1
|
Pauleck S, Sinnott JA, Zheng YL, Gadalla SM, Viskochil R, Haaland B, Cawthon RM, Hoffmeister A, Hardikar S. Association of Telomere Length with Colorectal Cancer Risk and Prognosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1159. [PMID: 36831502 PMCID: PMC9954736 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Colorectal cancer risk and survival have previously been associated with telomere length in peripheral blood leukocytes and tumor tissue. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature was conducted. The PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched through March 2022. (2) Methods: Relevant studies were identified through database searching following PRISMA guidelines. Risk estimates were extracted from identified studies; meta-analyses were conducted using random effects models. (3) Results: Fourteen studies were identified (eight on risk; six on survival) through systematic review. While no association was observed between circulating leukocyte telomere length and the risk of colorectal cancer [overall OR (95% CI) = 1.01 (0.82-1.24)], a worse survival for those with shorter telomeres in leukocytes and longer telomeres in tumor tissues was observed [Quartile1/Quartile2-4 overall HR (95% CI) = 1.41 (0.26-7.59) and 0.82 (0.69-0.98), respectively]. (4) Conclusions: Although there was no association with colorectal cancer risk, a poorer survival was observed among those with shorter leukocyte telomere length. Future larger studies evaluating a potentially non-linear relationship between telomeres and colorectal cancer are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Pauleck
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Medical Department II, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer A. Sinnott
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yun-Ling Zheng
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shahinaz M. Gadalla
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard Viskochil
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Benjamin Haaland
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Richard M. Cawthon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Albrecht Hoffmeister
- Medical Department II, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sheetal Hardikar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kibriya MG, Raza M, Kamal M, Haq Z, Paul R, Mareczko A, Pierce BL, Ahsan H, Jasmine F. Relative Telomere Length Change in Colorectal Carcinoma and Its Association with Tumor Characteristics, Gene Expression and Microsatellite Instability. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2250. [PMID: 35565379 PMCID: PMC9105685 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples from 165 colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients to study change in relative telomere length (RTL) and its association with different histological and molecular features. To measure RTL, we used a Luminex-based assay. We observed shorter RTL in the CRC tissue compared to paired normal tissue (RTL 0.722 ± SD 0.277 vs. 0.809 ± SD 0.242, p = 0.00012). This magnitude of RTL shortening (by ~0.08) in tumor tissue is equivalent to RTL shortening seen in human leukocytes over 10 years of aging measured by the same assay. RTL was shorter in cancer tissue, irrespective of age group, gender, tumor pathology, location and microsatellite instability (MSI) status. RTL shortening was more prominent in low-grade CRC and in the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI). In a subset of patients, we also examined differential gene expression of (a) telomere-related genes, (b) genes in selected cancer-related pathways and (c) genes at the genome-wide level in CRC tissues to determine the association between gene expression and RTL changes. RTL shortening in CRC was associated with (a) upregulation of DNA replication genes, cyclin dependent-kinase genes (anti-tumor suppressor) and (b) downregulation of "caspase executor", reducing apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad G. Kibriya
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.M.); (B.L.P.); (H.A.); (F.J.)
| | - Maruf Raza
- Department of Pathology, Jahurul Islam Medical College, Kishoregonj 2336, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammed Kamal
- Department of Pathology, The Laboratory, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh;
| | - Zahidul Haq
- Department of Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Rupash Paul
- Department of Pathology, Cox’s Bazar Medical College, Cox’s Bazar 4700, Bangladesh;
| | - Andrew Mareczko
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.M.); (B.L.P.); (H.A.); (F.J.)
| | - Brandon L. Pierce
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.M.); (B.L.P.); (H.A.); (F.J.)
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.M.); (B.L.P.); (H.A.); (F.J.)
