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Tan H, Miao MX, Luo RX, So J, Peng L, Zhu X, Leung EHW, Zhu L, Chan KM, Cheung M, Chan SY. TSPYL1 as a Critical Regulator of TGFβ Signaling through Repression of TGFBR1 and TSPYL2. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306486. [PMID: 38588050 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Nucleosome assembly proteins (NAPs) have been identified as histone chaperons. Testis-Specific Protein, Y-Encoded-Like (TSPYL) is a newly arisen NAP family in mammals. TSPYL2 can be transcriptionally induced by DNA damage and TGFβ causing proliferation arrest. TSPYL1, another TSPYL family member, has been poorly characterized and is the only TSPYL family member known to be causal of a lethal recessive disease in humans. This study shows that TSPYL1 and TSPYL2 play an opposite role in TGFβ signaling. TSPYL1 partners with the transcription factor FOXA1 and histone methyltransferase EZH2, and at the same time represses TGFBR1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Depletion of TSPYL1 increases TGFBR1 expression, upregulates TGFβ signaling, and elevates the protein stability of TSPYL2. Intriguingly, TSPYL2 forms part of the SMAD2/3/4 signal transduction complex upon stimulation by TGFβ to execute the transcriptional responses. Depletion of TSPYL2 rescues the EMT phenotype of TSPYL1 knockdown in A549 lung carcinoma cells. The data demonstrates the prime role of TSPYL2 in causing the dramatic defects in TSPYL1 deficiency. An intricate counter-balancing role of TSPYL1 and TSPYL2 in regulating TGFβ signaling is also unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi Tan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mia Xinfang Miao
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rylee Xu Luo
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joan So
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eva Hin Wa Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lina Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kui Ming Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu Yuen Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Sui M, Yan S, Zhang P, Li Y, Chen K, Li Y, Lu H, Li Y, Zhao W, Zeng L. The role of Testis-Specific Protein Y-encoded-Like 2 in kidney injury. iScience 2024; 27:109594. [PMID: 38665207 PMCID: PMC11043847 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Recent findings suggest that Testis-Specific Protein Y-encoded-Like 2 (TSPYL2) plays a fibrogenic role in diabetes-associated renal injury. However, the role of TSPYL2 in IRI-induced kidney damage is not entirely clear. In this study, we found that the expression of TSPYL2 was upregulated in a mouse model of AKI and in the hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) cell model. Knockdown of TSPYL2 attenuated kidney injury after IRI. More specifically, the knockdown of TSPYL2 or aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) alleviated renal IRI-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Further investigation showed that TSPYL2 regulated SREBP-2 acetylation by inhibiting SIRT1 and promoting p300 activity, thereby promoting the transcriptional activity of ACMSD. In conclusion, TSPYL2 was identified as a pivotal regulator of IRI-induced kidney damage by activating ACMSD, which may lead to NAD+ content and the damaging response in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Sui
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijia Yan
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewen Chen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanlan Lu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang YW, Wu SX, Wang GW, Wan RD, Yang QE. Single-cell analysis identifies critical regulators of spermatogonial development and differentiation in cattle-yak bulls. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00759-8. [PMID: 38642661 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a continuous process in which functional sperm are produced through a series of mitotic and meiotic divisions and morphological changes in germ cells. The aberrant development and fate transitions of spermatogenic cells cause hybrid sterility in mammals. Cattle-yak, a hybrid animal between taurine cattle (Bos taurus) and yak (Bos grunniens), exhibits male-specific sterility due to spermatogenic failure. In the present study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis to identify differences in testicular cell composition and the developmental trajectory of spermatogenic cells between yak and cattle-yak. The composition and molecular signatures of spermatogonial subtypes were dramatically different between these 2 animals, and the expression of genes associated with stem cell maintenance, cell differentiation and meiotic entry was altered in cattle-yak, indicating the impairment of undifferentiated spermatogonial fate decisions. Cell communication analysis revealed that signaling within different spermatogenic cell subpopulations was weakened, and progenitor spermatogonia were unable or delayed receiving and sending signals for transformation to the next stage in cattle-yak. Simultaneously, the communication between niche cells and germ cells was also abnormal. Collectively, we obtained the expression profiles of transcriptome signatures of different germ cells and testicular somatic cell populations at the single-cell level and identified critical regulators of spermatogonial differentiation and meiosis in yak and sterile cattle-yak. The findings of this study shed light on the genetic mechanisms that lead to hybrid sterility and speciation in bovid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shi-Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guo-Wen Wang
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China
| | - Rui-Dong Wan
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi-En Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China.
