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Reid AJ, McGregor DA, Menzies AK, Eckert LE, Febria CM, Popp JN. Ecological research 'in a good way' means ethical and equitable relationships with Indigenous Peoples and Lands. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:595-598. [PMID: 38225427 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Reid
- Unceded xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam) Territory, Centre for Indigenous Fisheries, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Deborah A McGregor
- Traditional Land of the Huron-Wendat, Seneca and Mississaugas of the Credit, Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Traditional Land of the Huron-Wendat, Seneca and Mississaugas of the Credit, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allyson K Menzies
- Traditional Land of the Mississaugas of the Credit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren E Eckert
- Unceded Territories of the Lekwungen-speaking Songhees, Esquimalt and WSÁNEĆ Peoples, Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine M Febria
- Traditional Territories of the Three Fires Confederacy of First Nations - Ojibway, Odawa and Potawatomi, Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jesse N Popp
- Traditional Land of the Mississaugas of the Credit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Chappell E, Arbour L, Laksman Z. The Inclusion of Underrepresented Populations in Cardiovascular Genetics and Epidemiology. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:56. [PMID: 38392270 PMCID: PMC10888590 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel genetic risk markers have helped us to advance the field of cardiovascular epidemiology and refine our current understanding and risk stratification paradigms. The discovery and analysis of variants can help us to tailor prognostication and management. However, populations underrepresented in cardiovascular epidemiology and cardiogenetics research may experience inequities in care if prediction tools are not applicable to them clinically. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to outline the barriers that underrepresented populations can face in participating in genetics research, to describe the current efforts to diversify cardiogenetics research, and to outline strategies that researchers in cardiovascular epidemiology can implement to include underrepresented populations. Mistrust, a lack of diverse research teams, the improper use of sensitive biodata, and the constraints of genetic analyses are all barriers for including diverse populations in genetics studies. The current work is beginning to address the paucity of ethnically diverse genetics research and has already begun to shed light on the potential benefits of including underrepresented and diverse populations. Reducing barriers for individuals, utilizing community-driven research processes, adopting novel recruitment strategies, and pushing for organizational support for diverse genetics research are key steps that clinicians and researchers can take to develop equitable risk stratification tools and improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Chappell
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Laura Arbour
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Zachary Laksman
- Department of Medicine and the School of Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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3
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Valiani AA, Anderson D, Gonzales A, Gray M, Hardcastle L, Turin TC. Precision health equity for racialized communities. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:259. [PMID: 38087341 PMCID: PMC10714611 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-02049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, a cohort of genomicists have intentionally sought to include more racially diverse people in their research in human genomics and precision medicine. How such efforts to be inclusive in human genomic research and precision medicine are modeled and enacted, specifically if the terms of inclusion are equitable for these communities remains to be explored. In this commentary, we review the historical context in which issues of racial inclusion arose with early genome and genetics projects. We then discuss attempts to include racialized peoples in more recent human genomics research. In conclusion, we raise critical issues to consider in the future of equitable human genomics and precision medicine research involving racialized communities, particularly as it concerns working towards what we call Precision Health Equity (PHE). Specifically, we examine issues of genetic data governance and the terms of participation in inclusive human genomics and precision health research. We do so by drawing on insights and protocols developed by researchers investigating Indigenous Data Sovereignty and propose exploring their application and adaptation to precision health research involving racialized communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafaat A Valiani
- The Department of History and Global Health Program, University of Oregon, 1288 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3D10, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - David Anderson
- The Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HMRB 231, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Angela Gonzales
- School of Social Transformation, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 876403, Tempe, AZ, 85287-6403, USA
| | - Mandi Gray
- The Department of Sociology, Otonabee College 221.1, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Lorian Hardcastle
- Faculty of Law, University of Calgary, Murray Fraser Hall 3345, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tanvir C Turin
- The Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HSC G012, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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4
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Kokunda S, Nahabwe H, Nahamya J, Niwamanya S, Mazirwe R, Gougsa S, Kemigisha E, Redvers N. Batwa Indigenous Peoples forced eviction for "Conservation": A qualitative examination on community impacts. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002129. [PMID: 37585374 PMCID: PMC10431614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
In 1991, the Ugandan government formally established National Parks within the ancestral homelands of the Batwa Peoples. No consultation was carried out with local Batwa communities, and they were consequently forcibly evicted from their Forest home. With this, we sought to better understand the impacts of forced Land eviction through the lens of solastalgia. Nineteen semi-structured interviews were carried out with adult Batwa Peoples of varying age and gender in Uganda from August to November 2022. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was carried out on the interview transcripts to identify themes from the initial codes. Four overarching themes were identified, including: 1) Our love and connection with the Forest; 2) What was left in the Forest when we were evicted; 3) What eviction from the Forest did to us as Batwa Peoples; and 4) Batwa People's Landback and returning to the Forest ('Indigenous Lands back into Indigenous hands'). As movement towards the global "30 by 30" conservation agenda occurs, we urge researchers, policy makers, and leaders to listen to the voices of Indigenous Peoples like the Batwa with a key focus on Landback and movement towards a clearer understanding and appreciation of the impacts of Western conservation agendas on Indigenous Peoples globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kokunda
- Action for Batwa Empowerment Group, Kanungu District, Uganda
| | - Haven Nahabwe
- Bwindi Community Hospital, Community Health and Batwa Department, Kanungu, Uganda
| | | | | | - Ronald Mazirwe
- Action for Batwa Empowerment Group, Kanungu District, Uganda
| | - Samrawit Gougsa
- Minority Rights Group, London, United Kingdom
- The Hub at Wellcome Collection, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Kemigisha
- Department of Human Development and Relational Sciences, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicole Redvers
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Ignace L, Burton L, Mynott S, Meehan M, Olson E, Steel J, Ojeda J, Harper S, Ramirez L, Baker D, Sleigh L, Frenkel C, Rhodes C, Ban NC. Researchers' responsibility to uphold Indigenous rights. Science 2023; 381:129-131. [PMID: 37440615 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Too often research brings harm to Indigenous peoples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Ignace
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lauren Burton
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Sara Mynott
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mairi Meehan
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | - Erica Olson
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jade Steel
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jaime Ojeda
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Cape Horn International Center for Global Change Studies and Biocultural Conservation (CHIC), Universidad de Magallanes, Chile
| | - Sarah Harper
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Luisa Ramirez
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Dana Baker
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Laurel Sleigh
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Caitie Frenkel
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Chris Rhodes
