porcine endogenous retrovirus: classification, molecular structure, regulation, function, and potential risk in xenotransplantation. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:60. [PMID: 36790562 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation with porcine organs has been recognized as a promising solution to alleviate the shortage of organs for human transplantation. Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), whose proviral DNAs are integrated in the genome of all pig breeds, is a main microbiological risk for xenotransplantation. Over the last decades, some advances on PERVs' studies have been achieved. Here, we reviewed the current progress of PERVs including the classification, molecular structure, regulation, function in immune system, and potential risk in xenotransplantation. We also discussed the problem of insufficient study on PERVs as well as the questions need to be answered in the future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Yifan Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Jinhua Jinfan Feed Co., Ltd, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321000, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321000, China
| | - De Wu
- Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinhua Development Zone, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321000, China
| | - Weifen Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Nanjing Kgene Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211300, China.
| | - Dong Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Fishman
- From the Transplant and Immunocompromised Host Program, Infectious Disease Division and Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lowe JWE. Humanising and dehumanising pigs in genomic and transplantation research. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 44:66. [PMID: 36417007 PMCID: PMC9684229 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biologists who work on the pig (Sus scrofa) take advantage of its similarity to humans by constructing the inferential and material means to traffic data, information and knowledge across the species barrier. Their research has been funded due to its perceived value for agriculture and medicine. Improving selective breeding practices, for instance, has been a driver of genomics research. The pig is also an animal model for biomedical research and practice, and is proposed as a source of organs for cross-species transplantation: xenotransplantation. Genomics research has informed transplantation biology, which has itself motivated developments in genomics. Both have generated models of correspondences between the genomes of pigs and humans. Concerning genomics, I detail how researchers traverse species boundaries to develop representations of the pig genome, alongside ensuring that such representations are sufficiently porcine. In transplantation biology, the representations of the genomes of humans and pigs are used to detect and investigate immunologically-pertinent differences between the two species. These key differences can then be removed, to 'humanise' donor pigs so that they can become a safe and effective source of organs. In both of these endeavours, there is a tension between practices that 'humanise' the pig (or representations thereof) through using resources from human genomics, and the need to 'dehumanise' the pig to maintain distinctions for legal, ethical and scientific reasons. This paper assesses the ways in which this tension has been managed, observing the differences between its realisations across comparative pig genomics and transplantation biology, and considering the consequences of this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W E Lowe
- Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, University of Edinburgh, Old Surgeons' Hall, High School Yards, Edinburgh, EH1 1LZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Detection of non-reference porcine endogenous retrovirus loci in the Vietnamese native pig genome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10485. [PMID: 35729348 PMCID: PMC9213404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vietnamese native pig (VnP)-a porcine breed with a small body-has proven suitable as a biomedical animal model. Here, we demonstrate that, compared to other breeds, VnPs have fewer copies of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), which pose a risk for xenotransplantation of pig organs to humans. More specifically, we sought to characterize non-reference PERVs (nrPERVs) that were previously unidentified in the reference genome. To this end, we used whole-genome sequencing data to identify nrPERV loci with long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences in VnPs. RetroSeq was used to estimate nrPERV loci based on the most current porcine reference genome (Sscrofa11.1). LTRs were detected using de novo sequencing read assembly near the loci containing the target site duplication sequences in the inferred regions. A total of 21 non-reference LTR loci were identified and separated into two subtypes based on phylogenetic analysis. Moreover, PERVs within the detected LTR loci were identified, the presence of which was confirmed using conventional PCR and Sanger sequencing. These novel loci represent previously unknown PERVs as they have not been identified in the porcine reference genome. Thus, our RetroSeq method accurately detects novel PERV loci, and can be applied for development of a useful biomedical model.
Collapse
|
10
|
Measurement and Destruction of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus in the Chinese Bama Minipig. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:516-521. [PMID: 35039157 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine hepatocytes are widely used in bioartificial liver (BAL) systems for the treatment of liver failure, and Chinese Bama minipigs (BMPs) are extensively used for animal experiments in the field of medicine in China. The genome of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) has not yet been accurately quantified, posing a threat to their clinical application because they act as a source of cells. In this study, we used genome sequence data from BMPs to predict PERV copies and their distribution. We validated and quantified the identified PERV copies and subtypes across different BMP individuals and tissues using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction, respectively, and found that the BMP genome contains only 11 to 21 PERV copies. Notably, they lack the C subtype, which is a relatively safe cell source. Moreover, we applied CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock out the pol fragment of PERVs in primary renal fibroblasts (PRFs) from BMPs and obtain PERV-destructed cells. Overall, our results lay a foundation for obtaining PERV-destructed BMPs as a safe source of hepatocytes for BALs for future applications.
Collapse
|
11
|
Denner J. Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses and Xenotransplantation, 2021. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112156. [PMID: 34834962 PMCID: PMC8625113 DOI: 10.3390/v13112156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of all pigs, and some of them are able to infect human cells. Therefore, PERVs pose a risk for xenotransplantation, the transplantation of pig cells, tissues, or organ to humans in order to alleviate the shortage of human donor organs. Up to 2021, a huge body of knowledge about PERVs has been accumulated regarding their biology, including replication, recombination, origin, host range, and immunosuppressive properties. Until now, no PERV transmission has been observed in clinical trials transplanting pig islet cells into diabetic humans, in preclinical trials transplanting pig cells and organs into nonhuman primates with remarkable long survival times of the transplant, and in infection experiments with several animal species. Nevertheless, in order to prevent virus transmission to the recipient, numerous strategies have been developed, including selection of PERV-C-free animals, RNA interference, antiviral drugs, vaccination, and genome editing. Furthermore, at present there are no more experimental approaches to evaluate the full risk until we move to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
High Prevalence of Recombinant Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV-A/Cs) in Minipigs: A Review on Origin and Presence. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091869. [PMID: 34578447 PMCID: PMC8473008 DOI: 10.3390/v13091869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Minipigs play an important role in biomedical research and they have also been used as donor animals for preclinical xenotransplantations. Since zoonotic microorganisms including viruses can be transmitted when pig cells, tissues or organs are transplanted, virus safety is an important feature in xenotransplantation. Whereas most porcine viruses can be eliminated from pig herds by different strategies, this is not possible for porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs). PERVs are integrated in the genome of pigs and some of them release infectious particles able to infect human cells. Whereas PERV-A and PERV-B are present in all pigs and can infect cells from humans and other species, PERV-C is present in most, but not all pigs and infects only pig cells. Recombinant viruses between PERV-A and PERV-C have been found in some pigs; these recombinants infect human cells and are characterized by high replication rates. PERV-A/C recombinants have been found mainly in minipigs of different origin. The possible reasons of this high prevalence of PERV-A/C in minipigs, including inbreeding and higher numbers and expression of replication-competent PERV-C in these animals, are discussed in this review. Based on these data, it is highly recommended to use only pig donors in clinical xenotransplantation that are negative for PERV-C.
