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Meyer-Frießem CH, Hüsken S, Kaisler M, Malewicz NM, Zahn PK, Baumann A. Isoflurane not at the expense of postoperative nausea and vomiting in cardiac anesthesia - an observational study. Curr Med Res Opin 2021; 37:2035-2042. [PMID: 34515599 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2021.1980776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inhalative anesthesia is of common use, but is generally known to potentiate postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). With an internal change of anesthesia regimen from total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) to isoflurane (in terms of myocardial protection) in cardiac anesthesia a higher incidence of PONV was to be expected. Therefore, we evaluated the incidence of PONV after the simultaneous implementation of PONV prophylaxis. METHODS The incidence of PONV, prospectively assessed in 197 cardiac surgery patients (68 y ± 10.4, 66.5% male) having isoflurane plus dual PONV prophylaxis with dexamethasone and droperidol, was compared with previous data of 190 controls (67 y ± 9.6, 71% male) having TIVA without and with single or dual PONV prophylaxis (n = 64 dexamethasone and droperidol, n = 25 dexamethasone, n = 101 only TIVA), and the Apfel-scoring (0-4 depending on PONV-risk). DRKS00014275. Statistics: Chi2-test, p < .05 (Bonferroni). RESULTS The incidence of PONV under isoflurane with antiemetic prophylaxis was 20.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 15.4; 27.4) compared to 30.5% (95%CI 24; 37.6) under TIVA (p = .029; dexamethasone and droperidol 23.4% (95%CI 13.8; 35.7); dexamethasone 32% (95%CI 14.9; 53.5); only TIVA 34.7% (95%CI 25.5; 44.8)), but was not lower in high-risk patients than predicted according to Apfel-scoring 4 (71.4 vs. 78%). CONCLUSION In cardiac anesthesia, the use of isoflurane is not at the expense of PONV when using a risk-independent two-drug-prophylaxis. It is even beneficial resulting surprisingly in a lower incidence of PONV than under TIVA unless with and without prophylaxis. Patients with the highest risk for PONV and receiving isoflurane should receive a third antiemetic prophylactic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Meyer-Frießem
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Medical Faculty of Ruhr, University Bochum, BG-Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil gGmbH Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabeth Hüsken
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Medical Faculty of Ruhr, University Bochum, BG-Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil gGmbH Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Miriam Kaisler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Medical Faculty of Ruhr, University Bochum, BG-Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil gGmbH Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nathalie M Malewicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Medical Faculty of Ruhr, University Bochum, BG-Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil gGmbH Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter K Zahn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Medical Faculty of Ruhr, University Bochum, BG-Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil gGmbH Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Baumann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Medical Faculty of Ruhr, University Bochum, BG-Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil gGmbH Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Watts K, Wills C, Madi A, Palles C, Maughan TS, Kaplan R, Al-Tassan NA, Kerr R, Kerr D, Gray V, West H, Houlston RS, Escott-Price V, Cheadle JP. Genome-wide association studies of toxicity to oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy with or without cetuximab in 1800 patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1713-1722. [PMID: 34270794 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapies administered at normal therapeutic dosages can cause significant side-effects and may result in early treatment discontinuation. Inter-individual variation in toxicity highlights the need for biomarkers to personalise treatment. We sought to identify such biomarkers by conducting 40 genome-wide association studies, together with gene and gene set analyses, for any toxicity and 10 individual toxicities in 1800 patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy ± cetuximab from the MRC COIN and COIN-B trials (385 patients received FOLFOX, 360 FOLFOX + cetuximab, 707 XELOX and 348 XELOX + cetuximab). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genes and gene sets that reached genome-wide or suggestive significance were validated in independent patient groups. We found that MROH5 was significantly associated with neutropenia in MAGMA gene analyses in patients treated with XELOX (P = 6.6 × 10-7 ) and was independently validated in those receiving XELOX + cetuximab; pooled P = 3.7 × 10-7 . rs13260246 at 8q21.13 was significantly associated with vomiting in patients treated with XELOX (odds ratio = 5.0, 95% confidence interval = 3.0-8.3, P = 9.8 × 10-10 ) but was not independently replicated. SNPs at 139 loci had suggestive associations for toxicities and lead SNPs at five of these were independently validated (rs6030266 with diarrhoea, rs1546161 with hand-foot syndrome, rs9601722 with neutropenia, rs13413764 with lethargy and rs4600090 with nausea; all with pooled P's < 5.0 × 10-6 ). In conclusion, the association of MROH5 with neutropenia and five other putative biomarkers warrant further investigation for their potential clinical utility. Despite our comprehensive genome-wide analyses of large, well-characterised, clinical trials, we found a lack of common variants with modest effect sizes associated with toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Watts