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Natalie C Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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6
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Shaikh Y, Jeelani M, Gibbons MC, Livingston D, Williams DR, Wijesinghe S, Patterson J, Russell S. Centering and collaborating with community knowledge systems: piloting a novel participatory modeling approach. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:45. [PMID: 36915080 PMCID: PMC10010640 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systems science approaches like simulation modeling can offer an opportunity for community voice to shape policies. In the episteme of many communities there are elders, leaders, and researchers who are seen as bearers of historic knowledge and can contextualize and interpret contemporary research using knowledge systems of the community. There is a need for a systematic methodology to collaborate with community Knowledge Bearers and Knowledge Interpreters. In this paper we report the results of piloting a systematic methodology for collaborating with a community Knowledge-Bearer and Knowledge-Interpreter to develop a conceptual model revealing the local-level influences and architecture of systems shaping community realities. The use case for this pilot is 'persistent poverty' in the United States, specifically within the inner-city African American community in Baltimore City. METHODS This pilot of a participatory modeling approach was conducted over a span of 7 sessions and included the following steps, each with an associated script: Step 1: Knowledge-Bearer and Knowledge-Interpreter recruitment Step 2: Relationship building Step 3: Session introduction, Vignette development & enrichment Step 4: Vignette analysis & constructing architecture of systems map Step 5: Augmenting architecture of systems map RESULTS: Each step of the participatory modeling approach resulted in artifacts that were valuable for both the communities and the research effort. Vignette construction resulted in narratives representing a spectrum of lived experiences, trajectories, and outcomes within a community. The collaborative analysis of vignettes yielded the Architecture of Systemic Factors map, that revealed how factors inter-relate to form a system in which lived experience of poverty occurs. A literature search provided an opportunity for the community to contextualize existing research about them using realities of lived experience. CONCLUSION This methodology showed that a community Knowledge Bearer can function as communicators and interpreters of their community's knowledge base, can develop coherent narratives of lived experiences within which research and knowledge is contextualized, and can collaboratively construct conceptual mappings necessary for simulation modeling. This participatory modeling approach showed that even if there already exists a vast body of research about a community, collaborating with community gives context to that research and brings together disparate findings within narratives of lived experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Shaikh
- The MITRE Corp, 2275 Rolling Run Dr, Windsor Mill, Woodlawn, MD, 21244, USA.
| | - Muzamillah Jeelani
- International Islamic University of Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sybil Russell
- The MITRE Corp, 2275 Rolling Run Dr, Windsor Mill, Woodlawn, MD, 21244, USA
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Waanders A, Brown A, Caron NR, Plisiewicz A, McHugh ST, Nguyen TQ, Lehmann K, Stevens J, Storm PJ, Resnick A, Davidson TB, Mueller S, Kline C. Indigenous peoples and inclusion in clinical and genomic research: Understanding the history and navigating contemporary engagement. Neoplasia 2023; 37:100879. [PMID: 36738585 PMCID: PMC9918407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2023.100879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant improvements in pediatric cancer survival outcomes, there remain glaring disparities in under-represented racial and ethnic groups that warrant mitigation by the scientific and clinical community. To address and work towards eliminating such disparities, the Pacific Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Consortium (PNOC) and Children's Brain Tumor Network (CBTN) established a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) working group in 2020. The DEI working group is dedicated to improving access to care for all pediatric patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors, broadening diversity within the research community, and providing sustainable data-driven solutions. To this end, the DEI working group aims to coordinate regular educational sessions centered on critical DEI topics in pediatric research and clinical care of pediatric patients, with a focus on pediatric neuro-oncology. In April 2022, the group led a moderated panel of experts on Indigenous Peoples' rights and participation in clinical research activities. The following paper serves to provide the scientific community a perspective on how to prioritize the inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in research with cultural sensitivity and with the intent of improving not only representation, but patient outcomes regardless of patient race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Waanders
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alex Brown
- Australian National University and Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nadine R. Caron
- University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Alexa Plisiewicz
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sean T. McHugh
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thinh Q. Nguyen
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kaitlin Lehmann
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeffrey Stevens
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Phillip J. Storm
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam Resnick
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tom Belle Davidson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sabine Mueller
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cassie Kline
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Tone-Pah-Hote T, Redvers N. The commercialization of biospecimens from Indigenous Peoples: A scoping review of benefit-sharing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:978826. [PMID: 35991662 PMCID: PMC9386140 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.978826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is ongoing and increasing interest in the commercialization of biospecimen-derived products from Indigenous Peoples. Discourse on benefit-sharing specifically in the context of the commercialization of Indigenous Peoples biospecimens are currently lacking. A better understanding of the potential ethical imperatives is in need of exploration on this emerging topic. This review sought to elucidate through categorization the current discourse in the peer-reviewed literature on the commercialization of Indigenous Peoples' biospecimens from a benefit-sharing perspective. Methods A scoping review methodology was utilized to perform a search of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase and Google Scholar. A two-stage screening process was used to assess the relevance of any included articles with subsequent manual open coding of articles. Content analysis was applied to identify the main categories and sub-categories within the article data. Results Thirty-three articles met the inclusion criteria for analysis. Four overarching categories from the included articles were identified regarding the most common discourse on the commercialization of Indigenous Peoples' biospecimens from a benefit-sharing perspective, including: exploitation through biocolonialism, sovereignty and Indigenous rights, ethical considerations for benefit-sharing, and guidelines and standards concerns. Conclusion This scoping review highlighted the crucial need to keep Indigenous communities at the center of research projects, ensuring any benefits, advancement, and potential commercial profits are returned to communities through clear and ethical agreements. We encourage all research institutions and institutional ethical review bodies to better clarify the collective needs and interests of Indigenous communities while centering their sovereignty and rights within the research process as it pertains to potential biospecimen product commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarlynn Tone-Pah-Hote
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Nicole Redvers
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
- Department of Indigenous Health, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicole Redvers
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9
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The importance of universal ethical standards in science. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:979-980. [PMID: 35659932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-standing ethical principles for genetics research help respect and protect research participants, and they are especially important for preventing harm to marginalized or vulnerable populations. Recent reports allege that several genetic studies conducted in China might not have secured individuals' consent for their participation freely and without coercion. These reports reinforce the need for ASHG to articulate expectations that scientists worldwide abide by universal ethical standards for biomedical research and to update our own policies and practices, including updating journal instructions to authors and expectations for content submitted to ASHG's Annual Meeting program.
