1
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Koenig NI, McGuire JA, Shackleford VP, Bauer K. Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Following Sphenopalatine Ganglion Nerve Block: Case Report and Review of the Literature. A A Pract 2023; 17:e01719. [PMID: 37870295 PMCID: PMC10609693 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
A 36-year-old woman with no significant past medical history underwent a sphenopalatine ganglion block for treatment of a month-long migraine headache refractory to conservative treatment protocols. The headache resolved initially, but 1 day following the procedure, the headache recurred. The patient also developed an erythematous and edematous rash which cultures confirmed to be herpes simplex virus (HSV). Following several unsuccessful treatment modalities, the patient received valacyclovir, which resulted in resolution of her headache. Underlying HSV-1 infection may cause intractable migraine headache and nerve blocks may potentiate reactivation of latent HSV infection that caused the skin lesion in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas I. Koenig
- From the West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Joseph A. McGuire
- Department of Anesthesiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Violet P. Shackleford
- Department of Anesthesiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kelsey Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
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2
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Adamou S, Vanarsdall A, Johnson DC. Pseudorabies Virus Mutants Lacking US9 Are Defective in Cytoplasmic Assembly and Sorting of Virus Particles into Axons and Not in Axonal Transport. Viruses 2023; 15:153. [PMID: 36680194 PMCID: PMC9866217 DOI: 10.3390/v15010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) rely on transport of virus particles in neuronal axons to spread from sites of viral latency in sensory ganglia to peripheral tissues then on to other hosts. This process of anterograde axonal transport involves kinesin motors that move virus particles rapidly along microtubules. α-herpesvirus anterograde transport has been extensively studied by characterizing the porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) and HSV, with most studies focused on two membrane proteins: gE/gI and US9. It was reported that PRV and HSV US9 proteins bind to kinesin motors, promoting tethering of virus particles on the motors, and furthering anterograde transport within axons. Alternatively, other models have argued that HSV and PRV US9 and gE/gI function in the cytoplasm and not in neuronal axons. Specifically, HSV gE/gI and US9 mutants are defective in the assembly of virus particles in the cytoplasm of neurons and the subsequent sorting of virus particles to cell surfaces and into axons. However, PRV US9 and gE/gI mutants have not been characterized for these cytoplasmic defects. We examined neurons infected with PRV mutants, one lacking both gE/gI and US9 and the other lacking just US9, by electron microscopy. Both PRV mutants exhibited similar defects in virus assembly and cytoplasmic sorting of virus particles to cell surfaces. As well, the mutants exhibited reduced quantities of infectious virus in neurons and in cell culture supernatants. We concluded that PRV US9 primarily functions in neurons to promote cytoplasmic steps in anterograde transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Adamou
- Multiscale Microscopy Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Adam Vanarsdall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David C. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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3
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Whitley RJ, Hook EW. Shedding Patterns of Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. JAMA 2022; 328:1710-1711. [PMID: 36272101 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.18930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, The Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Edward W Hook
- Department of Medicine, The Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham
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4
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Rahman Siregar A, Gärtner S, Götting J, Stegen P, Kaul A, Schulz TF, Pöhlmann S, Winkler M. A Recombinant System and Reporter Viruses for Papiine Alphaherpesvirus 2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010091. [PMID: 35062295 PMCID: PMC8778148 DOI: 10.3390/v14010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primate simplex viruses, including Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, form a group of closely related herpesviruses, which establish latent infections in neurons of their respective host species. While neuropathogenic infections in their natural hosts are rare, zoonotic transmission of Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (McHV1) from macaques to humans is associated with severe disease. Human infections with baboon-derived Papiine alphaherpesvirus 2 (PaHV2) have not been reported, although PaHV2 and McHV1 share several biological properties, including neuropathogenicity in mice. The reasons for potential differences in PaHV2 and McHV1 pathogenicity are presently not understood, and answering these questions will require mutagenic analysis. Here, we report the development of a recombinant system, which allows rescue of recombinant PaHV2. In addition, we used recombineering to generate viruses carrying reporter genes (Gaussia luciferase or enhanced green fluorescent protein), which replicate with similar efficiency as wild-type PaHV2. We demonstrate that these viruses can be used to analyze susceptibility of cells to infection and inhibition of infection by neutralizing antibodies and antiviral compounds. In summary, we created a recombinant system for PaHV2, which in the future will be invaluable for molecular analyses of neuropathogenicity of PaHV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rahman Siregar
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, 30073 Gottingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sabine Gärtner
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Jasper Götting
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (J.G.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Philipp Stegen
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Artur Kaul
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (J.G.); (T.F.S.)
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, 30073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Michael Winkler
- German Primate Center, Infection Biology Unit, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Gottingen, Germany; (A.R.S.); (S.G.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-551-3851383
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5
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Yadavalli T, Koganti R, Shukla D. Infection-Induced Porcine Ex Vivo Corneal Wound Model to Study the Efficacy of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Entry and Replication Inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2193:183-196. [PMID: 32808270 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0845-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Corneal infections by viruses and bacteria can result in ocular surface defects, ulcers, or wounds. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a human virus with global seroprevalence in the range of 60-90%. While the virus more commonly causes mucocutaneous lesions including ulcers on the face and mouth, it is also a leading cause of infection-associated blindness. In this chapter, we discuss an in-depth protocol required to evaluate corneal damage due to HSV-1 infection using porcine models of ex vivo infection. Our methods can be adapted to study similar infections caused by other viruses and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Sun X, Liu T, Zhao J, Xia H, Xie J, Guo Y, Zhong L, Li M, Yang Q, Peng C, Rouvet I, Belot A, Shu HB, Feng P, Zhang J. DNA-PK deficiency potentiates cGAS-mediated antiviral innate immunity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6182. [PMID: 33273464 PMCID: PMC7712783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon sensing cytosolic DNA, the enzyme cGAS induces innate immune responses that underpin anti-microbial defenses and certain autoimmune diseases. Missense mutations of PRKDC encoding the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) are associated with autoimmune diseases, yet how DNA-PK deficiency leads to increased immune responses remains poorly understood. In this study, we report that DNA-PK phosphorylates cGAS and suppresses its enzymatic activity. DNA-PK deficiency reduces cGAS phosphorylation and promotes antiviral innate immune responses, thereby potently restricting viral replication. Moreover, cells isolated from DNA-PKcs-deficient mice or patients carrying PRKDC missense mutations exhibit an inflammatory gene expression signature. This study provides a rational explanation for the autoimmunity of patients with missense mutations of PRKDC, and suggests that cGAS-mediated immune signaling is a potential target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hansong Xia
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Xie
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Guo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mi Li
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Isabelle Rouvet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Biotechnologie Cellulaire et Biothèque, Bron, France
| | - Alexandre Belot
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- National Referee Centre for Pediatric-Onset Rheumatism and Autoimmune Diseases (RAISE), Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Paediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Unit, Mother and Children University Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Junjie Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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7
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Mohan S, Elhassan Taha MM, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, Al Bratty M, Sultana S, Ahsan W, Najmi A, Khalid A. Bioactive Natural Antivirals: An Updated Review of the Available Plants and Isolated Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:E4878. [PMID: 33105694 PMCID: PMC7659943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections and associated diseases are responsible for a substantial number of mortality and public health problems around the world. Each year, infectious diseases kill 3.5 million people worldwide. The current pandemic caused by COVID-19 has become the greatest health hazard to people in their lifetime. There are many antiviral drugs and vaccines available against viruses, but they have many disadvantages, too. There are numerous side effects for conventional drugs, and active mutation also creates drug resistance against various viruses. This has led scientists to search herbs as a source for the discovery of more efficient new antivirals. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 65% of the world population is in the practice of using plants and herbs as part of treatment modality. Additionally, plants have an advantage in drug discovery based on their long-term use by humans, and a reduced toxicity and abundance of bioactive compounds can be expected as a result. In this review, we have highlighted the important viruses, their drug targets, and their replication cycle. We provide in-depth and insightful information about the most favorable plant extracts and their derived phytochemicals against viral targets. Our major conclusion is that plant extracts and their isolated pure compounds are essential sources for the current viral infections and useful for future challenges.
