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Bendary MM, Abd El-Hamid MI, Abousaty AI, Elmanakhly AR, Alshareef WA, Mosbah RA, Alhomrani M, Ghoneim MM, Elkelish A, Hashim N, Alamri AS, Al-Harthi HF, Safwat NA. Therapeutic Switching of Rafoxanide: a New Approach To Fighting Drug-Resistant Bacteria and Fungi. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0267922. [PMID: 37458598 PMCID: PMC10433953 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02679-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Control and management of life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections are a global health challenge. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapies, treatment failures for resistant bacterial and fungal infections continue to increase. We aimed to repurpose the anthelmintic drug rafoxanide for use with existing therapeutic drugs to increase the possibility of better managing infection and decrease treatment failures. For this purpose, we evaluated the antibacterial and antifungal potential of rafoxanide. Notably, 70% (70/100) of bacterial isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns, with higher prevalence among human isolates (73.5% [50/68]) than animal ones (62.5% [20/32]). Moreover, 22 fungal isolates (88%) were MDR and were more prevalent among animal (88.9%) than human (87.5%) sources. We observed alarming MDR patterns among bacterial isolates, i.e., Klebsiella pneumoniae (75% [30/40; 8 animal and 22 human]) and Escherichia coli (66% [40/60; 12 animal and 28 human]), and fungal isolates, i.e., Candida albicans (86.7% [13/15; 4 animal and 9 human]) and Aspergillus fumigatus (90% [9/10; 4 animal and 5 human]), that were resistant to at least one agent in three or more different antimicrobial classes. Rafoxanide had antibacterial and antifungal activities, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) ranging from 2 to 128 μg/mL. Rafoxanide at sub-MICs downregulated the mRNA expression of resistance genes, including E. coli and K. pneumoniae blaCTX-M-1, blaTEM-1, blaSHV, MOX, and DHA, C. albicans ERG11, and A. fumigatus cyp51A. We noted the improvement in the activity of β-lactam and antifungal drugs upon combination with rafoxanide. This was apparent in the reduction in the MICs of cefotaxime and fluconazole when these drugs were combined with sub-MIC levels of rafoxanide. There was obvious synergism between rafoxanide and cefotaxime against all E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates (fractional inhibitory concentration index [FICI] values ≤ 0.5). Accordingly, there was a shift in the patterns of resistance of 16.7% of E. coli and 22.5% of K. pneumoniae isolates to cefotaxime and those of 63.2% of C. albicans and A. fumigatus isolates to fluconazole when the isolates were treated with sub-MICs of rafoxanide. These results were confirmed by in silico and mouse protection assays. Based on the in silico study, one possible explanation for how rafoxanide reduced bacterial resistance is through its inhibitory effects on bacterial and fungal histidine kinase enzymes. In short, rafoxanide exhibited promising results in overcoming bacterial and fungal drug resistance. IMPORTANCE The drug repurposing strategy is an alternative approach to reducing drug development timelines with low cost, especially during outbreaks of disease caused by drug-resistant pathogens. Rafoxanide can disrupt the abilities of bacterial and fungal cells to adapt to stress conditions. The coadministration of antibiotics with rafoxanide can prevent the failure of treatment of both resistant bacteria and fungi, as the resistant pathogens could be made sensitive upon treatment with rafoxanide. From our findings, we anticipate that pharmaceutical companies will be able to utilize new combinations against resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira I. Abousaty
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Arwa R. Elmanakhly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa A. Alshareef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6th of October, Egypt
| | - Rasha A. Mosbah
- Infection Control Unit, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Science Research, Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Al Maarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Nada Hashim
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Abdulhakeem S. Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Science Research, Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helal F. Al-Harthi
- Biology Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nesreen A. Safwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