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10
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Silva CP, de la Fuente Castro C, González Zarzar T, Raghavan M, Tonko-Huenucoy A, Martínez FI, Montalva N. The Articulation of Genomics, Mestizaje, and Indigenous Identities in Chile: A Case Study of the Social Implications of Genomic Research in Light of Current Research Practices. Front Genet 2022; 13:817318. [PMID: 35309125 PMCID: PMC8927767 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.817318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Constanza P. Silva
- Criminal Justice Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Comunidad Autónoma Diaguita Mapochogasta, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Constanza P. Silva, ; Constanza de la Fuente Castro, ; Tomás González Zarzar,
| | - Constanza de la Fuente Castro
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Constanza P. Silva, ; Constanza de la Fuente Castro, ; Tomás González Zarzar,
| | - Tomás González Zarzar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Constanza P. Silva, ; Constanza de la Fuente Castro, ; Tomás González Zarzar,
| | - Maanasa Raghavan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Felipe I. Martínez
- School of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research (CIIR), Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Montalva
- Society and Health Research Center, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- School of Public Health, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Saulnier K, Berner A, Liosi S, Earp B, Berrios C, Dyke SO, Dupras C, Joly Y. Studying Vulnerable Populations Through an Epigenetics Lens: Proceed with Caution. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS 2022. [DOI: 10.7202/1087205ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Balabanski AH, Dos Santos A, Woods JA, Thrift AG, Kleinig TJ, Suchy-Dicey A, Siri SR, Boden-Albala B, Krishnamurthi R, Feigin VL, Buchwald D, Ranta A, Mienna CS, Zavaleta C, Churilov L, Burchill L, Zion D, Longstreth WT, Tirschwell DL, Anand S, Parsons MW, Brown A, Warne DK, Harwood M, Katzenellenbogen JM. The Incidence of Stroke in Indigenous Populations of Countries With a Very High Human Development Index: A Systematic Review Protocol. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661570. [PMID: 33967945 PMCID: PMC8100239 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Despite known Indigenous health and socioeconomic disadvantage in countries with a Very High Human Development Index, data on the incidence of stroke in these populations are sparse. With oversight from an Indigenous Advisory Board, we will undertake a systematic review of the incidence of stroke in Indigenous populations of developed countries or regions, with comparisons between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations of the same region, though not between different Indigenous populations. Methods: Using PubMed, OVID-EMBASE, and Global Health databases, we will examine population-based incidence studies of stroke in Indigenous adult populations of developed countries published 1990-current, without language restriction. Non-peer-reviewed sources, studies including <10 Indigenous People, or with insufficient data to determine incidence, will be excluded. Two reviewers will independently validate the search strategies, screen titles and abstracts, and record reasons for rejection. Relevant articles will undergo full-text screening, with standard data extracted for all studies included. Quality assessment will include Sudlow and Warlow's criteria for population-based stroke incidence studies, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for risk of bias, and the CONSIDER checklist for Indigenous research. Results: Primary outcomes include crude, age-specific and/or age-standardized incidence of stroke. Secondary outcomes include overall stroke rates, incidence rate ratio and case-fatality. Results will be synthesized in figures and tables, describing data sources, populations, methodology, and findings. Within-population meta-analysis will be performed if, and where, methodologically sound and comparable studies allow this. Conclusion: We will undertake the first systematic review assessing disparities in stroke incidence in Indigenous populations of developed countries. Data outputs will be disseminated to relevant Indigenous stakeholders to inform public health and policy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H. Balabanski
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Universit, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at Royal Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Anna H. Balabanski
| | - Angela Dos Santos
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at Royal Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John A. Woods
- Western Australian Centre for Rural Health, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Amanda G. Thrift
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Universit, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Kleinig
- Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Astrid Suchy-Dicey
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Susanna Ragnhild Siri
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Sami Health Research, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Bernadette Boden-Albala
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rita Krishnamurthi
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Valery L. Feigin
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dedra Buchwald
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Annemarei Ranta
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Carol Zavaleta
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Leonid Churilov
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at Royal Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke Burchill
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah Zion
- Human Research Ethics Committee, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - W. T. Longstreth
- Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David L. Tirschwell
- Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sonia Anand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark W. Parsons
- Department of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at Royal Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,University of New South Wales (UNSW) South Western Sydney Clinical School, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Alex Brown
- Wardliparingga Aboriginal Health Equity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Donald K. Warne
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Matire Harwood
- Te Kupenga Hauora Māori, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Tsosie KS, Yracheta JM, Kolopenuk JA, Geary J. We Have "Gifted" Enough: Indigenous Genomic Data Sovereignty in Precision Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2021; 21:72-75. [PMID: 33825628 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1891347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janis Geary
- University of Alberta
- Arizona State University
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14
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Sinclair KA, Muller C, Noonan C, Booth-LaForce C, Buchwald DS. Increasing health equity through biospecimen research: Identification of factors that influence willingness of Native Americans to donate biospecimens. Prev Med Rep 2021; 21:101311. [PMID: 33520613 PMCID: PMC7820551 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Willingness to donate biospecimens was related to past donation. Trust in how researchers would use and store biospecimens influenced willingness. Fear of research exploitation and spiritual beliefs decreased willingness. Willingness increased if the biobank was run by a Native American organization. Willingness decreased if the biobank was run by the federal government.