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MESH Headings
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Antiviral Agents/classification
- Antiviral Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Betacoronavirus/physiology
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Drug Discovery
- HIV/drug effects
- HIV/pathogenicity
- HIV/physiology
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/pathology
- HIV Infections/virology
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/pathogenicity
- Hepacivirus/physiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/pathology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Humans
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae/drug effects
- Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity
- Orthomyxoviridae/physiology
- Pandemics
- Phytochemicals/chemistry
- Phytochemicals/classification
- Phytochemicals/isolation & purification
- Phytochemicals/therapeutic use
- Plants, Medicinal
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Simplexvirus/drug effects
- Simplexvirus/pathogenicity
- Simplexvirus/physiology
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Shahnaz Sultana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
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Abstract
The genomes of DNA viruses encode deceptively complex transcriptomes evolved to maximize coding potential within the confines of a relatively small genome. Defining the full range of viral RNAs produced during an infection is key to understanding the viral replication cycle and its interactions with the host cell. Traditional short-read (Illumina) sequencing approaches are problematic in this setting due to the difficulty of assigning short reads to individual RNAs in regions of transcript overlap and to the biases introduced by the required recoding and amplification steps. Additionally, different methodologies may be required to analyze the 5' and 3' ends of RNAs, which increases both cost and effort. The advent of long-read nanopore sequencing simplifies this approach by providing a single assay that captures and sequences full length RNAs, either in cDNA or native RNA form. The latter is particularly appealing as it reduces known recoding biases whilst allowing more advanced analyses such as estimation of poly(A) tail length and the detection of RNA modifications including N6 -methyladenosine. Using herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected primary fibroblasts as a template, we provide a step-by-step guide to the production of direct RNA sequencing libraries suitable for sequencing using Oxford Nanopore Technologies platforms and provide a simple computational approach to deriving a high-quality annotation of the HSV transcriptome from the resulting sequencing data. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Productive infection of primary fibroblasts with herpes simplex virus Support Protocol: Cell passage and plating of primary fibroblasts Basic Protocol 2: Preparation and sequencing of dRNA-seq libraries from virus-infected cells Basic Protocol 3: Processing, alignment, and analysis of dRNA-seq datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Depledge
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Angus C Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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9
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Taylor W, Camilleri E, Craft DL, Korza G, Granados MR, Peterson J, Szczpaniak R, Weller SK, Moeller R, Douki T, Mok WWK, Setlow P. DNA Damage Kills Bacterial Spores and Cells Exposed to 222-Nanometer UV Radiation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.03039-19. [PMID: 32033948 PMCID: PMC7117916 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03039-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the microbicidal activity of 222-nm UV radiation (UV222), which is potentially a safer alternative to the 254-nm UV radiation (UV254) that is often used for surface decontamination. Spores and/or growing and stationary-phase cells of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridioides difficile and a herpesvirus were all killed or inactivated by UV222 and at lower fluences than with UV254B. subtilis spores and cells lacking the major DNA repair protein RecA were more sensitive to UV222, as were spores lacking their DNA-protective proteins, the α/β-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins. The spore cores' large amount of Ca2+-dipicolinic acid (∼25% of the core dry weight) also protected B. subtilis and C. difficile spores against UV222, while spores' proteinaceous coat may have given some slight protection against UV222 Survivors among B. subtilis spores treated with UV222 acquired a large number of mutations, and this radiation generated known mutagenic photoproducts in spore and cell DNA, primarily cyclobutane-type pyrimidine dimers in growing cells and an α-thyminyl-thymine adduct termed the spore photoproduct (SP) in spores. Notably, the loss of a key SP repair protein markedly decreased spore UV222 resistance. UV222-treated B. subtilis spores germinated relatively normally, and the generation of colonies from these germinated spores was not salt sensitive. The latter two findings suggest that UV222 does not kill spores by general protein damage, and thus, the new results are consistent with the notion that DNA damage is responsible for the killing of spores and cells by UV222IMPORTANCE Spores of a variety of bacteria are resistant to common decontamination agents, and many of them are major causes of food spoilage and some serious human diseases, including anthrax caused by spores of Bacillus anthracis Consequently, there is an ongoing need for efficient methods for spore eradication, in particular methods that have minimal deleterious effects on people or the environment. UV radiation at 254 nm (UV254) is sporicidal and commonly used for surface decontamination but can cause deleterious effects in humans. Recent work, however, suggests that 222-nm UV (UV222) may be less harmful to people than UV254 yet may still kill bacteria and at lower fluences than UV254 The present work has identified the damage by UV222 that leads to the killing of growing cells and spores of some bacteria, many of which are human pathogens, and UV222 also inactivates a herpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emily Camilleri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - D Levi Craft
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - George Korza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maria Rocha Granados
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jaliyah Peterson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Renata Szczpaniak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sandra K Weller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ralf Moeller
- Space Microbiology Research Group, Radiation Biology Department, Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thierry Douki
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SYMMBEST, Grenoble, France
| | - Wendy W K Mok
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peter Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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10
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Düver F, Weißbrich B, Eyrich M, Wölfl M, Schlegel PG, Wiegering V. Viral reactivations following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients - A single center 11-year analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228451. [PMID: 32017805 PMCID: PMC6999888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral reactivation occurs frequently in the context of immunodeficiency and immunosuppression after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and can cause severe complications. The aim of this single-center retrospective analysis was to characterize viral infections in the first year after HSCT, to investigate risk factors and to study the impact of viral infections on transplantation outcome. This will facilitate the identification of at-risk patients and the development of new preventive strategies. 107 pediatric allo-HSCT from January 2005 through December 2015 were analyzed for infections with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), adenovirus (ADV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Viral infections were detected after 68.2% of transplantations. The viruses most commonly encountered were HHV-6 (36/107) and EBV (30/107). Severe viral disease was rare (7/107) and none of the patients died as result of viral reactivation. Important risk factors for viral infections were higher age at HSCT, donor type and occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD). Especially for EBV, transplant from an unrelated donor and in-vivo T-cell depletion (TCD) had a significant effect on infection rates, whereas for CMV the strongest effect was seen by donor and recipient serostatus with recipient seropositivity most predictive for reactivation. The occurrence of severe aGvHD was associated with EBV and ADV infections. For HSV, the recipient serostatus was identified as prognostic factor for HSV infections, while we found higher age at time of HSCT as risk factor for VZV infections. The overall survival of patients with or without viral infections did not differ significantly. Interestingly, when looking at the 85 patients in our cohort who had received an HSCT for a malignant disease, a tendency towards lower relapse rates was seen in patients affected by viral infections (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.25 - 1.06, p = 0.072). Viral reactivations are common after pediatric allo-HSCT, though severe complications were rare in our collective. Determining risk factors for viral reactivations may help to identify patients in need of intensified monitoring and to individualize preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Düver
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children’s Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Weißbrich
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children’s Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wölfl
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children’s Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul G. Schlegel
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children’s Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Verena Wiegering
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Children’s Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Liu F, Dai S, Feng D, Peng X, Qin Z, Kearns AC, Huang W, Chen Y, Ergün S, Wang H, Rappaport J, Bryda EC, Chandrasekhar A, Aktas B, Hu H, Chang SL, Gao B, Qin X. Versatile cell ablation tools and their applications to study loss of cell functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4725-4743. [PMID: 31359086 PMCID: PMC6858955 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted cell ablation is a powerful approach for studying the role of specific cell populations in a variety of organotypic functions, including cell differentiation, and organ generation and regeneration. Emerging tools for permanently or conditionally ablating targeted cell populations and transiently inhibiting neuronal activities exhibit a diversity of application and utility. Each tool has distinct features, and none can be universally applied to study different cell types in various tissue compartments. Although these tools have been developed for over 30 years, they require additional improvement. Currently, there is no consensus on how to select the tools to answer the specific scientific questions of interest. Selecting the appropriate cell ablation technique to study the function of a targeted cell population is less straightforward than selecting the method to study a gene's functions. In this review, we discuss the features of the various tools for targeted cell ablation and provide recommendations for optimal application of specific approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Shen Dai
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiao Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Zhongnan Qin
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Alison C Kearns
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Wenfei Huang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, 261053, Weifang, People's Republic of China
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximillan University, 97070, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Division of Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Bryda
- Rat Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, 4011 Discovery Drive, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Anand Chandrasekhar
- Division of Biological Sciences, 340D Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bertal Aktas
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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12
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Sharafian S, Movahedi M, Kalantari A, Parvaneh N, Gharagozlou M. A Rare Case of Hyper IgE Syndrome with Vocal Cords Involvement. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 18:225-229. [PMID: 31066259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIGE) is considered as a phagocytic or a newly classified complex and heterogeneous primary immunodeficiency disease with symptoms such as increased levels of immunoglobulin E, eczema, and, recurrent lung and skin infections. In this paper, we have presented a rare case of this syndrome. A 9-year-old Iranian girl presented with a history of pruritic maculopapular rash who was eventually diagnosed as a case of HIGE. In her recent admission, she had dysphonia, stridor and huge cauliflower cutaneous lesions on her neck, finger and vocal cords, which did not respond to intravenous antibiotics, and ultimately required surgical removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Sharafian
