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Bektas EI, Gurel Pekozer G, Kök FN, Torun Kose G. Evaluation of natural gum-based cryogels for soft tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 271:118407. [PMID: 34364550 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three natural biomaterials, Locust bean gum (LBG), Xanthan gum (XG), and Mastic gum (MG), were combined to form cryogel scaffolds. Thermal and chemical characterizations revealed the successful blend formation from LBG-XG (LX) and LBG-XG-MG (LXM) polymers. All blends resulted in macro-porous scaffolds with interconnected pore structures under the size of 400 μm. The swollen cryogels had similar mechanical properties compared with other polysaccharide-based cryogels. The mean tensile and compressive modulus values of the wet cryogels were in the range of 3.5-11.6 kPa and 82-398 kPa, respectively. The sustained release of the small molecule Kartogenin from varying concentrations and ratios of cryogels was in between 32 and 66% through 21 days of incubation. Physical, mechanical, and chemical properties make LX and LXM polysaccharide-based cryogels promising candidates for cartilage and other soft tissue engineering, and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Irem Bektas
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Gorke Gurel Pekozer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Neşe Kök
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Literature, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34467, Turkey.
| | - Gamze Torun Kose
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey.
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2
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He Y, Yu W, Xiao L, Shen L, Qi J, Hu T. Conjugation of Zika virus EDIII with CRM 197, 8-arm PEG and mannan for development of an effective Zika virus vaccine. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:713-721. [PMID: 34474053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) induces neurological and autoimmune complications such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Effective vaccines are necessary to prevent the ZIKV infection. E protein of ZIKV is responsible for virus attachment, entry, and fusion. The domain III of E protein (EDIII) contains the neutralizing epitopes and is ideal to act as an antigen for ZIKV vaccine. However, EDIII is poorly immunogenic. CRM197 is a carrier protein and can activate T helper cells for EDIII. Mannan is a ligand of TLR-4 or TLR-2. Eight-arm PEG can link multiple EDIII molecules in one entity. In the present study, EDIII was covalently conjugated with CRM197, 8-arm PEG and mannan to improve the immunogenicity of EDIII. The conjugate (CRM-EDIII-PM) elicited high EDIII-specific antibody titers in the BALB/c mice. Th1-type cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) and Th2-type cytokines (IL-5 and IL-10) were secreted at a marked level. Thus, CRM-EDIII-PM could stimulate potent humoral and cellular immune response to EDIII. The serum exposure of CRM-EDIII-PM to the immune system was prolonged. Moreover, CRM-EDIII-PM did not lead to apparent toxicity to the organs. Therefore, CRM-EDIII-PM was expected as a promising vaccine candidate for its ability to induce strong immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia He
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lucheng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinming Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Bellan DL, Mazepa E, Biscaia SMP, Gonçalves JP, Oliveira CC, Rossi GR, Ferreira LG, Noseda MD, Trindade ES, Duarte MER, Franco CRC. Non-Cytotoxic Sulfated Heterorhamnan from Gayralia brasiliensis Green Seaweed Reduces Driver Features of Melanoma Metastatic Progression. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2020; 22:194-206. [PMID: 31970542 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-09944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a form of skin cancer with high mortality owing to its fast progression and metastatic capacity. The treatments available nowadays are only palliative in advanced stages of the disease. Thus, alternative therapies for cancer treatment are in demand, and molecules from natural sources, such as polysaccharides, could represent new possible therapeutic approaches. Polysaccharides of freshwater and marine algae with biological activities, such as antitumor properties, are greatly reported in the scientific literature. In the present study, a sulfated heterorhamnan obtained from the green seaweed Gayralia brasiliensis (Gb1 fraction) was chemically characterized and its biological activities in the B16-F10 murine melanoma cell line were evaluated. The Gb1 polysaccharidic fraction tested concentrations presented low or absence of cytotoxicity to B16-F10 cells and neither cell proliferation nor cell cycle were altered. Interestingly, Gb1 treatment decreased B16-F10 cells migration and invasion capabilities and CD44 labeling, showing to be a promising compound for further in vitro and in vivo antitumor studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Bellan
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - E Mazepa
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - S M P Biscaia
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J P Gonçalves
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - C C Oliveira
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - G R Rossi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - L G Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M D Noseda
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E S Trindade
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - M E R Duarte
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - C R C Franco
- Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Devaraj RD, Reddy CK, Xu B. Health-promoting effects of konjac glucomannan and its practical applications: A critical review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019. [PMID: 30586587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.12.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a dietary fiber hydrocolloidal polysaccharide isolated from the tubers of Amorphophallus konjac. Over the last few decades, the purified KGM has been offered as a food additive as well as a dietary supplement in many countries. Also, a diet containing konjac flour or KGM is considered as healthier, and these foods are popular in many Asian and European markets. Further, due to the adhesive property of KGM, it can form a defensive covering on the surface of the intestine. Additionally, KGM can reduce the levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure and can enable weight loss. Its wide-ranging effects prevent many chronic diseases through the regulation of metabolism. In this review, the recent studies on the health benefits such as anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, laxative, prebiotic, and anti-inflammatory activities of KGM were discussed. Also, this review deals with the applications of KGM and its derivatives in bio-technical, pharmaceutical, tissue engineering, fine chemical fields, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Devi Devaraj
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Chagam Koteswara Reddy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China.