American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people are underrepresented in biomedical research, particularly in biospecimen research, yet little research has been conducted to assess AI/AN attitudes about biospecimen donation. Survey data were collected from 278 AI/AN people in Seattle, Washington in 2016 to assess general willingness to donate, background characteristics related to willingness, and circumstances that would increase or decrease willingness to donate biospecimens. Less than half (43%) of participants were willing to donate. General willingness was related to past donation, and trust in how researchers use and store biospecimens. However, willingness to donate for cancer research was 76%. Fear of research exploitation and spiritual beliefs decreased willingness. Among those who were generally unwilling to donate, willingness increased if the biobank was run by a Native American organization, if the participant or family member had cancer and this was the disease being studied, if the community was involved in developing, reviewing, and approving the research, and if the expertise of researchers was known. Among those who were willing, willingness decreased if they had never heard of the research organization, and if the biobank was run by the federal government. Participation of AI/AN people in biobanking initiatives is critical to address health inequities and improve the health of AI/AN people, realize personalized medicine goals, and address the limited generalizability of current clinical and biospecimen research. These results highlight areas in which interventions could be developed to increase AI/AN donation of biospecimens for research with the ultimate goal of reducing health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka'imi A Sinclair
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Clemma Muller
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Carolyn Noonan
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cathryn Booth-LaForce
- Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dedra S Buchwald
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Caron NR, Chongo M, Hudson M, Arbour L, Wasserman WW, Robertson S, Correard S, Wilcox P. Indigenous Genomic Databases: Pragmatic Considerations and Cultural Contexts. Front Public Health 2020; 8:111. [PMID: 32391301 PMCID: PMC7193324 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential to grow genomic knowledge and harness the subsequent clinical benefits has escalated the building of background variant databases (BVDs) for genetic diagnosis across the globe. Alongside the upsurge of this precision medicine, potential benefits have been highlighted for both rare genetic conditions and other diagnoses. However, with the ever-present “genomic divide,” Indigenous peoples globally have valid concerns as they endure comparatively greater health disparities but stand to benefit the least from these novel scientific discoveries and progress in healthcare. The paucity of Indigenous healthcare providers and researchers in these fields contributes to this genomic divide both in access to, and availability of culturally safe, relevant and respectful healthcare using this genetic knowledge. The vital quest to provide equitable clinical research, and provision and use of genomic services and technologies provides a strong rationale for building BVDs for Indigenous peoples. Such tools would ground their representation and participation in accompanying genomic health research and benefit acquisition. We describe two, independent but highly similar initiatives–the “Silent Genomes” in Canada and the “Aotearoa Variome” in New Zealand–as exemplars that have had to address the aforementioned issues and work to create Indigenous BVDs with these populations. Taking into account the baseline inequities in genomic medicine for Indigenous populations and the ongoing challenges of implementing genomic research with Indigenous communities, we provide a rationale for multiple changes required that will assure communities represented in BVDs, as well as Indigenous researchers, that their participation will maximize benefits and minimize risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Rena Caron
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Genome Sciences Center, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Meck Chongo
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia Canada, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Maui Hudson
- Faculty of Māori and Indigenous Studies, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Laura Arbour
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wyeth W Wasserman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Robertson
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Solenne Correard
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Phillip Wilcox
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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16
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Huria T, Palmer SC, Pitama S, Beckert L, Lacey C, Ewen S, Smith LT. Consolidated criteria for strengthening reporting of health research involving indigenous peoples: the CONSIDER statement. BMC Med Res Methodol 2019; 19:173. [PMID: 31399058 PMCID: PMC6688310 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-019-0815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research reporting guidelines are increasingly commonplace and shown to improve the quality of published health research and health outcomes. Despite severe health inequities among Indigenous Peoples and the potential for research to address the causes, there is an extended legacy of health research exploiting Indigenous Peoples. This paper describes the development of the CONSolIDated critERtia for strengthening the reporting of health research involving Indigenous Peoples (CONSIDER) statement. METHODS A collaborative prioritization process was conducted based on national and international statements and guidelines about Indigenous health research from the following nations (Peoples): Australia (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders), Canada (First Nations Peoples, Métis), Hawaii (Native Hawaiian), New Zealand (Māori), Taiwan (Taiwan Indigenous Tribes), United States of America (First Nations Peoples) and Northern Scandinavian countries (Sami). A review of seven research guidelines was completed, and meta-synthesis was used to construct a reporting guideline checklist for transparent and comprehensive reporting of research involving Indigenous Peoples. RESULTS A list of 88 possible checklist items was generated, reconciled, and categorized. Eight research domains and 17 criteria for the reporting of research involving Indigenous Peoples were identified. The research reporting domains were: (i) governance; (ii) relationships; (iii) prioritization; (iv) methodologies; (v) participation; (vi) capacity; (vii) analysis and findings; and (viii) dissemination. CONCLUSIONS The CONSIDER statement is a collaborative synthesis and prioritization of national and international research statements and guidelines. The CONSIDER statement provides a checklist for the reporting of health research involving Indigenous peoples to strengthen research praxis and advance Indigenous health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Huria
- Māori and Indigenous Health Institute, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Suetonia C Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne Pitama
- Māori and Indigenous Health Institute, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Lutz Beckert
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Cameron Lacey
- Māori and Indigenous Health Institute, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Shaun Ewen
- Melbourne Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Garrison NA, Hudson M, Ballantyne LL, Garba I, Martinez A, Taualii M, Arbour L, Caron NR, Rainie SC. Genomic Research Through an Indigenous Lens: Understanding the Expectations. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2019; 20:495-517. [PMID: 30892943 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083118-015434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous scholars are leading initiatives to improve access to genetic and genomic research and health care based on their unique cultural contexts and within sovereign-based governance models created and accepted by their peoples. In the past, Indigenous peoples' engagement with genomicresearch was hampered by a lack of standardized guidelines and institutional partnerships, resulting in group harms. This article provides a comparative analysis of research guidelines from Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States that pertain to Indigenous peoples. The goals of the analysis are to identify areas that need attention, support Indigenous-led governance, and promote the development of a model research policy framework for genomic research and health care that has international relevance for Indigenous peoples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanibaa' A Garrison
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA;
| | - Māui Hudson
- Faculty of Māori and Indigenous Studies, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Leah L Ballantyne