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Souza LAL, Dias LP, Araújo NMS, Carneiro RF, Nagano CS, Teixeira CS, Silva RGG, Oliveira JTA, Sousa DOB. JcTI-PepI, a synthetic peptide bioinspired in the trypsin inhibitor from Jatropha curcas, presents potent inhibitory activity against C. krusei, a neglected pathogen. Biochimie 2022; 200:107-118. [PMID: 35623496 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has been increasing globally, posing a global public health risk. It has prompted the scientific community to look for alternatives to traditional drugs. Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) have stood out in this context because they have the potential to control infectious diseases while causing no or little harm to mammalian cells. In the present study, three peptides, JcTI-PepI, JcTI-PepII, and JcTI-PepIII, were designed and tested for antimicrobial activity based on the primary sequence of JcTI-I, a 2S albumin with trypsin inhibitory activity from Jatropha curcas. JcTI-PepI strongly inhibited C. krusei growth, and it caused severe disruptions in cellular processes and cell morphology. C. krusei cells treated with JcTI-PepI showed indicative of membrane permeabilization and overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species. Moreover, the yeast's ability to acidify the medium was severely compromised. JcTI-PepI was also effective against pre-formed biofilm and did not harm human erythrocytes and Vero cells. Overall, these characteristics indicate that JcTI-PepI is both safe and effective against C. krusei, an intrinsically resistant strain that causes serious health problems and is frequently overlooked. It implies that this peptide has a high potential for use as a new antimicrobial agent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa A L Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Dias
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nadine M S Araújo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rômulo F Carneiro
- Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Celso S Nagano
- Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Claudener S Teixeira
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Rafael G G Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José T A Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Daniele O B Sousa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Riaz S, Hussain I, Ibrahim M, Ishtiaq M, Ali Q, Muazzam Ali M, Sajid Hamid Akash M. Extraction and Optimization of Active Metabolites From Cluster Bean: An In Vitro Biological and Phytochemical Investigation. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221098992. [PMID: 35558873 PMCID: PMC9087274 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221098992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore active metabolites of locally recognized and
high yielding cultivar cluster bean (BR-99) with a wide range of adaptability
having antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic potential. Six
solvents were used (crude methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate,
butanol, and aqueous) with escalating polarity for colorimetric determination of
antioxidants such as total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents
(TFC), and free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) by DPPH (2,
2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Moreover, an antidiabetic and anticancer
study was conducted by α-amylase inhibition and MTT (3-(4,
5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay. Biological
investigations were carried out against the most commonly found infectious
microbial strains. The significant results (P ≤ .001) of each activity were seen
among six tested solvent extracts. The ethyl acetate and methanol extract have
more antioxidant potential with the highest TPC (16.38 ± .13 mg GAE/g) and TFC
(8.15 ± .24 mg CE/g), respectively. Similarly, methanol extract presented the
highest free radical scavenging activity (46.31 ± .91%), followed by ethyl
acetate, butanol, chloroform, aqueous, and n-hexane extract. However, the
maximum α-amylase inhibition (62.54 ± 1.47%) and anticancer activity against
human lung cancer cells were congregated (78.31 ± 1.46%) in butanol and
chloroform, respectively. A positive correlation was seen between TPC with TFC
(R2= .8356), FRSA
(R2= .8381), and anti-diabetic activity
(R2= .8082), which highlights the phenolic
contents as strong anti-oxidant agents especially flavonoids. Each extract of
cluster bean (BR-99) showed significant antimicrobial activities for all tested
bacterial strains except B. cereus and E.