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Huang D, Zhao Q, Yang K, Lei J, Jing Y, Li H, Zhang C, Ma S, Sun S, Cai Y, Wang G, Qu J, Zhang W, Wang S, Liu GH. CRL2 APPBP2-mediated TSPYL2 degradation counteracts human mesenchymal stem cell senescence. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:460-474. [PMID: 38170390 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), the largest family of multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligases in eukaryotic cells, represent core cellular machinery for executing protein degradation and maintaining proteostasis. Here, we asked what roles Cullin proteins play in human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) homeostasis and senescence. To this end, we conducted a comparative aging phenotype analysis by individually knocking down Cullin members in three senescence models: replicative senescent hMSCs, Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome hMSCs, and Werner syndrome hMSCs. Among all family members, we found that CUL2 deficiency rendered hMSCs the most susceptible to senescence. To investigate CUL2-specific underlying mechanisms, we then applied CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing technology to generate CUL2-deficient human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). When we differentiated these into hMSCs, we found that CUL2 deletion markedly accelerates hMSC senescence. Importantly, we identified that CUL2 targets and promotes ubiquitin proteasome-mediated degradation of TSPYL2 (a known negative regulator of proliferation) through the substrate receptor protein APPBP2, which in turn down-regulates one of the canonical aging marker-P21waf1/cip1, and thereby delays senescence. Our work provides important insights into how CRL2APPBP2-mediated TSPYL2 degradation counteracts hMSC senescence, providing a molecular basis for directing intervention strategies against aging and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyuan Huang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Kuan Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Jinghui Lei
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ying Jing
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400062, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuhui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yusheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics and China National Center for Bioinformation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Si Wang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400062, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China.
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5
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Zhai Q, Moes DJAR, van Gelder T, van der Lee M, Sanders J, Bemelman FJ, de Fijter JW, Klein K, Schwab M, Swen JJ. The effect of genetic variants in the transcription factor TSPYL family on the CYP3A4 mediated cyclosporine metabolism in kidney transplant patients. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13729. [PMID: 38380703 PMCID: PMC10880038 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
CYP3A4 activity shows considerable interindividual variability. Although studies indicate 60%-80% is heritable, common single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in CYP3A4 together only explain ~10%. Transcriptional factors, such as the testis-specific Y-encoded-like proteins (TSPYLs) family, have been reported to regulate the expression of CYP enzymes including CYP3A4 in vitro. Here, we investigated the effect of genetic variants in TSPYL on CYP3A4 activity using data from a clinical study and a human liver bank. Five SNVs (rs3828743, rs10223646, rs6909133, rs1204807, and rs1204811) in TSPYL were selected because of a reported effect on CYP3A4 expression in vitro or suggested clinical effect. For the clinical study, whole blood concentrations, clinical data, and DNA were available from 295 kidney transplant recipients participating in the prospective MECANO study. A multivariate pharmacokinetic model adjusted for body weight, steroid treatment, and CYP3A4 genotype was used to assess the effect of the genetic variants on cyclosporine clearance. In multivariate analysis, homozygous carriers of rs3828743 had a 18% lower cyclosporin clearance compared to the wild-type and heterozygous patients (28.72 vs. 35.03 L/h, p = 0.018) indicating a lower CYP3A4 activity and an opposite direction of effect compared to the previously reported increased CYP3A4 expression. To validate, we tested associations between rs3828743 and CYP3A4 mRNA and protein expression as well as enzyme activity with data from a liver bank (n = 150). No association with any of these end points was observed. In conclusion, the totality of evidence is not in support of a significant role for TSPYL SNV rs3828743 in explaining variability in CYP3A4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglian Zhai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and ToxicologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan A. R. Moes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and ToxicologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Teun van Gelder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and ToxicologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Maaike van der Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and ToxicologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan‐Stephan Sanders
- Department of NephrologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kathrin Klein
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyStuttgartGermany
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical PharmacologyStuttgartGermany
