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Cao Z, Kong F, Ding J, Chen C, He F, Deng W. Promoting Alzheimer's disease research and therapy with stem cell technology. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:136. [PMID: 38715083 PMCID: PMC11077895 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03737-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent form of dementia leading to memory loss, reduced cognitive and linguistic abilities, and decreased self-care. Current AD treatments aim to relieve symptoms and slow disease progression, but a cure is elusive due to limited understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms. MAIN CONTENT Stem cell technology has the potential to revolutionize AD research. With the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types, stem cells are valuable tools for disease modeling, drug screening, and cell therapy. Recent advances have broadened our understanding beyond the deposition of amyloidβ (Aβ) or tau proteins in AD to encompass risk genes, immune system disorders, and neuron-glia mis-communication, relying heavily on stem cell-derived disease models. These stem cell-based models (e.g., organoids and microfluidic chips) simulate in vivo pathological processes with extraordinary spatial and temporal resolution. Stem cell technologies have the potential to alleviate AD pathology through various pathways, including immunomodulation, replacement of damaged neurons, and neurotrophic support. In recent years, transplantation of glial cells like oligodendrocytes and the infusion of exosomes have become hot research topics. CONCLUSION Although stem cell-based models and therapies for AD face several challenges, such as extended culture time and low differentiation efficiency, they still show considerable potential for AD treatment and are likely to become preferred tools for AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Fanshu Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaqi Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chunxia Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Fumei He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China.
| | - Wenbin Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Selkoe DJ. The advent of Alzheimer treatments will change the trajectory of human aging. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:453-463. [PMID: 38641654 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Slowing neurodegenerative disorders of late life has lagged behind progress on other chronic diseases. But advances in two areas, biochemical pathology and human genetics, have now identified early pathogenic events, enabling molecular hypotheses and disease-modifying treatments. A salient example is the discovery that antibodies to amyloid ß-protein, long debated as a causative factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD), clear amyloid plaques, decrease levels of abnormal tau proteins and slow cognitive decline. Approval of amyloid antibodies as the first disease-modifying treatments means a gradually rising fraction of the world's estimated 60 million people with symptomatic disease may decline less or even stabilize. Society is entering an era in which the unchecked devastation of AD is no longer inevitable. This Perspective considers the impact of slowing AD and other neurodegenerative disorders on the trajectory of aging, allowing people to survive into late life with less functional decline. The implications of this moment for medicine and society are profound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Wang J, Gleeson PA, Fourriere L. Spatial-Temporal Mapping Reveals the Golgi as the Major Processing Site for the Pathogenic Swedish APP Mutation: Familial APP Mutant Shifts the Major APP Processing Site. Traffic 2024; 25:e12932. [PMID: 38528836 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with increased levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) generated by sequential intracellular cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by membrane-bound secretases. However, the spatial and temporal APP cleavage events along the trafficking pathways are poorly defined. Here, we use the Retention Using Selective Hooks (RUSH) to compare in real time the anterograde trafficking and temporal cleavage events of wild-type APP (APPwt) with the pathogenic Swedish APP (APPswe) and the disease-protective Icelandic APP (APPice). The analyses revealed differences in the trafficking profiles and processing between APPwt and the APP familial mutations. While APPwt was predominantly processed by the β-secretase, BACE1, following Golgi transport to the early endosomes, the transit of APPswe through the Golgi was prolonged and associated with enhanced amyloidogenic APP processing and Aβ secretion. A 20°C block in cargo exit from the Golgi confirmed β- and γ-secretase processing of APPswe in the Golgi. Inhibition of the β-secretase, BACE1, restored APPswe anterograde trafficking profile to that of APPwt. APPice was transported rapidly through the Golgi to the early endosomes with low levels of Aβ production. This study has revealed different intracellular locations for the preferential cleavage of APPwt and APPswe and Aβ production, and the Golgi as the major processing site for APPswe, findings relevant to understand the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Wang
- The Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- The Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lou Fourriere
- The Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Pan S, Hale AT, Lemieux ME, Raval DK, Garton TP, Sadler B, Mahaney KB, Strahle JM. Iron homeostasis and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a review. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1287559. [PMID: 38283681 PMCID: PMC10811254 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1287559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron physiology is regulated by a complex interplay of extracellular transport systems, coordinated transcriptional responses, and iron efflux mechanisms. Dysregulation of iron metabolism can result in defects in myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and neuronal maturation. In neonates, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) causes iron overload as a result of blood breakdown in the ventricles and brain parenchyma which can lead to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). However, the precise mechanisms by which GMH-IVH results in PHH remain elusive. Understanding the molecular determinants of iron homeostasis in the developing brain may lead to improved therapies. This manuscript reviews the various roles iron has in brain development, characterizes our understanding of iron transport in the developing brain, and describes potential mechanisms by which iron overload may cause PHH and brain injury. We also review novel preclinical treatments for IVH that specifically target iron. Understanding iron handling within the brain and central nervous system may provide a basis for preventative, targeted treatments for iron-mediated pathogenesis of GMH-IVH and PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew T. Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mackenzie E. Lemieux
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dhvanii K. Raval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P. Garton
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brooke Sadler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kelly B. Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Tang J, Yousaf M, Wu YP, Li QQ, Xu YQ, Liu DM. Mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of polysaccharides in the intervention of Alzheimer's disease: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127553. [PMID: 37865357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease. Despite several decades of research, the development of effective treatments and responses for Alzheimer's disease remains elusive. The utilization of polysaccharides for Alzheimer's disease became more popular due to their beneficial characteristics, notably their multi-target activity and low toxicity. This review mainly focuses on the researches of recent 5 years in the regulation of AD by naturally derived polysaccharides, systematically lists the possible intervention pathways of polysaccharides from different mechanisms, and explores the structure-activity relationship between polysaccharide structural activities, so as to provide references for the intervention and treatment of AD by polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya-Ping Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin-Qin Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Qian Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Mei Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
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Marković M, Milošević J, Wang W, Cao Y. Passive Immunotherapies Targeting Amyloid- β in Alzheimer's Disease: A Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Perspective. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 105:1-13. [PMID: 37907353 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) protein accumulation in the brain. Passive immunotherapies using monoclonal antibodies for targeting Aβ have shown promise for AD treatment. Indeed, recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of aducanumab and lecanemab, alongside positive donanemab Phase III results demonstrated clinical efficacy after decades of failed clinical trials for AD. However, the pharmacological basis distinguishing clinically effective from ineffective therapies remains unclear, impeding development of potent therapeutics. This study aimed to provide a quantitative perspective for effectively targeting Aβ with antibodies. We first reviewed the contradicting results associated with the amyloid hypothesis and the pharmacological basis of Aβ immunotherapy. Subsequently, we developed a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model that describes the non-linear progression of Aβ pathology and the pharmacologic actions of the Aβ-targeting antibodies. Using the QSP model, we analyzed various scenarios for effective passive immunotherapy for AD. The model revealed that binding exclusively to the Aβ monomer has minimal effect on Aβ aggregation and plaque reduction, making the antibody affinity toward Aβ monomer unwanted, as it could become a distractive mechanism for plaque reduction. Neither early intervention, high brain penetration, nor increased dose could yield significant improvement of clinical efficacy for antibodies targeting solely monomers. Antibodies that bind all Aβ species but lack effector function exhibited moderate effects in plaque reduction. Our model highlights the importance of binding aggregate Aβ species and incorporating effector functions for efficient and early plaque reduction, guiding the development of more effective therapies for this devastating disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite previous unsuccessful attempts spanning several decades, passive immunotherapies utilizing monoclonal antibodies for targeting amyloid-beta (Aβ) have demonstrated promise with two recent FDA approvals. However, the pharmacological basis that differentiates clinically effective therapies from ineffective ones remains elusive. Our study offers a quantitative systems pharmacology perspective, emphasizing the significance of selectively targeting specific Aβ species and importance of antibody effector functions. This perspective sheds light on the development of more effective therapies for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Marković
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy (M.M., Y.C.) and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine (Y.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry (J.M.), University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia; and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development (W.W.), LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Jelica Milošević
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy (M.M., Y.C.) and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine (Y.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry (J.M.), University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia; and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development (W.W.), LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Weirong Wang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy (M.M., Y.C.) and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine (Y.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry (J.M.), University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia; and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development (W.W.), LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy (M.M., Y.C.) and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine (Y.C.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry (J.M.), University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia; and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development (W.W.), LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
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Lee CH, Ko MS, Kim YS, Ham JE, Choi JY, Hwang KW, Park SY. Neuroprotective Effects of Davallia mariesii Roots and Its Active Constituents on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1606. [PMID: 38004471 PMCID: PMC10675602 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Aβ) proteins, major contributors to Alzheimer's disease (AD), are overproduced and accumulate as oligomers and fibrils. These protein accumulations lead to significant changes in neuronal structure and function, ultimately resulting in the neuronal cell death observed in AD. Consequently, substances that can inhibit Aβ production and/or accumulation are of great interest for AD prevention and treatment. In the course of an ongoing search for natural products, the roots of Davallia mariesii T. Moore ex Baker were selected as a promising candidate with anti-amyloidogenic effects. The ethanol extract of D. mariesii roots, along with its active constituents, not only markedly reduced Aβ production by decreasing β-secretase expression in APP-CHO cells (Chinese hamster ovary cells which stably express amyloid precursor proteins), but also exhibited the ability to diminish Aβ aggregation while enhancing the disaggregation of Aβ aggregates, as determined through the Thioflavin T (Th T) assay. Furthermore, in an in vivo study, the extract of D. mariesii roots showed potential (a tendency) for mitigating scopolamine-induced memory impairment, as evidenced by results from the Morris water maze test and the passive avoidance test, which correlated with reduced Aβ deposition. Additionally, the levels of acetylcholine were significantly elevated, and acetylcholinesterase levels significantly decreased in the brains of mice (whole brains). The treatment with the extract of D. mariesii roots also led to upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) in the hippocampal region. These findings suggest that the extract of D. mariesii roots, along with its active constituents, may offer neuroprotective effects against AD. Consequently, there is potential for the development of the extract of D. mariesii roots and its active constituents as effective therapeutic or preventative agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hyeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (C.H.L.); (M.S.K.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Min Sung Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (C.H.L.); (M.S.K.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Ye Seul Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (C.H.L.); (M.S.K.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Ju Eon Ham
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; (J.E.H.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jee Yeon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; (J.E.H.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Kwang Woo Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; (J.E.H.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - So-Young Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; (C.H.L.); (M.S.K.); (Y.S.K.)