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Nguyen TNY, Padungros P, Wongsrisupphakul P, Sa-Ard-Iam N, Mahanonda R, Matangkasombut O, Choo MK, Ritprajak P. Cell wall mannan of Candida krusei mediates dendritic cell apoptosis and orchestrates Th17 polarization via TLR-2/MyD88-dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17123. [PMID: 30459422 PMCID: PMC6244250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) abundantly express diverse receptors to recognize mannans in the outer surface of Candida cell wall, and these interactions dictate the host immune responses that determine disease outcomes. C. krusei prevalence in candidiasis worldwide has increased since this pathogen has developed multidrug resistance. However, little is known how the immune system responds to C. krusei. Particularly, the molecular mechanisms of the interplay between C. krusei mannan and DCs remain to be elucidated. We investigated how C. krusei mannan affected DC responses in comparison to C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata mannan. Our results showed that only C. krusei mannan induced massive cytokine responses in DCs, and led to apoptosis. Although C. krusei mannan-activated DCs underwent apoptosis, they were still capable of initiating Th17 response. C. krusei mannan-mediated DC apoptosis was obligated to the TLR2 and MyD88 pathway. These pathways also controlled Th1/Th17 switching possibly by virtue of the production of the polarizing cytokines IL-12 and IL-6 by the C. krusei mannan activated-DCs. Our study suggests that TLR2 and MyD88 pathway in DCs are dominant for C. krusei mannan recognition, which differs from the previous reports showing a crucial role of C-type lectin receptors in Candida mannan sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Ngoc Yen Nguyen
- Graduate program in Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panachai Wongsrisupphakul
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Noppadol Sa-Ard-Iam
- Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rangsini Mahanonda
- Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Min-Kyung Choo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Oral Biology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Ruan GX, Chen YZ, Yao XL, Du A, Tang GP, Shen YQ, Tabata Y, Gao JQ. Macrophage mannose receptor-specific gene delivery vehicle for macrophage engineering. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1847-55. [PMID: 24440421 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are the most plastic cells in the hematopoietic system and they exhibit great functional diversity. They have been extensively applied in anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and anti-cancer therapies. However, the application of macrophages is limited by the efficiency of their engineering. The macrophage mannose receptor (MMR, CD206), a C-type lectin receptor, is ubiquitously expressed on macrophages and has a high affinity for mannose oligosaccharides. In the present study, we developed a novel non-viral vehicle with specific affinity for MMR. Mannan was cationized with spermine at a grafted ratio of ∼12% to deliver DNA and was characterized as a stable system for delivery. This spermine-mannan (SM)-based delivery system was evaluated as a biocompatible vehicle with superior transfection efficiency on murine macrophages, up to 28.5-fold higher than spermine-pullulan, 11.5-fold higher than polyethylenimine and 3.0-fold higher than Lipofectamine™ 2000. We confirmed that the SM-based delivery system for macrophages transfection was MMR-specific and we described the intracellular transport of the delivery system. To our knowledge, this is the first study using SM to demonstrate a mannose receptor-specific gene delivery system, thereby highlighting the potential of a novel specific non-viral delivery vehicle for macrophage engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Xin Ruan
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhe Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Lei Yao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Anariwa Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Peoples Hospital, 20 Zhaowuda Road, Huhehaote 010010, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Gu-Ping Tang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Qing Shen
- Center for Bionanoengineering and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Coggins CRE, Merski JA, Oldham MJ. A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of the "Deli" cast sheet process used in experimental cigarettes. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25 Suppl 2:64-8. [PMID: 24341848 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.854435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Manufacture of cigarettes results in tobacco by-products, some of which can be processed and added back to cigarettes. Such additions (known as reconstituted tobacco or reconstituted leaf) have been shown to reduce tar yields. A new process (termed "Deli" cast sheet) is a potential refinement of the reconstitution process. OBJECTIVE Compare toxicity of smoke from experimental cigarettes made with reconstituted leaf with that from cigarettes made with Deli cast sheet. MATERIALS AND METHODS Analytical chemistry, Salmonella mutagenicity and cytotoxicity assays were used to evaluate the composition biological activity of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes made with Deli cast sheet or with reconstituted leaf. The effect of different amounts of guar and propylene glycol in Deli cast sheet was also evaluated. RESULTS Small increases in the amount of nitrogen oxides were found as a result of inclusion of the Deli cast sheet when compared with reconstituted leaf; no differences in cytotoxicity or mutagenicity were found. CONCLUSION The Deli process neither significantly modified chemical composition of smoke nor affected its biological activity, as measured by the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity assays used here.