coli. The profound results of maximum antibacterial activity were
witnessed by chloroform extract while ethyl acetate extracts showed great
antifungal potential against all tested fungal strains. The HPLC quantitative
analysis results of cluster bean (BR-99) revealed the presence of active
phytochemicals such as gallic acid, HB acid, vanillic acid, kaempferol, sinapic
acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, coumarins, quercetin, rutin, p-coumaric
acid, and catechin, and the variation in both phytochemical and biological
spectrums envisioned the cluster bean (BR-99) used in future as a cheap, safer,
and potent source of bioactive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Riaz
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Pakistan
| | - Muhmmad Ishtiaq
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Pakistan
| | - Qasim Ali
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Muazzam Ali
- International School of Medicine Eastern Medical Campus, International University of Kyrgyzstan, Kyrgyzstan
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Echinocandins Susceptibility Patterns of 2,787 Yeast Isolates: Importance of the Thresholds for the Detection of FKS Mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0172521. [PMID: 35412354 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01725-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since echinocandins are recommended as first line therapy for invasive candidiasis, detection of resistance, mainly due to alteration in FKS protein, is of main interest. EUCAST AFST recommends testing both MIC of anidulafungin and micafungin, and breakpoints (BPs) have been proposed to detect echinocandin-resistant isolates. We analyzed MIC distribution for all three available echinocandins of 2,787 clinical yeast isolates corresponding to 5 common and 16 rare yeast species, using the standardized EUCAST method for anidulafungin and modified for caspofungin and micafungin (AM3-MIC). In our database, 64 isolates of common pathogenic species were resistant to anidulafungin, according to the EUCAST BP, and/or to caspofungin, using our previously published threshold (AM3-MIC ≥ 0.5 mg/L). Among these 64 isolates, 50 exhibited 21 different FKS mutations. We analyzed the capacity of caspofungin AM3-MIC and anidulafungin MIC determination in detecting isolates with FKS mutation. They were always identified using caspofungin AM3-MIC and the local threshold while some isolates were misclassified using anidulafungin MIC and EUCAST threshold. However, both methods misclassified four wild-type C. glabrata as resistant. Based on a large data set from a single center, the use of AM3-MIC testing for caspofungin looks promising in identifying non-wild-type C. albicans, C. tropicalis and P. kudiravzevii isolates, but additional multicenter comparison is mandatory to conclude on the possible superiority of AM3-MIC testing compared to the EUCAST method.
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Prevalence of Antifungal Resistance, Genetic Basis of Acquired Azole and Echinocandin Resistance, and Genotyping of Candida krusei recovered from an International Collection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 66:e0185621. [PMID: 34871096 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01856-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of antifungal resistance, genetic mechanisms associated with in vitro induction of azole and echinocandin resistance and genotyping of Candida krusei, which is intrinsically resistant to fluconazole and is recovered from clinical and non-clinical sources from different countries. Our results indicated that all the isolates were susceptible or had the wild phenotype (WT) to azoles, amphotericin B, and only 1.27% showed non-WT for flucytosine. Although 70.88% of the isolates were resistant to caspofungin, none of them were categorized as echinocandin-resistant as all were susceptible to micafungin and no FKS1 hotspot 1 (HS1) or HS2 mutations were detected. In vitro induction of azole and echinocandin resistance confirmed the rapid development of resistance at low concentrations of fluconazole (4 μg/ml), voriconazole (0.06 μg/ml) and micafungin (0.03 μg/ml), with no difference between clinical and non-clinical isolates in the resistance development. Overexpression of ABC1 gene and FKS1 HS1 mutations were the major mechanisms responsible for azole and echinocandin resistance, respectively. Genotyping of our 79 isolates coupled with 217 other isolates from different sources and geography confirmed that the isolates belong to two main subpopulations, with isolates from human clinical material and Asia being more predominant in cluster 1, and environmental and animals isolates and those from Europe in cluster 2. Our results are of critical concern, since realizing that the C. krusei resistance mechanisms and their genotyping are crucial for guiding specific therapy and for exploring the potential infection source.