Collapse
|
13
|
Galow AM, Goldammer T, Hoeflich A. Xenogeneic and Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases: Genetic Engineering of Porcine Cells and Their Applications in Heart Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249686. [PMID: 33353186 PMCID: PMC7766969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent a major health concern worldwide with few therapy options for ischemic injuries due to the limited regeneration potential of affected cardiomyocytes. Innovative cell replacement approaches could facilitate efficient regenerative therapy. However, despite extensive attempts to expand primary human cells in vitro, present technological limitations and the lack of human donors have so far prevented their broad clinical use. Cell xenotransplantation might provide an ethically acceptable unlimited source for cell replacement therapies and bridge the gap between waiting recipients and available donors. Pigs are considered the most suitable candidates as a source for xenogeneic cells and tissues due to their anatomical and physiological similarities with humans. The potential of porcine cells in the field of stem cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine is under intensive investigation. This review outlines the current progress and highlights the most promising approaches in xenogeneic cell therapy with a focus on the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Galow
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (T.G.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38208-68-723
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (T.G.); (A.H.)
- Molecular Biology and Fish Genetics Unit, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (T.G.); (A.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ishihara S, Dang‐Nguyen TQ, Kikuchi K, Arakawa A, Mikawa S, Osaki M, Otoi T, Luu QM, Nguyen TS, Taniguchi M. Characteristic features of porcine endogenous retroviruses in Vietnamese native pigs. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13336. [PMID: 32219916 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to clarify the genomic characteristics of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in Vietnamese native pig (VnP) breeds. First, we investigated genetic polymorphisms in β- and γ-like PERVs, and we then measured the copy numbers of infectious γ-like PERVs (PERV-A, B, and C). We purified genomic DNA from 15 VnP breeds from 12 regions all over the country and three Western pig breeds as controls, and investigated genetic polymorphisms in all known PERVs, including the beta (β)1-4 and gamma (γ)1-5 groups. PERVs of β1, β2, β3, and γ4 were highly polymorphic with VnP-specific haplotypes. We did not identify genetic polymorphisms in β4, γ1, or γ2 PERVs. We then applied a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based method to estimate copy numbers of the gag, pol, and env genes of γ1 PERVs (defined as A, B, and C). VnP breeds showed significantly lower copy number of the PERV genes compared with the Western pig breeds (on average, 16.2 and 35.7 copies, respectively, p < .05). Two VnP breeds showed significantly higher copy number compared with the other VnPs (p < .05). Our results elucidated that VnPs have specific haplotypes and a low copy number of PERV genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ishihara
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Japan
| | - Thanh Q. Dang‐Nguyen
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kikuchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Japan
| | - Aisaku Arakawa
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Japan
| | - Satoshi Mikawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Japan
| | - Makoto Osaki
- National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Quang Minh Luu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cell Technology National Institute of Animal Science Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Thanh Son Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cell Technology National Institute of Animal Science Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Masaaki Taniguchi
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chung HC, Nguyen VG, Moon HJ, Park YH, Park BK. Regulation of porcine endogenous retrovirus by dual LTR1+2 (Long Terminal Region) miRNA in primary porcine kidney cells. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e50. [PMID: 31565893 PMCID: PMC6769330 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) integrate into germline DNA as proviral genome that enables vertical transmission from parents to their offspring. The provirus usually survives as part of the host genome rather than as an infectious agent, but may become pathogenic if it crosses species barriers. Therefore, replication-competent PERV should be controlled through selective breeding or knockout technologies. Two microRNAs (miRNAs), dual LTR1 and LTR2, were selected to inhibit the expression of PERV in primary porcine kidney cells. The inhibition efficiency of the miRNAs was compared based on their inhibition of different PERV regions, specifically long terminal repeats (LTRs), gag, pol, and env. Gene expression was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction and the C-type reverse transcriptase (RT) activity was determined. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the PERV LTR and env regions was determined in HeLa cells co-cultured with primary porcine kidney cells. The mRNA expression of the LTR, gag, pol, and env regions of PERV was dramatically inhibited by dual miRNA from 24 to 144 h after transfection, with the highest inhibition observed for the LTR and pol regions at 120 h. Additionally, the RT activity of PERV in the co-culture experiment of porcine and human cells was reduced by 84.4% at the sixth passage. The dual LTR 1+2 miRNA efficiently silences PERV in primary porcine kidney cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Van Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hyung Joon Moon
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin 17066, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Bong Kyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Y, Xing X, Huang L, Wu Y, Li P, Li R, Liu G. Screening pigs for xenotransplantation in China: investigation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in Diannan small-eared pigs. Virus Genes 2020; 56:202-208. [PMID: 31916138 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), which integrates as a provirus into the genome of pig cells, is an important biosafety issue in xenotransplantation. Screening and analyzing the presence and expression of PERV will provide essential parameters for assessing the biosafety of donor sources. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of PERV in Diannan small-eared pigs, a unique closed colony that is distributed in southern Yunnan Province in southwestern China. PCR was performed to amplify env-A, env-B, env-C, pol, gag, and mtDNA in peripheral blood samples. The results revealed that PERV env-A, env-B, pol, and gag were detected in all individuals, but env-C was deficient in most pigs, suggesting that the main subtypes of PERVs in Diannan small-eared pigs are PERV-A and PERV-B. Furthermore, PERV pol and the porcine housekeeping gene GAPDH were detected by RT-PCR in all peripheral blood samples, indicating that PERV had transcriptional activity. Finally, the consensus sequences of PERV-A and PERV-B were amplified and digested with KpnI and MboI. Interestingly, a total of seven digestion patterns were obtained, which is less than that observed in other pig breeds. The PCR products were cloned into the pUCm-T vector and sequenced. The results showed that all of the inserts were highly homologous to either PERV-A or PERV-B, and the ratios of PERV-A and PERV-B were 21.1% and 78.9%, respectively. These data suggest that Diannan small-eared pigs may be a candidate donor source for xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhang
- Center for Medical Experiments, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaowei Xing
- Center for Medical Experiments, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Center for Medical Experiments, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Yanan Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650051, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruhong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Yanan Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650051, Yunnan, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- The Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ngo MH, Soma T, Youn HY, Endo T, Makundi I, Kawasaki J, Miyake A, Nga BTT, Nguyen H, Arnal M, Fernández de Luco D, Deshapriya RMC, Hatoya S, Nishigaki K. Distribution of infectious endogenous retroviruses in mixed-breed and purebred cats. Arch Virol 2019; 165:157-167. [PMID: 31748876 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses of domestic cats (ERV-DCs) are members of the genus Gammaretrovirus that infect domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus). Uniquely, domestic cats harbor replication-competent proviruses such as ERV-DC10 (ERV-DC18) and ERV-DC14 (xenotropic and nonecotropic viruses, respectively). The purpose of this study was to assess invasion by two distinct infectious ERV-DCs, ERV-DC10 and ERV-DC14, in domestic cats. Of a total sample of 1646 cats, 568 animals (34.5%) were positive for ERV-DC10 (heterozygous: 377; homozygous: 191), 68 animals (4.1%) were positive for ERV-DC14 (heterozygous: 67; homozygous: 1), and 10 animals (0.6%) were positive for both ERV-DC10 and ERV-DC14. ERV-DC10 and ERV-DC14 were detected in domestic cats in Japan as well as in Tanzania, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, South Korea and Spain. Breeding cats, including Singapura, Norwegian Forest and Ragdoll cats, showed high frequencies of ERV-DC10 (60-100%). By contrast, ERV-DC14 was detected at low frequency in breeding cats. Our results suggest that ERV-DC10 is widely distributed while ERV-DC14 is maintained in a minor population of cats. Thus, ERV-DC10 and ERV-DC14 have invaded cat populations independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ha Ngo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Takehisa Soma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Marupi Lifetech Co., Ltd., 103 Fushiocho, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-0011, Japan