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christopher Wills
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ayman Madi
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Bebington, UK
| | - Claire Palles
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Timothy S Maughan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Kaplan
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Nada A Al-Tassan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rachel Kerr
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Kerr
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Victoria Gray
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hannah West
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy P Cheadle
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Moysés AMB, Durant LC, Almeida AMD, Gozzo TDO. Integrative review of factors related to the nursing diagnosis nausea during antineoplastic chemotherapy. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2016; 24:e2812. [PMID: 27737380 PMCID: PMC5068908 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.1176.2812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective to identify factors related to the nursing diagnosis nausea among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Method integrative review conducted in four electronic databases (PUBMED, EMBASE, CINAHL and LILACS) using the key words: neoplasia, antineoplastic agents and nausea. Results only 30 out of 1,258 papers identified met the inclusion criteria. The most frequent related factors were: being younger than 50 years old, motion sickness, being a woman, emetogenic potential of the chemotherapy, anxiety, conditioned stimulus, and expecting nausea after treatment. Conclusion this review's findings, coupled with the incidence of nausea among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, reveal an important difference between evidence found and that used by NANDA International, Inc. Even though it provides an appropriate definition of related factors, it does not mention chemotherapy, despite the various studies addressing the topic using different designs and presenting various objectives and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Maria Bonini Moysés
- MSc, RN, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais Corsino Durant
- Master's student, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria de Almeida
- PHD, Associate Professor, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais de Oliveira Gozzo
- PHD, Professor, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Kenward H, Pelligand L, Savary-Bataille K, Elliott J. Nausea: current knowledge of mechanisms, measurement and clinical impact. Vet J 2014; 203:36-43. [PMID: 25453240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nausea is a subjective sensation, which often acts as a signal that emesis is imminent. It is a widespread problem that occurs as a clinical sign of disease or as an adverse effect of a drug therapy or surgical procedure. The mechanisms of nausea are complex and the neural pathways are currently poorly understood. This review summarises the current knowledge of nausea mechanisms, the available animal models for nausea research and the anti-nausea properties of commercially available anti-emetic drugs. The review also presents subjective assessment and scoring of nausea. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of nausea might reveal potential clinically useful biomarkers for objective measurement of nausea in species of veterinary interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kenward
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Ludovic Pelligand
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK; Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
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Chu CC, Hsing CH, Shieh JP, Chien CC, Ho CM, Wang JJ. The cellular mechanisms of the antiemetic action of dexamethasone and related glucocorticoids against vomiting. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 722:48-54. [PMID: 24184695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, used primarily as anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory drugs, are also effective, alone or combined with other antiemetics, for preventing nausea and vomiting. Dexamethasone, one of the glucocorticoids, has been suggested as a first-line drug for preventing low-level emetogenic chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in patients with only one or two risks for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Dexamethasone combined with 5-HT3 or tachykinin NK1 antagonists is also suggested for higher-level emetogenic chemotherapy and radiotherapy and for patients at high risk for PONV. Glucocorticoids may act via the following mechanisms: (1) anti-inflammatory effect; (2) direct central action at the solitary tract nucleus, (3) interaction with the neurotransmitter serotonin, and receptor proteins tachykinin NK1 and NK2, alpha-adrenaline, etc.; (4) maintaining the normal physiological functions of organs and systems; (5) regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; and (6) reducing pain and the concomitant use of opioids, which in turn reduces opioid-related nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Recreation and Health-Care Management, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsi Hsing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ja-Ping Shieh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chien