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Masoud Movahedi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arash Kalantari
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complexes, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nima Parvaneh
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Gharagozlou
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Atanasiu D, Saw WT, Lazear E, Whitbeck JC, Cairns TM, Lou H, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH. Using Antibodies and Mutants To Localize the Presumptive gH/gL Binding Site on Herpes Simplex Virus gD. J Virol 2018; 92:e01694-18. [PMID: 30282715 PMCID: PMC6258950 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01694-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HSV virus-cell and cell-cell fusion requires multiple interactions between four essential virion envelope glycoproteins, gD, gB, gH, and gL, and between gD and a cellular receptor, nectin-1 or herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM). Current models suggest that binding of gD to receptors induces a conformational change that leads to activation of gH/gL and consequent triggering of the prefusion form of gB to promote membrane fusion. Since protein-protein interactions guide each step of fusion, identifying the sites of interaction may lead to the identification of potential therapeutic targets that block this process. We have previously identified two "faces" on gD: one for receptor binding and the other for its presumed interaction with gH/gL. We previously separated the gD monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) into five competition communities. MAbs from two communities (MC2 and MC5) neutralize virus infection and block cell-cell fusion but do not block receptor binding, suggesting that they block binding of gD to gH/gL. Using a combination of classical epitope mapping of gD mutants with fusion and entry assays, we identified two residues (R67 and P54) on the presumed gH/gL interaction face of gD that allowed for fusion and viral entry but were no longer sensitive to inhibition by MC2 or MC5, yet both were blocked by other MAbs. As neutralizing antibodies interfere with essential steps in the fusion pathway, our studies strongly suggest that these key residues block the interaction of gD with gH/gL.IMPORTANCE Virus entry and cell-cell fusion mediated by HSV require gD, gH/gL, gB, and a gD receptor. Neutralizing antibodies directed against any of these proteins bind to residues within key functional sites and interfere with an essential step in the fusion pathway. Thus, the epitopes of these MAbs identify critical, functional sites on their target proteins. Unlike many anti-gD MAbs, which block binding of gD to a cellular receptor, two, MC2 and MC5, block a separate, downstream step in the fusion pathway which is presumed to be the activation of the modulator of fusion, gH/gL. By combining epitope mapping of a panel of gD mutants with fusion and virus entry assays, we have identified residues that are critical in the binding and function of these two MAbs. This new information helps to define the site of the presumptive interaction of gD with gH/gL, of which we have limited knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doina Atanasiu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wan Ting Saw
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Lazear
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Charles Whitbeck
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tina M Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Huan Lou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roselyn J Eisenberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gary H Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sprague L, Lee JM, Hutzen BJ, Wang PY, Chen CY, Conner J, Braidwood L, Cassady KA, Cripe TP. High Mobility Group Box 1 Influences HSV1716 Spread and Acts as an Adjuvant to Chemotherapy. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030132. [PMID: 29543735 PMCID: PMC5869525 DOI: 10.3390/v10030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a multifunctional protein that plays various roles in the processes of inflammation, cancer, and other diseases. Many reports document abundant HMGB1 release following infection with oncolytic viruses (OVs). Further, other groups including previous reports from our laboratory highlight the synergistic effects of OVs with chemotherapy drugs. Here, we show that virus-free supernatants have varying cytotoxic potential, and HMGB1 is actively secreted by two established fibroblast cell lines (NIH 3T3 and 3T6-Swiss albino) following HSV1716 infection in vitro. Further, pharmacologic inhibition or genetic knock-down of HMGB1 reveals a role for HMGB1 in viral restriction, the ability to modulate bystander cell proliferation, and drug sensitivity in 3T6 cells. These data further support the multifactorial role of HMGB1, and suggest it could be a target for modulating the efficacy of oncolytic virus therapies alone or in combination with other frontline cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslee Sprague
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Joel M Lee
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Brian J Hutzen
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Joe Conner
- Virttu Biologics, BioCity Glasgow, Newhouse ML1 5UH, UK.
| | | | - Kevin A Cassady
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The successful entry of herpes simplex virus (HSV) into a cell is a complex process requiring the interaction of several surface viral glycoproteins with host cell receptors. These viral glycoproteins are currently thought to work sequentially to trigger fusogenic activity, but the process is complicated by the fact that each glycoprotein is known to interact with a range of target cell surface receptor molecules. The glycoproteins concerned are gB, gD, and gH/gL, with at least four host cell receptor molecules known to bind to gB and gD alone. Redundancy among gD receptors is also evident and binding to both the gB and gD receptors simultaneously is known to be required for successful membrane fusion. Receptor type and tissue distribution are commonly considered to define the extent of viral tropism and thus the magnitude of pathogenesis. Viral entry receptors are therefore attractive pharmaceutical target molecules for the prevention and/or treatment of viral infections. However, the large number of HSV glycoprotein receptors makes a comprehensive understanding of HSV pathogenesis in vivo difficult. Here we summarize our current understanding of the various HSV glycoprotein cell surface receptors, define their redundancy and binding specificity, and discuss the significance of these interactions for viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Arii
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Abstract
Enveloped viruses have evolved diverse transmembrane proteins and protein complexes to enable host cell entry by regulating and activating membrane fusion in a target cell-specific manner. In general terms, the entry process requires a receptor binding step, an activation step and a membrane fusion step, which can be encoded within a single viral protein or distributed among multiple viral proteins. HIV and influenza virus, for example, encode all of these functions in a single trimeric glycoprotein, HIV env or influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). In contrast, herpesviruses have the host receptor binding, activation and fusogenic roles distributed among multiple envelope glycoproteins (ranging from three to six), which must coordinate their functions at the site of fusion. Despite the apparent complexity in the number of viral entry proteins, herpesvirus entry is fundamentally built around two core glycoprotein entities: the gHgL complex, which appears to act as an 'activator' of entry, and the gB protein, which is thought to act as the membrane 'fusogen'. Both are required for all herpesvirus fusion and entry. In many herpesviruses, gHgL either binds host receptors directly or assembles into larger complexes with additional viral proteins that bind host receptors, conferring specificity to the cells that are targeted for infection. These gHgL entry complexes (ECs) are centrally important to activating gB-mediated membrane fusion and establishing viral tropism, forming membrane bridging intermediates before gB triggering. Here we review recent structural and functional studies of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) gHgL complexes that provide a framework for understanding the role of gHgL in herpesvirus entry. Furthermore, a recently determined EM model of Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) gB embedded in exosomes highlights how gB conformational changes may promote viral and cellular membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Sathiyamoorthy
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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Xu P, Roizman B. The SP100 component of ND10 enhances accumulation of PML and suppresses replication and the assembly of HSV replication compartments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3823-E3829. [PMID: 28439026 PMCID: PMC5441741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703395114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear domain 10 (ND10) bodies are small (0.1-1 μM) nuclear structures containing both constant [e.g., promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML), SP100, death domain-associated protein (Daxx)] and variable proteins, depending on the function of the cells or the stress to which they are exposed. In herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected cells, ND10 bodies assemble at the sites of DNA entering the nucleus after infection. In sequence, the ND10 bodies become viral replication compartments, and ICP0, a viral E3 ligase, degrades both PML and SP100. The amounts of PML and SP100 and the number of ND10 structures increase in cells exposed to IFN-β. Earlier studies have shown that PML has three key functions. Thus, (i) the interaction of PML with viral components facilitates the initiation of replication compartments, (ii) viral replication is significantly less affected by IFN-β in PML-/- cells than in parental PML+/+ cells, and (iii) viral yields are significantly lower in PML-/- cells exposed to low ratios of virus per cell compared with parental PML+/+ cells. This report focuses on the function of SP100. In contrast to PML-/- cells, SP100-/- cells retain the sensitivity of parental SP100+/+ cells to IFN-β and support replication of the ΔICP0 virus. At low multiplicities of infection, wild-type virus yields are higher in SP100-/- cells than in parental HEp-2 cells. In addition, the number of viral replication compartments is significantly higher in SP100-/- cells than in parental SP100+/+ cells or in PML-/- cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Bernard Roizman
- Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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18
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus mediates multiple distinct fusion events during infection. HSV entry is initiated by fusion of the viral envelope with either the limiting membrane of a host cell endocytic compartment or the plasma membrane. In the infected cell during viral assembly, immature, enveloped HSV particles in the perinuclear space fuse with the outer nuclear membrane in a process termed de-envelopment. A cell infected with some strains of HSV with defined mutations spread to neighboring cells by a fusion event called syncytium formation. Two experimental methods, the transient cell-cell fusion approach and fusion from without, are useful surrogate assays of HSV fusion. These five fusion processes are considered in terms of their requirements, mechanism, and regulation. The execution and modulation of these events require distinct yet often overlapping sets of viral proteins and host cell factors. The core machinery of HSV gB, gD, and the heterodimer gH/gL is required for most if not all of the HSV fusion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin J Weed
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Anthony V Nicola
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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20
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Retamal-Díaz AR, Suazo PA, Garrido I, Kalergis AM, González PA. [Immune evasion by herpes simplex viruses]. Rev Chilena Infectol 2016; 32:58-70. [PMID: 25860047 DOI: 10.4067/s0716-10182015000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses and humans have co-existed for tens of thousands of years. This long relationship has translated into the evolution and selection of viral determinants to evade the host immune response and reciprocally the evolution and selection of host immune components for limiting virus infection and damage. Currently there are no vaccines available to avoid infection with these viruses or therapies to cure them. Herpes simplex viruses are neurotropic and reside latently in neurons at the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia, occasionally reactivating. Most viral recurrences are subclinical and thus, unnoticed. Here, we discuss the initial steps of infection by herpes simplex viruses and the molecular mechanisms they have developed to evade innate and adaptive immunity. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms evolved by these viruses to evade host immunity should help us envision novel vaccine strategies and therapies that limit infection and dissemination.