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital for Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taiji Endo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Isaac Makundi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Junna Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ariko Miyake
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Bui Thi To Nga
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Nguyen
- Animal Care Clinic, 20/424 Thuy Khue Street, Tay Ho District, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - MaríaCruz Arnal
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández de Luco
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R M C Deshapriya
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Shingo Hatoya
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishigaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Godehardt AW, Ramm R, Gulich B, Tönjes RR, Hilfiker A. Decellularized pig pulmonary heart valves—Depletion of nucleic acids measured by proviral PERV
pol. Xenotransplantation 2019; 27:e12565. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Ramm
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO) Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Barbara Gulich
- Division of Medical Biotechnology Paul‐Ehrlich‐Institut Langen Germany
| | - Ralf R. Tönjes
- Division of Medical Biotechnology Paul‐Ehrlich‐Institut Langen Germany
| | - Andres Hilfiker
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO) Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ma Y, Zhao X, Jia J, Yang Y, Fan R, Lv M, Ding F, Wu J, Zhang J. Analysis of Protein Expression in Human Cells Cocultured with Porcine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Intervirology 2019; 61:237-246. [PMID: 30889573 DOI: 10.1159/000495179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) involved in pig to human xenotransplantation have raised great concerns because of their ubiquitous nature in pigs and their ability of infecting human cells in vitro. Although no significant cytopathic effect attributed to PERV was evident on PERV-infected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, we did proteomic analysis to investigate the differences of protein profile in order to further characterize the effect of PERV infection. METHODS HEK293 cells were cocultured with porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Protein profiles of PERV-infected and -noninfected HEK293 cells were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Protein spots with at least 1.5-fold alteration were identified by high-definition mass spectrometry (HDMS) analysis. Then real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to validate the proteomic results. RESULTS Differential analysis of PERV-infected and -noninfected HEK293 cells by 2-DE revealed ten differentially regulated proteins. The proteins identified by HDMS were involved in various cellular pathways including signal transduction, cell apoptosis, and protein synthesis. CONCLUSION The results of this study revealed differentially expressed proteins in HEK293 cells cocultured with porcine PBMCs and implied that these changes were probably induced by PERV infection. These results provide clues and potential links to understanding the molecular effect of the infection by human-tropic PERV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,
| | - Xiong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junting Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maomin Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jingang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Legallais C, Kim D, Mihaila SM, Mihajlovic M, Figliuzzi M, Bonandrini B, Salerno S, Yousef Yengej FA, Rookmaaker MB, Sanchez Romero N, Sainz-Arnal P, Pereira U, Pasqua M, Gerritsen KGF, Verhaar MC, Remuzzi A, Baptista PM, De Bartolo L, Masereeuw R, Stamatialis D. Bioengineering Organs for Blood Detoxification. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800430. [PMID: 30230709 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For patients with severe kidney or liver failure the best solution is currently organ transplantation. However, not all patients are eligible for transplantation and due to limited organ availability, most patients are currently treated with therapies using artificial kidney and artificial liver devices. These therapies, despite their relative success in preserving the patients' life, have important limitations since they can only replace part of the natural kidney or liver functions. As blood detoxification (and other functions) in these highly perfused organs is achieved by specialized cells, it seems relevant to review the approaches leading to bioengineered organs fulfilling most of the native organ functions. There, the culture of cells of specific phenotypes on adapted scaffolds that can be perfused takes place. In this review paper, first the functions of kidney and liver organs are briefly described. Then artificial kidney/liver devices, bioartificial kidney devices, and bioartificial liver devices are focused on, as well as biohybrid constructs obtained by decellularization and recellularization of animal organs. For all organs, a thorough overview of the literature is given and the perspectives for their application in the clinic are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Legallais
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Dooli Kim
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M. Mihaila
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Milos Mihajlovic
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marina Figliuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
| | - Barbara Bonandrini
- Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Simona Salerno
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Fjodor A. Yousef Yengej
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B. Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ulysse Pereira
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Mattia Pasqua
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Karin G. F. Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Remuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
| | - Pedro M. Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd); 28029 Barcelona Spain
- Fundación ARAID; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz; 28040 Madrid Spain. Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; 28911 Madrid Spain
| | - Loredana De Bartolo
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fiebig U, Fischer K, Bähr A, Runge C, Schnieke A, Wolf E, Denner J. Porcine endogenous retroviruses: Quantification of the copy number in cell lines, pig breeds, and organs. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12445. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad Fischer
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Technische Universität München; Freising Germany
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology; Gene Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Oberschleißheim Germany
| | | | - Angelika Schnieke
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Technische Universität München; Freising Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology; Gene Center; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Oberschleißheim Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Weiss RA. Infection hazards of xenotransplantation: Retrospect and prospect. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12401. [PMID: 29756309 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kawasaki J, Nishigaki K. Tracking the Continuous Evolutionary Processes of an Endogenous Retrovirus of the Domestic Cat: ERV-DC. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040179. [PMID: 29642384 PMCID: PMC5923473 DOI: 10.3390/v10040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An endogenous retrovirus (ERV) is a remnant of an ancient retroviral infection in the host genome. Although most ERVs have lost their viral productivity, a few ERVs retain their replication capacity. In addition, partially inactivated ERVs can present a potential risk to the host via their encoded virulence factors or the generation of novel viruses by viral recombination. ERVs can also eventually acquire a biological function, and this ability has been a driving force of host evolution. Therefore, the presence of an ERV can be harmful or beneficial to the host. Various reports about paleovirology have revealed each event in ERV evolution, but the continuous processes of ERV evolution over millions of years are mainly unknown. A unique ERV family, ERV-DC, is present in the domestic cat (Felis silvestriscatus) genome. ERV-DC proviruses are phylogenetically classified into three genotypes, and the specific characteristics of each genotype have been clarified: their capacity to produce infectious viruses; their recombination with other retroviruses, such as feline leukemia virus or RD-114; and their biological functions as host antiviral factors. In this review, we describe ERV-DC-related phenomena and discuss the continuous changes in the evolution of this ERV in the domestic cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junna Kawasaki
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Nishigaki