- Department of Nephrology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ming Ho
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhi-Joung Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Vagal and non-vagal pathways as well as several brainstem nuclei participate in vomiting in response to different emetic stimuli. Autonomic pathways involved in nausea are less well understood. Numerous gastrointestinal disorders with prominent nausea and vomiting including gastroparesis, cyclic vomiting syndrome, and motion sickness have associated autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Autonomic disturbances are also seen with non-gastrointestinal diseases with gut manifestations such as migraine headaches, orthostatic intolerance, and familial dysautonomia. Stimulation of emetic pathways involves activation of a range of receptor subtypes. Agents acting on these receptors form the basis for antiemetic therapies. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, a prevalent and severe consequence of anticancer treatment, is preventable in many instances by agents acting on the autonomic nervous system. Likewise, non-medication therapies may act in part via modulation of some of these same autonomic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Hasler
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Mairs RJ, Boyd M. Preclinical assessment of strategies for enhancement of metaiodobenzylguanidine therapy of neuroendocrine tumors. Semin Nucl Med 2012; 41:334-44. [PMID: 21803183 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
By virtue of its high affinity for the norepinephrine transporter (NET), [(131)I]metaiodobenzylguanidine ([(131)I]MIBG) has been used for the therapy of tumors of neuroectodermal origin for more than 25 years. Although not yet universally adopted, [(131)I]MIBG targeted radiotherapy remains a highly promising means of management of neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and carcinoids. Appreciation of the mode of conveyance of [(131)I]MIBG into malignant cells and of factors that influence the activity of the uptake mechanism has indicated a variety of means of increasing the effectiveness of this type of treatment. Studies in model systems revealed that radiolabeling of MIBG to high specific activity reduced the amount of cold competitor, thereby increasing tumor dose and minimizing pressor effects. Increased radiotoxicity to targeted tumors might also be achieved by the use of the α-particle emitter [(211)At]astatine rather than (131)I as radiolabel. Recently it has been demonstrated that potent cytotoxic bystander effects were induced by [(131)I]MIBG, [(123)I]MIBG, and [(211)At]meta-astatobenzylguanidine. Discovery of the structure of bystander factors could increase the therapeutic ratio achievable by MIBG targeted radiotherapy. [(131)I]MIBG combined with topotecan produced supra-additive cytotoxicity in vitro and tumor growth delay in vivo. The enhanced antitumor effect was consistent with a failure to repair DNA damage. Initial findings suggest that further enhancement of efficacy might be achieved by triple combination therapy with drugs that disrupt alternative tumor-specific pathways and synergize not only with [(131)I]MIBG abut also with topotecan. With these ploys, it is expected that advances will be made toward the optimization of [(131)I]MIBG therapy of neuroectodermal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J Mairs
- Radiation Oncology, Division of Cancer Science and Molecular Pathology, University of Glasgow, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Laboratories, Glasgow, Scotland.
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8
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Roffman JL, Pirl WF. Use of antipsychotic medication in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Expert Rev Neurother 2010; 3:77-84. [PMID: 19810850 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.3.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting continue to present significant problems for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Initial work suggested an important role for central dopamine transmission in the underlying pathophysiology. However, recent evidence has implicated central and peripheral serotonin release. Although the implementation of 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists has resulted in significant improvement in acute symptoms of nausea and vomiting, they have not demonstrated optimal efficacy in anticipatory and delayed emetic syndromes and are significantly more expensive than other antiemetic therapies. The use of typical antipsychotic medication to reduce nausea and vomiting in cancer patients is discussed, as is the potential efficacy of newer atypical antipsychotics, which have activity at receptors implicated in the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and demonstrate an improved side-effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Roffman
- The Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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9