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Iqbal D, Alsaweed M, Jamal QMS, Asad MR, Rizvi SMD, Rizvi MR, Albadrani HM, Hamed M, Jahan S, Alyenbaawi H. Pharmacophore-Based Screening, Molecular Docking, and Dynamic Simulation of Fungal Metabolites as Inhibitors of Multi-Targets in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1613. [PMID: 38002295 PMCID: PMC10669353 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), negatively affect the economic and psychological system. For AD, there is still a lack of disease-altering treatments and promising cures due to its complex pathophysiology. In this study, we computationally screened the natural database of fungal metabolites against three known therapeutic target proteins of AD. Initially, a pharmacophore-based, drug-likeness category was employed for screening, and it filtered the 14 (A-N) best hits out of 17,544 fungal metabolites. The 14 best hits were docked individually against GSK-3β, the NMDA receptor, and BACE-1 to investigate the potential of finding a multitarget inhibitor. We found that compounds B, F, and L were immuno-toxic, whereas E, H, I, and J had a higher LD50 dose (5000 mg/kg). Among the examined metabolites, the Bisacremine-C (compound I) was found to be the most active molecule against GSK-3β (ΔG: -8.7 ± 0.2 Kcal/mol, Ki: 2.4 × 106 M-1), NMDA (ΔG: -9.5 ± 0.1 Kcal/mol, Ki: 9.2 × 106 M-1), and BACE-1 (ΔG: -9.1 ± 0.2 Kcal/mol, Ki: 4.7 × 106 M-1). It showed a 25-fold higher affinity with GSK-3β, 6.3-fold higher affinity with NMDA, and 9.04-fold higher affinity with BACE-1 than their native ligands, respectively. Molecular dynamic simulation parameters, such as RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and SASA, all confirmed that the overall structures of the targeted enzymes did not change significantly after binding with Bisacremine-C, and the ligand remained inside the binding cavity in a stable conformation for most of the simulation time. The most significant hydrophobic contacts for the GSK-3β-Bisacremine-C complex are with ILE62, VAL70, ALA83, and LEU188, whereas GLN185 is significant for H-bonds. In terms of hydrophobic contacts, TYR184 and PHE246 are the most important, while SER180 is vital for H-bonds in NMDA-Bisacremine-C. THR232 is the most crucial for H-bonds in BACE-1-Bisacremine-C and ILE110-produced hydrophobic contacts. This study laid a foundation for further experimental validation and clinical trials regarding the biopotency of Bisacremine-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaweed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.J.)
| | - Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah 52741, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Rehan Asad
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 81442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Moattar Raza Rizvi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research & Studies (MRIIRS), Faridabad 121001, India;
| | - Hind Muteb Albadrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Munerah Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.J.)
| | - Hadeel Alyenbaawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.J.)
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Sharma H, Chang KA, Hulme J, An SSA. Mammalian Models in Alzheimer's Research: An Update. Cells 2023; 12:2459. [PMID: 37887303 PMCID: PMC10605533 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A form of dementia distinct from healthy cognitive aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multi-stage disease that currently afflicts over 50 million people worldwide. Unfortunately, previous therapeutic strategies developed from murine models emulating different aspects of AD pathogenesis were limited. Consequently, researchers are now developing models that express several aspects of pathogenesis that better reflect the clinical situation in humans. As such, this review seeks to provide insight regarding current applications of mammalian models in AD research by addressing recent developments and characterizations of prominent transgenic models and their contributions to pathogenesis as well as discuss the advantages, limitations, and application of emerging models that better capture genetic heterogeneity and mixed pathologies observed in the clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Sharma
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hulme
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Xiao X, Wang X, Zhu K, Li L, He Y, Zhang J, Li L, Hu H, Cui Y, Zhang J, Zheng Y. BACE1 in PV interneuron tunes hippocampal CA1 local circuits and resets priming of fear memory extinction. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4151-4162. [PMID: 37452089 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 is the rate-limiting enzyme for β-amyloid (Aβ) production and therefore is considered a prime drug target for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the BACE1 inhibitors failed in clinical trials, even exhibiting cognitive worsening, implying that BACE1 may function in regulating cognition-relevant neural circuits. Here, we found that parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons (PV INs) in hippocampal CA1 express BACE1 at a high level. We designed and developed a mouse strain with conditional knockout of BACE1 in PV neurons. The CA1 fast-spiking PV INs with BACE1 deletion exhibited an enhanced response of postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors to local stimulation on CA1 oriens, with average intrinsic electrical properties and fidelity in synaptic integration. Intriguingly, the BACE1 deletion reorganized the CA1 recurrent inhibitory motif assembled by the heterogeneous pyramidal neurons (PNs) and the adjacent fast-spiking PV INs from the superficial to the deep layer. Moreover, the conditional BACE1 deletion impaired the AMPARs-mediated excitatory transmission of deep CA1 PNs. Further rescue experiments confirmed that these phenotypes require the enzymatic activity of BACE1. Above all, the BACE1 deletion resets the priming of the fear memory extinction. Our findings suggest a neuron-specific working model of BACE1 in regulating learning and memory circuits. The study may provide a potential path of targeting BACE1 and NMDAR together to circumvent cognitive worsening due to a single application of BACE1 inhibitor in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuansheng Xiao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jinglan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Linying Li
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hanning Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yanqiu Cui
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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11
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Wu M, Li Y, Miao Y, Qiao H, Wang Y. Exploring the efficient natural products for Alzheimer's disease therapy via Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) models. J Drug Target 2023; 31:817-831. [PMID: 37545435 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2245582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a grievous neurodegenerative disorder and a major form of senile dementia, which is partially caused by abnormal amyloid-beta peptide deposition and Tau protein phosphorylation. But until now, the exact pathogenesis of AD and its treatment strategy still need to investigate. Fortunately, natural products have shown potential as therapeutic agents for treating symptoms of AD due to their neuroprotective activity. To identify the excellent lead compounds for AD control from natural products of herbal medicines, as well as, detect their modes of action, suitable animal models are required. Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) is an important model for studying genetic and cellular biological pathways in complex biological processes. Various Drosophila AD models were broadly used for AD research, especially for the discovery of neuroprotective natural products. This review focused on the research progress of natural products in AD disease based on the fruit fly AD model, which provides a reference for using the invertebrate model in developing novel anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaodong Miao
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanhuan Qiao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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12
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Guo X, Lei M, Zhao J, Wu M, Ren Z, Yang X, Ouyang C, Liu X, Liu C, Chen Q. Tirzepatide ameliorates spatial learning and memory impairment through modulation of aberrant insulin resistance and inflammation response in diabetic rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1146960. [PMID: 37701028 PMCID: PMC10493299 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1146960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the typical symptoms of diabetes mellitus patients was memory impairment, which was followed by gradual cognitive deterioration and for which there is no efficient treatment. The anti-diabetic incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were demonstrated to have highly neuroprotective benefits in animal models of AD. We wanted to find out how the GLP-1/GIP dual agonist tirzepatide affected diabetes's impairment of spatial learning memory. Methods: High fat diet and streptozotocin injection-induced diabetic rats were injected intraperitoneally with Tirzepatide (1.35 mg/kg) once a week. The protective effects were assessed using the Morris water maze test, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis. Golgi staining was adopted for quantified dendritic spines. Results: Tirzepatide significantly improved impaired glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose level, and insulin level in diabetic rats. Then, tirzepatide dramatically alleviated spatial learning and memory impairment, inhibited Aβ accumulation, prevented structural damage, boosted the synthesis of synaptic proteins and increased dendritic spines formation in diabetic hippocampus. Furthermore, some aberrant changes in signal molecules concerning inflammation signaling pathways were normalized after tirzepatide treatment in diabetic rats. Finally, PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway was restored by tirzepatide. Conclusion: Tirzepatide obviously exerts a protective effect against spatial learning and memory impairment, potentially through regulating abnormal insulin resistance and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Medical Research Institute, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Min Lei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Medical Research Institute, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Jiangyan Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Medical Research Institute, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Min Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Medical Research Institute, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Zhanhong Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Medical Research Institute, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xiaosong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Medical Research Institute, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Changhan Ouyang
- Pharmacy College, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xiufen Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Medical Research Institute, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Medical Research Institute, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Qingjie Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Medical Research Institute, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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13