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Campadelli-Fiume G, Petrovic B, Leoni V, Gianni T, Avitabile E, Casiraghi C, Gatta V. Retargeting Strategies for Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses. Viruses 2016; 8:63. [PMID: 26927159 PMCID: PMC4810253 DOI: 10.3390/v8030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) exhibit a high safety profile achieved through attenuation. They carry defects in virulence proteins that antagonize host cell response to the virus, including innate response, apoptosis, authophagy, and depend on tumor cell proliferation. They grow robustly in cancer cells, provided that these are deficient in host cell responses, which is often the case. To overcome the attenuation limits, a strategy is to render the virus highly cancer-specific, e.g., by retargeting their tropism to cancer-specific receptors, and detargeting from natural receptors. The target we selected is HER-2, overexpressed in breast, ovarian and other cancers. Entry of wt-HSV requires the essential glycoproteins gD, gH/gL and gB. Here, we reviewed that oncolytic HSV retargeting was achieved through modifications in gD: the addition of a single-chain antibody (scFv) to HER-2 coupled with appropriate deletions to remove part of the natural receptors' binding sites. Recently, we showed that also gH/gL can be a retargeting tool. The insertion of an scFv to HER-2 at the gH N-terminus, coupled with deletions in gD, led to a recombinant capable to use HER-2 as the sole receptor. The retargeted oncolytic HSVs can be administered systemically by means of carrier cells-forcedly-infected mesenchymal stem cells. Altogether, the retargeted oncolytic HSVs are highly cancer-specific and their replication is not dependent on intrinsic defects of the tumor cells. They might be further modified to express immunomodulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Biljana Petrovic
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Gianni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Elisa Avitabile
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Costanza Casiraghi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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Weeratunga P, Uddin MB, Kim MS, Lee BH, Kim TH, Yoon JE, Ma JY, Kim H, Lee JS. Interferon-mediated antiviral activities of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its active components. J Microbiol 2016; 54:57-70. [PMID: 26727903 PMCID: PMC7091376 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Angelica tenuissima Nakai is a widely used commodity in traditional medicine. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted on the antiviral and immune-modulatory properties of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai. In the present study, we evaluated the antiviral activities and the mechanism of action of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, an effective dose of Angelica tenuissima Nakai markedly inhibited the replication of Influenza A virus (PR8), Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Coxsackie virus, and Enterovirus (EV-71) on epithelial (HEK293T/HeLa) and immune (RAW264.7) cells. Such inhibition can be described by the induction of the antiviral state in cells by antiviral, IFNrelated gene induction and secretion of IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vivo, Angelica tenuissima Nakai treated BALB/c mice displayed higher survivability and lower lung viral titers when challenged with lethal doses of highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3, and H9N2). We also found that Angelica tenuissima Nakai can induce the secretion of IL-6, IFN-λ, and local IgA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Angelica tenuissima Nakai treated mice, which correlating with the observed prophylactic effects. In HPLC analysis, we found the presence of several compounds in the aqueous fraction and among them; we evaluated antiviral properties of ferulic acid. Therefore, an extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its components, including ferulic acid, play roles as immunomodulators and may be potential candidates for novel anti-viral/anti-influenza agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Weeratunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Bashir Uddin
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Myun Soo Kim
- Vitabio Corporation, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Hoon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Yoon
- Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongik Kim
- Vitabio Corporation, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Zhu C, Li F, Wong MCM, Feng XP, Lu HX, Xu W. Association between Herpesviruses and Chronic Periodontitis: A Meta-Analysis Based on Case-Control Studies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144319. [PMID: 26666412 PMCID: PMC4677929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous studies have investigated the associations between herpesviruses and chronic periodontitis; however, the results remain controversial. To derive a more precise estimation, a meta-analysis on all available studies was performed to identify the association between herpesviruses and chronic periodontitis. METHODS A computerized literature search was conducted in December 2014 to identify eligible case-control studies from the PUBMED and EMBASE databases according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the association between herpesviruses and risk of chronic periodontitis. A fixed or random effects model was determined based on a heterogeneity test. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate stability and reliability. Publication bias was investigated using the Begg rank correlation test and Egger's funnel plot. RESULTS Ten eligible studies were included to investigate the association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and chronic periodontitis. The results showed that EBV has a significant association with chronic periodontitis compared with periodontally healthy group (OR = 5.74, 95% CI = 2.53-13.00, P<0.001). The association between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and chronic periodontitis was analyzed in 10 studies. The pooled result showed that HCMV also has a significant association with chronic periodontitis (OR = 3.59, 95% CI = 1.41-9.16, P = 0.007). Similar results were found in the sensitivity analyses. No significant publication bias was observed. Two eligible studies were included to investigate the association between herpes simplex virus (HSV) and chronic periodontitis risk. The association between HSV and chronic periodontitis was inconclusive (OR = 2.81 95% CI = 0.95-8.27, P = 0.06). Only one included study investigated the association between human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) and chronic periodontitis risk (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.21-4.86). CONCLUSION The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that two members of the herpesvirus family, EBV and HCMV, are significantly associated with chronic periodontitis. There is insufficient evidence to support associations between HSV, HHV-7 and chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - May. Chun. Mei Wong
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xi-Ping Feng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Xia Lu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (HXL); (WX)
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Municipal Hospital for Oral Health, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (HXL); (WX)
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Warwick RA, Hanani M. Involvement of aberrant calcium signalling in herpetic neuralgia. Exp Neurol 2015; 277:10-18. [PMID: 26684187 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-herpesviruses, herpes simplex viruses (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV), are pathogens of the peripheral nervous system. After primary infection, these viruses establish latency within sensory ganglia, while retaining the ability to reactivate. Reactivation of VZV results in herpes zoster, a condition characterized by skin lesions that leads to post-herpetic neuralgia. Recurrent reactivations of HSV, which cause mucocutaneous lesions, may also result in neuralgia. During reactivation of alpha-herpesviruses, satellite glial cells (SGCs), which surround neurons in sensory ganglia, become infected with the replicating virus. SGCs are known to contribute to neuropathic pain in a variety of animal pain models. Here we investigated how infection of short-term cultures of mouse trigeminal ganglia with HSV-1 affects communication between SGCs and neurons, and how this altered communication may increase neuronal excitability, thus contributing to herpetic neuralgia. Mechanical stimulation of single neurons or SGCs resulted in intercellular calcium waves, which were larger in cultures infected with HSV-1. Two differences were observed between control and HSV-1 infected cultures that could account for this augmentation. Firstly, HSV-1 infection induced cell fusion among SGCs and neurons, which would facilitate the spread of calcium signals over farther distances. Secondly, using calcium imaging and intracellular electrical recordings, we found that neurons in the HSV-1 infected cultures exhibited augmented influx of calcium upon depolarization. These virally induced changes may not only cause more neurons in the sensory ganglia to fire action potentials, but may also increase neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic terminals in the spinal cord. They are therefore likely to be contributing factors to herpetic neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah A Warwick
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel.