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Presence of a Shared 5'-Leader Sequence in Ancestral Human and Mammalian Retroviruses and Its Transduction into Feline Leukemia Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00829-17. [PMID: 28768854 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00829-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination events induce significant genetic changes, and this process can result in virus genetic diversity or in the generation of novel pathogenicity. We discovered a new recombinant feline leukemia virus (FeLV) gag gene harboring an unrelated insertion, termed the X region, which was derived from Felis catus endogenous gammaretrovirus 4 (FcERV-gamma4). The identified FcERV-gamma4 proviruses have lost their coding capabilities, but some can express their viral RNA in feline tissues. Although the X-region-carrying recombinant FeLVs appeared to be replication-defective viruses, they were detected in 6.4% of tested FeLV-infected cats. All isolated recombinant FeLV clones commonly incorporated a middle part of the FcERV-gamma4 5'-leader region as an X region. Surprisingly, a sequence corresponding to the portion contained in all X regions is also present in at least 13 endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) observed in the cat, human, primate, and pig genomes. We termed this shared genetic feature the commonly shared (CS) sequence. Despite our phylogenetic analysis indicating that all CS-sequence-carrying ERVs are classified as gammaretroviruses, no obvious closeness was revealed among these ERVs. However, the Shannon entropy in the CS sequence was lower than that in other parts of the provirus genome. Notably, the CS sequence of human endogenous retrovirus T had 73.8% similarity with that of FcERV-gamma4, and specific signals were detected in the human genome by Southern blot analysis using a probe for the FcERV-gamma4 CS sequence. Our results provide an interesting evolutionary history for CS-sequence circulation among several distinct ancestral viruses and a novel recombined virus over a prolonged period.IMPORTANCE Recombination among ERVs or modern viral genomes causes a rapid evolution of retroviruses, and this phenomenon can result in the serious situation of viral disease reemergence. We identified a novel recombinant FeLV gag gene that contains an unrelated sequence, termed the X region. This region originated from the 5' leader of FcERV-gamma4, a replication-incompetent feline ERV. Surprisingly, a sequence corresponding to the X region is also present in the 5' portion of other ERVs, including human endogenous retroviruses. Scattered copies of the ERVs carrying the unique genetic feature, here named the commonly shared (CS) sequence, were found in each host genome, suggesting that ancestral viruses may have captured and maintained the CS sequence. More recently, a novel recombinant FeLV hijacked the CS sequence from inactivated FcERV-gamma4 as the X region. Therefore, tracing the CS sequences can provide unique models for not only the modern reservoir of new recombinant viruses but also the genetic features shared among ancient retroviruses.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tsuchiya M, Tsuchiya K, Ohgawara H. Molecular Cloning of the Porcine Insulin cDNA Using a Monolayer Culture of Pancreatic Endocrine Cells. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783986611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine pancreatic endocrine cells are an attractive candidate for islet cell transplantation in view of the immunological properties and structural similarities of porcine insulin to human insulin. We recently established a method of isolation and a primary monolayer culture of porcine pancreatic endocrine cells. In this study, cloning of the porcine insulin cDNA was performed to clarify the genetic background of the purified isolated cells. A homology-based PCR cloning method was employed to determine the sequence using mRNA extracted from the monolayer-forming cells, and the candidate products were then determined by a homology search on the human insulin cDNA. According to the newly identified sequence, rapid amplification of cDNA ends was applied to the 5′ and 3′ ends, and the entire cDNA sequence was determined. Gene and protein expression was confirmed by Northern blotting, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme assay. To examine the transcriptional level, the cultured cells were incubated in a 20 mM D-glucose medium in the presence or absence of 5 μM forskolin. The porcine insulin cDNA exhibited a high homology to the human cDNA and showed 85% matching with the human amino acid sequence. D-Glucose at 20 mM stimulated the insulin secretion and mRNA expression, and further addition of 5 μM forskolin with the glucose was applied as the strongest stimulus in this culture system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Tsuchiya
- Institute of Geriatrics, Aoyama Hospital, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Tsuchiya
- Department of Medicine IV, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisako Ohgawara
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yamashita YI, Shimada M, Harimoto N, Tanaka S, Shirabe K, Ijima H, Nakazawa K, Fukuda J, Funatsu K, Maehara Y. cDNA Microarray Analysis in Hepatocyte Differentiation in Huh 7 Cells. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:793-9. [PMID: 15690981 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783983396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of xenozoonosis infections poses the greatest obstacle against the clinical application of a hybrid artificial liver support system (HALSS). Primary human hepatocytes are an ideal source for HALSS, but the shortage of human livers available for hepatocyte isolation limits this modality. To resolve this issue, we previously demonstrated the upregulation of hepatocyte-specific function by spheroid formation in polyurethane foam and by culturing with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), in a human hepatoma cell line (Huh 7). In this article we analyze the gene expression profile using cDNA microarray (1281 genes) in spheroid formation or culturing with TSA in Huh 7 to determine the target genes in hepatocyte differentiation. In both the spheroid formation and in the culture with TSA, the Oct-3/4 transcription factor was upregulated more than twofold, while the early growth response-1 (EGR-1) transactivator was downregulated less than 0.5-fold. These results indicate that expressions of Oct-3/4 and EGR-1 may be key factors in the induction of hepatocyte differentiation in Huh 7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yo-ichi Yamashita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yamashita YI, Shimada M, Tsujita E, Tanaka S, Ijima H, Nakazawa K, Sakiyama R, Fukuda J, Ueda T, Funatsu K, Sugimachi K. Polyurethane Foam/Spheroid Culture System Using Human Hepatoblastoma Cell Line (Hep G2) as a Possible New Hybrid Artificial Liver. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783986260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ichi Yamashita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsujita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ijima
- Department of Chemical Systems and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohji Nakazawa
- Department of Chemical Systems and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sakiyama
- Department of Chemical Systems and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junji Fukuda
- Department of Chemical Systems and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Ueda
- Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Enoki 33–94, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Kazumori Funatsu
- Department of Chemical Systems and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keizo Sugimachi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Edge AS, Gosse ME, Dinsmore J. Xenogeneic Cell Therapy: Current Progress and Future Developments in Porcine Cell Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2017; 7:525-39. [PMID: 9853581 DOI: 10.1177/096368979800700603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multitude of distinct cell types present in mature and developing tissues display unique physiologic characteristics. Cellular therapy is a novel technology with the promise of utilizing this diversity to treat a wide range of human degenerative diseases. Intractable diseases, disorders, and injuries are characterized by cell death or aberrant cellular function. Cell transplantation can replace diseased or lost tissue to provide restorative therapy for these conditions. The limited use of cell transplants as a basis for current therapy can, in part, be attributed to the lack of available human cells suitable for transplantation. This has prevented further realization of the promise of cell transplantation as a platform technology. Accordingly, cell-based therapies such as blood transfusions, for which the cells are readily available, are a standard part of current medical practice. Despite numerous attempts to expand primary human cells in tissue culture, current technological limitations of this approach in regard to proliferative capacity and maintenance of the differentiated phenotype has prevented their use for transplantation. Further, use of human stem cells for the derivation of specific cell types for transplantation is an area of future application with great potential, but hurdles remain in regard to deriving and sufficiently expanding these multi-potential cells. Thus, it appears that primary cells are at present a superior source for transplantation. This review focuses on pigs as a source of a variety of primary cells to advance cell therapy to the clinic and implement achievement of its full potential. We outline the advantages and disadvantages of xenogeneic cell therapy while underscoring the utility of transplantable porcine cells for the treatment of human disease. © 1998 Elsevier Science Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Edge