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Li R, Sterling K, Song W. Amyloid β-based therapy for Alzheimer's disease: challenges, successes and future. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:248. [PMID: 37386015 PMCID: PMC10310781 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β protein (Aβ) is the main component of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its accumulation has been considered as the molecular driver of Alzheimer's pathogenesis and progression. Aβ has been the prime target for the development of AD therapy. However, the repeated failures of Aβ-targeted clinical trials have cast considerable doubt on the amyloid cascade hypothesis and whether the development of Alzheimer's drug has followed the correct course. However, the recent successes of Aβ targeted trials have assuaged those doubts. In this review, we discussed the evolution of the amyloid cascade hypothesis over the last 30 years and summarized its application in Alzheimer's diagnosis and modification. In particular, we extensively discussed the pitfalls, promises and important unanswered questions regarding the current anti-Aβ therapy, as well as strategies for further study and development of more feasible Aβ-targeted approaches in the optimization of AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Huaqiu Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keenan Sterling
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Rué L, Jaspers T, Degors IMS, Noppen S, Schols D, De Strooper B, Dewilde M. Novel Human/Non-Human Primate Cross-Reactive Anti-Transferrin Receptor Nanobodies for Brain Delivery of Biologics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1748. [PMID: 37376196 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), while being the gatekeeper of the central nervous system (CNS), is a bottleneck for the treatment of neurological diseases. Unfortunately, most of the biologicals do not reach their brain targets in sufficient quantities. The antibody targeting of receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) receptors is an exploited mechanism that increases brain permeability. We previously discovered an anti-human transferrin receptor (TfR) nanobody that could efficiently deliver a therapeutic moiety across the BBB. Despite the high homology between human and cynomolgus TfR, the nanobody was unable to bind the non-human primate receptor. Here we report the discovery of two nanobodies that were able to bind human and cynomolgus TfR, making these nanobodies more clinically relevant. Whereas nanobody BBB00515 bound cynomolgus TfR with 18 times more affinity than it did human TfR, nanobody BBB00533 bound human and cynomolgus TfR with similar affinities. When fused with an anti-beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1) antibody (1A11AM), each of the nanobodies was able to increase its brain permeability after peripheral injection. A 40% reduction of brain Aβ1-40 levels could be observed in mice injected with anti-TfR/BACE1 bispecific antibodies when compared to vehicle-injected mice. In summary, we found two nanobodies that could bind both human and cynomolgus TfR with the potential to be used clinically to increase the brain permeability of therapeutic biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rué
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Jaspers
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle M S Degors
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maarten Dewilde
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Iqbal D, Rehman MT, Alajmi MF, Alsaweed M, Jamal QMS, Alasiry SM, Albaker AB, Hamed M, Kamal M, Albadrani HM. Multitargeted Virtual Screening and Molecular Simulation of Natural Product-like Compounds against GSK3β, NMDA-Receptor, and BACE-1 for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040622. [PMID: 37111379 PMCID: PMC10143309 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and several side effects of currently available medication inclined us to search for a novel natural cure by targeting multiple key regulatory proteins. We initially virtually screened the natural product-like compounds against GSK3β, NMDA receptor, and BACE-1 and thereafter validated the best hit through molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). The results demonstrated that out of 2029 compounds, only 51 compounds exhibited better binding interactions than native ligands, with all three protein targets (NMDA, GSK3β, and BACE) considered multitarget inhibitors. Among them, F1094-0201 is the most potent inhibitor against multiple targets with binding energy -11.7, -10.6, and -12 kcal/mol, respectively. ADME-T analysis results showed that F1094-0201 was found to be suitable for CNS drug-likeness in addition to their other drug-likeness properties. The MDS results of RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, SSE and residue interactions indicated the formation of a strong and stable association in the complex of ligands (F1094-0201) and proteins. These findings confirm the F1094-0201's ability to remain inside target proteins' binding pockets while forming a stable complex of protein-ligand. The free energies (MM/GBSA) of BACE-F1094-0201, GSK3β-F1094-0201, and NMDA-F1094-0201 complex formation were -73.78 ± 4.31 kcal mol-1, -72.77 ± 3.43 kcal mol-1, and -52.51 ± 2.85 kcal mol-1, respectively. Amongst the target proteins, F1094-0201 have a more stable association with BACE, followed by NMDA and GSK3β. These attributes of F1094-0201 indicate it as a possible option for the management of pathophysiological pathways associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaweed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah 52741, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharifa M Alasiry
- Critical Care Nursing, Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 15341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif B Albaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munerah Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Muteb Albadrani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Brandimarti R, Irollo E, Meucci O. The US9-Derived Protein gPTB9TM Modulates APP Processing Without Targeting Secretase Activities. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1811-1825. [PMID: 36576708 PMCID: PMC9984340 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of neuronal protein processing is often associated with neurological disorders and is highly dependent on cellular protein trafficking. A prime example is the amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in intracellular vesicles, which plays a key role in age-related cognitive impairment. Most approaches to correct this altered processing aim to limit enzymatic activities that lead to toxic products, such as protein cleavage by β-secretase and the resulting amyloid β production. A viable alternative is to direct APP to cellular compartments where non-amyloidogenic mechanisms are favored. To this end, we exploited the molecular properties of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) transport protein US9 to guide APP interaction with preferred endogenous targets. Specifically, we generated a US9 chimeric construct that facilitates APP processing through the non-amyloidogenic pathway and tested it in primary cortical neurons. In addition to reducing amyloid β production, our approach controls other APP-dependent biochemical steps that lead to neuronal deficits, including phosphorylation of APP and tau proteins. Notably, it also promotes the release of neuroprotective soluble αAPP. In contrast to other neuroprotective strategies, these US9-driven effects rely on the activity of endogenous neuronal proteins, which lends itself well to the study of fundamental mechanisms of APP processing/trafficking. Overall, this work introduces a new method to limit APP misprocessing and its cellular consequences without directly targeting secretase activity, offering a novel tool to reduce cognitive decline in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Brandimarti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo,14, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Irollo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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17
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Kashyap K, Panigrahi L, Ahmed S, Siddiqi MI. Artificial neural network models driven novel virtual screening workflow for the identification and biological evaluation of BACE1 inhibitors. Mol Inform 2023; 42:e2200113. [PMID: 36460626 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Beta-site amyloid-β precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a transmembrane aspartic protease and has shown potential as a possible therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. This aggravating disease involves the aberrant production of β amyloid plaques by BACE1 which catalyzes the rate-limiting step by cleaving the amyloid precursor protein (APP), generating the neurotoxic amyloid β protein that aggregates to form plaques leading to neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is indispensable to inhibit BACE1, thus modulating the APP processing. In this study, we present a workflow that utilizes a multi-stage virtual screening protocol for identifying potential BACE1 inhibitors by employing multiple artificial neural network-based models. Collectively, all the hyperparameter tuned models were assigned a task to virtually screen Maybridge library, thus yielding a consensus of 41 hits. The majority of these hits exhibited optimal pharmacokinetic properties confirmed by high central nervous system multiparameter optimization (CNS-MPO) scores. Further shortlisting of 8 compounds by molecular docking into the active site of BACE1 and their subsequent in-vitro evaluation identified 4 compounds as potent BACE1 inhibitors with IC50 values falling in the range 0.028-0.052 μM and can be further optimized with medicinal chemistry efforts to improve their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushagra Kashyap
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Lalita Panigrahi
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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18
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Müller SA, Shmueli MD, Feng X, Tüshaus J, Schumacher N, Clark R, Smith BE, Chi A, Rose-John S, Kennedy ME, Lichtenthaler SF. The Alzheimer's disease-linked protease BACE1 modulates neuronal IL-6 signaling through shedding of the receptor gp130. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:13. [PMID: 36810097 PMCID: PMC9942414 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protease BACE1 is a major drug target for Alzheimer's disease, but chronic BACE1 inhibition is associated with non-progressive cognitive worsening that may be caused by modulation of unknown physiological BACE1 substrates. METHODS To identify in vivo-relevant BACE1 substrates, we applied pharmacoproteomics to non-human-primate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after acute treatment with BACE inhibitors. RESULTS Besides SEZ6, the strongest, dose-dependent reduction was observed for the pro-inflammatory cytokine receptor gp130/IL6ST, which we establish as an in vivo BACE1 substrate. Gp130 was also reduced in human CSF from a clinical trial with a BACE inhibitor and in plasma of BACE1-deficient mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that BACE1 directly cleaves gp130, thereby attenuating membrane-bound gp130 and increasing soluble gp130 abundance and controlling gp130 function in neuronal IL-6 signaling and neuronal survival upon growth-factor withdrawal. CONCLUSION BACE1 is a new modulator of gp130 function. The BACE1-cleaved, soluble gp130 may serve as a pharmacodynamic BACE1 activity marker to reduce the occurrence of side effects of chronic BACE1 inhibition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Merav D Shmueli
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xiao Feng
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Tüshaus
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ryan Clark
- Neuroscience, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brad E Smith
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - An Chi
- Chemical Biology, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany. .,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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19