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Jesse J. Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and ToxicologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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Zhang X, Wu X, Yao W, Wang YH. A tumor-suppressing role of TSPYL2 in thyroid cancer: Through interacting with SIRT1 and repressing SIRT1/AKT pathway. Exp Cell Res 2023; 432:113777. [PMID: 37696385 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine cancers. Testis-specific protein, Y-encoded-like 2 (TSPYL2) belongs to the TSPY family. Studies show that TSPYL2 plays as a cancer suppressor in several cancers. However, the role of TSPYL2 in thyroid cancer remains elusive. In the present study, the expression of TSPYL2 in human central papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tissues and corresponding para-cancer tissues was detected by qPCR and Western blot. The gain- and loss-of-function studies for TSPYL2 were performed in TPC-1 cells and IHH-4 cells. The results showed that TSPYL2 expression was decreased in PTC tissues, and the low TSPYL2 expression was associated with more lymph node metastasis. Moreover, the results showed that knockdown of TSPYL2 promoted proliferation and enhanced the ability of migration and invasion of TPC-1 cells and IHH-4 cells, while TSPYL2 overexpression reversed it. TSPYL2 overexpression arrested cell cycle. We found that TSPYL2 silencing suppressed cell apoptosis, while overexpression of TSPYL2 reversed it. Co-IP results illustrated that TSPYL2 interacted with SIRT1. Knockdown of TSPYL2 increased the association between SIRT1 and AKT. Moreover, TSPYL2 expression inhibited AKT activation by upregulating the AKT acetylation level. In vivo, tumor xenograft experiments indicated that TSPYL2 suppressed the tumorigenic ability of thyroid cancer cells. Western blot results suggested that knockdown of TSPYL2 enhanced the phosphorylation level of AKT, while TSPYL2 overexpression reversed it. Taken together, our study suggested TSPYL2 could be a tumor suppressor in thyroid cancer by regulating SIRT1/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China
| | - Yi-Hui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China.
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7
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Elsayed WSH, Harb OA, Alabiad MA, Faraj Saad RH, Anbaig A, Alorini M, Hemeda R, Negm M, Gertallah LM, Abdelhady WA, Ali RM. Protein Expression of NEK2, JMJD4, and REST in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC): Clinical, Pathological, and Prognostic Findings. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:180-192. [PMID: 37600577 PMCID: PMC10439757 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2023.1974154.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Background & Objective Cells of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are resistant to the most currently used chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies; hence, we evaluated the expression of NEK2, JMJD4, and REST in cases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and benign adjacent tissues of kidney to detect associations between their expression and clinicopathological features, prognostic data, tumor recurrence, and survival rates. Methods We collected 200 samples including tumoral and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues related to 100 ccRCC patients. All samples were evaluated for the expression of NEK2, JMJD4, and REST, and the patients were followed up for about 5 years. Tumor recurrence and survival data were documented and analyzed. Results NEK2 and JMJD4 expression showed increase in ccRCC tissues (P=0.002 and 0.006), while REST was downregulated (P<0.001). The elevated expression of NEK2 was positively related ro the tumor size (P=0.015), higher grades (P=0.002), higher stages (P=0.013), distant spread (P=0.004), tumor recurrence, shorter progression-free survival (PFS) rate, and overall survival (OS) rate (P<0.001). Likewise, the high expression of JMJD4 showed positive correlation with the tumor size (P=0.047), higher grades (P=0.003), higher stages (P=0.043), distant spread (P=0.001), tumor recurrence, shorter PFS rate, and OS rate (P<0.001). Conversely, low expression of REST demonstrated positive relationship with the tumor size, higher grades, higher stages, distant spread, tumor recurrence, and shorter PFS and OS rates (P<0.001). Conclusion Overexpression of NEK2 and JMJD4 and downregulation of REST may be noted in malignant renal tissues compared to benign renal tissues and may be correlated with unfavorable pathological findings, poor clinical parameters, and poor patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid S H Elsayed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ola A Harb
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali Alabiad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rema H Faraj Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Amal Anbaig
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Mohammed Alorini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Hemeda
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Negm
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Loay M Gertallah
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Waleed A Abdelhady
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ramadan M Ali
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Zagazig, Egypt
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The NRSF/REST transcription factor in hallmarks of cancer: From molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance. Biochimie 2023; 206:116-134. [PMID: 36283507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), or neuron restrictive silencing factor (NRSF), was first identified as a repressor of neuronal genes in non-neuronal tissue. Interestingly, this transcription factor may act as a tumor suppressor or an oncogenic role in developing neuroendocrine and other tumors in patients. The hallmarks of cancer include six biological processes, including proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. In addition to two emerging hallmarks, the reprogramming of energy metabolism and evasion of the immune response are all implicated in the development of human tumors. It is essential to know the role of these processes as they will affect the outcome of alternatives for cancer treatment. Various studies in this review demonstrate that NRSF/REST affects the different hallmarks of cancer that could position NRSF/REST as an essential target in the therapy and diagnosis of certain types of cancer.