| | - Menachem Hanani
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
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25
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Schmidt N, Hennig T, Serwa RA, Marchetti M, O'Hare P. Remote Activation of Host Cell DNA Synthesis in Uninfected Cells Signaled by Infected Cells in Advance of Virus Transmission. J Virol 2015; 89:11107-15. [PMID: 26311877 PMCID: PMC4621119 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01950-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Viruses modulate cellular processes and metabolism in diverse ways, but these are almost universally studied in the infected cell itself. Here, we study spatial organization of DNA synthesis during multiround transmission of herpes simplex virus (HSV) using pulse-labeling with ethynyl nucleotides and cycloaddition of azide fluorophores. We report a hitherto unknown and unexpected outcome of virus-host interaction. Consistent with the current understanding of the single-step growth cycle, HSV suppresses host DNA synthesis and promotes viral DNA synthesis in spatially segregated compartments within the cell. In striking contrast, during progressive rounds of infection initiated at a single cell, we observe that infection induces a clear and pronounced stimulation of cellular DNA replication in remote uninfected cells. This induced DNA synthesis was observed in hundreds of uninfected cells at the extended border, outside the perimeter of the progressing infection. Moreover, using pulse-chase analysis, we show that this activation is maintained, resulting in a propagating wave of host DNA synthesis continually in advance of infection. As the virus reaches and infects these activated cells, host DNA synthesis is then shut off and replaced with virus DNA synthesis. Using nonpropagating viruses or conditioned medium, we demonstrate a paracrine effector of uninfected cell DNA synthesis in remote cells continually in advance of infection. These findings have significant implications, likely with broad applicability, for our understanding of the ways in which virus infection manipulates cell processes not only in the infected cell itself but also now in remote uninfected cells, as well as of mechanisms governing host DNA synthesis. IMPORTANCE We show that during infection initiated by a single particle with progressive cell-cell virus transmission (i.e., the normal situation), HSV induces host DNA synthesis in uninfected cells, mediated by a virus-induced paracrine effector. The field has had no conception that this process occurs, and the work changes our interpretation of virus-host interaction during advancing infection and has implications for understanding controls of host DNA synthesis. Our findings demonstrate the utility of chemical biology techniques in analysis of infection processes, reveal distinct processes when infection is examined in multiround transmission versus single-step growth curves, and reveal a hitherto-unknown process in virus infection, likely relevant for other viruses (and other infectious agents) and for remote signaling of other processes, including transcription and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Schmidt
- Section of Virology, St. Mary's Medical School, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Hennig
- Section of Virology, St. Mary's Medical School, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Remigiusz A Serwa
- Section of Virology, St. Mary's Medical School, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Marchetti
- Section of Virology, St. Mary's Medical School, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter O'Hare
- Section of Virology, St. Mary's Medical School, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Tenser RB. Reply to the Letter to the Editor: Mechanism of Efficacy of Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia. World Neurosurg 2015; 85:4. [PMID: 26459711 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Tenser
- Departments of Neurology/Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
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27
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Koblosh ND. [FEATURES MICROECOLOGY GENITAL TRACT IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE WITH BENIGN CERVICAL PATHOLOGY]. Lik Sprava 2015:98-104. [PMID: 27491159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the article we may see the results of microbiological investigation of secretion from genital tracts in women with the benign pathology of uterus cervix. The outcomes specify the disorders of microecology of genital tracts in these women following the proliferation of conditionally pathogenic flora, the increase of viral infection and the increase in the frequency of diagnostic of sexually transmitted infections.
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28
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Tenser RB. Occurrence of Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation Suggests a Mechanism of Trigeminal Neuralgia Surgical Efficacy. World Neurosurg 2015; 84:279-82. [PMID: 25818891 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Common to the types of surgery that are effective for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is reactivation of herpes simplex virus (HSV). It is likely that such HSV reactivation following surgery indicates altered trigeminal ganglion neuron function, which was caused by the surgery. It is not thought that HSV infection is related to the cause of TN or that HSV reactivation is important for surgical treatment efficacy. Rather, it is thought that HSV reactivation is a marker of altered trigeminal ganglion neuron function resulting from the TN surgery. It is suggested that HSV reactivation is a surrogate marker of ganglion neuron injury. The correlation between effective types of surgery and evidence that they alter ganglion neuron function suggests that altered trigeminal ganglion neuron function may be the basis of the surgical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Tenser
- Departments of Neurology and Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
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29
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Paavilainen H, Romanovskaya A, Nygårdas M, Bamford DH, Poranen MM, Hukkanen V. Innate responses to small interfering RNA pools inhibiting herpes simplex virus infection in astrocytoid and epithelial cells. Innate Immun 2015; 21:349-57. [PMID: 24996409 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914537921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a human pathogen that can cause severe diseases such as encephalitis, keratitis and neonatal herpes. Control of HSV infection may be achieved by using small interfering (si)RNAs. We have designed and enzymatically produced pools of siRNAs targeting HSV. In addition to the target-specific effects, such siRNAs may induce innate immunity responses that may contribute to antiviral effects. HSV has versatile ways of modulating innate immunity, and it remains unclear whether HSV-specific antiviral treatment would benefit from the potential immunostimulatory effects of siRNAs. To address this, cell lines derived from epithelium and nervous system were studied for innate immunity reactions to HSV infection, to siRNA treatment, and to a combination of treatment and infection. In addition, the outcome of HSV infection was quantitated. We show that innate immunity reactions vary drastically between the cell lines. Moreover, our findings indicate only a minimal relation between the antiviral effect and the treatment-induced innate immunity responses. Thus, the antiviral effect is mainly sequence specific and the inhibition of HSV infection is not ascribed to the slight innate immunity induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dennis H Bamford
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna M Poranen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- J K McDougall
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash
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31
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Knipe DM. Nuclear sensing of viral DNA, epigenetic regulation of herpes simplex virus infection, and innate immunity. Virology 2015; 479-480:153-9. [PMID: 25742715 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) undergoes a lytic infection in epithelial cells and a latent infection in neuronal cells, and epigenetic mechanisms play a major role in the differential gene expression under the two conditions. HSV viron DNA is not associated with histones but is rapidly loaded with heterochromatin upon entry into the cell. Viral proteins promote reversal of the epigenetic silencing in epithelial cells while the viral latency-associated transcript promotes additional heterochromatin in neuronal cells. The cellular sensors that initiate the chromatinization of foreign DNA have not been fully defined. IFI16 and cGAS are both essential for innate sensing of HSV DNA, and new evidence shows how they work together to initiate innate signaling. IFI16 also plays a role in the heterochromatinization of HSV DNA, and this review will examine how IFI16 integrates epigenetic regulation and innate sensing of foreign viral DNA to show how these two responses are related.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Knipe
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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32