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Ulku I, Liebsch F, Akerman SC, Schulz JF, Kulic L, Hock C, Pietrzik C, Di Spiezio A, Thinakaran G, Saftig P, Multhaup G. Mechanisms of amyloid-β34 generation indicate a pivotal role for BACE1 in amyloid homeostasis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2216. [PMID: 36750595 PMCID: PMC9905473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The beta‑site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme (BACE1) was discovered due to its "amyloidogenic" activity which contributes to the production of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides. However, BACE1 also possesses an "amyloidolytic" activity, whereby it degrades longer Aβ peptides into a non‑toxic Aβ34 intermediate. Here, we examine conditions that shift the equilibrium between BACE1 amyloidogenic and amyloidolytic activities by altering BACE1/APP ratios. In Alzheimer disease brain tissue, we found an association between elevated levels of BACE1 and Aβ34. In mice, the deletion of one BACE1 gene copy reduced BACE1 amyloidolytic activity by ~ 50%. In cells, a stepwise increase of BACE1 but not APP expression promoted amyloidolytic cleavage resulting in dose-dependently increased Aβ34 levels. At the cellular level, a mislocalization of surplus BACE1 caused a reduction in Aβ34 levels. To align the role of γ-secretase in this pathway, we silenced Presenilin (PS) expression and identified PS2-γ-secretase as the main γ-secretase that generates Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides serving as substrates for BACE1's amyloidolytic cleavage to generate Aβ34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Ulku
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Filip Liebsch
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Can Akerman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jana F Schulz
- Institut Für Chemie Und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luka Kulic
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hock
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Un Iversity of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Neurimmune AG, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Claus Pietrzik
- Department Molecular Neurodegeneration, Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemisches Institut, CAU Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerhard Multhaup
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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20
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Takasugi N, Komai M, Kaneshiro N, Ikeda A, Kamikubo Y, Uehara T. The Pursuit of the "Inside" of the Amyloid Hypothesis-Is C99 a Promising Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease? Cells 2023; 12:cells12030454. [PMID: 36766796 PMCID: PMC9914381 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aducanumab, co-developed by Eisai (Japan) and Biogen (U.S.), has received Food and Drug Administration approval for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, its successor antibody, lecanemab, has been approved. These antibodies target the aggregated form of the small peptide, amyloid-β (Aβ), which accumulates in the patient brain. The "amyloid hypothesis" based therapy that places the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ at the center of the etiology is about to be realized. However, the effects of immunotherapy are still limited, suggesting the need to reconsider this hypothesis. Aβ is produced from a type-I transmembrane protein, Aβ precursor protein (APP). One of the APP metabolites, the 99-amino acids C-terminal fragment (C99, also called βCTF), is a direct precursor of Aβ and accumulates in the AD patient's brain to demonstrate toxicity independent of Aβ. Conventional drug discovery strategies have focused on Aβ toxicity on the "outside" of the neuron, but C99 accumulation might explain the toxicity on the "inside" of the neuron, which was overlooked in the hypothesis. Furthermore, the common region of C99 and Aβ is a promising target for multifunctional AD drugs. This review aimed to outline the nature, metabolism, and impact of C99 on AD pathogenesis and discuss whether it could be a therapeutic target complementing the amyloid hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumasa Takasugi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Masato Komai
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Nanaka Kaneshiro
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for RNA Biology and Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Atsuya Ikeda
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamikubo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Hook G, Kindy M, Hook V. Cathepsin B Deficiency Improves Memory Deficits and Reduces Amyloid-β in hAβPP Mouse Models Representing the Major Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Condition. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:33-46. [PMID: 36970896 PMCID: PMC10185432 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin B (CTSB) has been suggested as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) because elevated serum CTSB in AD patients has been found to correlate with cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, CTSB gene knockout (KO) in non-transgenic and transgenic AD animal models showed that elimination of CTSB improved memory deficits. However, conflicting CTSB KO results on amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in transgenic AD models have been reported. The conflict is resolved here as likely being due to the different hAβPP transgenes used in the different AD mouse models. CTSB gene KO reduced wild-type (Wt) β-secretase activity, brain Aβ, pyroglutamate-Aβ, amyloid plaque, and memory deficits in models that used cDNA transgenes expressing hAβPP isoform 695. But in models that used mutated mini transgenes expressing hAβPP isoforms 751 and 770, CTSB KO had no effect on Wt β-secretase activity and slightly increased brain Aβ. All models expressed the AβPP transgenes in neurons. These conflicting results in Wt β-secretase activity models can be explained by hAβPP isoform specific cellular expression, proteolysis, and subcellular processing. CTSB KO had no effect on Swedish mutant (Swe) β-secretase activity in hAβPP695 and hAβPP751/770 models. Different proteolytic sensitivities for hAβPP with Wt versus Swe β-secretase site sequences may explain the different CTSB β-secretase effects in hAβPP695 models. But since the vast majority of sporadic AD patients have Wt β-secretase activity, the CTSB effects on Swe β-secretase activity are of little importance to the general AD population. As neurons naturally produce and process hAβPP isoform 695 and not the 751 and 770 isoforms, only the hAβPP695 Wt models mimic the natural neuronal hAβPP processing and Aβ production occurring in most AD patients. Significantly, these CTSB KO findings in the hAβPP695 Wt models demonstrate that CTSB participates in memory deficits and production of pyroglutamate-Aβ (pyroglu-Aβ), which provide rationale for future investigation of CTSB inhibitors in AD therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vivian Hook
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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22
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de Lima IB, Ribeiro FM. The Implication of Glial Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:164-182. [PMID: 34951388 PMCID: PMC10190153 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666211223140303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) was first identified more than 100 years ago, yet aspects pertaining to its origin and the mechanisms underlying disease progression are not well known. To this date, there is no therapeutic approach or disease-modifying drug that could halt or at least delay disease progression. Until recently, glial cells were seen as secondary actors in brain homeostasis. Although this view was gradually refuted and the relevance of glial cells for the most diverse brain functions such as synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission was vastly proved, many aspects of its functioning, as well as its role in pathological conditions, remain poorly understood. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in glial cells were shown to be involved in neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. Besides its relevance for glial function, glutamatergic receptors are also central in the pathology of AD, and recent studies have shown that glial mGluRs play a role in the establishment and progression of AD. AD-related alterations in Ca2+ signalling, APP processing, and Aβ load, as well as AD-related neurodegeneration, are influenced by glial mGluRs. However, different types of mGluRs play different roles, depending on the cell type and brain region that is being analysed. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the current understanding of glial mGluRs and their implication in AD, providing an insight for future therapeutics and identifying existing research gaps worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella B.Q. de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabíola M. Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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23
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Kuroda T, Huang Y, Nishio S, Goto Y, Suga H. Post-translational backbone-acyl shift yields natural product-like peptides bearing hydroxyhydrocarbon units. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1413-1420. [PMID: 36329180 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyhydrocarbon (Hhc) moieties in the backbone of peptidic natural products can exert a substantial influence on the bioactivities of the products, making Hhc units an attractive class of building blocks for de novo peptides. However, despite advances in in vitro genetic code reprogramming, the ribosomal incorporation of Hhc units remains challenging. Here we report a method for in vitro ribosomal synthesis of natural-product-like peptides bearing Hhc units. A series of azide/hydroxy acids were designed as chemical precursors of Hhc units and incorporated into the nascent peptide chain by means of genetic code reprogramming. Post-translational reduction of the azide induced an O-to-N acyl shift to rearrange the peptide backbone. This method allows for one-pot ribosomal synthesis of designer macrocycles bearing various β-, γ- and δ-type Hhc units. We also report the synthesis of a statine-containing peptidomimetic inhibitor of β-secretase 1 as a showcase example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kuroda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yichao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Nishio
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Goto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Fan J, Wei X, Dong H, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Xu M, Xiao G. Advancement in Analytical Techniques for Determining the Activity of β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-13. [PMID: 36227582 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2132812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system. The pathogenesis is still not fully clear. One of the main histopathological manifestations is senile plaques formed by β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation. Aβ is generated from the sequential proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase [i.e. β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)] and γ-secretase, with a rate-limiting step controlled by BACE1 activity. Therefore, inhibiting BACE1 activity has become a potential therapeutic strategy for AD. The development of reliable detection methods for BACE1 activity plays an important role in early diagnosis of AD and evaluation of the therapeutic effect of new drugs for AD. This article has reviewed the recent advances in BACE1 activity detection techniques. The challenges of applying these analysis techniques to early clinical diagnosis of AD and development trends of the detection techniques have been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuhua Wei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Yintang Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Maotian Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Guoqing Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
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25