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9
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Zhao J, Huai J. Role of primary aging hallmarks in Alzheimer´s disease. Theranostics 2023; 13:197-230. [PMID: 36593969 PMCID: PMC9800733 DOI: 10.7150/thno.79535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, which severely threatens the health of the elderly and causes significant economic and social burdens. The causes of AD are complex and include heritable but mostly aging-related factors. The primary aging hallmarks include genomic instability, telomere wear, epigenetic changes, and loss of protein stability, which play a dominant role in the aging process. Although AD is closely associated with the aging process, the underlying mechanisms involved in AD pathogenesis have not been well characterized. This review summarizes the available literature about primary aging hallmarks and their roles in AD pathogenesis. By analyzing published literature, we attempted to uncover the possible mechanisms of aberrant epigenetic markers with related enzymes, transcription factors, and loss of proteostasis in AD. In particular, the importance of oxidative stress-induced DNA methylation and DNA methylation-directed histone modifications and proteostasis are highlighted. A molecular network of gene regulatory elements that undergoes a dynamic change with age may underlie age-dependent AD pathogenesis, and can be used as a new drug target to treat AD.
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10
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Shivaram S, Gao H, Qin S, Liu D, Weinshilboum RM, Wang L. Cytochrome P450 Transcriptional Regulation by Testis-Specific Y-Encoded-Like Protein: Identification of Novel Upstream Transcription Factors. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1-7. [PMID: 36153008 PMCID: PMC9832376 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) display significant inter-individual variation in expression, much of which remains unexplained by known CYP single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Testis-specific Y-encoded-like proteins (TSPYLs) are transcriptional regulators for several drug-metabolizing CYPs including CYP3A4 However, transcription factors (TFs) that might influence CYP expression through an effect on TSPYL expression are unknown. Therefore, we studied regulators of TSPYL expression in hepatic cell lines and their possible SNP-dependent variation. Specifically, we identified candidate TFs that might influence TSPYL expression using the ENCODE ChIPseq database. Subsequently, the expression of TSPYL1/2/4 as well as that of selected CYP targets for TSPYL regulation were assayed in hepatic cell lines before and after knockdown of TFs that might influence CYP expression through TSPYL-dependent mechanisms. Those results were confirmed by studies of TF binding to TSPYL1/2/4 gene promoter regions. In hepatic cell lines, knockdown of the REST and ZBTB7A TFs resulted in decreased TSPYL1 and TSPYL4 expression and increased CYP3A4 expression, changes reversed by TSPYL1/4 overexpression. Potential binding sites for REST and ZBTB7A on the promoters of TSPYL1 and TSPYL4 were confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Finally, common SNP variants in upstream binding sites on the TSPYL1/4 promoters were identified and luciferase reporter constructs confirmed SNP-dependent modulation of TSPYL1/4 gene transcription. In summary, we identified REST and ZBTB7A as regulators of the expression of TSPYL genes which themselves can contribute to regulation of CYP expression and-potentially-of drug metabolism. SNP-dependent modulation of TSPYL transcription may contribute to individual variation in both CYP expression and-downstream-drug response phenotypes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Testis-specific Y-encoded-like proteins (TSPYLs) are transcriptional regulators of cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene expression. Here, we report that variation in TSPYL expression as a result of the effects of genetically regulated TSPYL transcription factors is an additional factor that could result in downstream variation in CYP expression and potentially, as a result, variation in drug biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganti Shivaram
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Huanyao Gao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sisi Qin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Duan Liu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Richard M Weinshilboum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Liewei Wang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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11