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Tiwari V, Tarbutton MS, Shukla D. Diversity of heparan sulfate and HSV entry: basic understanding and treatment strategies. Molecules 2015; 20:2707-27. [PMID: 25665065 PMCID: PMC6272628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified form of heparan sulfate (HS) known as 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) generates fusion receptor for herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Primary cultures of corneal fibroblasts derived from human eye donors have shown the clinical significance of this receptor during HSV corneal infection. 3-OS HS- is a product of a rare enzymatic modification at C3 position of glucosamine residue which is catalyzed by 3-O-sulfotransferases (3-OSTs) enzymes. From humans to zebrafish, the 3-OST enzymes are highly conserved and widely expressed in cells and tissues. There are multiple forms of 3-OSTs each producing unique subset of sulfated HS making it chemically diverse and heterogeneous. HSV infection of cells or zebrafish can be used as a unique tool to understand the structural-functional activities of HS and 3-OS HS and likewise, the infection can be used as a functional assay to screen phage display libraries for identifying HS and 3-OS HS binding peptides or small molecule inhibitors. Using this approach over 200 unique 12-mer HS and 3-OS HS recognizing peptides were isolated and characterized against HSV corneal infection where 3-OS HS is known to be a key receptor. In this review we discuss emerging role of 3-OS HS based therapeutic strategies in preventing viral infection and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Morgan S Tarbutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Cho WK, Weeratunga P, Lee BH, Park JS, Kim CJ, Ma JY, Lee JS. Epimedium koreanum Nakai displays broad spectrum of antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo by inducing cellular antiviral state. Viruses 2015; 7:352-77. [PMID: 25609307 PMCID: PMC4306843 DOI: 10.3390/v7010352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epimedium koreanum Nakai has been extensively used in traditional Korean and Chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases. Despite the plant's known immune modulatory potential and chemical make-up, scientific information on its antiviral properties and mode of action have not been completely investigated. In this study, the broad antiviral spectrum and mode of action of an aqueous extract from Epimedium koreanum Nakai was evaluated in vitro, and moreover, the protective effect against divergent influenza A subtypes was determined in BALB/c mice. An effective dose of Epimedium koreanum Nakai markedly reduced the replication of Influenza A Virus (PR8), Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in RAW264.7 and HEK293T cells. Mechanically, we found that an aqueous extract from Epimedium koreanum Nakai induced the secretion of type I IFN and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the subsequent stimulation of the antiviral state in cells. Among various components present in the extract, quercetin was confirmed to have striking antiviral properties. The oral administration of Epimedium koreanum Nakai exhibited preventive effects on BALB/c mice against lethal doses of highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3 and H9N2). Therefore, an extract of Epimedium koreanum Nakai and its components play roles as immunomodulators in the innate immune response, and may be potential candidates for prophylactic or therapeutic treatments against diverse viruses in animal and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Deajeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Prasanna Weeratunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Byeong-Hoon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jun-Seol Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Deajeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
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Martín-Escuer B, Cordero-Coma M, Pérez-Díez E, Garzo-García I, Valverde-Romero E. [Bilateral herpetic keratouveitis in an immunocompetent patient]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2015; 90:30-32. [PMID: 25443215 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CASE REPORT We report the case of an immunocompetent male who presented with a limbal-adjacent scleritis and interstitial keratitis in the left eye. A few days later a new dendritiform ulcer in his right eye and bilateral progressive worsening with granulomatous uveitis in both eyes were observed. A thorough review of systems revealed positive serum IgM titles for herpes simplex virus. DISCUSSION In the context of a bilateral keratouveitis refractory to conventional treatment it is mandatory to rule out the herpetic origin based on the different forms of clinical presentation of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Martín-Escuer
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, España.
| | - M Cordero-Coma
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, España
| | - E Pérez-Díez
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, España
| | - I Garzo-García
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, España
| | - E Valverde-Romero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, España
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35
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Bleotu C, Chifiriuc MC, Lazăr V, Drăguşel R, Matei L, Aldea IM, Dragu LD, Ionescu B, Diaconu CC, Cernescu C, Mogoantă CA, Popescu CR, Popescu B, Grigore R, Berteşteanu ŞVG. Influence of Staphylococcus aureus attachment to the herpes simplex virus infected cells. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2015; 56:433-437. [PMID: 26193210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of HeLa cells to the interaction with inactivated Staphylococcus aureus cells and live challenge with herpes simplex virus (HSV).The results of this study are indicating that the interaction between the HeLa cells and S. aureus inactivated whole cells could modulate the host cell apoptosis and cytokine production, and therefore, influence the progression of HSV infection. The pre-treatment of HeLa cells with heat inactivated bacterial whole cells protects them from the occurrence of HSV mediated cytopathic effect, while the post viral infection treatment with bacterial cells prevents the high activation of bax/bcl-2 apoptotic pathway, a process that could change the fate of the infectious process triggered by the virus, and eventually reduce its multiplication rate. The pre-treatment of HeLa monolayer with inactivated bacterial cells 24 hours before the viral infection is increasing the expression level of TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines genes, also suggesting that bacterial antigens could contribute to the decrease of viral multiplication rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralia Bleotu
- Clinic of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, "Coltea" Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania;
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Ferreira D, Abad ED, Cavalcante FS, Dos Santos FM, Saintive S, Goudoris E, do Prado EA, Ribeiro M, Soares Rosado A, van Elsas JD, Dos Santos KRN. Peanut allergy as a trigger for the deterioration of atopic dermatitis and precursor of staphylococcal and herpetic associated infections - case report. Ann Agric Environ Med 2015; 22:470-472. [PMID: 26403117 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1167716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial and chronic disease, with genetic, environmental, immunological and nutritional origins. AD may be aggravated by allergies associated with infections. This study aims to describe a paediatric case of AD in which the peanut allergy was the triggering factor to aggravate the disease, and was also the concomitant precursor of staphylococcal (methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, carrier of the Panton-Valentine leukocidine (PVL) genes) and herpetic (Herpes Simplex - HSV) infections. The clinical management approach and nursing strategies promoted a favourable evolution during the hospitalization period, besides the family approach, which was essential to control any flare-up of the disease. Adherence to a recommended diet and the use of strategies to prevent any recurrent infections were important to ensure the patient's quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Ferreira
- 1. Fellow by CAPES (Bolsista da CAPES) - Proc. No. BEX 9203 - CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia/DF 70040-020, Brazil 2. Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dios Abad
- Pediatric Dermatology Service, IPPMG - Martagão Gesteira Pediatric Institute - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sampaio Cavalcante
- Paulo de Goes Microbiology Institute, Federal University Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Monteiro Dos Santos
- Paulo de Goes Microbiology Institute, Federal University Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone Saintive
- Pediatric Dermatology Service, IPPMG - Martagão Gesteira Pediatric Institute - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ekaterini Goudoris
- Pediatric Dermatology Service, IPPMG - Martagão Gesteira Pediatric Institute - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Evandro Alves do Prado
- Pediatric Allergy Service - IPPMG - Martagão Gesteira Pediatric Institute - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Ribeiro
- Service of Medical Genetics - IPPMG - Martagão Gesteira Pediatric Institute - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Soares Rosado
- Paulo de Goes Microbiology Institute, Federal University Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jan Dirk van Elsas
- Paulo de Goes Microbiology Institute, Federal University Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kátia Regina Netto Dos Santos
- Paulo de Goes Microbiology Institute, Federal University Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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37
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Ospelnikova TP, Isaeva EI, Kolodyaznaya LV, Kozulina IS, Andreeva SA, Poloskov VV, Ershov FI. [[Antiviral activity of the interferon beta 1a]. Vopr Virusol 2015; 60:24-28. [PMID: 27024913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral activity of the interferon beta Ia was studied using the example of the antiviral activity of the drugs interferon beta Ia Genfaxon and Rebif for the influenza and herpes. A pronounced antiviral effect of the drugs against influenza and herpes viruses was-shown far the first time.