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Molecular Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Patterns of Candida Species Isolated from Candidemia Patients in Yasuj, Southwestern Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.117643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Candidemia is the most common systemic infection in hospitalized patients causing high mortality. Hence, the diagnosis of this infection in the early stage with appropriate antifungal therapy is paramount. Objectives: The study aimed at molecular identification of Candida species isolated from candidemia patients and evaluation of the in vitro antifungal susceptibility patterns of these strains to fluconazole, amphotericin B, and caspofungin. Methods: In the present study, 800 hospitalized patients who were suspected to have candidemia were sampled. Candida species were isolated and identified based on morphological characteristics and PCR-sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. Antifungal susceptibility tests for fluconazole, amphotericin B, and caspofungin were performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocol M27-A3. Also, clinical data were recorded from the patients' records. Results: Twenty-seven patients among the sample of hospitalized patients were found to have candidemia. A total of 33.3% of candidemia patients were treated with amphotericin B, in which case the mortality rate was 14.8%. The majority of patients (59%) were from the neonatal intensive care unit, and premature birth was the most common underlying condition. Candida albicans (n = 18; 66.6%) was the most common species isolated from blood cultures, followed by C. parapsilosis (n = 7; 25.9%), C. pelliculosa (n = 1; 3.7%), and C. tropicalis (n = 1; 3.7%). Only one C. albicans isolate resistant to fluconazole (minimum inhibitory concentration = 32 µg/mL). Conclusions: Generally, C. albicans has been the most frequent causative agent of candidemia. Resistance to antifungal drugs among candidemia agents was rare. Also, the identification of Candida isolates at the species level with in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests helps manage candidemia patients better and decrease the mortality rate among them.
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Alternative therapy to manage otitis media caused by multidrug-resistant fungi. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1231-1240. [PMID: 32108246 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During the last few decades, the increase in the incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungal infections has become an emerging threat to public health. Therefore, it is important to illuminate the usage of alternative therapy to treat MDR fungal infection. This study was carried out to elucidate the usage of plant extract and essential oil, either alone or with other antifungal drugs to treat otitis media caused by MDR fungi. Medicinal plant is a safe and cheap source when compared with chemical antifungal drugs. Twenty-one fungal isolates out of 104 ear swabs from patients suffering from otitis media were characterized using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. The antibiogram typing was used to determine the MDR isolates. The sensitivity of MDR fungal isolates was tested against several plant extracts and essential oils, either alone or with other antifungal drugs. Thyme oil and clove extracts proved to have synergistic effects suggesting their use in the treatment of fungal infections, especially otitis media caused by MDR fungi. The ultrastructure of MDR fungal isolates exhibited a complete destruction post exposure to the used materials when observed under the transmission microscope (TEM). Thyme oil and clove extract were found to be the most effective agents against MDR fungal isolates and they constitute a promising tool for the management of fungal infection causing the otitis media.
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Faria DR, Sakita KM, Capoci IRG, Arita GS, Rodrigues-Vendramini FAV, de Oliveira Junior AG, Soares Felipe MS, Bonfim de Mendonça PDS, Svidzinski TIE, Kioshima ES. Promising antifungal activity of new oxadiazole against Candida krusei. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227876. [PMID: 31935275 PMCID: PMC6959663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida krusei is one of the most common agents of invasive candidiasis and candidemia worldwide, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. This species has become a problem due to its intrinsic resistance and reduced susceptibility to azoles and polyenes. Moreover, the number of antifungal drugs available for candidiasis treatment is limited, demonstrating the urgent need for the discovery of novel alternative therapies. In this work, the in vivo and in vitro activities of a new oxadiazole (LMM11) were evaluated against C. krusei. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 32 to 64 μg/mL with a significant reduction in the colony forming unit (CFU) count (~3 log10). LMM11 showed fungicidal effect, similar to amphotericin, reducing the viable cell number (>99.9%) in the time-kill curve. Yeast cells presented morphological alterations and inactive metabolism when treated with LMM11. This compound was also effective in decreasing C. krusei replication inside and outside macrophages. A synergistic effect between fluconazole and LMM11 was observed. In vivo treatment with the new oxadiazole led to a significant reduction in CFU (0.85 log10). Furthermore, histopathological analysis of the treated group exhibited a reduction in the inflammatory area. Taken together, these results indicate that LMM11 is a promising candidate for the development of a new antifungal agent for the treatment of infections caused by resistant Candida species such as C. krusei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Renata Faria
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karina Mayumi Sakita