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8
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Ohno N. [Structure and function of fungal cell wall]. Nihon Rinsho 2008; 66:2268-2272. [PMID: 19069090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall glycans of fungi/yeasts are reviewed. Fungi/yeasts produce various kinds of polysaccharides. As part of the cell wall they are interlinked with other components forming a huge network. The insolubility and complex with multiple components makes the research very tough. Studies on beta-glucan have been performed from various views, such as chemistry, conformation, solubility, tissue distribution and metabolism, biological activity, clinical application, receptor, biosynthesis, and antibody. Studies on mannan focus on immunotoxicity, such as anaphylactoid reaction and coronary arteritis induction. alpha-glucan, chitin, and capsular polysaccharide were also mentioned in relation to structure and genes. Compared with human and animal polysaccharides, fungi/yeasts polysaccharides have very characteristic properties.
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Wittkowski M, Mittelstädt J, Brandau S, Reiling N, Lindner B, Torrelles J, Brennan PJ, Holst O. Capsular Arabinomannans from Mycobacterium avium with Morphotype-specific Structural Differences but Identical Biological Activity. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:19103-12. [PMID: 17459879 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611551200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsules of two colony morphotypes of Mycobacterium avium strain 2151 were investigated, i.e. the virulent smooth-transparent (SmT1) and the nonvirulent smooth-opaque (SmO) types. From both morphotypes we separated a nonacylated arabinomannan (AM) from an acylated polysaccharide fraction by affinity chromatography, of which the AMs were structurally characterized. The AMs from the virulent morphotype, in contrast to that from the nonvirulent form, possessed a larger mannan chain and a shorter arabinan chain. Incubation of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and human dendritic cells showed that the acylated polysaccharide fractions were potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-12, and interleukin-10 compared with nonacylated AMs, which led to only a marginal cytokine release. Further in vitro experiments showed that both the acylated polysaccharide fractions and the nonacylated AMs were able to induce in vitro anti-tumor cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Thus, morphotype-specific structural differences in the capsular AMs of M. avium do not correlate with biological activity; however, their acylation is a prerequisite for effective stimulation of murine macrophages and human dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Wittkowski
- Structural Biochemistry, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
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Loveland BE, Zhao A, White S, Gan H, Hamilton K, Xing PX, Pietersz GA, Apostolopoulos V, Vaughan H, Karanikas V, Kyriakou P, McKenzie IFC, Mitchell PLR. Mannan-MUC1-pulsed dendritic cell immunotherapy: a phase I trial in patients with adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:869-77. [PMID: 16467101 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor antigen-loaded dendritic cells show promise for cancer immunotherapy. This phase I study evaluated immunization with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with mannan-MUC1 fusion protein (MFP) to treat patients with advanced malignancy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eligible patients had adenocarcinoma expressing MUC1, were of performance status 0 to 1, with no autoimmune disease. Patients underwent leukapheresis to generate dendritic cells by culture ex vivo with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 4 for 5 days. Dendritic cells were then pulsed overnight with MFP and harvested for reinjection. Patients underwent three cycles of leukapheresis and reinjection at monthly intervals. Patients with clinical benefit were able to continue with dendritic cell-MFP immunotherapy. RESULTS Ten patients with a range of tumor types were enrolled, with median age of 60 years (range, 33-70 years); eight patients were of performance status 0 and two of performance status 1. Dendritic cell-MFP therapy led to strong T-cell IFNgamma Elispot responses to the vaccine and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses at injection sites in nine patients who completed treatments. Immune responses were sustained at 1 year in monitored patients. Antibody responses were seen in three patients only and were of low titer. Side effects were grade 1 only. Two patients with clearly progressive disease (ovarian and renal carcinoma) at entry were stable after initial therapy and went on to further leukapheresis and dendritic cell-MFP immunotherapy. These two patients have now each completed over 3 years of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Immunization produced T-cell responses in all patients with evidence of tumor stabilization in 2 of the 10 advanced cancer patients treated. These data support further clinical evaluation of this dendritic cell-MFP immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Loveland
- Austin Research Institute, and Medical Oncology Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
We report the preclinical testing of a synthetic receptor-binding macromolecule, [(99m)Tc]DTPA-mannosyl-dextran (36 kDa, 8 DTPA and 55 mannosyl units per dextran, K(D) = 0.12 nM), for sentinel node detection. Nonclinical safety studies included cardiac pharmacology safety studies, acute toxicology and pathology studies at 50 and 500 times the scaled human dose in both rats and rabbits after foot pad administration, and perivascular irritation studies in rabbits following intra-muscular administration at 100 and 1000 times the scaled human dose. Biodistribution studies in rabbits at 15 m, 1 h, and 3 h indicated that [(99m)Tc]DTPA-mannosyl-dextran cleared the hind foot pad with a biological half-life of 2.21 +/- 0.27 h. Other than mild hepatocyte hypertrophy in rabbits, no abnormalities in toxicology or pathology were found. Intravenous administration had no effect on survival, any clinical observations, electrocardiograms, or blood pressures. Intramuscular injection had no effect on survival, clinical observations, injection site observations, or injection site histopathology. The estimated absorbed radiation dose to the affected breast was 0.15 mGy/MBq and the effective dose was 1.06 x 10(-2) mSv/MBq. This preclinical study demonstrates that [(99m)Tc]DTPA-mannosyl-dextran has no toxicities and has an acceptable biodistribution and radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl K Hoh