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Dominko K, Rastija A, Smiljanic K, Mladenovic A, Lešnjaković L, Kanazir S, Milanovic D, Hecimovic S. Amyloid-ß plaque formation and BACE1 accumulation in the brains of a 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease mouse model is associated with altered distribution and not proteolysis of BACE1 substrates Sez6 and Sez6L. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 207:111726. [PMID: 35998821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The formation of amyloid-ß peptides (Aß), that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, involves proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) firstly by ß-secretase (BACE1). Since BACE1 cleaves a plethora of other substrates, in this work we investigated whether the proteolysis and/or distribution of other BACE1 substrates, such as seizure protein 6 (Sez6) and seizure 6-like protein (Sez6L), is altered in AD. To test this we used 5xFAD mouse model brains that show an early accumulation of Aß plaques already at 2-months of age. Here we show for the first time that accumulation of BACE1 in peri-plaque regions and its enhanced levels in AD brains does not affect proteolysis of BACE1 substrates other than APP, such as Sez6 and Sez6L. We observed altered distribution of Sez6 and Sez6L in the area of Aß plaques in 5xFAD brains which is distinct to that of APP, BACE1 and/or LAMP1, suggesting different localization and/or function of these BACE1 substrates. While it is necessary to further elucidate the potential role that this may play in the course of AD, it is likely that Aß-targeted therapies may have beneficial effects against accumulation and/or altered distribution of BACE1 and its substrates, in addition to APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Dominko
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Rastija
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kosara Smiljanic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research-National Institute of Republic Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Mladenovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research-National Institute of Republic Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Selma Kanazir
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research-National Institute of Republic Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Desanka Milanovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research-National Institute of Republic Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Silva Hecimovic
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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26
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Summers KL, Roseman G, Schilling KM, Dolgova NV, Pushie MJ, Sokaras D, Kroll T, Harris HH, Millhauser GL, Pickering IJ, George GN. Alzheimer's Drug PBT2 Interacts with the Amyloid β 1-42 Peptide Differently than Other 8-Hydroxyquinoline Chelating Drugs. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14626-14640. [PMID: 36073854 PMCID: PMC9957665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) was first described over a century ago, it remains the leading cause of age-related dementia. Innumerable changes have been linked to the pathology of AD; however, there remains much discord regarding which might be the initial cause of the disease. The "amyloid cascade hypothesis" proposes that the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is central to disease pathology, which is supported by elevated Aβ levels in the brain before the development of symptoms and correlations of amyloid burden with cognitive impairment. The "metals hypothesis" proposes a role for metal ions such as iron, copper, and zinc in the pathology of AD, which is supported by the accumulation of these metals within amyloid plaques in the brain. Metals have been shown to induce aggregation of Aβ, and metal ion chelators have been shown to reverse this reaction in vitro. 8-Hydroxyquinoline-based chelators showed early promise as anti-Alzheimer's drugs. Both 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (CQ) and 5,7-dichloro-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline (PBT2) underwent unsuccessful clinical trials for the treatment of AD. To gain insight into the mechanism of action of 8HQs, we have investigated the potential interaction of CQ, PBT2, and 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline (B2Q) with Cu(II)-bound Aβ(1-42) using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), high energy resolution fluorescence detected (HERFD) XAS, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). By XAS, we found CQ and B2Q sequestered ∼83% of the Cu(II) from Aβ(1-42), whereas PBT2 sequestered only ∼59% of the Cu(II) from Aβ(1-42), suggesting that CQ and B2Q have a higher relative Cu(II) affinity than PBT2. From our EPR, it became clear that PBT2 sequestered Cu(II) from a heterogeneous mixture of Cu(II)Aβ(1-42) species in solution, leaving a single Cu(II)Aβ(1-42) species. It follows that the Cu(II) site in this Cu(II)Aβ(1-42) species is inaccessible to PBT2 and may be less solvent-exposed than in other Cu(II)Aβ(1-42) species. We found no evidence to suggest that these 8HQs form ternary complexes with Cu(II)Aβ(1-42).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Summers
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Graham Roseman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Kevin M. Schilling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Natalia V. Dolgova
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - M. Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Dr, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hugh H. Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Glenn L. Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Ingrid J. Pickering
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Graham N. George
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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27
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Xiong W, Liu Y, Zhou H, Jing S, He Y, Ye Q. Alzheimer’s disease: Pathophysiology and dental pulp stem cells therapeutic prospects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:999024. [PMID: 36187488 PMCID: PMC9520621 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.999024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a destructive neurodegenerative disease with the progressive dysfunction, structural disorders and decreased numbers of neurons in the brain, which leads to long-term memory impairment and cognitive decline. There is a growing consensus that the development of AD has several molecular mechanisms similar to those of other neurodegenerative diseases, including excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins and neurotoxic substances produced by hyperactivated microglia. Nonetheless, there is currently a lack of effective drug candidates to delay or prevent the progression of the disease. Based on the excellent regenerative and reparative capabilities of stem cells, the application of them to repair or replace injured neurons carries enormous promise. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), originated from ectomesenchyme of the cranial neural crest, hold a remarkable potential for neuronal differentiation, and additionally express a variety of neurotrophic factors that contribute to a protective effect on injured neuronal cells. Notably, DPSCs can also express immunoregulatory factors to control neuroinflammation and potentiate the regeneration and recovery of injured neurons. These extraordinary features along with accessibility make DPSCs an attractive source of postnatal stem cells for the regeneration of neurons or protection of existing neural circuitry in the neurodegenerative diseases. The present reviews the latest research advance in the pathophysiology of AD and elaborate the neurodifferentiation and neuroprotective properties of DPSCs as well as their application prospects in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuili Jing
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan He
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qingsong Ye, ; Yan He,
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qingsong Ye, ; Yan He,
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28
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Dobrowolska Zakaria JA, Bateman RJ, Lysakowska M, Khatri A, Jean-Gilles D, Kennedy ME, Vassar R. The metabolism of human soluble amyloid precursor protein isoforms is quantifiable by a stable isotope labeling-tandem mass spectrometry method. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14985. [PMID: 36056033 PMCID: PMC9440206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that β-secretase (BACE1), which cleaves Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) to form sAPPβ and amyloid-β, is elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains and biofluids and, thus, BACE1 is a therapeutic target for this devastating disease. The direct product of BACE1 cleavage of APP, sAPPβ, serves as a surrogate marker of BACE1 activity in the central nervous system. This biomarker could be utilized to better understand normal APP processing, aberrant processing in the disease setting, and modulations to processing during therapeutic intervention. In this paper, we present a method for measuring the metabolism of sAPPβ and another APP proteolytic product, sAPPα, in vivo in humans using stable isotope labeling kinetics, paired with immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The method presented herein is robust, reproducible, and precise, and allows for the study of these analytes by taking into account their full dynamic potential as opposed to the traditional methods of absolute concentration quantitation that only provide a static view of a dynamic system. A study of in vivo cerebrospinal fluid sAPPβ and sAPPα kinetics using these methods could reveal novel insights into pathophysiological mechanisms of AD, such as increased BACE1 processing of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna A Dobrowolska Zakaria
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- SILQ Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Monika Lysakowska
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ammaarah Khatri
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | | - Matthew E Kennedy
- Deparment of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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29
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Mukerjee N, Das A, Jawarkar RD, Maitra S, Das P, Castrosanto MA, Paul S, Samad A, Zaki MEA, Al-Hussain SA, Masand VH, Hasan MM, Bukhari SNA, Perveen A, Alghamdi BS, Alexiou A, Kamal MA, Dey A, Malik S, Bakal RL, Abuzenadah AM, Ghosh A, Md Ashraf G. Repurposing food molecules as a potential BACE1 inhibitor for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:878276. [PMID: 36072483 PMCID: PMC9443073 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.878276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder of the brain that manifests as dementia, disorientation, difficulty in speech, and progressive cognitive and behavioral impairment. The emerging therapeutic approach to AD management is the inhibition of β-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1), known to be one of the two aspartyl proteases that cleave β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Studies confirmed the association of high BACE1 activity with the proficiency in the formation of β-amyloid-containing neurotic plaques, the characteristics of AD. Only a few FDA-approved BACE1 inhibitors are available in the market, but their adverse off-target effects limit their usage. In this paper, we have used both ligand-based and target-based approaches for drug design. The QSAR study entails creating a multivariate GA-MLR (Genetic Algorithm-Multilinear Regression) model using 552 molecules with acceptable statistical performance (R 2 = 0.82, Q 2 loo = 0.81). According to the QSAR study, the activity has a strong link with various atoms such as aromatic carbons and ring Sulfur, acceptor atoms, sp2-hybridized oxygen, etc. Following that, a database of 26,467 food compounds was primarily used for QSAR-based virtual screening accompanied by the application of the Lipinski rule of five; the elimination of duplicates, salts, and metal derivatives resulted in a truncated dataset of 8,453 molecules. The molecular descriptor was calculated and a well-validated 6-parametric version of the QSAR model was used to predict the bioactivity of the 8,453 food compounds. Following this, the food compounds whose predicted activity (pKi) was observed above 7.0 M were further docked into the BACE1 receptor which gave rise to the Identification of 4-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-1H-phenalen-1-one (PubChem I.D: 4468; Food I.D: FDB017657) as a hit molecule (Binding Affinity = -8.9 kcal/mol, pKi = 7.97 nM, Ki = 10.715 M). Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation for 150 ns and molecular mechanics generalized born and surface area (MMGBSA) study aided in identifying structural motifs involved in interactions with the BACE1 enzyme. Molecular docking and QSAR yielded complementary and congruent results. The validated analyses can be used to improve a drug/lead candidate's inhibitory efficacy against the BACE1. Thus, our approach is expected to widen the field of study of repurposing nutraceuticals into neuroprotective as well as anti-cancer and anti-viral therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Khardaha, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