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Using AI-Based Evolutionary Algorithms to Elucidate Adult Brain Tumor (Glioma) Etiology Associated with IDH1 for Therapeutic Target Identification. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2982-3000. [PMID: 35877430 PMCID: PMC9323620 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult brain tumors (glioma) represent a cancer of unmet need where standard-of-care is non-curative; thus, new therapies are urgently needed. It is unclear whether isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH1/2) when not mutated have any role in gliomagenesis or tumor growth. Nevertheless, IDH1 is overexpressed in glioblastoma (GBM), which could impact upon cellular metabolism and epigenetic reprogramming. This study characterizes IDH1 expression and associated genes and pathways. A novel biomarker discovery pipeline using artificial intelligence (evolutionary algorithms) was employed to analyze IDH-wildtype adult gliomas from the TCGA LGG-GBM cohort. Ninety genes whose expression correlated with IDH1 expression were identified from: (1) All gliomas, (2) primary GBM, and (3) recurrent GBM tumors. Genes were overrepresented in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, focal adhesion, mTOR signaling, and pyruvate metabolism pathways. Other non-enriched pathways included O-glycan biosynthesis, notch signaling, and signaling regulating stem cell pluripotency (PCGF3). Potential prognostic (TSPYL2, JAKMIP1, CIT, TMTC1) and two diagnostic (MINK1, PLEKHM3) biomarkers were downregulated in GBM. Their gene expression and methylation were negatively and positively correlated with IDH1 expression, respectively. Two diagnostic biomarkers (BZW1, RCF2) showed the opposite trend. Prognostic genes were not impacted by high frequencies of molecular alterations and only one (TMTC1) could be validated in another cohort. Genes with mechanistic links to IDH1 were involved in brain neuronal development, cell proliferation, cytokinesis, and O-mannosylation as well as tumor suppression and anaplerosis. Results highlight metabolic vulnerabilities and therapeutic targets for use in future clinical trials.
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12
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TSPYL2 reduced gefitinib resistance and DNA damage repair via suppressing SIRT1-mediated FOXO3 deacetylation. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:407-419. [PMID: 35192400 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy with high mortality. TSPYL2 participates in tumor suppression but its role in CRC remains unknown. Methodology & results: TSPYL2 was downregulated and SIRT1 was upregulated in gefitinib drug-resistant (GEF-DR) tissues of patients with CRC. The GEF-resistant cells, HCT116 and HCT-15, were successfully established. The knockdown of TSPYL2 promoted resistance to GEF in CRC cells. Interestingly, immunofluorescence and western blot assays demonstrated that TSPYL2 inhibited DNA damage repair in HCT-15 and HCT116 GEF-resistant cells. Mechanically, TSPYL2 reduced the resistance to GEF and inhibited DNA damage repair via suppressing SIRT1-mediated FOXO3 deacetylation. TSPYL2 consistently inhibited tumor growth and decreased resistance to GEF in vivo. Conclusion: TSPYL2 reduced resistance to GEF and suppressed DNA damage through downregulating SIRT1-mediated FOXO3 deacetylation, indicating that TSPYL2 might be a novel therapeutic target in CRC.
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13
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Yang Y, Shi K, Patel DM, Liu F, Wu T, Chai Z. How to inhibit transforming growth factor beta safely in diabetic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2021; 30:115-122. [PMID: 33229911 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in diabetes. This review aims to discuss the major features of DKD, to identify the difficult barrier encountered in developing a therapeutic strategy and to provide a potentially superior novel approach to retard DKD. RECENT FINDINGS Renal inflammation and fibrosis are prominent features of DKD. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) with its activity enhanced in DKD plays a key pathological profibrotic role in promoting renal fibrosis. However, TGFβ is a difficult drug target because it has multiple important physiological functions, such as immunomodulation. These physiological functions of TGFβ can be interrupted as a result of complete blockade of the TGFβ pathway if TGFβ is directly targeted, leading to catastrophic side-effects, such as fulminant inflammation. Cell division autoantigen 1 (CDA1) is recently identified as an enhancer of profibrotic TGFβ signaling and inhibitor of anti-inflammatory SIRT1. Renal CDA1 expression is elevated in human DKD as well as in rodent models of DKD. Targeting CDA1, by either genetic approach or pharmacological approach in mice, leads to concurrent attenuation of renal fibrosis and inflammation without any deleterious effects observed. SUMMARY Targeting CDA1, instead of directly targeting TGFβ, represents a superior approach to retard DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Yang
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Zunyi maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Zunyi
| | - Kexin Shi
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Devang M Patel
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tieqiao Wu
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhonglin Chai