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Endo Y, Yokochi T, Matsushita M, Fujita T, Takada H. Complement-dependent platelet degradation and anaphylactoid shock in mice induced by lipopolysaccharide carrying the mannose homopolymer. J Endotoxin Res 2002; 7:451-5. [PMID: 11753216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous injection of specified bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) induced anaphylactoid shock in mice of various strains, including LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ. The reaction was accompanied by occasional mortality of mice within 1 h. Prior to shock, rapid accumulation of blood platelets in the lungs and liver followed by degradation of platelets (or release of their contents) and tissue destruction were observed. In this study, LPS specimens carrying mannose-homopolymer (MHP), which markedly activate the human complement system through the lectin pathway, induced marked platelet degradation and anaphylactoid shock in BALB/c mice. In contrast, in C5-deficient DBA/2 mice, the platelet degradation and anaphylactoid reactions did not occur. Anti-complement agent K-76 COOH (C5 inhibitor) protected BALB/c mice from mortality in the anaphylactoid reaction. K-76 COOH also inhibited platelet degradation, but not accumulation, induced by LPS in mice. Based on these findings, we postulated that strong complement activation by specified LPS preparations induced degradation of platelets that have accumulated in the lungs and liver, resulting in acute inflammation accompanied by severe tissue destruction, especially in the lungs, which in turn leads to anaphylactoid reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Endo
- Tohoku University School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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13
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Corsaro MM, Evidente A, Lanzetta R, Lavermicocca P, Molinaro A. Structural determination of the phytotoxic mannan exopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas syringae pv. ciccaronei. Carbohydr Res 2001; 330:271-7. [PMID: 11217981 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The structural determination was performed of a mannan exopolysaccharide from the gram negative bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. ciccaronei, which is the pathogenic agent responsible for the leaf spots of carob plants. The structure, obtained by chemical, enzymatic and spectroscopic methods, consisted of a backbone of alpha-(1-->6)-linked mannopyranose units with 80% substituted at C-2 by mono-, di- and trisaccharide side chains. In addition, terminal glucose units and phosphate groups were found to be present. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of a mannan exopolysaccharide structure from a phytopathogenic bacterium. The pure polysaccharide showed phytotoxic effects, i.e., chlorosis and necrosis on tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Corsaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
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Ataoğlu H, Doğan MD, Mustafa F, Akarsu ES. Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall mannans produce fever in rats: role of nitric oxide and cytokines. Life Sci 2000; 67:2247-56. [PMID: 11045605 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mannan components of C. albicans (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and S. cerevisiae (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) cell walls produced pyrogenic responses which were completely inhibited by indomethacin (5 mg/kg, s.c.) pretreatment in rats. A non-selective NOS inhibitor, L-NAME (10 mg/kg, s.c.), also inhibited the pyrogenic effectiveness of C. albicans mannan, whereas it was ineffective on the fever induced by S. cerevisiae mannan. A selective elevation in the serum TNF-alpha levels was observed at the initial phase of the fever due to S. cerevisiae mannan, whereas there was no significant change on the serum levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IFN-gamma during the latent period or at the initial phase of the fever induced by C. albicans mannan. Injections of N-linked and/or O-linked oligomannosides of the either mannan did not cause any significant change in the body temperature and serum cytokine levels. These data suggest that the mannan components of C. albicans and S. cerevisiae cell walls produce a prostaglandin-dependent fever in rats. The initial signal for fever seems to be different for each mannan. Data also indicate that integrity of the mannans is necessary for the pyrogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ataoğlu
- University of Ankara, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Sihhiye, Turkey
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15
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Abstract
Protein-polysaccharide conjugate was prepared as a functional biopolymer using protein and polysaccharide via a Maillard-type reaction. Ovalbumin and lysozyme were conjugated with galactomannan under controlled heating and humidity conditions. The antioxidant effect of ovalbumin and the antimicrobial activity of lysozyme were enhanced by the glycosylation. The emulsifying properties of the egg protein were also significantly improved by the modification. The increase in lipid affinity due to the conjugation resulted in the enhancement of the radical scavenging ability of ovalbumin. The effectiveness of lysozyme and its glycosylated derivative in restricting the activity of a Gram-negative pathogen, Edwardsiella tarda in fish was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakamura
- Shimane University, Department of Living Science, Matsue, Japan.