| | - Anubhab Das
- Institute of Health Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Rahul D. Jawarkar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Dr. Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, Amravati, India
| | - Swastika Maitra
- Department of Microbiology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Melvin A. Castrosanto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Soumyadip Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Khardaha, India
| | - Abdul Samad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A. Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijay H. Masand
- Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati, India
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- The Neuroscience Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
- AFNP Med, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
| | - Ravindra L. Bakal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Dr. Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, Amravati, India
| | - Adel Mohammad Abuzenadah
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Theiss EL, Griebsch LV, Lauer AA, Janitschke D, Erhardt VKJ, Haas EC, Kuppler KN, Radermacher J, Walzer O, Portius D, Grimm HS, Hartmann T, Grimm MOW. Vitamin B12 Attenuates Changes in Phospholipid Levels Related to Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162574. [PMID: 36010649 PMCID: PMC9406929 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and is detected peripherally as well as in AD-vulnerable brain regions. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the generation and degradation of reactive oxidative species (ROS), leading to the oxidation of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Extensive lipid changes have been found in post mortem AD brain tissue; these changes include the levels of total phospholipids, sphingomyelin, and ceramide, as well as plasmalogens, which are highly susceptible to oxidation because of their vinyl ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol-backbone. Several lines of evidence indicate that a deficiency in the neurotropic vitamin B12 is linked with AD. In the present study, treatment of the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y with vitamin B12 resulted in elevated levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and plasmalogens. Vitamin B12 also protected plasmalogens from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress due to an elevated expression of the ROS-degrading enzymes superoxide-dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, vitamin B12 elevates plasmalogen synthesis by increasing the expression of alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) and choline phosphotransferase 1 (CHPT1) in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to H2O2-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oliver Walzer
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Portius
- Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Gera, SRH University of Applied Health Science, 07548 Gera, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Hartmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Otto Walter Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
- Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
- Correspondence: or
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31
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Wang R, Wu Z, Liu R, Bai L, Lin Y, Ba Y, Huang H. Age-related miRNAs dysregulation and abnormal BACE1 expression following Pb exposure in adolescent mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1902-1913. [PMID: 35426476 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Numbers of emerging evidence suggest that lead (Pb) exposure contributes to cognitive decline and might also increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia in the elderly by increasing the beta-amyloid burden. Here, we aimed to characterize the effects of Pb on the post-transcriptional regulators, microRNAs (miRNAs), which may participate in AD pathogenesis. At first, early chronic Pb exposure on neuronal miRNAs expression with increasing aging was profiled to elucidate the association of three selected miRNAs with β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1), a rate-limiting enzyme for β-amyloid (Aβ) production. Next, we verified changes in BACE1 were observed by regulating miRNAs expression in vitro. While Pb promoted BACE1 levels, BACE1 levels were reduced in SH-SY5Y cells with miR-124-3p mimic, suggesting for the first time that miR-124-3p/BACE1 pathway modulation is critically involved in Pb-induced AD-like amyloidogenic processing. Findings from this study could provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of Pb-associated neurodegenerative pathogenesis from an epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruike Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zuntao Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rundong Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yue Ba
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Novel Rivastigmine Derivatives as Promising Multi-Target Compounds for Potential Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071510. [PMID: 35884815 PMCID: PMC9313321 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most serious and prevalent neurodegenerative disorder still without cure. Since its aetiology is diverse, recent research on anti-AD drugs has been focused on multi-target compounds. In this work, seven novel hybrids (RIV–BIM) conjugating the active moiety of the drug rivastigmine (RIV) with 2 isomeric hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole (BIM) units were developed and studied. While RIV assures the inhibition of cholinesterases, BIM provides further appropriate properties, such as inhibition of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) aggregation, antioxidation and metal chelation. The evaluated biological properties of these hybrids included antioxidant activity; inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and Aβ42 aggregation; as well as promotion of cell viability and neuroprotection. All the compounds are better inhibitors of AChE than rivastigmine (IC50 = 32.1 µM), but compounds of series 5 are better inhibitors of BChE (IC50 = 0.9−1.7 µM) than those of series 4. Series 5 also showed good capacity to inhibit self- (42.1−58.7%) and Cu(II)-induced (40.3−60.8%) Aβ aggregation and also to narrow (22.4−42.6%) amyloid fibrils, the relevant compounds being 5b and 5d. Some of these compounds can also prevent the toxicity induced in SH-SY5Y cells by Aβ42 and oxidative stress. Therefore, RIV–BIM hybrids seem to be potential drug candidates for AD with multi-target abilities.
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33
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Nadh AG, Revikumar A, Sudhakaran P, Nair AS. Identification of potential lead compounds against BACE1 through in-silico screening of phytochemicals of Medhya rasayana plants for Alzheimer's disease management. Comput Biol Med 2022; 145:105422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Uddin MS, Lim LW. Glial cells in Alzheimer's disease: From neuropathological changes to therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101622. [PMID: 35427810 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that usually develops slowly and progressively worsens over time. Although there has been increasing research interest in AD, its pathogenesis is still not well understood. Although most studies primarily focus on neurons, recent research findings suggest that glial cells (especially microglia and astrocytes) are associated with AD pathogenesis and might provide various possible therapeutic targets. Growing evidence suggests that microglia can provide protection against AD pathogenesis, as microglia with weakened functions and impaired responses to Aβ proteins are linked with elevated AD risk. Interestingly, numerous findings also suggest that microglial activation can be detrimental to neurons. Indeed, microglia can induce synapse loss via the engulfment of synapses, possibly through a complement-dependent process. Furthermore, they can worsen tau pathology and release inflammatory factors that cause neuronal damage directly or through the activation of neurotoxic astrocytes. Astrocytes play a significant role in various cerebral activities. Their impairment can mediate neurodegeneration and ultimately the retraction of synapses, resulting in AD-related cognitive deficits. Deposition of Aβ can result in astrocyte reactivity, which can further lead to neurotoxic effects and elevated secretion of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Moreover, glial-induced inflammation in AD can exert both beneficial and harmful effects. Understanding the activities of astrocytes and microglia in the regulation of AD pathogenesis would facilitate the development of novel therapies. In this article, we address the implications of microglia and astrocytes in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss the mechanisms of therapeutic agents that exhibit anti-inflammatory effects against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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35
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Sharma K. Chromone Scaffolds in the Treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: An Overview. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Sharma
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University Gurugram 122505 Haryana INDIA
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Evaluation of Inhibitory Activities of Sophora flavescens and Angelica gigas Nakai Root Extracts against Monoamine Oxidases, Cholinesterases, and β-Secretase. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Sophora flavescens (SF) from Yeongcheon (YSF) and Mt. Jiri (JiSF), and Angelica gias (AG) from Yeongcheon (YAG), Mt. Jiri (JiAG), and Jecheon (JeAG) were extracted using three concentrations of ethanol, 95% (95Et), 70% (70Et), and 50% (50Et), and hot water (DW) to evaluate the inhibitions of monoamine oxidases (MAOs; MAO-A and B), cholinesterases (ChEs; AChE and BChE) and β-secretase (BACE1) for targeting depression and neurodegenerative diseases. There were no significant differences in constituent compounds depending on herbal origins, except that YSF-95Et and JiSF-95Et showed a distinct non-polar spot upper maackiain position, and JiAG and JeAG showed a higher amount of decursin than YAG. Ethanolic YAG and JeAG extracts showed the highest MAO-A inhibition, and YSF-95Et mostly inhibited MAO-B. JiSF-95Et showed the highest AChE inhibition and YSF-70Et, JiSF-95Et, and -70Et showed the highest BChE inhibition. Interestingly, ethanolic AG extracts showed extremely potent BACE1 inhibition, especially for JiAG-95Et and JeAG-50Et, whereas there have been no reports about BACE1 inhibition of decursin, the major compound, or AG extracts in other studies. All extracts were nontoxic to MDCK and SH-SY5Y with a low toxicity to HL-60. The results showed a different pattern of inhibitory activities of the extracts toward target enzymes depending on the origins, and multi-target abilities, especially for MAO-B and BChE by YSF-95Et, for AChE and BChE by JiSF-95Et, and for MAO-B and BACE1 by JiAG-95Et. It is suggested that those extracts are potential candidates for finding novel compounds with multi-target inhibitory activities, and herbal origin is an important factor to be considered in selection of the plants.