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Coronel L, Riege K, Schwab K, Förste S, Häckes D, Semerau L, Bernhart SH, Siebert R, Hoffmann S, Fischer M. Transcription factor RFX7 governs a tumor suppressor network in response to p53 and stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:7437-7456. [PMID: 34197623 PMCID: PMC8287911 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its prominence, the mechanisms through which the tumor suppressor p53 regulates most genes remain unclear. Recently, the regulatory factor X 7 (RFX7) emerged as a suppressor of lymphoid neoplasms, but its regulation and target genes mediating tumor suppression remain unknown. Here, we identify a novel p53-RFX7 signaling axis. Integrative analysis of the RFX7 DNA binding landscape and the RFX7-regulated transcriptome in three distinct cell systems reveals that RFX7 directly controls multiple established tumor suppressors, including PDCD4, PIK3IP1, MXD4, and PNRC1, across cell types and is the missing link for their activation in response to p53 and stress. RFX7 target gene expression correlates with cell differentiation and better prognosis in numerous cancer types. Interestingly, we find that RFX7 sensitizes cells to Doxorubicin by promoting apoptosis. Together, our work establishes RFX7’s role as a ubiquitous regulator of cell growth and fate determination and a key node in the p53 transcriptional program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Coronel
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Konstantin Riege
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katjana Schwab
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Förste
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - David Häckes
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lena Semerau
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan H Bernhart
- Transcriptome Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Steve Hoffmann
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Fischer
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
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15
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Pan H, Yang L, Bai H, Luo J, Deng Y. Ginsenoside Rg3 increases gemcitabine sensitivity of pancreatic adenocarcinoma via reducing ZFP91 mediated TSPYL2 destabilization. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:636-645. [PMID: 36090681 PMCID: PMC9459078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rg3 and gemcitabine have mutual enhancing antitumor effects. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. This study explored the influence of ginsenoside Rg3 on Zinc finger protein 91 homolog (ZFP91) expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) and their regulatory mechanisms on gemcitabine sensitivity. Methods RNA-seq and survival data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-PAAD and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) were used for in-silicon analysis. PANC-1, BxPC-3, and PANC-1 gemcitabine-resistant (PANC-1/GR) cells were used for in vitro analysis. PANC-1 derived tumor xenograft nude mice model was used to assess the influence of ginsenoside Rg3 and ZFP91 on tumor growth in vivo. Results Ginsenoside Rg3 reduced ZFP91 expression in PAAD cells in a dose-dependent manner. ZFP91 upregulation was associated with significantly shorter survival of patients with PAAD. ZFP91 overexpression induced gemcitabine resistance, which was partly conquered by ginsenoside Rg3 treatment. ZFP91 depletion sensitized PANC-1/GR cells to gemcitabine treatment. ZFP91 interacted with Testis-Specific Y-Encoded-Like Protein 2 (TSPYL2), induced its poly-ubiquitination, and promoted proteasomal degradation. Ginsenoside Rg3 treatment weakened ZFP91-induced TSPYL2 poly-ubiquitination and degradation. Enforced TSPYL2 expression increased gemcitabine sensitivity of PAAD cells and partly reversed induced gemcitabine resistance in PANC-1/GR cells. Conclusion Ginsenoside Rg3 can increase gemcitabine sensitivity of pancreatic adenocarcinoma at least via reducing ZFP91 mediated TSPYL2 destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Pan
- Cancer Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Linhan Yang
- Outpatient Department, Chengdu Aurora Huan Hua Xiang, Chengdu, China
| | - Hansong Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Breast Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Ying Deng
- Cancer Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Corresponding author. Cancer Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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16
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The Role of Cell Division Autoantigen 1 (CDA1) in Renal Fibrosis of Diabetic Nephropathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6651075. [PMID: 33997036 PMCID: PMC8102118 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6651075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The common kidney disease diabetic nephropathy (DN) accounts for significant morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes, and its effective diagnosis in incipient stages is still lacking. Renal fibrosis is the main pathological feature of DN. Cell division autoantigen 1 (CDA1), a phosphorylated protein encoded by TSPYL2 on the X chromosome, plays a fibrogenic role by modulating the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. TGF-β signaling has been recognized as the key factor in promoting the development and progression of DN. At present, strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure can significantly lower the development and progression of DN in the early stages, and many studies have shown that blocking TGF-β signaling can delay the progress of DN. However, TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine. Its direct intervention may result in increased side effects. Therefore, the targeted intervention of CDA1 not only can block the TGF-β signaling pathway but also can reduce these side effects. In this article, we review the main physiological roles of CDA1, with particular attention to its effect and potential mechanism in the renal fibrosis of DN.