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada;
| | - Ibrahim Garba
- James E. Rogers College of Law, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.,Native Nations Institute, Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA; , ,
| | - Andrew Martinez
- Native Nations Institute, Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA; , ,
| | - Maile Taualii
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, USA;
| | - Laura Arbour
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada; .,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada;
| | - Nadine R Caron
- Department of Surgery and Northern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia V2N 4Z9, Canada.,Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada;
| | - Stephanie Carroll Rainie
- Native Nations Institute, Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA; , , .,Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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18
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Master Z, McDonald M, Paciulli D, Longstaff H. A Primer on Ethics Education for Stem Cell and Biomedical Scientists. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-016-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Brunger F, Wall D. "What Do They Really Mean by Partnerships?" Questioning the Unquestionable Good in Ethics Guidelines Promoting Community Engagement in Indigenous Health Research. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2016; 26:1862-1877. [PMID: 27179021 DOI: 10.1177/1049732316649158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Academics and community members collaborated in research to examine how best to apply ethics guidelines for research involving Indigenous communities in a community with complex and multiple political and cultural jurisdictions. We examined issues of NunatuKavut (Southern Inuit) authority and representation in relation to governance of research in a context where community identity is complex and shifting, and new provincial legislation mandates centralized ethics review. We scrutinize the taken-for-granted assumption of research ethics that community engagement is an unquestionable "good." We examine the question of whether and how research ethics guidelines and associated assumptions about the value of community engagement may be grounded in, and inadvertently reinforce, ongoing colonialist relations of power. We present findings that community engagement-if done uncritically and in service to ethics guidelines rather than in service to ethical research-can itself cause harm by leading to community fatigue, undermining the community's ability to be effectively involved in the research, and restricting the community's ability to have oversight and control over research. We conclude by suggesting that the laudable goal of engaging communities in research requires careful reflection on the appropriate use of resources to operationalize meaningful collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brunger
- 1 Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - D Wall
- 2 Health and Social Sector Manager and Member, NunatuKavut, Canada
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20
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Saulnier KM, Joly Y. Locating Biobanks in the Canadian Privacy Maze. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2016; 44:7-19. [PMID: 27256119 DOI: 10.1177/1073110516644185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although Canada has not yet enacted any biobanking-specific privacy law, guidance and oversight are provided via various federal and provincial health and privacy-related laws as well as via ethics and policy documents. The primary policy document governing health research, the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans, provides the framework for the strong role of Research Ethics Boards in Canada, and limits research funding from Canada's three main federal funding agencies to those who agree to adhere to its policies. The broad consent model is gaining traction in Canada, although lack of legal and constitutional precedence for the broad consent or opt-out options makes this an evolving issue. In general, data is required to be coded; more specific security measures are outlined in guidelines that may be implemented by local policy. International sharing is allowed, and Canada meets the European Union's standards for receipt of data and samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Saulnier
- Katie M. Saulnier, B.A., B.C.L./LL.B., is a researcher with the Centre of Genomics and Policy at McGill University in Montreal. Yann Joly, D.C.L., is the Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and an Associate Professor at McGill University in Montreal
| | - Yann Joly
- Katie M. Saulnier, B.A., B.C.L./LL.B., is a researcher with the Centre of Genomics and Policy at McGill University in Montreal. Yann Joly, D.C.L., is the Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and an Associate Professor at McGill University in Montreal
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21
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A Commitment to First Nations Data Governance: A Primer for Health Librarians. JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN HEALTH LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION 2014. [DOI: 10.5596/c14-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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22
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Rohlfs RV, Murphy E, Song YS, Slatkin M. The influence of relatives on the efficiency and error rate of familial searching. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70495. [PMID: 23967076 PMCID: PMC3743829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the consequences of adopting the criteria used by the state of California, as described by Myers et al. (2011), for conducting familial searches. We carried out a simulation study of randomly generated profiles of related and unrelated individuals with 13-locus CODIS genotypes and YFiler® Y-chromosome haplotypes, on which the Myers protocol for relative identification was carried out. For Y-chromosome sharing first degree relatives, the Myers protocol has a high probability (80~99%) of identifying their relationship. For unrelated individuals, there is a low probability that an unrelated person in the database will be identified as a first-degree relative. For more distant Y-haplotype sharing relatives (half-siblings, first cousins, half-first cousins or second cousins) there is a substantial probability that the more distant relative will be incorrectly identified as a first-degree relative. For example, there is a 3~18% probability that a first cousin will be identified as a full sibling, with the probability depending on the population background. Although the California familial search policy is likely to identify a first degree relative if his profile is in the database, and it poses little risk of falsely identifying an unrelated individual in a database as a first-degree relative, there is a substantial risk of falsely identifying a more distant Y-haplotype sharing relative in the database as a first-degree relative, with the consequence that their immediate family may become the target for further investigation. This risk falls disproportionately on those ethnic groups that are currently overrepresented in state and federal databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rori V Rohlfs
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
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23
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Parkinson AJ, Hennessy T, Bulkow L, Smith HS. The Alaska Area Specimen Bank: a tribal-federal partnership to maintain and manage a resource for health research. Int J Circumpolar Health 2013; 72:20607. [PMID: 23599909 PMCID: PMC3629262 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v72i0.20607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Banked biospecimens from a defined population are a valuable resource that can be used to assess early markers for illness or to determine the prevalence of a disease to aid the development of intervention strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality. The Alaska Area Specimen Bank (AASB) currently contains 266,353 residual biologic specimens (serum, plasma, whole blood, tissue, bacterial cultures) from 83,841 persons who participated in research studies, public health investigations and clinical testing conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service and Alaska Native tribal health organisations dating back to 1961. The majority (95.7%) are serum specimens, 77% were collected between 1981 and 1994 and 85% were collected from Alaska Native people. Oversight of the specimen bank is provided by a working group with representation from tribal, state and federal health organisations, the Alaska Area IRB and a specimen bank committee which ensures the specimens are used in accordance with policies and procedures developed by the working group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Parkinson
- Arctic Investigations Program, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK-99508, USA.