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Optimizing MIBG therapy of neuroendocrine tumors: preclinical evidence of dose maximization and synergy. Nucl Med Biol 2008; 35 Suppl 1:S9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Burlacu CL, Healy D, Buggy DJ, Twomey C, Veerasingam D, Tierney A, Moriarty DC. Continuous Gastric Decompression for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Coronary Revascularization Surgery. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:321-326. [PMID: 15673850 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000143567.51304.1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative nausea and vomiting is common after cardiac surgery and may contribute to significant morbidity. Gastric decompression during anesthesia has been used for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis in shorter duration noncardiac surgery with conflicting results. We tested the hypothesis that gastric decompression during elective coronary revascularization surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and continued afterwards until tracheal extubation would reduce the incidence of vomiting or retching and nausea. In a prospective, randomized, cohort study, 104 patients with at least 2 Apfel's risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting were allocated to receive a gastric tube on free gravity drainage after induction of anesthesia (n = 52) or to a control group (n = 52). The gastric tube was removed simultaneously with tracheal extubation postoperatively. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of vomiting or retching. Secondary outcomes included the incidence and severity of nausea measured on a visual analog scale. The incidence of vomiting or retching was 13.4% in patients with gastric decompression, compared with 11.5% in the control group (P = 0.7). Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of nausea (32.7% versus 25.0%, P = 0.6), median severity of nausea on a visual analog scale at 12 h (25; range, 0-55 mm versus 30; range, 0-60 mm, P = 0.4), or antiemetics administration (38.5% versus 28.8%, P = 0.3). Continuous gastric decompression during coronary revascularization surgery and afterwards until tracheal extubation did not reduce the incidence of vomiting or retching or the incidence and severity of nausea in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crina L Burlacu
- * Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, and †Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland, and ‡Outcomes Research Institute™, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Boehmer L, Wu MF, John J, Siegel J. Treatment with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents delays onset of canine genetic narcolepsy and reduces symptom severity. Exp Neurol 2004; 188:292-9. [PMID: 15246829 PMCID: PMC8788643 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
All Doberman pinschers and Labrador retrievers homozygous for a mutation of the hypocretin (orexin) receptor-2 (hcrtr2) gene develop narcolepsy under normal conditions. Degenerative changes and increased display of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens have been linked to symptom onset in genetically narcoleptic Doberman pinschers. This suggests that the immune system may contribute to neurodegenerative changes and narcoleptic symptomatology in these dogs. We therefore attempted to alter the course of canine genetic narcolepsy, as an initial test of principle, by administering a combination of three immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs chosen to suppress the immune response globally. Experimental dogs were treated with a combination of methylprednisolone, methotrexate and azathioprine orally starting within 3 weeks after birth, and raised in an environment that minimized pathogen exposure. Symptoms in treated and untreated animals were quantified using the food elicited cataplexy test (FECT), modified FECT and actigraphy. With drug treatment, time to cataplexy onset more than doubled, time spent in cataplexy during tests was reduced by more than 90% and nighttime sleep periods were consolidated. Short-term drug administration to control dogs did not reduce cataplexy symptoms, demonstrating that the drug regimen did not directly affect symptoms. Treatment was stopped at 6 months, after which experimental animals remained less symptomatic than controls until at least 2 years of age. This treatment is the first shown to affect symptom development in animal or human genetic narcolepsy. Our findings show that hcrtr2 mutation is not sufficient for the full symptomatic development of canine genetic narcolepsy and suggest that the immune system may play a role in the development of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.N. Boehmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Neurobiology Research (151A3), Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA 91343, USA
| | - M.-F. Wu
- Neurobiology Research (151A3), Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA 91343, USA
| | - J. John
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Neurobiology Research (151A3), Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA 91343, USA
| | - J.M. Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Neurobiology Research (151A3), Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA 91343, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author. Neurobiology Research (151A3), Sepulveda VAGLAHS, 16111 Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 91343. Fax: +1-818-895-9575. (J.M. Siegel)