| | - Farzana Jasmine
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.M.); (B.L.P.); (H.A.); (F.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yamada S, Misawa K, Mima M, Imai A, Mochizuki D, Yamada T, Shinmura D, Kita J, Ishikawa R, Yamaguchi Y, Misawa Y, Kawasaki H, Mineta H. Telomere shortening in head and neck cancer: association between DNA demethylation and survival. J Cancer 2021; 12:2165-2172. [PMID: 33758594 PMCID: PMC7974875 DOI: 10.7150/jca.54760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that telomere dysfunction is a biological marker of progression in several types of cancer. However, the association between head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and telomere length (TL) remains unknown. We measured the absolute TL levels in a well-characterised dataset of 211 tumoral vs normal tissues obtained from the same patients by quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Normalised TL levels were significantly lower in tumour samples than in normal tissue (P < 0.001) and there was a positive correlation between tumour tissue and normal mucosal tissue (R2 = 0.176, P < 0.001). We were able to distinguish two classes, one with a tumour/normal TL ratio ≤ 0.3 (38.4%), which showed clear telomere erosion, and the other with a tumour/normal TL ratio > 0.3 (61.6%), in which the TL was slightly shorter or longer than that in normal tissue. Notably, the tumour/normal TL ratio was correlated with the likelihood of disease recurrence (P = 0.002), the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine level (P = 0.043), and expression of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) gene (P = 0.043). Our findings show that TL shortening and subsequent low levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and TET expression may contribute to development of HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamada
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamada
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Daichi Shinmura
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Junya Kita
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ishikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center Institute for NanoSuit Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mineta
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cornish AJ, Tomlinson IPM, Houlston RS. Mendelian randomisation: A powerful and inexpensive method for identifying and excluding non-genetic risk factors for colorectal cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 69:41-47. [PMID: 30710596 PMCID: PMC6856712 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in economically developed countries and a major cause of cancer-related mortality. The importance of lifestyle and diet as major determinants of CRC risk is suggested by differences in CRC incidence between countries and in migration studies. Previous observational epidemiological studies have identified associations between modifiable environmental risk factors and CRC, but these studies can be susceptible to reverse causation and confounding, and their results can therefore conflict. Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis represents an approach complementary to conventional observational studies examining associations between exposures and disease. The MR strategy employs allelic variants as instrumental variables (IVs), which act as proxies for non-genetic exposures. These allelic variants are randomly assigned during meiosis and can therefore inform on life-long exposure, whilst not being subject to reverse causation. In previous studies MR frameworks have associated several modifiable factors with CRC risk, including adiposity, hyperlipidaemia, fatty acid profile and alcohol consumption. In this review we detail the use of MR to investigate and discover CRC risk factors, and its future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Cornish
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Ian P M Tomlinson
- Cancer Genetics and Evolution Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Histopathology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thomas R, Trapani D, Goodyer-Sait L, Tomkova M, Fernandez-Rozadilla C, Sahnane N, Woolley C, Davis H, Chegwidden L, Kriaucionis S, Maughan T, Leedham S, Palles C, Furlan D, Tomlinson I, Lewis A. The polymorphic variant rs1800734 influences methylation acquisition and allele-specific TFAP4 binding in the MLH1 promoter leading to differential mRNA expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13463. [PMID: 31530880 PMCID: PMC6748923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the mismatch repair gene MutL homolog 1 (MLH1) is silenced in a clinically important subgroup of sporadic colorectal cancers. These cancers exhibit hypermutability with microsatellite instability (MSI) and differ from microsatellite-stable (MSS) colorectal cancers in both prognosis and response to therapies. Loss of MLH1 is usually due to epigenetic silencing with associated promoter methylation; coding somatic mutations rarely occur. Here we use the presence of a colorectal cancer (CRC) risk variant (rs1800734) within the MLH1 promoter to investigate the poorly understood mechanisms of MLH1 promoter methylation and loss of expression. We confirm the association of rs1800734 with MSI+ but not MSS cancer risk in our own data and by meta-analysis. Using sensitive allele-specific detection methods, we demonstrate that MLH1 is the target gene for rs1800734 mediated cancer risk. In normal colon tissue, small allele-specific differences exist only in MLH1 promoter methylation, but not gene expression. In contrast, allele-specific differences in both MLH1 methylation and expression are present in MSI+ cancers. We show that MLH1 transcriptional repression is dependent on DNA methylation and can be reversed by a methylation inhibitor. The rs1800734 allele influences the rate of methylation loss and amount of re-expression. The transcription factor TFAP4 binds to the rs1800734 region but with much weaker binding to the risk than the protective allele. TFAP4 binding is absent on both alleles when promoter methylation is present. Thus we propose that TFAP4 binding shields the protective rs1800734 allele of the MLH1 promoter from BRAF induced DNA methylation more effectively than the risk allele.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Thomas
- Cancer Gene Regulation Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Davide Trapani
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery and Research Center of Hereditary and Familial Tumors, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Lily Goodyer-Sait
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of, Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, London, UK
| | - Marketa Tomkova
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ceres Fernandez-Rozadilla
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nora Sahnane
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery and Research Center of Hereditary and Familial Tumors, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Connor Woolley
- Cancer Genetics and Evolution Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hayley Davis
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Laura Chegwidden