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37
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Golde TE. Alzheimer’s disease – the journey of a healthy brain into organ failure. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:18. [PMID: 35248124 PMCID: PMC8898417 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most common dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exacts an immense personal, societal, and economic toll. AD was first described at the neuropathological level in the early 1900s. Today, we have mechanistic insight into select aspects of AD pathogenesis and have the ability to clinically detect and diagnose AD and underlying AD pathologies in living patients. These insights demonstrate that AD is a complex, insidious, degenerative proteinopathy triggered by Aβ aggregate formation. Over time Aβ pathology drives neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology, dysfunction of virtually all cell types in the brain, and ultimately, overt neurodegeneration. Yet, large gaps in our knowledge of AD pathophysiology and huge unmet medical need remain. Though we largely conceptualize AD as a disease of aging, heritable and non-heritable factors impact brain physiology, either continuously or at specific time points during the lifespan, and thereby alter risk for devolvement of AD. Herein, I describe the lifelong journey of a healthy brain from birth to death with AD, while acknowledging the many knowledge gaps that remain regarding our understanding of AD pathogenesis. To ensure the current lexicon surrounding AD changes from inevitable, incurable, and poorly manageable to a lexicon of preventable, curable, and manageable we must address these knowledge gaps, develop therapies that have a bigger impact on clinical symptoms or progression of disease and use these interventions at the appropriate stage of disease.
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Lipid flippase dysfunction as a therapeutic target for endosomal anomalies in Alzheimer’s disease. iScience 2022; 25:103869. [PMID: 35243232 PMCID: PMC8857600 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal anomalies because of vesicular traffic impairment have been indicated as an early pathology of Alzheimer’| disease (AD). However, the mechanisms and therapeutic targets remain unclear. We previously reported that βCTF, one of the pathogenic metabolites of APP, interacts with TMEM30A. TMEM30A constitutes a lipid flippase with P4-ATPase and regulates vesicular trafficking through the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids. Therefore, the alteration of lipid flippase activity in AD pathology has got attention. Herein, we showed that the interaction between βCTF and TMEM30A suppresses the physiological formation and activity of lipid flippase in AD model cells, A7, and AppNL−G-F/NL−G-F model mice. Furthermore, the T-RAP peptide derived from the βCTF binding site of TMEM30A improved endosomal anomalies, which could be a result of the restored lipid flippase activity. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms of vesicular traffic impairment and suggest a therapeutic target for AD. Interaction between βCTF and TMEM30A mediates endosomal anomalies Accumulated βCTF impairs lipid flippase function, a regulator of vesicle transport Age-dependent lipid flippase disorder can precede Aβ deposition in AD model mice βCTF interacting peptide, 'T-RAP′ can improve βCTF mediated endosomal anomalies
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39
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Yao X, Zhang J, Lu Y, Deng Y, Zhao R, Xiao S. Myricetin Restores Aβ-Induced Mitochondrial Impairments in N2a-SW Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:454-463. [PMID: 35114083 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia that occurs in the elderly. Amyloid hypothesis is one of the most studied pathological mechanisms, and β-amyloid (Aβ) is the drug target for most clinical trials. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by the Aβ-precursor protein (APP)/Aβ has been suggested to play a key role in the development of AD. Here, we explored the effects of myricetin, a polyphenol compound abundant in fruits and vegetables, on mitochondrial damages in N2a-SW cells. After the treatment of myricetin, mitochondrial depolarization was improved by increasing the mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondrial biogenesis as well as mitochondrial genome integrity was enhanced via increased levels of PGC-1α, Nrf1, TFAM, and the copy number of mtDNA. Mitochondrial functions were restored as represented by the increased levels of proteins involved in the electron transport chain and the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) content and the decreased concentration of ROS. Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy were ameliorated through the regulation of proteins involved in fusion (OPA1 and Mfn2), fission (Drp1 and Fis1), and mitophagy (PINK1 and Parkin). Thus, it is summarized that myricetin could recover the mitochondrial impairments in N2a-SW cells, exhibiting the potential to promote neuroprotection for APP/Aβ-related diseases, including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanbao Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yafei Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yunsong Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Ruoxi Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Shifeng Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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40
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Sadleir KR, Popovic J, Khatri A, Vassar R. Oral nimodipine treatment has no effect on amyloid pathology or neuritic dystrophy in the 5XFAD mouse model of amyloidosis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263332. [PMID: 35108319 PMCID: PMC8809624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of calcium homeostasis has been hypothesized to play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Increased calcium levels can impair axonal transport, disrupt synaptic transmission, and ultimately lead to cell death. Given the potential role of calcium dyshomeostasis in AD, there is interest in testing the ability of already approved drugs targeting various calcium channels to affect amyloid pathology and other aspects of disease. The objective of this study was to test the effects of FDA-approved L-type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine on amyloid accumulation and dystrophic neurite formation in 5XFAD mice, a mouse model of amyloid pathology. 5XFAD transgenic mice and non-transgenic littermates were treated with vehicle or nimodipine-containing chow from two to eight months of age, then brains were harvested and amyloid pathology assessed by immunoblot and immunofluorescence microscopy analyses. Nimodipine was well tolerated and crossed the blood brain barrier, as expected, but there was no effect on Aβ accumulation or on the relative amount of neuritic dystrophy, as assessed by either immunoblot, dot blot or immunofluorescence imaging of Aβ42 and dystrophic neurite marker LAMP1. While we conclude that nimodipine treatment is not likely to improve amyloid pathology or decrease neuritic dystrophy in AD, it is worth noting that nimodipine did not worsen the phenotype suggesting its use is safe in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Sadleir
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jelena Popovic
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ammaarah Khatri
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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41
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Sun Q, Liu F, Zhao J, Wang P, Sun X. Cleavage of Kv2.1 by BACE1 decreases potassium current and reduces neuronal apoptosis. Neurochem Int 2022; 155:105310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Fourriere L, Cho EHJ, Gleeson PA. Segregation of the membrane cargoes, BACE1 and amyloid precursor protein (APP) throughout the Golgi apparatus. Traffic 2022; 23:158-173. [PMID: 35076977 PMCID: PMC9303681 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular trafficking of β‐site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme (BACE1) and APP regulates amyloid‐β production. Our previous work demonstrated that newly synthesized BACE1 and APP are segregated into distinct trafficking pathways from the trans‐Golgi network (TGN), and that alterations in their trafficking lead to an increase in Aβ production in non‐neuronal and neuronal cells. However, it is not known whether BACE1 and APP are transported through the Golgi stacks together and sorted at the TGN or segregated prior to arrival at the TGN. To address this question, we have used high‐resolution Airyscan technology followed by Huygens deconvolution to quantify the overlap of BACE1 and APP in Golgi subcompartments in HeLa cells and primary neurons. Here, we show that APP and BACE1 are segregated, on exit from the endoplasmic reticulum and in the cis‐Golgi and throughout the Golgi stack. In contrast, the transferrin receptor, which exits the TGN in AP‐1 mediated transport carriers as for BACE1, colocalizes with BACE1, but not APP, throughout the Golgi stack. The segregation of APP and BACE1 is independent of the Golgi ribbon structure and the cytoplasmic domain of the cargo. Overall, our findings reveal the segregation of different membrane cargoes early in the secretory pathway, a finding relevant to the regulation of APP processing events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Fourriere
- The Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ellie Hyun-Jung Cho
- The Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- The Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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43
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Pelucchi S, Gardoni F, Di Luca M, Marcello E. Synaptic dysfunction in early phases of Alzheimer's Disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:417-438. [PMID: 35034752 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synapse is the locus of plasticity where short-term alterations in synaptic strength are converted to long-lasting memories. In addition to the presynaptic terminal and the postsynaptic compartment, a more holistic view of the synapse includes the astrocytes and the extracellular matrix to form a tetrapartite synapse. All these four elements contribute to synapse health and are crucial for synaptic plasticity events and, thereby, for learning and memory processes. Synaptic dysfunction is a common pathogenic trait of several brain disorders. In Alzheimer's Disease, the degeneration of synapses can be detected at the early stages of pathology progression before neuronal degeneration, supporting the hypothesis that synaptic failure is a major determinant of the disease. The synapse is the place where amyloid-β peptides are generated and is the target of the toxic amyloid-β oligomers. All the elements constituting the tetrapartite synapse are altered in Alzheimer's Disease and can synergistically contribute to synaptic dysfunction. Moreover, the two main hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease, i.e., amyloid-β and tau, act in concert to cause synaptic deficits. Deciphering the mechanisms underlying synaptic dysfunction is relevant for the development of the next-generation therapeutic strategies aimed at modifying the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pelucchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Mechanistic Link between Vitamin B12 and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010129. [PMID: 35053277 PMCID: PMC8774227 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly population, affecting over 55 million people worldwide. Histopathological hallmarks of this multifactorial disease are an increased plaque burden and tangles in the brains of affected individuals. Several lines of evidence indicate that B12 hypovitaminosis is linked to AD. In this review, the biochemical pathways involved in AD that are affected by vitamin B12, focusing on APP processing, Aβ fibrillization, Aβ-induced oxidative damage as well as tau hyperphosphorylation and tau aggregation, are summarized. Besides the mechanistic link, an overview of clinical studies utilizing vitamin B supplementation are given, and a potential link between diseases and medication resulting in a reduced vitamin B12 level and AD are discussed. Besides the disease-mediated B12 hypovitaminosis, the reduction in vitamin B12 levels caused by an increasing change in dietary preferences has been gaining in relevance. In particular, vegetarian and vegan diets are associated with vitamin B12 deficiency, and therefore might have potential implications for AD. In conclusion, our review emphasizes the important role of vitamin B12 in AD, which is particularly important, as even in industrialized countries a large proportion of the population might not be sufficiently supplied with vitamin B12.