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Abstract
As with all Herpesviruses, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has both a lytic replication phase and a latency-reactivation cycle. During lytic replication, there is an ordered cascade of viral gene expression that leads to the synthesis of infectious viral progeny. In contrast, latency is characterized by the lack of significant lytic gene expression and the absence of infectious virus. Reactivation from latency is characterized by the re-entry of the virus into the lytic replication cycle and the production of recurrent disease. This unit describes the establishment of the mouse sensory neuron model of HSV-1 latency-reactivation as a useful in vivo system for the analysis of mechanisms involved in latency and reactivation. Assays including the determination of viral yields, immunohistochemical/immunofluorescent detection of viral antigens, and mRNA quantitation are used in experiments designed to investigate the network of cellular and viral proteins regulating HSV-1 lytic infection, latency, and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse H. Arbuckle
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne-Marie W. Turner
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas M. Kristie
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Schaftenaar E, Verjans GMGM, Getu S, McIntyre JA, Struthers HE, Osterhaus ADME, Peters RPH. High seroprevalence of human herpesviruses in HIV-infected individuals attending primary healthcare facilities in rural South Africa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99243. [PMID: 24914671 PMCID: PMC4051661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seroprevalence data of human herpesviruses (HHVs) are limited for sub-Saharan Africa. These are important to provide an indication of potential burden of HHV-related disease, in particular in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals who are known to be at increased risk of these conditions in the Western world. In this cross-sectional study among 405 HIV-infected and antiretroviral therapy naïve individuals in rural South Africa the seroprevalence of HHVs was: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (98%), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (87%), varicella zoster virus (VZV) (89%), and 100% for both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Independent factors associated with VZV seropositivity were low educational status and having children. Lack of in-house access to drinking water was independently associated with positive HSV-1 serostatus, whereas Shangaan ethnicity was associated with HSV-2 seropositivity. Increasing age was associated with higher IgG titres to both EBV and CMV, whereas CD4 cell count was negatively associated with EBV and CMV IgG titres. Moreover, IgG titres of HSV-1 and 2, VZV and CMV, and CMV and EBV were positively correlated. The high HHV seroprevalence emphasises the importance of awareness of these viral infections in HIV-infected individuals in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schaftenaar
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg and Tzaneen, South Africa
| | | | - Sarah Getu
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James A. McIntyre
- Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg and Tzaneen, South Africa
- School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen E. Struthers
- Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg and Tzaneen, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Remco P. H. Peters
- Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg and Tzaneen, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Wang IH, Suomalainen M, Andriasyan V, Kilcher S, Mercer J, Neef A, Luedtke NW, Greber UF. Tracking viral genomes in host cells at single-molecule resolution. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 14:468-80. [PMID: 24139403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral DNA trafficking in cells has large impacts on physiology and disease development. Current methods lack the resolution and accuracy to visualize and quantify viral DNA trafficking at single-molecule resolution. We developed a noninvasive protocol for accurate quantification of viral DNA-genome (vDNA) trafficking in single cells. Ethynyl-modified nucleosides were used to metabolically label newly synthesized adenovirus, herpes virus, and vaccinia virus vDNA, without affecting infectivity. Superresolution microscopy and copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (click) reactions allowed visualization of infection at single vDNA resolution within mammalian cells. Analysis of adenovirus infection revealed that a large pool of capsid-free vDNA accumulated in the cytosol upon virus uncoating, indicating that nuclear import of incoming vDNA is a bottleneck. The method described here is applicable for the entire replication cycle of DNA viruses and offers opportunities to localize cellular and viral effector machineries on newly replicated viral DNA, or innate immune sensors on cytoplasmic viral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsuan Wang
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Molecular Life Sciences Graduate School, ETH and University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that the herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) 1 and 2 constitute a major, global, public health problem, particularly as genital herpes is implicated in the causation of a significant percentage of onwards transmission of the HIV virus. A major factor in the transmission of HSV is that most carriers are unaware of their diagnosis. In the last few years, the development of nucleic acid amplification technology and type-specific antibody serology to test for HSV-1 and -2 has contributed significantly to the accurate diagnosis of these infections. Despite guidance to the contrary, there is still much use of less sensitive tests such as viral culture and antibody testing based on crude antigen. It is essential that we use the most sensitive and specific diagnostic tests if we are to curb this epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Ryan
- Genitourinary Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Glossop Rd, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
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Stahel ABJ, Baggenstos R, Engels M, Friess M, Ackermann M. Two Different Macaviruses, ovine herpesvirus-2 and caprine herpesvirus-2, behave differently in water buffaloes than in cattle or in their respective reservoir species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83695. [PMID: 24386255 PMCID: PMC3873940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing global spread of "exotic" farm animals, such as water buffaloes, which carry their native sets of viruses, may bear unknown risks for the animals, into whose ecological niches the former are introduced and vice versa. Here, we report on the occurrence of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) on Swiss farms, where "exotic" water buffaloes were kept together with "native" animals, i.e. cattle, sheep, and goats. In the first farm with 56 water buffaloes, eight cases of MCF due to ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) were noted, whereas additional ten water buffaloes were subclinically infected with either OvHV-2 or caprine herpesvirus-2 (CpHV-2). On the second farm, 13 water buffaloes were infected with CpHV-2 and two of those succumbed to MCF. In neither farm, any of the two viruses were detected in cattle, but the Macaviruses were present at high prevalence among their original host species, sheep and goats, respectively. On the third farm, sheep were kept well separated from water buffaloes and OvHV-2 was not transmitted to the buffaloes, despite of high prevalence of the virus among the sheep. Macavirus DNA was frequently detected in the nasal secretions of virus-positive animals and in one instance OvHV-2 was transmitted vertically to an unborn water buffalo calf. Thus, water buffaloes seem to be more susceptible than cattle to infection with either Macavirus; however, MCF did not develop as frequently. Therefore, water buffaloes seem to represent an interesting intermediate-type host for Macaviruses. Consequently, water buffaloes in their native, tropic environments may be vulnerable and endangered to viruses that originate from seemingly healthy, imported sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anina B. J. Stahel
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rhea Baggenstos
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Engels
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Friess
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Gianni T, Salvioli S, Chesnokova LS, Hutt-Fletcher LM, Campadelli-Fiume G. αvβ6- and αvβ8-integrins serve as interchangeable receptors for HSV gH/gL to promote endocytosis and activation of membrane fusion. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003806. [PMID: 24367260 PMCID: PMC3868510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) - and herpesviruses in general - encode for a multipartite entry/fusion apparatus. In HSV it consists of the HSV-specific glycoprotein D (gD), and three additional glycoproteins, gH/gL and gB, conserved across the Herpesviridae family and responsible for the execution of fusion. According to the current model, upon receptor binding, gD propagates the activation to gH/gL and to gB in a cascade fashion. Questions remain about how the cascade of activation is controlled and how it is synchronized with virion endocytosis, to avoid premature activation and exhaustion of the glycoproteins. We considered the possibility that such control might be carried out by as yet unknown receptors. Indeed, receptors for HSV gB, but not for gH/gL, have been described. In other members of the Herpesviridae family, such as Epstein-Barr virus, integrin receptors bind gH/gL and trigger conformational changes in the glycoproteins. We report that αvβ6- and αvβ8-integrins serve as receptors for HSV entry into experimental models of keratinocytes and other epithelial and neuronal cells. Evidence rests on loss of function experiments, in which integrins were blocked by antibodies or silenced, and gain of function experiments in which αvβ6-integrin was expressed in integrin-negative cells. αvβ6- and αvβ8-integrins acted independently and are thus interchangeable. Both bind gH/gL with high affinity. The interaction profoundly affects the route of HSV entry and directs the virus to acidic endosomes. In the case of αvβ8, but not αvβ6-integrin, the portal of entry is located at lipid microdomains and requires dynamin 2. Thus, a major role of αvβ6- or αvβ8-integrin in HSV infection appears to be to function as gH/gL receptors and to promote virus endocytosis. We propose that placing the gH/gL activation under the integrin trigger point enables HSV to synchronize virion endocytosis with the cascade of glycoprotein activation that culminates in execution of fusion. In order to infect their hosts and cause disease, viruses must enter their host cells. The human pathogen herpes simplex virus (HSV) - and herpesviruses in general - are equipped with a complex, multipartite entry apparatus, made of four glycoproteins – gD, gH/gL, gB. These glycoproteins must be activated in a timely, coordinated manner. According to the current model, the flux of activation goes from receptor-bound gD, to gH/gL and gB. The premature activation, and hence exhaustion of the glycoproteins must also be prevented. We report on a checkpoint at the gH/gL level. Specifically, αvβ6- and αvβ8-integrins serve as receptors for HSV entry into keratinocytes and other epithelial and neuronal cells. Both bind gH/gL with high affinity. The interaction profoundly affects the pathway of HSV entry, promoting HSV endocytosis into acidic endosomes. For αvβ8-integrin, the portal of entry is at lipid microdomains and requires dynamin 2. We propose that, by placing the activation of gH/gL under control of an integrin trigger point, HSV can synchronize virion endocytosis with the cascade of activation that culminates in the execution of fusion between the virion envelope and cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gianni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Liudmila S. Chesnokova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lindsey M. Hutt-Fletcher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Presas-Rodríguez S, Hernández-Pérez M, Grau-López L, Massuet-Vilamajó A, Ramo-Tello C. [Lesion of the trigeminal nucleus caused by herpes simplex virus]. Rev Neurol 2013; 57:526-527. [PMID: 24265148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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45