- Diacrin Inc., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Three cysteine residues of SLC52A1, a receptor for the porcine endogenous retrovirus-A (PERV-A), play a critical role in cell surface expression and infectivity. Virology 2017; 507:140-150. [PMID: 28437635 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retrovirus-A (PERV-A), a gammaretrovirus, infects human cells in vitro, thus raising the potential risk of cross-species transmission in xenotransplantation. Two members of the solute carrier family 52 (SLC52A1 and SLC52A2) are PERV-A receptors. Site-directed mutagenesis of the cDNA encoding SLC52A1 identified that only one of two putative glycosylation signals is occupied by glycans. In addition, we showed that glycosylation of SLC52A1 is not necessary for PERV-A receptor function. We also identified that at a minimum, three cysteine residues are sufficient for SLC52A1 cell surface expression. Mutation of cysteine at position 365 and either of the two cysteine residues in the C-terminal tail at positions 442 or 446 reduced SLC52A1 surface expression and PERV-A infection suggesting that these residues may contribute to overall structural stability and receptor function. Understanding interactions between PERV-A and its cellular receptor may provide novel strategies to prevent zoonotic infection in the setting of xenotransplantation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Inoue Y, Yokota T, Sekitani T, Kaneko A, Woo T, Kobayashi S, Shibuya T, Tanaka M, Kosukegawa H, Saito I, Isoyama T, Abe Y, Yambe T, Someya T, Sekino M. Antithrombotic Protein Filter Composed of Hybrid Tissue-Fabric Material has a Long Lifetime. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:1352-1364. [PMID: 28054160 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There are recent reports of hybrid tissue-fabric materials with good performance-high biocompatibility and high mechanical strength. In this study, we demonstrate the capability of a hybrid material as a long-term filter for blood proteins. Polyester fabrics were implanted into rats to fabricate hybrid tissue-fabric material sheets. The hybrid materials comprised biological tissue grown on the fabric. The materials were extracted from the rat's body, approximately 100 days post-implantation. The tissues were decellularized to prevent immunological rejection. An antithrombogenicity test was performed by dropping blood onto the hybrid material surface. The hybrid material showed lesser blood coagulation than polysulfone and cellulose. Blood plasma was filtered using the hybrid material to evaluate the protein removal percentage and the lifetime of the hybrid material in vitro. The hybrid material showed a comparable performance to conventional filters for protein removal. Moreover, the hybrid material could work as a protein filter for 1 month, which is six times the lifetime of polysulfone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Inoue
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Medical Engineering and Cardiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Akiko Kaneko
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Taeseong Woo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shingo Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Shibuya
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | | | - Itsuro Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Isoyama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Abe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yambe
- Department of Medical Engineering and Cardiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masaki Sekino
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Although genetic transfer between viruses and vertebrate hosts occurs less frequently than gene flow between bacteriophages and prokaryotes, it is extensive and has affected the evolution of both parties. With retroviruses, the integration of proviral DNA into chromosomal DNA can result in the activation of adjacent host gene expression and in the transduction of host transcripts into retroviral genomes as oncogenes. Yet in contrast to lysogenic phage, there is little evidence that viral oncogenes persist in a chain of natural transmission or that retroviral transduction is a significant driver of the horizontal spread of host genes. Conversely, integration of proviruses into the host germ line has generated endogenous retroviral genomes (ERV) in all vertebrate genomes sequenced to date. Some of these genomes retain potential infectivity and upon reactivation may transmit to other host species. During mammalian evolution, sequences of retroviral origin have been repurposed to serve host functions, such as the viral envelope glycoproteins crucial to the development of the placenta. Beyond retroviruses, DNA viruses with complex genomes have acquired numerous genes of host origin which influence replication, pathogenesis and immune evasion, while host species have accumulated germline sequences of both DNA and RNA viruses. A codicil is added on lateral transmission of cancer cells between hosts and on migration of host mitochondria into cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kim N, Choi J, Kim S, Gwon YD, Cho Y, Yang JM, Oh YK, Kim YB. Transmission of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Produced from Different Recipient Cells In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165156. [PMID: 27832080 PMCID: PMC5104465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized pigs have been developed to reduce the incidence of immune rejection in xenotransplantation, but significant concerns remain, such as transmission of viral zoonosis. Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV), which exist in the genome of pigs, are produced as infectious virions from all porcine cells and cause zoonosis. Here, we examined the possibility of zoonosis of hosts under conditions of immune suppression or xenotransplantation of cells producing host-adapted viruses. Upon transplantation of PERV-producing porcine cells into mice, no transmission of PERV was detected, whereas, transmission of PERV from mice transplanted with mouse-adapted PERV-producing cells was detected. In addition, the frequency of PERV transmission was increased in CsA treated mice transplanted with PERV-producing murine cells, compared with PERV-producing porcine cells. Transmission of PERV to host animals did not affect weight but immune responses, in particular, the number of T cells from PERV-transmitted mice, were notably reduced. The observed risk of PERV zoonosis highlights the requirement for thorough evaluation of viral zoonosis under particular host conditions, such as immunosuppressive treatment and transplantation with host-adapted virus-producing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Choi
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Gwon
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeondong Cho
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myung Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young bong Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Existence of Two Distinct Infectious Endogenous Retroviruses in Domestic Cats and Their Different Strategies for Adaptation to Transcriptional Regulation. J Virol 2016; 90:9029-45. [PMID: 27466428 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00716-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are the remnants of ancient retroviral infections of germ cells. Previous work identified one of the youngest feline ERV groups, ERV-DC, and reported that two ERV-DC loci, ERV-DC10 and ERV-DC18 (ERV-DC10/DC18), can replicate in cultured cells. Here, we identified another replication-competent provirus, ERV-DC14, on chromosome C1q32. ERV-DC14 differs from ERV-DC10/DC18 in its phylogeny, receptor usage, and, most notably, transcriptional activities; although ERV-DC14 can replicate in cultured cells, it cannot establish a persistent infection owing to its low transcriptional activity. Furthermore, we examined ERV-DC transcription and its regulation in feline tissues. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) detected extremely low ERV-DC10 expression levels in feline tissues, and bisulfite sequencing showed that 5' long terminal repeats (LTRs) of ERV-DC10/DC18 are significantly hypermethylated in feline blood cells. Reporter assays found that the 5'-LTR promoter activities of ERV-DC10/DC18 are high, whereas that of ERV-DC14 is low. This difference in promoter activity is due to a single substitution from A to T in the LTR, and reverse mutation at this nucleotide in ERV-DC14 enhanced its replication and enabled it to persistently infect cultured cells. Therefore, ERV-DC LTRs can be divided into two types based on this nucleotide, the A type or T type, which have strong or attenuated promoter activity, respectively. Notably, ERV-DCs with T-type LTRs, such as ERV-DC14, have expanded in the cat genome significantly more than A-type ERV-DCs, despite their low promoter activities. Our results provide insights into how the host controls potentially infectious ERVs and, conversely, how ERVs adapt to and invade the host genome. IMPORTANCE The domestic cat genome contains many endogenous retroviruses, including ERV-DCs. These ERV-DCs have been acquired through germ cell infections with exogenous retroviruses. Some of these ERV-DCs are still capable of producing infectious virions. Hosts must tightly control these ERVs because replication-competent viruses in the genome pose a risk to the host. Here, we investigated how ERV-DCs are adapted by their hosts. Replication-competent viruses with strong promoter activity, such as ERV-DC10 and ERV-DC18, were suppressed by promoter methylation in LTRs. On the other hand, replication-competent viruses with weak promoter activity, such as ERV-DC14, seemed to escape strict control via promoter methylation by the host. Interestingly, ERV-DCs with weak promoter activity, such as ERV-DC14, have expanded in the cat genome significantly more than ERV-DCs with strong promoter activity. Our results improve the understanding of the host-virus conflict and how ERVs adapt in their hosts over time.