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16
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Tello CG, Ford P, Iacopino AM. In vitro evaluation of complex carbohydrate denture adhesive formulations. Quintessence Int 1998; 29:585-93. [PMID: 9807143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acemannan, a complex mannose carbohydrate derived from the aloe vera plant, has an inherent stickiness/viscosity. Prototype Acemannan denture adhesive formulations were evaluated for pH changes, cytotoxicity to human gingival fibroblasts and adhesive strength in both dry and wet conditions. METHOD AND MATERIALS The denture adhesive formulations consisted of five combinations of Acemannan with varying concentrations of preservatives and two other formulations without preservatives. The pH of each formulation was measured over 24 hours. Assessment of cytotoxicity was accomplished using the in vitro, tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay on cultures of human gingival fibroblasts after exposure to the adhesive formulations for up to 24 hours. The adhesive strength was evaluated with a universal testing machine under initial dry conditions and after immersion in a constant-temperature water bath for up to 20 minutes. RESULTS Formulations 1 and 2 achieved and maintained pH values above 6.0 (the critical pH for hydroxyapatite dissolution) approximately 6 hours into the study. None of the prototypes demonstrated an initial pH above the critical pH. Formulations 1, 2, 3, and 5 exhibited significant cytotoxicity to human gingival fibroblasts over 24 hours. Formulations 4, 20:1, and 150:1 demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity. Formulation 1 exhibited the poorest adhesive strength, while the most viscous formulation (prototype 150:1) was by far the best performer. Generally, adhesive bond strengths for all prototypes were quite high and relatively stable over time in a wet environment. CONCLUSION To achieve the ideal adhesive in terms of strength, pH, and cytotoxicity, Acemannan formulation 150:1 should be adjusted to contain the preservative concentration of formulation 4 and have an initial pH value of 6.0 or higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Tello
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas 75266-0677, USA
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17
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Corsaro MM, De Castro C, Evidente A, Lanzetta R, Molinaro A, Mugnai L, Parrilli M, Surico G. Chemical structure of two phytotoxic exopolysaccharides produced by Phomopsis foeniculi. Carbohydr Res 1998; 308:349-57. [PMID: 9711828 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(98)00085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The two main exocellular polysaccharides produced in vitro by Phomopsis foeniculi, a fungal pathogen of fennel, were isolated and characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods as a galactan with the known structure [-->6)-beta-D-Galf-(1-->5)-beta-D- Galf-(1-->5)-beta-D-Galf-(1-->]n and a mannan. The latter consists of a backbone of alpha-(1-->6)-linked mannopyranose units. Almost all of these are branched at the 2 position with arms containing 2- and 3-linked mannopyranose units. The crude polysaccharide fraction and its components, galactan and mannan, showed phytotoxic effects, i.e. chlorosis, necrosis and/or wilting, on fennel and on two non-host plants, tobacco and tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Corsaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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18
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Abstract
In view of the wide industrial applications of galactomannans as a thickening agent, those of Mimosa scabrella (bracatinga), a leguminous tree abundant in Southern Brazil, are under investigation. Seeds of bracatinga were processed on a pilot plant scale in order to obtain its galactomannan. The process consisted of successive milling, enzyme inactivation, aqueous extraction, precipitation of polysaccharide, and drying and milling. The product was obtained in 20% yield, with characteristics similar to those obtained on the laboratory scale, namely mannose:galactose ratio (M:G) 1.1:1.0 and intrinsic viscosity. Considering the seed availability in the metropolitan regions of Curitiba, it should be possible to obtain 3000 ton/year of this polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ganter
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
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19
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DeVengencie J, Ng MC, Ford P, Iacopino AM. In vitro evaluation of denture adhesives: possible efficacy of complex carbohydrates. INT J PROSTHODONT 1997; 10:61-72. [PMID: 9484072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ideal denture adhesive demonstrates a neutral or slightly basic pH, minimal toxicity to the oral mucosa, and satisfactory adhesive bond strength for 12 to 16 hours. Three brands of commercially available denture adhesives (Fixodent Fresh, Procter and Gamble, Cincinnati, OH; Super Poli Grip, Block Drug, Jersey City, NJ; and Super Wernet's, Block Drug, Jersey City, NJ), and a complex mannose carbohydrate (Acemannan, Carrington Laboratories, Irving, TX) were evaluated in vitro to determine significant differences in pH, cytotoxicity, and adhesive bond strength. Super Poli Grip and Super Wernet's remained above the critical pH for hydroxyapatite (pH 6.5) throughout the study, while Acemannan and Fixodent Fresh did not. Fixodent Fresh exhibited significant cytotoxicity to human gingival fibroblasts. Acemannan demonstrated significantly greater overall mean adhesive bond strength in both dry and simulated oral conditions. The generally favorable in vitro performance of the Acemannan material compared to commercially available denture adhesive formulations indicates that complex carbohydrates may be efficacious denture adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- J DeVengencie
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Baylor University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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20