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Xue C, Yu W, Song H, Huang X, Ren J. A study of protein–drug interaction based on solvent-induced protein aggregation by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Analyst 2022; 147:1357-1366. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00031h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the inhibition of protein aggregation by drugs in organic solvent systems, we developed an effective method to study protein–drug interaction by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caining Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wenxin Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Haohan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jicun Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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46
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Tzou FY, Wen JK, Yeh JY, Huang SY, Chen GC, Chan CC. Drosophila as a model to study autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases and digestive tract. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:339-360. [PMID: 34874101 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy regulates cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling cytosolic components and damaged organelles. Disruption of autophagic flux has been shown to induce or facilitate neurodegeneration and accumulation of autophagic vesicles is overt in neurodegenerative diseases. The fruit fly Drosophila has been used as a model system to identify new factors that regulate physiology and disease. Here we provide a historical perspective of how the fly models have offered mechanistic evidence to understand the role of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, and polyglutamine disorders. Autophagy also plays a pivotal role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and protecting organism health. The gastrointestinal tract regulates organism health by modulating food intake, energy balance, and immunity. Growing evidence is strengthening the link between autophagy and digestive tract health in recent years. Here, we also discuss how the fly models have advanced the understanding of digestive physiology regulated by autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yang Tzou
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Kun Wen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Chao Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chan
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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47
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Peschiulli A, Oehlrich D, Van Gool M, Austin N, Van Brandt S, Surkyn M, De Cleyn M, Vos A, Tresadern G, Rombouts FJR, Macdonald GJ, Moechars D, Trabanco A, Gijsen HJM. A Brain-Penetrant and Bioavailable Pyrazolopiperazine BACE1 Inhibitor Elicits Sustained Reduction of Amyloid β In Vivo. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 13:76-83. [PMID: 35059126 PMCID: PMC8762732 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently disclosed a set of heteroaryl-fused piperazine inhibitors of BACE1 that combined nanomolar potency with good intrinsic permeability and low Pgp-mediated efflux. Herein we describe further work on two prototypes of this family of inhibitors aimed at modulating their basicity and reducing binding to the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel. This effort has led to the identification of compound 36, a highly potent (hAβ42 cell IC50 = 1.3 nM), cardiovascularly safe, and orally bioavailable compound that elicited sustained Aβ42 reduction in mouse and dog animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Peschiulli
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium,
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium,
| | - Michiel Van Gool
- Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research
& Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Nigel Austin
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sven Van Brandt
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel Surkyn
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel De Cleyn
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ann Vos
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gary Tresadern
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik J. R. Rombouts
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gregor J. Macdonald
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Diederik Moechars
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrés
A. Trabanco
- Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research
& Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Harrie J. M. Gijsen
- †Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, §DMPK, Discovery Sciences, and ∥Neuroscience
Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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48
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The case for low-level BACE1 inhibition for the prevention of Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:703-714. [PMID: 34548654 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in older individuals (>65 years) and has a long presymptomatic phase. Preventive therapies for AD are not yet available, and potential disease-modifying therapies targeting amyloid-β plaques in symptomatic stages of AD have only just been approved in the United States. Small-molecule inhibitors of β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1; also known as β-secretase 1) reduce the production of amyloid-β peptide and are among the most advanced drug candidates for AD. However, to date all phase II and phase III clinical trials of BACE inhibitors were either concluded without benefit or discontinued owing to futility or the occurrence of adverse effects. Adverse effects included early, mild cognitive impairment that was associated with all but one inhibitor; preliminary results suggest that the cognitive effects are non-progressive and reversible. These discontinuations have raised questions regarding the suitability of BACE1 as a drug target for AD. In this Perspective, we discuss the status of BACE inhibitors and suggest ways in which the results of the discontinued trials can inform the development of future clinical trials of BACE inhibitors and related secretase modulators as preventative therapies. We also propose a series of experiments that should be performed to inform 'go-no-go' decisions in future trials with BACE inhibitors and consider the possibility that low levels of BACE1 inhibition could avoid adverse effects while achieving efficacy for AD prevention.
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49
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Das B, Singh N, Yao AY, Zhou J, He W, Hu X, Yan R. BACE1 controls synaptic function through modulating release of synaptic vesicles. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6394-6410. [PMID: 34158621 PMCID: PMC8760050 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 initiates production of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ), which is associated with cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to abnormal oligomerization and aggregation. While BACE1 inhibitors show strong reduction in Aβ deposition, they fail to improve cognitive function in patients, largely due to its role in synaptic function. We show that BACE1 is required for optimal release of synaptic vesicles. BACE1 deficiency or inhibition decreases synaptic vesicle docking in the synaptic active zones. Consistently, BACE1-null mice or mice treated with clinically tested BACE1 inhibitors Verubecestat and Lanabecestat exhibit severe reduction in hippocampal LTP and learning behaviors. To counterbalance this synaptic deficit, we discovered that BACE1-null mice treated with positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1), whose levels were reduced in BACE1-null mice and significantly improved long-term potentiation and cognitive behaviors. Similarly, mice treated with mGluR1 PAM showed significantly mitigated synaptic deficits caused by BACE1 inhibitors. Together, our data suggest that a therapy combining BACE1 inhibitors for reducing amyloid deposition and an mGluR1 PAM for counteracting BACE1-mediated synaptic deficits appears to be an effective approach for treating AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brati Das
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Neeraj Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Annie Y Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - John Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Wanxia He
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Xiangyou Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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50
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Armbrust F, Bickenbach K, Marengo L, Pietrzik C, Becker-Pauly C. The Swedish dilemma - the almost exclusive use of APPswe-based mouse models impedes adequate evaluation of alternative β-secretases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119164. [PMID: 34699873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, however incurable so far. It is widely accepted that aggregated amyloid β (Aβ) peptides play a crucial role for the pathogenesis of AD, as they cause neurotoxicity and deposit as so-called Aβ plaques in AD patient brains. Aβ peptides derive from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) upon consecutive cleavage at the β- and γ-secretase site. Hence, mutations in the APP gene are often associated with autosomal dominant inherited AD. Almost thirty years ago, two mutations at the β-secretase site were observed in two Swedish families (termed Swedish APP (APPswe) mutations), which led to early-onset AD. Consequently, APPswe was established in almost every common AD mouse model, as it contributes to early Aβ plaque formation and cognitive impairments. Analyzing these APPswe-based mouse models, the aspartyl protease BACE1 has been evolving as the prominent β-secretase responsible for Aβ release in AD and as the most important therapeutic target for AD treatment. However, with respect to β-secretase processing, the very rare occurring APPswe variant substantially differs from wild-type APP. BACE1 dominates APPswe processing resulting in the release of Aβ1-x, whereas N-terminally truncated Aβ forms are scarcely generated. However, these N-terminally truncated Aβ species such as Aβ2-x, Aβ3-x and Aβ4-x are elevated in AD patient brains and exhibit an increased potential to aggregate compared to Aβ1-x peptides. Proteases such as meprin β, cathepsin B and ADAMTS4 were identified as alternative β-secretases being capable of generating these N-terminally truncated Aβ species from wild-type APP. However, neither meprin β nor cathepsin B are capable of generating N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides from APPswe. Hence, the role of BACE1 for the Aβ formation during AD might be overrepresented through the excessive use of APPswe mouse models. In this review we critically discuss the consideration of BACE1 as the most promising therapeutic target. Shifting the focus of AD research towards alternative β secretases might unveil promising alternatives to BACE1 inhibitors constantly failing in clinical trials due to ineffectiveness and harmful side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Armbrust
- Biochemical Institute, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kira Bickenbach
- Biochemical Institute, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Liana Marengo
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Biochemical Institute, Unit for Degradomics of the Protease Web, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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