Collapse
|
34
|
Nascimento FF, Rodrigo AG. Computational Evaluation of the Strict Master and Random Template Models of Endogenous Retrovirus Evolution. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162454. [PMID: 27649303 PMCID: PMC5029938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that are able to replicate and move within and between host genomes. Their mechanism of replication is also shared with endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), which are also a type of TE that represent an ancient retroviral infection within animal genomes. Two models have been proposed to explain TE proliferation in host genomes: the strict master model (SMM), and the random template (or transposon) model (TM). In SMM only a single copy of a given TE lineage is able to replicate, and all other genomic copies of TEs are derived from that master copy. In TM, any element of a given family is able to replicate in the host genome. In this paper, we simulated ERV phylogenetic trees under variations of SMM and TM. To test whether current phylogenetic programs can recover the simulated ERV phylogenies, DNA sequence alignments were simulated and maximum likelihood trees were reconstructed and compared to the simulated phylogenies. Results indicate that visual inspection of phylogenetic trees alone can be misleading. However, if a set of statistical summaries is calculated, we are able to distinguish between models with high accuracy by using a data mining algorithm that we introduce here. We also demonstrate the use of our data mining algorithm with empirical data for the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), an ERV that is able to replicate in human and pig cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen G. Rodrigo
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
How Active Are Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs)? Viruses 2016; 8:v8080215. [PMID: 27527207 PMCID: PMC4997577 DOI: 10.3390/v8080215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) represent a risk factor if porcine cells, tissues, or organs were to be transplanted into human recipients to alleviate the shortage of human transplants; a procedure called xenotransplantation. In contrast to human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), which are mostly defective and not replication-competent, PERVs are released from normal pig cells and are infectious. PERV-A and PERV-B are polytropic viruses infecting cells of several species, among them humans; whereas PERV-C is an ecotropic virus infecting only pig cells. Virus infection was shown in co-culture experiments, but also in vivo, in the pig, leading to de novo integration of proviruses in certain organs. This was shown by measurement of the copy number per cell, finding different numbers in different organs. In addition, recombinations between PERV-A and PERV-C were observed and the recombinant PERV-A/C were found to be integrated in cells of different organs, but not in the germ line of the animals. Here, the evidence for such in vivo activities of PERVs, including expression as mRNA, protein and virus particles, de novo infection and recombination, will be summarised. These activities make screening of pigs for provirus number and PERV expression level difficult, especially when only blood or ear biopsies are available for analysis. Highly sensitive methods to measure the copy number and the expression level will be required when selecting pigs with low copy number and low expression of PERV as well as when inactivating PERVs using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease (CRISPR/Cas) technology.
Collapse
|
36
|
Attanasio C, Latancia MT, Otterbein LE, Netti PA. Update on Renal Replacement Therapy: Implantable Artificial Devices and Bioengineered Organs. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:330-40. [PMID: 26905099 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the fields of artificial organs and regenerative medicine are now joining forces in the areas of organ transplantation and bioengineering to solve continued challenges for patients with end-stage renal disease. The waiting lists for those needing a transplant continue to exceed demand. Dialysis, while effective, brings different challenges, including quality of life and susceptibility to infection. Unfortunately, the majority of research outputs are far from delivering satisfactory solutions. Current efforts are focused on providing a self-standing device able to recapitulate kidney function. In this review, we focus on two remarkable innovations that may offer significant clinical impact in the field of renal replacement therapy: the implantable artificial renal assist device (RAD) and the transplantable bioengineered kidney. The artificial RAD strategy utilizes micromachining techniques to fabricate a biohybrid system able to mimic renal morphology and function. The current trend in kidney bioengineering exploits the structure of the native organ to produce a kidney that is ready to be transplanted. Although these two systems stem from different technological approaches, they are both designed to be implantable, long lasting, and free standing to allow patients with kidney failure to be autonomous. However, for both of them, there are relevant issues that must be addressed before translation into clinical use and these are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Attanasio
- 1 Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcela T Latancia
- 2 Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leo E Otterbein
- 2 Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paolo A Netti
- 1 Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Plotzki E, Heinrichs G, Kubícková B, Ulrich RG, Denner J. Microbiological characterization of a newly established pig breed, Aachen Minipigs. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:159-67. [PMID: 26991265 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To alleviate the shortage of human donor organs or tissues for the treatment of organ and tissue failure including diabetes, pigs are considered suitable donor animals. As organs from conventional pigs are usually too large, those from minipigs may be better suited. We recently characterized the Göttingen Minipigs, a breed well characterized concerning the presence of zoonotic microorganisms and found hepatitis E virus (HEV) and porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) in some animals. Here, we characterize another minipig, the Aachen Minipig (AaMP), a pig breed recently established close to the town Aachen in Germany. METHODS The animals were tested for the prevalence and expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) and the presence of some selected microorganisms, among them HEV, PCMV, and porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHVs) using highly sensitive and specific PCR and RT-PCR methods. In addition, we screened for antibodies against HEV and PLHV. RESULTS PERV-A, PERV-B, and PERV-C sequences were found in the genome of all Aachen Minipigs. HEV RNA was found by real-time RT-PCR in most, and DNA of PCMV, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3 was found by PCR in some animals. The animals were free of eight other microorganisms tested, but some were seropositive for porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). CONCLUSION Based on medical examinations by veterinarians, the AaMP are in a good health status and seem to harbor only few microorganisms. To improve their status for use as donor pigs in xenotransplantation, the viruses detected might be eliminated by selection of negative animals, Cesarean section, and vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Plotzki
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and other Retroviruses, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Kubícková
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and other Retroviruses, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Denner J, Petersen B, Niemann H. Tolerance and immune response to the porcine endogenous retrovirus in German landrace pigs immunised with viral proteins. Virus Res 2015; 208:39-43. [PMID: 26043980 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunisation of goats, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and hamsters with the recombinant ectodomain of the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) transmembrane envelope (TM) protein (p15E) induced binding and neutralising immune antibodies in all animals. In contrast, no antibodies were induced when pigs were immunised with p15E, indicating that pigs are tolerant to their endogenous retroviruses, at least to the TM protein. To answer the question of whether pigs are tolerant to other structural proteins of PERV, we immunised German landrace pigs with p15E, this time in conjunction with the surface envelope proteins gp70 and the core capsid Gag protein p27CA. To ensure that the pigs were immunocompetent and that immunisation was successful, all animals also received an injection of an unrelated protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Whereas all animals produced antibodies against KLH, no animals produced antibodies against the viral envelope proteins, thus confirming previous results for p15E and extending them to the other envelope protein, gp70. However, the pigs did produce antibodies against p27CA, indicating that there is no tolerance to the core capsid protein of PERV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and Other Retroviruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Björn Petersen
- Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt a.Rbge., Germany.