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Pujol CA, Coto CE, Damonte EB. [Determination of the antiviral activity of a naturally occurring sulfated xylomannan under various experimental conditions]. Rev Argent Microbiol 1995; 27:91-8. [PMID: 8552762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of different experimental conditions on the antiviral activity of the sulphated xylomannan F6, isolated from the red seaweed Nothogenia fastigiata, against the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) were studied. The compound was equally effective against several strains of HSV-1 (F, KOS, B-2006 and Field) and HSV-2 (G) in different cell lines (Vero, HEp-2 and BHK-21). Furthermore, the antiviral activity of F6 was independent of the method employed to determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) (virus yield or plaque reduction tests). The value of the IC50 against HSV-1 was not significantly affected by the initial virus concentration since a variation in the multiplicity of infection from 0.0001 to 0.1 UFP/cell only increased twofold the IC50 from 0.61 to 1.35 micrograms/ml, respectively. The potent inhibitory effect of F6 against high doses of HSV-1 represents a significant advantage for this sulphated polysaccharide with respect to other compounds only active against low viral inocula.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Pujol
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Anderlik P, Szeri I, Antmann K, Bános Z. [Interaction between immunomodulatory drugs in mice with special regard to changes of drug sensitivity and rate of bacterial translocation]. Acta Pharm Hung 1995; 65:5-8. [PMID: 7725928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In acute toxicity experiments the changes in drug sensitivity and in the rate of bacterial translocation (BT) were investigated in mice treated with immunomodulatory drugs: dianhydrogalactitol (DAG) in doses 20 and 30 mg/kg, chlorpromazine (CPZ) in doses 60 and 75 mg/kg and Mannozym (M) in dose 40 mg/kg for zymosan content. The drugs were used separately or in combination. The sensitivity of mice to immunosuppressive DAG or CPZ was higher in the case of combined treatment, than that of separately treated ones. The rate of BT was also higher in combined treated mice. The pretreatment with M that has immunostimulatory effect, influenced neither the sensitivity of mice to DAG or CPZ, nor the normal very low rate of BT. The present results reinforced the authors' earlier observations, that the effects of immunosuppressive drugs could cumulate and cause more serious damage of the organism. The authors suggest that the increase in drug sensitivity to immunosuppressive agents is in connection with increased rate of BT and effect of endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anderlik
- Semmelweis OTE Mikrobiológiai Intézete, Közegészségtani
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22
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Zhang Y, Yang C, Zhang M, Liu S, Li H. [Influence of refined amorphophallus konjac on osteoporosis in the aged female rats: a preliminary bone histomorphometric analysis]. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 1994; 25:341-4. [PMID: 7896258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The hypolipidaemic and antisteatotic effects of refined amorphophallus konjac (RAK) have been reported. In order to further evaluate the effect of RAK on osteoporosis in the aged female SD rats, forty one month aged female SD rats were divided into three groups: a normal diet group (S), another normal diet group (A) and a test group (B) in which the animals were fed on a diet similar to that of the normal diet group with the addition of RAK at a dosage of 1%. At the end of the sixth month of the diet treatment, all the animals in S group were killed. Animals of the other two groups were sacrificed at the end of experiments for 18 months. Blood and right femora samples were collected for serum Ca, P, and for bone mineral contents (BMC), respectively. Inorganic matter (ash content), and calcium and phosphorus contents of the left femur were measured. Meanwhile, undecalcified sections of left tibia were processed for bone histomorphometry. The results showed that trabecular bone volume (Vv), trabecular perimeters (TRP), bone mineral contents (BMC) as well as the Ca, P contents of bone were lower in A and B than in S, but no significance was found between A and B in all of the above indices. These data exhibited: (1) Similar to the postmenopausal osteoporosis in aged women, the bone mass of the aged female rats was markedly lost in A and B. (2) A diet treatment with 1% RAK would not aggravate osteoporosis.
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Fogleman RW, Chapdelaine JM, Carpenter RH, McAnalley BH. Toxicologic evaluation of injectable acemannan in the mouse, rat and dog. Vet Hum Toxicol 1992; 34:201-5. [PMID: 1609484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acemannan, the USAN-accepted name for long-chain polydispersed beta-(1,4)-acetylated polymannose with interspersed 0-acetyl groups with a mannose monomer/acetyl ratio of approximately 1:1 and extracted from Aloe vera (barbadensis Miller), was administered as a 1.0 mg/ml solution to mice, rats and dogs, either as single dose or repeated at 4-d intervals for 8 doses by iv or ip routes. No significant signs of intoxication and no deaths occurred in animals treated with the single injection of acemannan at dosages of 80 mg/kg iv or 200 mg/kg ip in mice, 15 mg/kg iv or 50 mg/kg ip in rats, and 10 mg/kg iv or 50 mg/kg ip in dogs. On repeated injections systemic toxicity was limited to obvious transient discomfort that appeared dose related. There was accumulation of macrophages and monocytes without subsequent inflammatory reaction in lungs of the iv-treated animals, and in liver and spleen and on peritoneal surfaces of ip-treated animals. The effects were not considered adverse, but were consistent with the known immune stimulating activity of acemannan. A few deaths occurred in mice and rats that were suggestive of resulting from improper injection or sequella of necrosis of the injection site. The NOAELs for acemannan determined from these repeated injection studies were 20 mg/kg iv or ip in the mouse, 4.0 mg/kg iv and 50 mg/kg ip in the rat, and 1.0 mg/kg iv in dogs; 5.0 mg acemannan/kg ip in the dog was considered to be LOAEL, based on the emesis and abdominal discomfort induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Fogleman
- Pharmakon Research International, Waverly, PA 18471
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24
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Fogleman RW, Shellenberger TE, Balmer MF, Carpenter RH, McAnalley BH. Subchronic oral administration of acemannan in the rat and dog. Vet Hum Toxicol 1992; 34:144-7. [PMID: 1509675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acemannan is the USAN-accepted name for long-chain polydispersed beta-(1,4)-acetylated polymannose with interspersed O-acetyl groups, with a mannose monomer/acetyl ratio of approximately 1:1. This complex polysaccharide is extracted from Aloe vera (barbadensis Miller); the technical material contains approximately 78% acemannan. Technical grade acemannan was administered po to rats for 14 d at 5% of the diet and for 6 mo at up to 2,000 mg/kg/d, and to beagle dogs for 90 d at up to 1,500 mg/kg/d without significant effect on any parameter measured in either species.