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Wagner LM, DeLuca NA. Temporal association of herpes simplex virus ICP4 with cellular complexes functioning at multiple steps in PolII transcription. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78242. [PMID: 24147125 PMCID: PMC3795685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) immediate early protein, ICP4, participates in the regulation of viral gene expression by both activating and repressing RNA polII transcription. We used affinity purification of ICP4 expressed in infected cells followed by mass spectrometry and western blot analysis to determine the composition of cellular complexes associated with ICP4 throughout infection. ICP4 was associated with TFIID complexes containing a distinct set of TAFs. These complexes were most abundant early, but were detected throughout infection, whereas Mediator was found in ICP4 containing complexes later in infection, indicating a temporal pattern for the utilization of these complexes for the transcription of the viral genome. The form of Mediator copurifying with ICP4 was enriched for the kinase domain and also lacked the activator-specific component, Med26, suggesting that Mediator-ICP4 interactions may be involved in repression of viral transcription. The N-terminal 774 amino acids of ICP4, which retains partial function, were sufficient to form complexes with TFIID and Mediator, although these interactions were not as strong as with full-length ICP4. Additionally, components involved in transcription elongation, chromatin remodeling, and mRNA processing were isolated with ICP4. Together our data indicate that ICP4 plays a more integrated role in mediating HSV transcription, possibly affecting multiple steps in transcription and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Neal A. DeLuca
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Gillory LA, Megison ML, Stewart JE, Mroczek-Musulman E, Nabers HC, Waters AM, Kelly V, Coleman JM, Markert JM, Gillespie GY, Friedman GK, Beierle EA. Preclinical evaluation of engineered oncolytic herpes simplex virus for the treatment of neuroblastoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77753. [PMID: 24130898 PMCID: PMC3795073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research efforts and therapeutic advances over the last few decades, the pediatric neural crest tumor, neuroblastoma, continues to be responsible for over 15% of pediatric cancer deaths. Novel therapeutic options are needed for this tumor. Recently, investigators have shown that mice with syngeneic murine gliomas treated with an engineered, neuroattenuated oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV), M002, had a significant increase in survival. M002 has deletions in both copies of the γ134.5 gene, enabling replication in tumor cells but precluding infection of normal neural cells. We hypothesized that M002 would also be effective in the neural crest tumor, neuroblastoma. We showed that M002 infected, replicated, and decreased survival in neuroblastoma cell lines. In addition, we showed that in murine xenografts, treatment with M002 significantly decreased tumor growth, and that this effect was augmented with the addition of ionizing radiation. Importantly, survival could be increased by subsequent doses of radiation without re-dosing of the virus. Finally, these studies showed that the primary entry protein for oHSV, CD111 was expressed by numerous neuroblastoma cell lines and was also present in human neuroblastoma specimens. We concluded that M002 effectively targeted neuroblastoma and that this oHSV may have potential for use in children with unresponsive or relapsed neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Gillory
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Megison
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jerry E. Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - Hugh C. Nabers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Alicia M. Waters
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Virginia Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Coleman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - James M. Markert
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - G. Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Beierle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) is associated with a variety of diseases such as genital herpes and numerous ocular diseases. At the global level, high prevalence of individuals who are seropositive for HSV, combined with its inconspicuous infection, remains a cause for major concern. At the molecular level, HSV entry into a host cell involves multiple steps, primarily the interaction of viral glycoproteins with various cell surface receptors, many of which have alternate substitutes. The molecular complexity of the virus to enter a cell is also enhanced by the existence of different modes of viral entry. The availability of many entry receptors, along with a variety of entry mechanisms, has resulted in a virus that is capable of infecting virtually all cell types. While HSV uses a wide repertoire of viral and host factors in establishing infection, current therapeutics aimed against the virus are not as diversified. In this particular review, we will focus on the initial entry of the virus into the cell, while highlighting potential novel therapeutics that can control this process. Virus entry is a decisive step and effective therapeutics can translate to less virus replication, reduced cell death, and detrimental symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satvik Hadigal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 West Taylor Street, m/c 648, Room 3.138, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 West Taylor Street, m/c 648, Room 3.138, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Lions of Illinois Eye Research Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 606012, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-312-355-0908; Fax: +1-312-996-7772
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Férir G, Petrova MI, Andrei G, Huskens D, Hoorelbeke B, Snoeck R, Vanderleyden J, Balzarini J, Bartoschek S, Brönstrup M, Süssmuth RD, Schols D. The lantibiotic peptide labyrinthopeptin A1 demonstrates broad anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity with potential for microbicidal applications. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64010. [PMID: 23724015 PMCID: PMC3665789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lantibiotics are peptides, produced by bacteria, that contain the noncanonical amino acid lanthionine and many of them exhibit antibacterial activities. The labyrinthopeptin A1 (LabyA1) is a prototype peptide of a novel class of carbacyclic lantibiotics. Here, we extensively evaluated its broad-spectrum activity against HIV and HSV in vitro, studied its mechanism of action and evaluated potential microbicidal applications. LabyA1 exhibited a consistent and broad anti-HIV activity (EC50s: 0.70–3.3 µM) and anti-HSV activity (EC50s: 0.29–2.8 µM) in cell cultures. LabyA1 also inhibited viral cell-cell transmission between persistently HIV-infected T cells and uninfected CD4+ T cells (EC50∶2.5 µM) and inhibited the transmission of HIV captured by DC-SIGN+-cells to uninfected CD4+ T cells (EC50∶4.1 µM). Time-of-drug addition studies revealed that LabyA1 acts as an entry inhibitor against HIV and HSV. Cellular and virus binding studies combined with SPR/FLIPR technology showed that LabyA1 interacted with the HIV envelope protein gp120, but not with the HIV cellular receptors. LabyA1 also demonstrated additive to synergistic effects in its anti-HIV-1 and anti-HSV-2 activity with anti(retro)viral drugs in dual combinations such as tenofovir, acyclovir, saquinavir, raltegravir and enfuvirtide. LabyA1 can be considered as a novel lead peptide as it had profound antiviral activity against HIV and HSV. Pre-treatment of PBMCs with LabyA1 neither increased the expression of the activation markers CD69 and CD25, nor enhanced HIV replication, nor significantly induced various inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. LabyA1 also did not affect the growth of vaginal Lactobacilli populations. Based on the lack of toxicity on the vaginal Lactobacillus strains and its synergistic/additive profile in combination with clinically approved anti(retro)virals, it deserves further attention as a potential microbicide candidate in the prevention of sexual transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Férir
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mariya I. Petrova
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dana Huskens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Hoorelbeke
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Technische Universität Berlin, Fakultät II – Institut für Chemie; Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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49
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Galdiero S, Falanga A, Tarallo R, Russo L, Galdiero E, Cantisani M, Morelli G, Galdiero M. Peptide inhibitors against herpes simplex virus infections. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:148-58. [PMID: 23389903 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a significant human pathogen causing mucocutaneous lesions primarily in the oral or genital mucosa. Although acyclovir (ACV) and related nucleoside analogs provide successful treatment, HSV remains highly prevalent worldwide and is a major cofactor for the spread of human immunodeficiency virus. Encephalitis, meningitis, and blinding keratitis are among the most severe diseases caused by HSV. ACV resistance poses an important problem for immunocompromised patients and highlights the need for new safe and effective agents; therefore, the development of novel strategies to eradicate HSV is a global public health priority. Despite the continued global epidemic of HSV and extensive research, there have been few major breakthroughs in the treatment or prevention of the virus since the introduction of ACV in the 1980s. A therapeutic strategy at the moment not fully addressed is the use of small peptide molecules. These can be either modeled on viral proteins or derived from antimicrobial peptides. Any peptide that interrupts protein-protein or viral protein-host cell membrane interactions is potentially a novel antiviral drug and may be a useful tool for elucidating the mechanisms of viral entry. This review summarizes current knowledge and strategies in the development of synthetic and natural peptides to inhibit HSV infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy.
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50
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Onwudiwe OC, Marmur ES, Cohen JL. Are we too cavalier about antiviral prophylaxis? J Drugs Dermatol 2013; 12:199-205. [PMID: 23377394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) prophylaxis may be underutilized in cosmetic surgery at a time when cosmetic procedures are increasing. Our goal is to review the data regarding HSV prophylaxis in order to remind cosmetic surgeons when to consider adding this regimen to their patient perioperative care.
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