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24
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Pullman D, Nicholas GP. Intellectual property and the ethical/legal status of human DNA: The (ir)relevance of context. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7202/1012839ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There has been much discussion in recent years about the ethical and legal status of human DNA. This topic is of great relevance and importance to Aboriginal communities because the question of who has the right of access to and control over the DNA of individual persons, or of DNA extracted from human remains, could have implications for an entire community. In another context an individual’s decision to contribute a blood sample for health research could reveal much about the health status of other members of the community. Who has the right to control access to DNA or a community’s narrative of its origins? While some have argued that human DNA should be considered cultural property in order to ensure appropriate control of genetic information, we question the wisdom of this approach. Although we acknowledge that the differing contexts in which DNA is extracted and utilised could require unique approaches in some circumstances, we argue that emphasis should be primarily on the nature of the relationships established and maintained between researchers and descendant communities and only secondarily on the unique status of the DNA itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Pullman
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - George P. Nicholas
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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25
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Filippi MK, Young KL, Nazir N, Williams C, Brown T, Choi WS, Greiner KA, Daley CM. American Indian/Alaska Native willingness to provide biological samples for research purposes. J Community Health 2012; 37:701-5. [PMID: 22057422 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-011-9502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the willingness of American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) to provide biological samples for research purposes. Prior cases of abuse and misuse of individuals, materials, and data highlight ethical research concerns. Investigators may be hesitant to engage AI/ANs in research projects. We conducted a survey of AI/ANs in the central plains region of the US over 1 year. This convenience sample completed a series of questions on biological samples and research. Survey results (N=998) indicate that 70.15% of AI/ANs would be willing to provide saliva/spit for a specific study with the proper consent and control of samples. In conclusion, researchers should find ways to work with and for AI/ANs, assuring participant input in the research process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Filippi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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26
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Johnson G, Lawrenz F, Thao M. An empirical examination of the management of return of individual research results and incidental findings in genomic biobanks. Genet Med 2012; 14:444-50. [PMID: 22361899 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2012.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine and document the management and return of individual research results and incidental findings to research participants among biobanks. METHODS A comprehensive Internet search was completed to identify biobanks and collect available documents about biobanks and their procedures and policies regarding the return of results. The Internet search was supplemented by an e-mail request to gather further such documents. A total of 2,366 documents were collected for analysis from a sample of 85 biobanks. RESULTS The major finding of this empirical work is that the majority of the biobanks in the sample do not address the return of individual research results and incidental findings in their publicly available documents. CONCLUSION The results suggest that there is a need for more discussion and guidance about the most appropriate ways for biobanks to consider the return of individual research results and incidental findings and generate policies and procedures that address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Johnson
- Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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27
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Rohlfs RV, Fullerton SM, Weir BS. Familial identification: population structure and relationship distinguishability. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002469. [PMID: 22346758 PMCID: PMC3276546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the expansion of offender/arrestee DNA profile databases, genetic forensic identification has become commonplace in the United States criminal justice system. Implementation of familial searching has been proposed to extend forensic identification to family members of individuals with profiles in offender/arrestee DNA databases. In familial searching, a partial genetic profile match between a database entrant and a crime scene sample is used to implicate genetic relatives of the database entrant as potential sources of the crime scene sample. In addition to concerns regarding civil liberties, familial searching poses unanswered statistical questions. In this study, we define confidence intervals on estimated likelihood ratios for familial identification. Using these confidence intervals, we consider familial searching in a structured population. We show that relatives and unrelated individuals from population samples with lower gene diversity over the loci considered are less distinguishable. We also consider cases where the most appropriate population sample for individuals considered is unknown. We find that as a less appropriate population sample, and thus allele frequency distribution, is assumed, relatives and unrelated individuals become more difficult to distinguish. In addition, we show that relationship distinguishability increases with the number of markers considered, but decreases for more distant genetic familial relationships. All of these results indicate that caution is warranted in the application of familial searching in structured populations, such as in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rori V Rohlfs
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
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28
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McInnes R. 2010 Presidential Address: Culture: the silent language geneticists must learn--genetic research with indigenous populations. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:254-61. [PMID: 21516613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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29