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt a.Rbge., Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Reichart B, Guethoff S, Mayr T, Buchholz S, Abicht JM, Kind AJ, Brenner P. Discordant Cellular and Organ Xenotransplantation—From Bench to Bedside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16441-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
|
40
|
Weiss RA. What's the host and what's the microbe? The Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture 2015. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2501-2510. [PMID: 26296666 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interchange between retroviruses and their hosts is an intimate one because retroviruses integrate proviral DNA into host chromosomal DNA as an obligate step in the replication cycle. This has resulted in the occasional transduction of host genes into retroviral genomes as oncogenes, and also led to the integration of viral genomes into the host germ line that gives rise to endogenous retroviruses. I shall reflect on the evolutionary consequences of these events for virus and host. Then, I shall discuss the emergence of non-viral infections of host origin, namely, how malignant cells can give rise to eukaryotic single cell 'parasites' that colonize new hosts and how these in turn have been colonized by host mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Complete Genome Sequence of a Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Isolated from a Bama Minipig in Guangxi, Southern China. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/3/e00620-15. [PMID: 26067965 PMCID: PMC4463529 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00620-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) strain, PERV-A-BM, was isolated from a Bama minipig in Guangxi, China. This is the first entire genome sequence of PERV isolated from Guangxi Bama minipigs. The isolate is closely related to isolates from Wuzhishan miniature pigs and distantly related to isolates from large white pigs.
Collapse
|
42
|
Plotzki E, Wolf-van Buerck L, Knauf Y, Becker T, Maetz-Rensing K, Schuster M, Baehr A, Klymiuk N, Wolf E, Seissler J, Denner J. Virus safety of islet cell transplantation from transgenic pigs to marmosets. Virus Res 2015; 204:95-102. [PMID: 25956348 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of pig islet cells for the treatment of diabetes may be a more effective approach compared with the application of insulin. However, before introduction into the clinic, efficacy and safety of this treatment have to be shown. Non-human primate models may be used for this, despite the fact that they are characterised by several limitations. Here we investigate the prevalence of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), which are present in the genome of all pigs and which may infect human cells, as well as of porcine herpes viruses in donor pigs and their potential transmission to non-human primate recipients. Despite the fact that all three subtypes of PERV were present in all and porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) was found in some of the pigs, neither PERVs nor PCMV were found in the recipient animals under the experimental conditions applied. Porcine lymphotropic herpes viruses (PLHV) were not found in the donor pigs, hepatitis E virus (HEV) was not found in the recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Plotzki
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and Other Retroviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lelia Wolf-van Buerck
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Diabeteszentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 München, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Knauf
- German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute, Pathology Unit, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tamara Becker
- German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute, Pathology Unit, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Maetz-Rensing
- German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute, Pathology Unit, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Marion Schuster
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Diabeteszentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 München, Germany.
| | - Andrea Baehr
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Hackerstraße 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Hackerstraße 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Hackerstraße 27, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Jochen Seissler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Diabeteszentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 München, Germany.
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and Other Retroviruses, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Semaan M, Ivanusic D, Denner J. Cytotoxic Effects during Knock Out of Multiple Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) Sequences in the Pig Genome by Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122059. [PMID: 25909512 PMCID: PMC4409370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation has been proposed as a solution to the shortage of suitable human donors for transplantation and pigs are currently favoured as donor animals. However, xenotransplantation may be associated with the transmission of zoonotic microorganisms. Whereas most porcine microorganisms representing a risk for the human recipient may be eliminated by designated pathogen free breeding, multiple copies of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of all pigs and cannot be eliminated this way. PERVs are released as infectious particles and infect human cells. The zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology allows knocking out specifically cellular genes, however it was not yet used to eliminate multiple integrated proviral sequences with a strong conservation in the target sequence. To reduce the risk of horizontal PERV transmission and to knock out as many as possible proviruses, for the first time the powerful tool of the ZFN technology was used. ZFN were designed to bind specifically to sequences conserved in all known replication-competent proviruses. Expression and transport of the ZFN into the nucleus was shown by Western blot analysis, co-localisation analysis, PLA and FRET. Survival of transfected cells was analysed using fluorescent ZFN and cell counting. After transfection a strong expression of the ZFN proteins and a co-localisation of the expressed ZFN proteins were shown. However, expression of the ZFN was found to be extremely toxic for the transfected cells. The induced cytotoxicity was likely due to the specific cutting of the high copy number of the PERV proviruses, which is also commonly observed when ZFN with low specificity cleave numerous off-target sites in a genome. This is the first attempt to knock out multiple, nearly identical, genes in a cellular genome using ZFN. The attempt failed, and other strategies should be used to prevent PERV transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Ivanusic
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Kaiserswerther Str. 16–18, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
DIAO YUMEI, HONG JING. Feasibility and safety of porcine Descemet’s membrane as a carrier for generating tissue-engineered corneal endothelium. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1929-34. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
45
|
Wolf G, Yang P, Füchtbauer AC, Füchtbauer EM, Silva AM, Park C, Wu W, Nielsen AL, Pedersen FS, Macfarlan TS. The KRAB zinc finger protein ZFP809 is required to initiate epigenetic silencing of endogenous retroviruses. Genes Dev 2015; 29:538-54. [PMID: 25737282 PMCID: PMC4358406 DOI: 10.1101/gad.252767.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are epigenetically silenced during development, yet the cellular factors recognizing ERVs in a sequence-specific manner remain elusive. Wolf et al. find that ZFP809 initiates the silencing of ERVs in a sequence-specific manner via recruitment of heterochromatin-inducing complexes. ERV reactivation is accompanied by an epigenetic shift from repressive to active histone modifications. ZFP809 is required to initiate ERV silencing during embryonic development but becomes largely dispensable in somatic tissues. Retroviruses have been invading mammalian germlines for millions of years, accumulating in the form of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that account for nearly one-tenth of the mouse and human genomes. ERVs are epigenetically silenced during development, yet the cellular factors recognizing ERVs in a sequence-specific manner remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that ZFP809, a member of the Krüppel-associated box zinc finger protein (KRAB-ZFP) family, initiates the silencing of ERVs in a sequence-specific manner via recruitment of heterochromatin-inducing complexes. ZFP809 knockout mice display highly elevated levels of ZFP809-targeted ERVs in somatic tissues. ERV reactivation is accompanied by an epigenetic shift from repressive to active histone modifications but only slight destabilization of DNA methylation. Importantly, using conditional alleles and rescue experiments, we demonstrate that ZFP809 is required to initiate ERV silencing during embryonic development but becomes largely dispensable in somatic tissues. Finally, we show that the DNA-binding specificity of ZFP809 is evolutionarily conserved in the Muroidea superfamily of rodents and predates the endogenization of retroviruses presently targeted by ZFP809 in Mus musculus. In sum, these data provide compelling evidence that ZFP809 evolved to recognize foreign DNA and establish histone modification-based epigenetic silencing of ERVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Wolf
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peng Yang
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Annette C Füchtbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Andreia M Silva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Chungoo Park