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Mikami T, Fukushi K, Ishitani M, Ishitani K, Suzuki S, Suzuki M. Induction of platelet-activating factor in mice by intravenous administration of a neutral fraction of bakers' yeast mannan. Lipids 1991; 26:1404-7. [PMID: 1819741 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A neutral subfraction of mannan of bakers' yeast (WNM) was found to show a lethal effect in mice when administered intravenously. Symptoms caused by intravenous (i.v.) administration of WNM resembled those resulting from the administration of platelet-activating factor (PAF). CV-3988 and ONO-6240, selective PAF antagonists, prevented hypotension and death caused by the administration of WNM or PAF. A beta-adrenoceptor agonist was shown to prevent death caused by WNM, whereas propranolol increased the lethal activity of WNM. Intravenous administration of WNM into mice produced PAF in gall bladder fluid which was determined by platelet aggregation assay. The findings indicate that WNM is able to induce PAF in mice and that the resultant PAF may participate in the WNM-induced lethal activity observed in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mikami
- Department of Microbiology, Tohoku College of Pharmacy, Sendai, Japan
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26
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Li XL, Xu EY, Xu GC, Shang RM, Wang YM, Chen J, Huang FC. Safety evaluation studies of SGF gum--a potential food additive from the seed of Sesbania cannabina. Food Chem Toxicol 1988; 26:935-46. [PMID: 3209133 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(88)90092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SGF gum, derived from the plant Sesbania cannabina, has properties very similar to those of guar gum. Because it is much cheaper than guar, SGF gum is of interest as a possible new food additive. It has therefore been tested in rats for acute, short-term and subchronic toxicity, teratogenicity and effects on reproductive performance, and a 1% concentration in the diet has been identified as the no-effect level. The tests complied with the guidelines issued by the Chinese authorities. Mutagenicity studies, Ames tests and a micronucleus test gave negative results, and a dominant lethal test in mice was negative at the 1% dietary level, although at 5 and 10% the results were equivocal. No adverse changes were elicited in 23 human volunteers who consumed a total of 960 mg SGF gum during a 30-day period during which they consumed, daily, 80 g ice-cream containing 0.04% SGF gum instead of the usual thickener. On the basis of applying a 100-fold safety factor to the findings in the animal studies, an acceptable human daily intake of 6 mg/kg is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Li
- Department of Public Health, Tianjin Medical College, People's Republic of China
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27
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Abstract
Guar gum in the diet at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7.5 or 15% was available ad lib. to male and female Osborne-Mendel rats for 13 wk before mating, during mating and throughout gestation. During gestation, the females consumed 0, 0.7, 1.4, 2.7, 5.2 or 11.8 g guar gum/kg of body weight/day, respectively. The animals were killed on gestation day 20. No behavioural effects were seen in any of the treated dams, and no females died during the experiment. Pregnant females in the treated groups consumed less food than the controls during gestation days 0-20 but the decrease was significant only in the 4 and 7.5% groups and was not dose related. Ingestion of guar gum before mating did not affect fertility. In the dams fed 1-7.5% guar gum, there was no effect on the number of corpora lutea or implantations. The dams fed 15% guar gum had slightly fewer corpora lutea and implantations than the controls but no effect was seen on implantation efficiency in this group. The number of viable foetuses/litter was also reduced slightly but not significantly in the 15% group, but since the number of resorptions was not affected, this decrease appears to be an effect of the decreased number of corpora lutea. There was no compound-related effect on foetal development or sex distribution. No terata were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Collins
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204
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McIvor ME, Cummings CC, Mendeloff AI. Long-term ingestion of guar gum is not toxic in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 41:891-4. [PMID: 2986444 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/41.5.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of diets rich in unabsorbable carbohydrate ("fiber") has been advocated for the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The soluble viscous fibers such as guar gum are most effective in normalizing carbohydrate intolerance in such patients; particulate fibers such as cellulose have little or no effect. While the latter are known to affect many aspects of nutrition when consumed in great quantity, little is known of the toxicity of guar gum. Eight adults with NIDDM are reported here who consumed at least 30 grams of guar gum for at least 16 weeks without any change in hematologic, hepatic, or renal function. Serologic screening revealed no change in lipid, protein or mineral metabolism, and no change in electrolyte balance. It is concluded that consumption of 30 grams of guar gum per day for prolonged periods is without serious consequences.