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Castleden H, Morgan VS, Neimanis A. Researchers' perspectives on collective/community co-authorship in community-based participatory indigenous research. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2011; 5:23-32. [PMID: 21133784 DOI: 10.1525/jer.2010.5.4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethical tensions exist regarding the value and practice of acknowledging Indigenous contributions in community-based participatory research (CBPR). Semistructured phone interviews with researchers documented their perspectives on authorship in the scholarly dissemination of their community-based participatory Indigenous research. Thematic analysis resulted in four key ideas: (1) current practices regarding methods of acknowledging community contributions; (2) requirements for shared authorship with individual versus collective/community partners; (3) benefits to sharing authorship with collective/community partners; and (4) risks to sharing authorship with collective/community partners. Findings suggest an emerging but inconsistent practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Castleden
- School of Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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30
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Nadeau M, Best L. Recruiting American Indian women for a genetic epidemiology study. Public Health Genomics 2010; 13:389-95. [PMID: 20616521 DOI: 10.1159/000294582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to previous negative experiences, some American Indian communities are distrustful of research in general and genetic research in particular. The Turtle Mountain Community College was awarded a National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant with 3 aims: (1) to study possible genetic influences on pre-eclampsia, (2) to encourage tribal college students to consider biomedical careers and (3) to develop the local research infrastructure. Retrospectively identified case (91) and control (188) participants were recruited into Phase I over a 3-year period and additional participants (71) were concurrently recruited from a prenatal clinic into a prospective case/control study, Phase II. This paper describes some of the challenges and solutions we encountered in the process of recruiting American Indian participants into a genetic epidemiologic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nadeau
- Turtle Mountain Community College, Belcourt, ND 58367, USA
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Godard B, Ozdemir V, Fortin M, Egalité N. Ethnocultural community leaders' views and perceptions on biobanks and population specific genomic research: a qualitative research study. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:469-485. [PMID: 20977184 DOI: 10.1177/0963662509104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Substantial investments were made in population based biobanks over the past decade. Ethnocultural community members are both sponsors and beneficiaries of biobanks. In addition, the success of biobank projects depends on community support and participation. Yet there are few empirical data on views, perceptions and interests of ethnocultural communities on biobanks. This silent gap in genomics, ethics and policy literatures has to be addressed. We conducted a qualitative research study with in-depth interviews of ethnocultural community leaders (e.g., members of the Canadian Parliament, school commissioners) on their perspectives concerning population specific genomics research and biobanks. An equal partnership model where public is not only informed, but also involved in decision-making processes was perceived as an essential democratic requisite. These empirical data on ethnocultural community leaders' views, interests and perceptions identify several key socio-cultural and ethical factors that can be decisive for effective and sustainable community involvement in biobanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Godard
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Montreal.
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Lee SSJ, Soo-Jin Lee S, Bolnick DA, Duster T, Ossorio P, Tallbear K. Genetics. The illusive gold standard in genetic ancestry testing. Science 2009; 325:38-9. [PMID: 19574373 DOI: 10.1126/science.1173038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Soo-Jin Lee
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Séguin B, Hardy BJ, Singer PA, Daar AS. Genomics, public health and developing countries: the case of the Mexican National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN). Nat Rev Genet 2008; 9 Suppl 1:S5-9. [PMID: 18802419 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In 2004, the government of Mexico established the National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), to carry out disease-related genomic studies that will address national health problems and stimulate scientific and technological development by generating new commercial products and services in genomic medicine. Towards this end, INMEGEN is carrying out a large-scale genotyping project to map genomic variation within its own population. The initiative is expected to generate a key resource for local researchers to understand disease susceptibility and variation in drug responses, which will contribute to Mexico's goal of developing public health genomics - a field in which Mexico is proving to be a leader amongst emerging economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Séguin
- Béatrice Séguin is also at the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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Pulley JM, Brace MM, Bernard GR, Masys DR. Attitudes and perceptions of patients towards methods of establishing a DNA biobank. Cell Tissue Bank 2007; 9:55-65. [PMID: 17960495 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-007-9051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess patient attitudes as part of the planning process for a large-scale effort to collect genetic samples for research from excess clinical blood specimens ('DNA Databank' project). METHOD A pre-tested, 38-item questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 5,000 inpatients, outpatients, and emergency department patients. RESULTS Approximately 20% of patients responded (n = 1003). Most were comfortable with anonymized genetic information being used for research (89.3%) and supported the potential benefits (98.7%). A binary logistic regression on the level of comfort with the DNA program shows that the variability in respondents' feelings about the program can best be explained by beliefs, age, and health status. Respondents were attitudinally segmented into 5 distinct categories. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate general acceptance among respondents, but a subset of the population would be opposed to the program. This reinforces the need to broadly and continuously communicate with patients about the program and the ability to exclude a given sample. The effects of prior beliefs would benefit from further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Pulley
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Office of Research, 2525 West End Avenue, 6th Floor, Nashville, TN 37203-8820, USA.