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Warren Wu
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Anders L Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Finn S Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Todd S Macfarlan
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Reichart B, Guethoff S, Brenner P, Poettinger T, Wolf E, Ludwig B, Kind A, Mayr T, Abicht JM. Xenotransplantation of Cells, Tissues, Organs and the German Research Foundation Transregio Collaborative Research Centre 127. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 865:143-55. [PMID: 26306448 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18603-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human organ transplantation is the therapy of choice for end-stage organ failure. However, the demand for organs far exceeds the donation rate, and many patients die while waiting for a donor. Clinical xenotransplantation using discordant species, particularly pigs, offers a possible solution to this critical shortfall. Xenotransplantation can also increase the availability of cells, such as neurons, and tissues such as cornea, insulin producing pancreatic islets and heart valves. However, the immunological barriers and biochemical disparities between pigs and primates (human) lead to rejection reactions despite the use of common immunosuppressive drugs. These result in graft vessel destruction, haemorrhage, oedema, thrombus formation, and transplant loss. Our consortium is pursuing a broad range of strategies to overcome these obstacles. These include genetic modification of the donor animals to knock out genes responsible for xenoreactive surface epitopes and to express multiple xenoprotective molecules such as the human complement regulators CD46, 55, 59, thrombomodulin and others. We are using (new) drugs including complement inhibitors (e.g. to inhibit C3 binding), anti-CD20, 40, 40L, and also employing physical protection methods such as macro-encapsulation of pancreatic islets. Regarding safety, a major objective is to assure that possible infections are not transmitted to recipients. While the aims are ambitious, recent successes in preclinical studies suggest that xenotransplantation is soon to become a clinical reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Reichart
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Xenozoonoses. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150069 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunological and technical advances have led to tremendous increases in the number of people potentially able to benefit from allotransplantation. Ironically, it is the success of the field that has led to a renewed interest in xenotransplantation during the past several decades. To a large part, this has occurred because of the great scarcity of human organ and tissue donors. However, it has expanded to include the use of cells from animals into humans such as porcine islet cells for diabetes or extracorporeal perfusion of human blood through animal organs or cells. Similar to allotransplantation, issues regarding transmission of infections from the graft to the human recipient were brought up for consideration with these procedures in the 1990s (Michaels and Simmons, 1994; Chapman et al., 1995; Hammel et al., 1998; Fishman et al., 1998). A risk for infection exists with the use of any biologic agent regardless of whether it is from a human or an animal source. Accordingly, transmission of infections from human organs, tissues, or cells is a well-recognized cause of disease after allotransplantation (Ison and Grossi, 2013; Green and Michaels, 2012). As the human graft shortage continues, newer cellular therapies are explored. Thus, attention continues to be given to the potential use of xenogeneic organs, tissues, or cells for human maladies through xenotransplantation. The potential for novel zoonotic infections to emerge because of xenotransplantation (xenozoonoses or xenosis) led to a debate on whether the field should be permitted to progress. This chapter reviews the issues of xenotransplantation related to infections from animals to humans. Lessons learned from infections with prior nonhuman primate xenotransplantation and human allotransplantation are used to help inform about risks with newer xenogeneic procedures. In addition, information on known zoonoses is reviewed to better develop constructs to decrease the hazard of infection with these novel procedures.
Collapse
|
48
|
Guo F, Xing X, Hawthorne WJ, Dong Q, Ye B, Zhang J, Liang Q, Nie W, Wang W. Characterization of PERV in a new conserved pig herd as potential donor animals for xenotransplantation in China. Virol J 2014; 11:212. [PMID: 25471401 PMCID: PMC4272560 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xenotransplantation has drawn increased attention in recent years as a potential solution to the scarcity of human source donor organs. Researchers have highlighted the need to characterize the influence of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) in xenotransplantation. Screening and analyzing the presence and subtype of PERV in donor source animal breeds could provide basic parameters to evaluate the biological safety of xenotransplantation from pigs to humans. We bred a new miniature porcine herd (XENO-1) after decades of investigation, the herd was purpose bred to produce a potential donor animal source for xenotransplantation. To this end we studied the animals’ PERV expression characteristics. Methods We randomly selected 37 animals of the herd, PCR and RT-PCR based on specific primers were utilized to determine their PERV viral subtype. High fidelity PCR and restriction enzyme digestion were employed for variants detection. To thoroughly understand the PERV expression pattern, quantitative PCR was applied to measure mRNA expression levels in different tissues, At last, transfection capacity was assessed using a in vitro co-culture system. Results Our results revealed that the XENO-1 herd was free of PERV-C and exhibited low levels of PERVs in different tissues compared to commercial pig (landrace). The XENO-1 herd showed unique variants of A/B recombination. In addition, even though there were A/B variants in the XENO-1 herd, co-culturing revealed no evidence of PERV transmission from XENO-1 tissue to human cells. Conclusion Overall, Our results displayed an unique PERV expression pattern in a new pig herd and demonstrated its non-transfection capacity in vitro. Data in the research indicate that XENO-1 animals can serve as a better potential donor source for xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaowei Xing
- Center for Medical Experiments, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wayne J Hawthorne
- Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Qiong Dong
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Bin Ye
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Qi Liang
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wei Nie
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute of Central South University, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Novel neutralising antibodies targeting the N-terminal helical region of the transmembrane envelope protein p15E of the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). Immunol Res 2014; 58:9-19. [PMID: 23729215 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, immunising different species with the transmembrane envelope protein p15E of the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), neutralising antibodies were induced which recognised epitopes in the fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR) and in the membrane-proximal external region (MPER). Only the MPER-specific antibodies were shown to neutralise and these antibodies targeted epitopes in the MPER similarly localised as the epitopes recognised by antibodies broadly neutralising HIV-1 such as 2F5 and 4E10. To study whether neutralising antibodies could be induced immunising with subunits of p15E, recombinant proteins corresponding to the N-terminal, the C-terminal helical region (NHR, CHR) and a p15E with a mutation in the Cys-Cys loop were produced. Whereas none of these antigens induced MPER-specific neutralising antibodies, the animals immunised with the FPPR/NHR subunit and the mutated p15E produced neutralising antibodies binding to the NHR. Therefore, for the first time, antibodies specific for the NHR and neutralising PERV were described.
Collapse
|
50
|
Keller M, Petersen B, Niemann H, Denner J. Lack of antibody response in pigs immunized with the transmembrane envelope protein of porcine endogenous retroviruses. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1827-1831. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we immunized different mammalian species (goats, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters) with the recombinant ectodomain of the transmembrane envelope (TM) protein p15E of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). In all cases, neutralizing immune sera were induced, which recognized epitopes in the fusion peptide proximal region and the membrane proximal external region of p15E. In order to analyse whether pigs are also able to produce such antibodies, and whether such antibodies can be used to study the involvement of the TM protein in placental development (as was shown for endogenous retroviruses of other species), German landrace pigs were immunized with PERV p15E. No binding and neutralizing antibodies were produced as shown in three Western blot analyses and in a neutralization assay, indicating that pigs are tolerant to their endogenous retroviruses, at least for the ectodomain of the TM protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Keller
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and Other Retroviruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Petersen
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, 31535 Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, 31535 Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, HIV and Other Retroviruses, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|