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Skirmantas Kriaucionis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Timothy Maughan
- Oxford Institute of Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon Leedham
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Claire Palles
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniela Furlan
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery and Research Center of Hereditary and Familial Tumors, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Cancer Genetics and Evolution Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Annabelle Lewis
- Cancer Gene Regulation Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Uxbridge, UB8 3PN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shi Z, Yu H, Wu Y, Lin X, Bao Q, Jia H, Perschon C, Duggan D, Helfand BT, Zheng SL, Xu J. Systematic evaluation of cancer-specific genetic risk score for 11 types of cancer in The Cancer Genome Atlas and Electronic Medical Records and Genomics cohorts. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3196-3205. [PMID: 30968590 PMCID: PMC6558466 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic risk score (GRS) is an odds ratio (OR)-weighted and population-standardized method for measuring cumulative effect of multiple risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We hypothesize that GRS is a valid tool for risk assessment of most common cancers. METHODS Utilizing genotype and phenotype data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE), we tested 11 cancer-specific GRSs (bladder, breast, colorectal, glioma, lung, melanoma, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, renal, and thyroid cancer) for association with the respective cancer type. Cancer-specific GRSs were calculated, for the first time in these cohorts, based on previously published risk-associated SNPs using the Caucasian subjects in these two cohorts. RESULTS Mean cancer-specific GRS in the population controls of eMERGE approximated the expected value of 1.00 (between 0.98 and 1.02) for all 11 types of cancer. Mean cancer-specific GRS was consistently higher in respective cancer patients than controls for all 11 types of cancer (P < 0.05). When subjects were categorized into low-, average-, and high-risk groups based on cancer-specific GRS (<0.5, 0.5-1.5, and >1.5, respectively), significant dose-response associations of higher cancer-specific GRS with higher OR of respective type of cancer were found for nine types of cancer (P-trend < 0.05). More than 64% subjects in the population controls of eMERGE can be classified as high risk for at least one type of these cancers. CONCLUSION Validity of GRS for predicting cancer risk is demonstrated for most types of cancer. If confirmed in larger studies, cancer-specific GRS may have the potential for developing personalized cancer screening strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Shi
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Yishuo Wu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanwa Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifei Jia
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chelsea Perschon
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - David Duggan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Brian T Helfand
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Siqun L Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peacock SD, Massey TE, Vanner SJ, King WD. Telomere length in the colon is related to colorectal adenoma prevalence. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205697. [PMID: 30332457 PMCID: PMC6192597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere length has been associated with risk of several cancers. However, studies of the relationship between telomere length and colorectal cancer risk have been inconsistent. This study examined the relationship between telomere length in normal colon tissue and the prevalence of colorectal adenoma, a precursor to colorectal cancer. This nested case-control study consisted of 85 patients aged 40 to 65 undergoing a screening colonoscopy: 40 cases with adenoma(s) detected at colonoscopy and 45 controls with normal colonoscopy. During the colonoscopy, two pinch biopsies of healthy, normal appearing mucosa were obtained from the descending colon. Relative telomere length (rTL) was quantified in DNA extracted from colon mucosa using quantitative real-time PCR. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between telomere length and adenoma prevalence and estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. rTL was significantly longer in colon tissue of individuals with adenomas compared to healthy individuals (p = 0.008). When rTL was categorized into quartiles according to the distribution of rTL among controls, individuals with the longest telomeres had increased odds of adenoma when compared to individuals with shortest telomeres (OR = 4.58, 95% CI: 1.19, 17.7). This study suggests that long telomeres in normal colon tissue are associated with increased colorectal cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Peacock
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas E. Massey
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Will D. King
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gaspar TB, Sá A, Lopes JM, Sobrinho-Simões M, Soares P, Vinagre J. Telomere Maintenance Mechanisms in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E241. [PMID: 29751586 PMCID: PMC5977181 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells can adopt telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) to avoid telomere shortening, an inevitable process due to successive cell divisions. In most tumour cells, telomere length (TL) is maintained by reactivation of telomerase, while a small part acquires immortality through the telomerase-independent alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. In the last years, a great amount of data was generated, and different TMMs were reported and explained in detail, benefiting from genome-scale studies of major importance. In this review, we address seven different TMMs in tumour cells: mutations of the TERT promoter (TERTp), amplification of the genes TERT and TERC, polymorphic variants of the TERT gene and of its promoter, rearrangements of the TERT gene, epigenetic changes, ALT, and non-defined TMM (NDTMM). We gathered information from over fifty thousand patients reported in 288 papers in the last years. This wide data collection enabled us to portray, by organ/system and histotypes, the prevalence of TERTp mutations, TERT and TERC amplifications, and ALT in human tumours. Based on this information, we discuss the putative future clinical impact of the aforementioned mechanisms on the malignant transformation process in different setups, and provide insights for screening, prognosis, and patient management stratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bordeira Gaspar
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Sá
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Centro Hospitalar São João, 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Centro Hospitalar São João, 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Soares
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Vinagre
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|