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Abstract
A simple polysaccharide, the neutral mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild type strain (WNM) was found to kill ddY strain mice by intravenous administration, showing a LD50 value of 12.2 mg/kg. On the other hand, the acidic mannan fraction from the same yeast containing phosphate (WAM025), and chemically phosphorylated WNM (WNM-P) were practically non-toxic. Concerning the relationship between chemical structure and lethal effect of these mannans, it was demonstrated that a mannan possessing a highly branched structure exhibited stronger lethality than those with less branched structures. Against C3H/HeJ strain mice with no responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide, the LD50 value of WNM was as high as 75 mg/kg. Pretreatment with 500 mg/kg of D-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-galactose, and L-fucose prevented mice from the lethal effects of WNM. However, WNM (LD100) did not show any lethal effect in mice for 2 to 12 hr after treatment with dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory steroid.
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Abstract
Agar, carboxymethylcellulose, carrageenan, guar gum, gum acacia, locust-beam gum or pectin (50 g/kg diet), given to weanling rats for 4 wk, increased the weight of the caecal wall and the caecal contents. Feeding carboxymethylcellulose, guar gum or pectin significantly increased, and feeding carrageenan decreased, the total bacterial population of the caecum. Feeding carboxymethylcellulose significantly increased in vitro activity of bacterial azoreductase, beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, nitrate reductase, nitroreductase and urease. Guar gum, gum acacia and locust-bean gum each increased at least three of these activities. In contrast, feeding carrageenan greatly decreased all microbial enzyme activities, while agar decreased beta-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase and nitroreductase activities.
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Abstract
A few yeast mannans free from protein and phosphorus showed pyrogenic activity in rabbits although the extent of this activity was considerably lower than that of the bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The pyrogenic activity was not abolished by treatment with sodium deoxycholate. This result showed that the mannans themselves participated in the pyrogenicity, excluding any possibility of LPS contamination in the mannans. Concerning the relationship between chemical structure and pyrogenicity of these mannans, it was demonstrated that a mannan possessing a highly branched structure exhibited stronger pyrogenicity than that of a less branched one.
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Melnick RL, Huff J, Haseman JK, Dieter MP, Grieshaber CK, Wyand DS, Russfield AB, Murthy AS, Fleischman RW, Lilja HS. Chronic effects of agar, guar gum, gum arabic, locust-bean gum, or tara gum in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Food Chem Toxicol 1983; 21:305-11. [PMID: 6683227 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(83)90065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Diets containing 25,000 (2.5%) or 50,000 ppm (5.0%) agar, guar gum, gum arabic, locust-bean gum or tara gum were fed to groups of 50 male and 50 female F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice for 103 wk. Separate groups of 50 rats and 50 mice of each sex served as controls for each study. There were no significant differences in survival between any of the dosed groups of rats or mice and their respective control groups. Depressions in body-weight gain greater than 10% for dosed groups relative to their respective control groups were observed for male (low dose only) and female mice fed diets containing agar, female mice fed diets containing guar gum (high dose only), male mice fed diets containing locust-bean gum (high dose only) and male and female mice fed diets containing tara gum (high dose only). Depressions in body-weight gain greater than 5% were observed for female rats fed diets containing agar, guar gum or gum arabic. There were no histopathological effects associated with the administration of the test materials. Under the conditions of these bioassays, none of the five polysaccharides was carcinogenic for F344 rats or B6C3F1 mice of either sex.
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Abstract
Two mannans (guar gum and konjac mannan) were fed to growing chicks at a level of 2% in a semipurified diet containing 0.5% cholesterol for 4 weeks. The mannans were nearly identical in producing growth depression, pancreatic hypertrophy and reduction in plasma and hepatic cholesterol when compared to controls fed corn starch or the sugars D-galactose or D-mannose. Hepatic triglyceride levels were higher for chicks fed konjac mannan, but no significant differences in fasting plasma glucose were observed. Apparent metabolizable energy levels for the mannan diets were significantly less than those of the other diets. The effects of the mannans in this study were not correlated with viscosity measurements made in vitro.
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Graham SL, Arnold A, Kasza L, Ruffin GE, Jackson RC, Watkins TL, Graham CH. Subchronic effects of guar gum in rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1981; 19:287-90. [PMID: 7262739 DOI: 10.1016/0015-6264(81)90386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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