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Kogan A, Eidelman LA, Raanani E, Orlov B, Shenkin O, Vidne BA. Nausea and vomiting after fast-track cardiac anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91:214-7. [PMID: 12878620 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeg166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after fast-track cardiac anaesthesia, risk factors for PONV and its influence on the length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS A prospective study was performed in the cardiothoracic ICU (CTICU) of a university hospital; 1221 consecutive patients undergoing fast-track anaesthesia (FTCA) in cardiac surgery were enrolled in the study. Severity of PONV was assessed immediately after extubation and then every hour until discharge from the CTICU. Metoclopramide 10 mg i.v. was used as a first-line rescue medication and ondansetron 4 mg i.v. as second-line rescue medication for PONV. RESULTS Nausea was reported in 240 (19.7%) patients, and vomiting in 53 (4.3%). A total of 269 (22%) patients were treated with metoclopramide and 38 (3.1%) with metoclopramide and ondansetron. The latter was effective in all cases. Risk factors for PONV were age less than 60 yr, female gender and previous history of PONV. Discharge from the CTICU was delayed for a few hours because of PONV in eight patients, all of whom were discharged the same day. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of PONV is relatively low after FTCA and does not prolong ICU stay. Prophylactic administration of anti-emetic drugs before FTCA is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kogan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah-Tiqva 49100, Israel.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Quigley
- Sections of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Klosterhalfen S, Rüttgers A, Krumrey E, Otto B, Stockhorst U, Riepl RL, Probst T, Enck P. Pavlovian conditioning of taste aversion using a motion sickness paradigm. Psychosom Med 2000; 62:671-7. [PMID: 11020097 DOI: 10.1097/00006842-200009000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pavlovian conditioning of taste aversion has rarely been investigated in healthy humans using motion sickness as the unconditioned stimulus (US). METHODS Ninety subjects were pretested for susceptibility to illusory motion (vection) in a rotating drum. Thirty-two subjects susceptible to pseudomotion were assigned randomly to two groups and received either water 1 hour before rotation and a novel taste (elderberry juice, conditioned stimulus, [CS]) immediately before rotation in a rotating chair (conditioning group), or the sequence of water and juice was reversed (control group). During the test session 1 week later, all subjects were exposed to water 1 hour before and juice immediately before rotation. The amount of liquids ingested, nausea ratings, rotation tolerance, and blood levels of hormones (ACTH, ADH, PP) were evaluated. RESULTS Subjects in the conditioning group developed taste aversion toward the novel taste, but not subjects in the control group. Postrotation nausea rating was affected marginally by conditioning, but rotation tolerance was not changed by conditioning. ACTH and ADH but not PP levels increased with rotation, but were unaffected by conditioning. CONCLUSIONS Pavlovian conditioning of behavioral, but not of endocrine, indicators was effective in susceptible subjects using a rotating chair as US and a single CS-US pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klosterhalfen
- Institutes of Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Owens J, Bolster AA, Prosser JE, Cunningham S, Mairs RJ, Neilly JB, Reed NS, Hilditch TE. No-carrier-added 123I-MIBG: an initial clinical study in patients with phaeochromocytoma. Nucl Med Commun 2000; 21:437-40. [PMID: 10874700 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200005000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Radioiodinated meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is used routinely for imaging and targeted radiotherapy of tumours derived from the neural crest. Since active uptake of MIBG by the noradrenaline transporter (NAT) makes a greater contribution to total drug accumulation than passive uptake when MIBG is present at low concentrations, tumour-specific uptake should be enhanced by the administration of lower molar amounts of MIBG. This could be achieved through the use of MIBG with a high specific activity. Commercially available preparations of 123I-MIBG have specific activities of approximately 200 MBq.mg-1. We have synthesized and used no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) 123I-MIBG produced by an iododesilylation reaction (specific activity 0.7 TBq.mg-1). We report here the first clinical studies comparing the commercially available and n.c.a. MIBG diagnostic preparations. Five patients with known phaeochromocytoma were studied. Unlike studies in animal models, no consistent improvement in tumour uptake was observed with the n.c.a. material. A larger patient group is required to determine whether there are significant differences between the two preparations, before proceeding to studies at therapeutic activity levels of n.c.a. 131I-MIBG. Even with no improvement in tumour uptake, n.c.a. MIBG may be the favoured formulation for therapeutic applications to reduce the molar amount of drug injected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Owens
- West of Scotland Radionuclide Dispensary, North Glasgow Hospitals University NHS Trust, Western Infirmary, UK.