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Isis Regina Grenier Capoci
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Sayuri Arita
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Sueli Soares Felipe
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Erika Seki Kioshima
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Nguyen TNY, Padungros P, Wongsrisupphakul P, Sa-Ard-Iam N, Mahanonda R, Matangkasombut O, Choo MK, Ritprajak P. Cell wall mannan of Candida krusei mediates dendritic cell apoptosis and orchestrates Th17 polarization via TLR-2/MyD88-dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17123. [PMID: 30459422 PMCID: PMC6244250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) abundantly express diverse receptors to recognize mannans in the outer surface of Candida cell wall, and these interactions dictate the host immune responses that determine disease outcomes. C. krusei prevalence in candidiasis worldwide has increased since this pathogen has developed multidrug resistance. However, little is known how the immune system responds to C. krusei. Particularly, the molecular mechanisms of the interplay between C. krusei mannan and DCs remain to be elucidated. We investigated how C. krusei mannan affected DC responses in comparison to C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata mannan. Our results showed that only C. krusei mannan induced massive cytokine responses in DCs, and led to apoptosis. Although C. krusei mannan-activated DCs underwent apoptosis, they were still capable of initiating Th17 response. C. krusei mannan-mediated DC apoptosis was obligated to the TLR2 and MyD88 pathway. These pathways also controlled Th1/Th17 switching possibly by virtue of the production of the polarizing cytokines IL-12 and IL-6 by the C. krusei mannan activated-DCs. Our study suggests that TLR2 and MyD88 pathway in DCs are dominant for C. krusei mannan recognition, which differs from the previous reports showing a crucial role of C-type lectin receptors in Candida mannan sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Ngoc Yen Nguyen
- Graduate program in Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panachai Wongsrisupphakul
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Noppadol Sa-Ard-Iam
- Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rangsini Mahanonda
- Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Min-Kyung Choo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Oral Biology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Douglass AP, Offei B, Braun-Galleani S, Coughlan AY, Martos AAR, Ortiz-Merino RA, Byrne KP, Wolfe KH. Population genomics shows no distinction between pathogenic Candida krusei and environmental Pichia kudriavzevii: One species, four names. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007138. [PMID: 30024981 PMCID: PMC6053246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated genomic diversity of a yeast species that is both an opportunistic pathogen and an important industrial yeast. Under the name Candida krusei, it is responsible for about 2% of yeast infections caused by Candida species in humans. Bloodstream infections with C. krusei are problematic because most isolates are fluconazole-resistant. Under the names Pichia kudriavzevii, Issatchenkia orientalis and Candida glycerinogenes, the same yeast, including genetically modified strains, is used for industrial-scale production of glycerol and succinate. It is also used to make some fermented foods. Here, we sequenced the type strains of C. krusei (CBS573T) and P. kudriavzevii (CBS5147T), as well as 30 other clinical and environmental isolates. Our results show conclusively that they are the same species, with collinear genomes 99.6% identical in DNA sequence. Phylogenetic analysis of SNPs does not segregate clinical and environmental isolates into separate clades, suggesting that C. krusei infections are frequently acquired from the environment. Reduced resistance of strains to fluconazole correlates with the presence of one gene instead of two at the ABC11-ABC1 tandem locus. Most isolates are diploid, but one-quarter are triploid. Loss of heterozygosity is common, including at the mating-type locus. Our PacBio/Illumina assembly of the 10.8 Mb CBS573T genome is resolved into 5 complete chromosomes, and was annotated using RNAseq support. Each of the 5 centromeres is a 35 kb gene desert containing a large inverted repeat. This species is a member of the genus Pichia and family Pichiaceae (the methylotrophic yeasts clade), and so is only distantly related to other pathogenic Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Douglass
- UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Benjamin Offei
- UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Aisling Y. Coughlan
- UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Raúl A. Ortiz-Merino
- UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin P. Byrne
- UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kenneth H. Wolfe
- UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Kooshki P, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Mahmoudabadi AZ. The patterns of colonization and antifungal susceptibility of Candida, isolated from preterm neonates in Khorramabad, South West of Iran. J Mycol Med 2018. [PMID: 29530715 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Usually, 7-20% of preterm neonates colonized by Candida species present invasive candidiasis. Candida albicans, and several non-albicans species cause invasive infection with C. albicans being the most dominant agent. In the last two decades, infection due to non-albicans have been increased dramatically due to their low sensitivity to antifungal drugs such as fluconazole. The aim of present study was to evaluate Candida colonization pattern and antifungal susceptibility among preterm neonates from Khorramabad, South west of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were collected from 80 preterm neonates, cultured on CHROMagar Candida and incubated at 37°C. All recovered isolates were primarily screened based on classical methods and identified by PCR-RFLP targeting the ITS-rDNA regions. Antifungal susceptibility testing of all isolates was performed according to the CLSI method against amphotericin B, caspofungin, itraconazole, fluconazole and voriconazole. RESULTS Totally 23 isolates of Candida species were recovered from 20 patients (female: male, 50:50) including, C. albicans (18), C. parapsilosis (2) and C. glabrata (1). Furthermore, the blood cultures from two patients were yielded C. albicans and C. parapsilosis so that patient with C. albicans died after five days. Generally, in this study, 9 (39.1%) isolates were resistant to amphotericin B including; 7 (30.4%) C. albicans and 2 (8.7%) C. parapsilosis. In addition, 2 (8.7%) and 4 (17.4%) isolates were also resistant to itraconazole and caspofungin, respectively. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Candida colonization among preterm neonates is still an important issue in hospitals. In addition, in spite of a significant amphotericin B resistant Candida, voriconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole are valuable antifungals, due to fully sensitivity to Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kooshki
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - A Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - A Z Mahmoudabadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Katiraee F, Ahmadi Afshar S, Rahimi Pirmahalleh SF, Shokri H. In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from plants against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida albicans. Curr Med Mycol 2018; 3:1-6. [PMID: 29354774 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.3.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Candidaalbicans is the most common cause of candidal infections. Various studies have shown drug resistance among C. albicans isolates; thus, it is necessary to discover replacement treatments for Candida infections. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of different essential oils against azoles-resistant and azoles-susceptible isolates. Materials and Methods Twenty fluconazole-resistant and 20 susceptible C. albicans isolates obtained from oral, vaginal, and cutaneous tissues of patients with candidiasis were evaluated. The efficacy and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Zataria multiflora, Geranium herbarum,Lavendula officinalis,Cuminum, cyminum,Allium heamanthoides, and Artemisia sieberi essential oils against C. albicans were determined on the basis of a reference method for broth microdilution susceptibility testing of yeasts as suggested by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, M27-S4). After inoculation, incubation, and subculturation, the MICs were determined through comparison with the control. Results The obtained MICs for Zataria multiflora, Geranium herbarum, Artemisia sieberi, Allium heamanthoides, Cumminum cyminum, and Lavendula officinalis were 0.1-0.25 µl/ml (mean: 0.155 µl/ml), 0.625-1.66 µl/ml (mean: 0.93 µl/ml) 0.833-2.0 µl/ml (mean: 1.21 µl/ml), 0.1-0.25 µl/ml (mean: 0.155 µl/ml), 2-4 µl/ml (mean: 3.1 µl/ml), and 1.5-3.0 µl/ml (mean: 2.4 µl/ml), respectively. The results showed that Zataria multiflora and Allium heamanthoides essential oils were more efficient than other essential oils against Candida species. There were no significant differences between various Candida strains in terms of susceptibility to the essential oils. In addition, there were no significant differences in the MICs of these essential oils against the azoles-resistant and azoles-susceptible isolates. Conclusion In this study, the anti-Candida effects of six essential oils against both azoles-resistant and azoles-susceptible isolates were similar. Given the documented resistance of different Candida species to synthetic and chemical antifungals, these essential oils are effective replacement treatments for cutaneous and mucosal Candida infections, especially in resistant or recurrent cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Katiraee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - S Ahmadi Afshar
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - S F Rahimi Pirmahalleh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
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Investigating Clinical Issues by Genotyping of Medically Important Fungi: Why and How? Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:671-707. [PMID: 28490578 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00043-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping studies of medically important fungi have addressed elucidation of outbreaks, nosocomial transmissions, infection routes, and genotype-phenotype correlations, of which secondary resistance has been most intensively investigated. Two methods have emerged because of their high discriminatory power and reproducibility: multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and microsatellite length polymorphism (MLP) using short tandem repeat (STR) markers. MLST relies on single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the coding regions of housekeeping genes. STR polymorphisms are based on the number of repeats of short DNA fragments, mostly outside coding regions, and thus are expected to be more polymorphic and more rapidly evolving than MLST markers. There is no consensus on a universal typing system. Either one or both of these approaches are now available for Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and endemic mycoses. The choice of the method and the number of loci to be tested depend on the clinical question being addressed. Next-generation sequencing is becoming the most appropriate method for fungi with no MLP or MLST typing available. Whatever the molecular tool used, collection of clinical data (e.g., time of hospitalization and sharing of similar rooms) is mandatory for investigating outbreaks and nosocomial transmission.