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Godard B, Marshall J, Laberge C. Community engagement in genetic research: results of the first public consultation for the Quebec CARTaGENE project. Public Health Genomics 2007; 10:147-58. [PMID: 17575459 DOI: 10.1159/000101756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper presents the results of the first public consultation for the creation of a large-scale genetic database, the Quebec CARTaGENE project. A consultation has been undertaken in order to gauge whether the general public is receptive to the project. An integral part of the approach of the researchers is to establish a dialogue with the public. METHODS Two independent expert groups have carried out qualitative and quantitative studies measuring knowledge of and interest in genetics, incentives and obstacles to CARTaGENE participation and comprehension and evaluation of the communication tools. RESULTS CARTaGENE is seen to hold promise for the greater population. However, reported across qualitative and quantitative studies is the concern for confidentiality and respect for the individual, transparency, the donor's right to feedback and governance. Participation would be conditional on a response to those concerns and a greater dissemination of information. CONCLUSION Community engagement in genetic research requires targeted communications, with an appropriate proportioning of information and communication, and a consideration of the 'values and personal interests' of individuals according to different societal segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Godard
- Bioethics Programs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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McGregor JL. Population genomics and research ethics with socially identifable groups. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2007; 35:356-70. [PMID: 17714247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the author questions whether the research ethics guidelines and procedures are robust enough to protect groups when conducting genetics research with socially identifiable populations, particularly with Native American groups. The author argues for a change in the federal guidelines in substance and procedures of conducting genetic research with socially identifiable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L McGregor
- Bioethics, Policy, and Law Program at the School of Life Sciences and Philosophy, Arizona State University, USA
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Arbour L, Cook D. DNA on loan: issues to consider when carrying out genetic research with aboriginal families and communities. Public Health Genomics 2006; 9:153-60. [PMID: 16741344 DOI: 10.1159/000092651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current research milieu where genetic etiology is considered a critical component in the discovery of pathogenesis, aboriginal families and communities affected with genetic conditions may be considered as research participants. However, because of concerns about the impact of genetic information and historical harmful research practices, some aboriginal communities have considerable unease when faced with this prospect. Therefore, in the circumstance that genetics is considered an important part of research inquiry by aboriginal families and communities, there needs to be assurance that the research will be carried out according to mutual expectations. A research relationship that respects aboriginal individuals and communities within their culture and is in keeping with their values is essential. This respect extends to the use of biological samples, considering the DNA to be 'on loan' to the researcher for the purpose of the research for which consent was obtained. This paper will explore practical ways of maintaining a respectful research relationship when genetics research with aboriginal people is undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Arbour
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Palmer LI. Should liability play a role in social control of biobanks? THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2005; 33:70-8. [PMID: 15934667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720x.2005.tb00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Repositories of tissues, cell lines, blood samples, and other biological specimens are crucial to genomics, proteomics, and other emerging forms of biomedical research. Creation of these repositories by individual researchers and their affiliated organizations, commercial entities, and even governments has been labeled “biobanking” in the bioethics literature. Biobanking as a metaphor for the collection, transfer, and use of these specimens suggests a framework for the legal response to conflicts that may arise - one embedded in principles of contract law and property ownership with an overlay of legislatively authorized regulation of the “industry.”
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Godard B, Marshall J, Laberge C, Knoppers BM. Strategies for consulting with the community: the cases of four large-scale genetic databases. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2004; 10:457-477. [PMID: 15362702 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-004-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale genetic databases are being developed in several countries around the world. However, these databases depend on public participation and acquiescence. In the past, information campaigns have been waged and little attention has been paid to dialogue. Nowadays, it is important to include the public in the development of scientific research and to encourage a free, open and useful dialogue among those involved. This paper is a review of community consultation strategies as part of four proposed large-scale genetic databases in Iceland, Estonia, United Kingdom and Quebec. The Iceland Health Sector Database and Estonian Genome Project have followed a "communication approach" in order to address public concerns, whereas, UK Biobank and Quebec CARTaGENE have chosen a "partnership approach" to involve the public in decision-making processes. Following a comparison of community consultation strategies, the main concerns of the public are examined as well as the challenges of involving communities. Importantly, reported across all groups is the concern for confidentiality, respect of the individual, transparency, and the donor's right to access to their own result. However, even if researchers demonstrate a willingness to respect values such as fair representation, transparency and accountability, there is still a risk that the public will mistrust researchers and simply will not participate in sufficient numbers. Complications may arise when individual and community interests conflicts. The implementation of a partnership approach is definitely involving and costly; however, if used properly, this method can improve both participation and so database development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Godard
- University of Montreal, Faculty of Medicine, Bioethics Programs, QC, Canada.
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Anderlik M. Commercial biobanks and genetic research: ethical and legal issues. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGENOMICS : GENOMICS-RELATED RESEARCH IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2004; 3:203-15. [PMID: 12814328 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200303030-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Human biological material is recognized as an important tool in research, and the demand for collections that combine samples and data is increasing. For-profit companies have assumed a leading role in assembling and managing these collections. The emergence of commercial biobanks has raised significant ethical and legal issues. The growing awareness of the importance of human biological material in research has been accompanied by a growing awareness of the deficiencies of existing archives of tissue. Commercial biobanks are attempting to position themselves as a, if not the, solution to problems that include a lack of public trust in researchers and lack of financial resources to support the prospective creation of collections that meet the highest scientific and ethical standards in the non-profit sector. Broad social and policy questions surrounding the operation of commercial biobanks have been raised however. International documents, in particular, suggest discomfort with the idea of gain from the mere transfer or exchange of human genetic material and information. Commercial involvement in the development of useful products from tissue is generally not condemned, so long as there is attention to scientific and social norms. Views on the acceptability of commercial biobanks vary. Specific issues that arise when commercial biobanks are permitted--in the areas of consent, recruitment, confidentiality, and accountability--are also relevant to the operation of public and private, non-profit biobanks. Although many uncertainties remain, consensus seems to be forming on a number of issues. For example, there appears to be agreement that blanket consent to future unspecified research uses, with no conditions, is unacceptable. Indeed, many of the leading commercial biobanks have been attentive to concerns about consent, recruitment, and confidentiality. Unfortunately, the binding nature of assurances in these areas is unclear, especially given the risk of insolvency. Hence, accountability may be the most important area of concern in relation to commercial biobanks. A few countries have enacted general legislation providing for comprehensive regulation of biobanks, for example, through licensure. Efforts to achieve harmonization of standards at the international level, and cautions against an approach that focuses on biobanking for genetic research alone, are to be applauded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anderlik
- Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Abstract
Tissue banks for surveillance of pathogens, research and transplantation have been established in a variety of settings, and following a variety of guidelines. There are significant and changing ethical, moral, and legal issues in the development and use of such archives. The Association of Hemophilia Clinic Directors of Canada has established an archive of blood samples to test for known and emerging blood borne pathogens, and known and emerging blood clotting genes. Key to the development of the tissue bank was the consent process for sample collection and handling, the establishment of standard operating procedures for the handling of samples and data, and the establishment of an oversight board.
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