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17
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Veyrat-Follet C, Farinotti R, Palmer JL. Physiology of chemotherapy-induced emesis and antiemetic therapy. Predictive models for evaluation of new compounds. Drugs 1997; 53:206-34. [PMID: 9028742 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199753020-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The physiology of emesis has been studied for several hundred years, focusing on the different centres involved and the mechanics of expulsion. The vomiting centre receives inputs from various emetic detectors such as the gut, the vestibular labyrinths and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Emesis is a common disabling effect in motion sickness, postoperative conditions and in radio- and chemotherapy. Our current understanding of the mechanisms has been provided mainly by the recent introduction of serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists into therapeutic use. Nevertheless, despite the considerable advances made in the understanding of the different pathways involved in emesis, there are number of areas that still require experimental investigation. Different animal and human models are available to study the physiology of emesis and to evaluate the antiemetic activity of new compounds, but they need to be predictors of clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Veyrat-Follet
- Laboratoire GlaxoWellcome, Unité de Biocinétique, Evereux, France
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18
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Abstract
Though antiemetic therapy has improved markedly in the past 15 years, patients still regard nausea and vomiting as two of the most distressing adverse events during chemotherapy. A major progress was the development of the serotonin3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists. A possible antiemetic effect, achieved by interference with the "serotonergic system", is not restricted to antagonism at 5-HT3 receptors, however, but also includes agonism at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors, and serotonin synthesis inhibitors. The number of receptors thought to be involved in the emetic reflex has been augmented by neurokinin1 receptors with substance P as the preferred ligand. Animal studies have demonstrated a broad antiemetic profile of substance P antagonists. The somatostatin analogue octreotide has an antiemetic effect in patients with gastrointestinal obstruction, but has not been investigated against chemotherapy-induced emesis. The next few years will disclose, whether the efficacy and safety profiles of one or more of these drugs will make it clinically useful in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herrstedt
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Denmark
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Hursti TJ, Avall-Lundqvist E, Börjeson S, Fredrikson M, Fürst CJ, Steineck G, Peterson C. Impact of tumour burden on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Br J Cancer 1996; 74:1114-9. [PMID: 8855984 PMCID: PMC2077107 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated how residual tumour burden after cytoreductive surgery was related to the occurrence of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting in 101 ovarian cancer patients receiving their first chemotherapy course. The anti-emetic treatment included ondansetron combined with dexamethasone or placebo. After chemotherapy all patients received ondansetron only for 5 days. Two categories of tumour burden (TB) were formed according to the diameter of the greatest residual tumour (< 2 cm = minimal TB and > or = 2 cm = large TB). Self-reports of nausea and vomiting were obtained for 15 days. Other potential predictor variables were assessed and included in multivariate analyses. Patients with large compared with minimal TB had more delayed emesis, especially on days 2-7. They also had more acute nausea. The aggravating effect associated with large residual TB was more evident in patients > or = 55 years. During the second week after the chemotherapy the occurrence of nausea was higher in patients > or = 55 years than in those < 55 years. This was seen primarily in patients with large residual TB. Predictors for no delayed emesis at all were anti-emetic treatment with dexamethasone, minimal tumour burden, low neuroticism and no history of motion sickness. The increased risk of "persistent' delayed nausea and vomiting seen in older patients with large tumour burden may have important clinical implications and warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Hursti
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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du Bois A, Vach W, Wechsel U, Holy R, Schaefer W. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and cortisol excretion as predictors of chemotherapy-induced emesis. Br J Cancer 1996; 74:1137-40. [PMID: 8855988 PMCID: PMC2077123 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the relationship between prechemotherapy cortisol and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) excretion and chemotherapy-induced emesis. The urinary excretion of cortisol and the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in the night before chemotherapy administration were measured in 28 and 49 female patients receiving > 300 mg m-2 carboplatin. Vomiting and nausea were documented over a 3 day observation period. Lower basal cortisol excretion was significantly correlated with vomiting with or without nausea occurring within the observation period. 5-HIAA showed only a weak correlation with emesis on days 1-3, but low 5-HIAA excretion was correlated with a higher proportion of patients vomiting on days 2-3 following chemotherapy. Low basal cortisol excretion might be useful as a predictor for chemotherapy-induced emesis and therefore should be evaluated prospectively in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A du Bois
- Department of Gynaecology, St Vincentius Hospitals, Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Mairs RJ, Zalutsky MR. New MIBG preparation to improve targeted radiotherapy and reduce toxic side-effects in neuroblastoma patients undergoing combination treatment. Br J Cancer 1995; 72:250. [PMID: 7599061 PMCID: PMC2034123 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1995.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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