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Neto JXS, Pereira ML, Oliveira JTA, Rocha-Bezerra LCB, Lopes TDP, Costa HPS, Sousa DOB, Rocha BAM, Grangeiro TB, Freire JEC, Monteiro-Moreira ACO, Lobo MDP, Brilhante RSN, Vasconcelos IM. A Chitin-binding Protein Purified from Moringa oleifera Seeds Presents Anticandidal Activity by Increasing Cell Membrane Permeability and Reactive Oxygen Species Production. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28634471 PMCID: PMC5459921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are opportunistic pathogens that infect immunocompromised and/or immunosuppressed patients, particularly in hospital facilities, that besides representing a significant threat to health increase the risk of mortality. Apart from echinocandins and triazoles, which are well tolerated, most of the antifungal drugs used for candidiasis treatment can cause side effects and lead to the development of resistant strains. A promising alternative to the conventional treatments is the use of plant proteins. M. oleifera Lam. is a plant with valuable medicinal properties, including antimicrobial activity. This work aimed to purify a chitin-binding protein from M. oleifera seeds and to evaluate its antifungal properties against Candida species. The purified protein, named Mo-CBP2, represented about 0.2% of the total seed protein and appeared as a single band on native PAGE. By mass spectrometry, Mo-CBP2 presented 13,309 Da. However, by SDS-PAGE, Mo-CBP2 migrated as a single band with an apparent molecular mass of 23,400 Da. Tricine-SDS-PAGE of Mo-CBP2 under reduced conditions revealed two protein bands with apparent molecular masses of 7,900 and 4,600 Da. Altogether, these results suggest that Mo-CBP2 exists in different oligomeric forms. Moreover, Mo-CBP2 is a basic glycoprotein (pI 10.9) with 4.1% (m/m) sugar and it did not display hemagglutinating and hemolytic activities upon rabbit and human erythrocytes. A comparative analysis of the sequence of triptic peptides from Mo-CBP2 in solution, after LC-ESI-MS/MS, revealed similarity with other M. oleifera proteins, as the 2S albumin Mo-CBP3 and flocculating proteins, and 2S albumins from different species. Mo-CBP2 possesses in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis, with MIC50 and MIC90 values ranging between 9.45–37.90 and 155.84–260.29 μM, respectively. In addition, Mo-CBP2 (18.90 μM) increased the cell membrane permeabilization and reactive oxygen species production in C. albicans and promoted degradation of circular plasmid DNA (pUC18) from Escherichia coli. The data presented in this study highlight the potential use of Mo-CBP2 as an anticandidal agent, based on its ability to inhibit Candida spp. growth with apparently low toxicity on mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- João X S Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Mirella L Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jose T A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lady C B Rocha-Bezerra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Tiago D P Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Helen P S Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Daniele O B Sousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Bruno A M Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - José E C Freire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Marina D P Lobo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, University of FortalezaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Raimunda S N Brilhante
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ilka M Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
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Katiraee F, Ahmadi Afshar S, Rahimi Pirmahalleh SF, Shokri H. In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from plants against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida albicans. Curr Med Mycol 2017. [PMID: 29354774 PMCID: PMC5763891 DOI: 10.29252/cmm.3.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Katiraee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Corresponding author: Farzad Katiraee , Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - S Ahmadi Afshar
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - SF Rahimi Pirmahalleh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
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