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17
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Low REST Expression Indicates a Biomarker of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6682758. [PMID: 33834072 PMCID: PMC8012131 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6682758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It was initially found that neural-restrictive silencer factor/repressor 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) is a transcriptional repressor of neuronal genes in nonneuronal cells. However, it is reported to be abundantly expressed in various types of aggressive cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the expression patterns of REST in renal cell carcinoma and found that its expression is lower in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues. The chi-square test showed that the low REST expression was closely related to patients' clinicopathologic parameters, including the pathologic stage and survival status. ROC curve showed that REST had excellent clinical diagnostic prospect. In addition, patients with low REST expression had poor over survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that the low REST expression was an independent predictor of poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma. Gene set enrichment analysis identified P53 pathway, reactive oxygen species pathway, glycolysis, DNA repair, cholesterol homeostasis, and MYC targets V2 enriched with low REST expression phenotype. These results suggested that REST may be a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma in clinical applications.
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18
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Abstract
Sex differences are prevalent in normal development, physiology and disease pathogeneses. Recent studies have demonstrated that mosaic loss of Y chromosome and aberrant activation of its genes could modify the disease processes in male biased manners. This mini review discusses the nature of the genes on the human Y chromosome and identifies two general categories of genes: those sharing dosage-sensitivity functions with their X homologues and those with testis-specific expression and functions. Mosaic loss of the former disrupts the homeostasis important for the maintenance of health while aberrant activation of the latter promotes pathogenesis in non-gonadal tissues, thereby contributing to genetic predispositions to diseases in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fai Chris Lau
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121 USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
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19
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Marisetty AL, Lu L, Veo BL, Liu B, Coarfa C, Kamal MM, Kassem DH, Irshad K, Lu Y, Gumin J, Henry V, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Rao G, Baladandayuthapani V, Lang FF, Fuller GN, Majumder S. REST-DRD2 mechanism impacts glioblastoma stem cell-mediated tumorigenesis. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:775-785. [PMID: 30953587 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal, heterogeneous human brain tumor, with regulatory mechanisms that have yet to be fully characterized. Previous studies have indicated that the transcriptional repressor REST (repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor) regulates the oncogenic potential of GBM stem cells (GSCs) based on level of expression. However, how REST performs its regulatory role is not well understood. METHODS We examined 2 independent high REST (HR) GSC lines using genome-wide assays, biochemical validations, gene knockdown analysis, and mouse tumor models. We analyzed in-house patient tumors and patient data present in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RESULTS Genome-wide transcriptome and DNA-binding analyses suggested the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene, a dominant regulator of neurotransmitter signaling, as a direct target of REST. Biochemical analyses and mouse intracranial tumor models using knockdown of REST and double knockdown of REST and DRD2 validated this target and suggested that DRD2 is a downstream target of REST regulating tumorigenesis, at least in part, through controlling invasion and apoptosis. Further, TCGA GBM data support the presence of the REST-DRD2 axis and reveal that high REST/low DRD2 (HRLD) and low REST/high DRD2 (LRHD) tumors are specific subtypes, are molecularly different from the known GBM subtypes, and represent functional groups with distinctive patterns of enrichment of gene sets and biological pathways. The inverse HRLD/LRHD expression pattern is also seen in in-house GBM tumors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that REST regulates neurotransmitter signaling pathways through DRD2 in HR-GSCs to impact tumorigenesis. They further suggest that the REST-DRD2 mechanism forms distinct subtypes of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantha L Marisetty
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bethany L Veo
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mohamed Mostafa Kamal
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dina Hamada Kassem
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khushboo Irshad
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yungang Lu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joy Gumin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Verlene Henry
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gregory N Fuller
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sadhan Majumder
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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20
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Lau YFC, Li Y, Kido T. Battle of the sexes: contrasting roles of testis-specific protein Y-encoded (TSPY) and TSPX in human oncogenesis. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:260-269. [PMID: 29974883 PMCID: PMC6498724 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_43_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Y-located testis-specific protein Y-encoded (TSPY) and its X-homologue TSPX originated from the same ancestral gene, but act as a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene, respectively. TSPY has specialized in male-specific functions, while TSPX has assumed the functions of the ancestral gene. Both TSPY and TSPX harbor a conserved SET/NAP domain, but are divergent at flanking structures. Specifically, TSPX contains a C-terminal acidic domain, absent in TSPY. They possess contrasting properties, in which TSPY and TSPX, respectively, accelerate and arrest cell proliferation, stimulate and inhibit cyclin B-CDK1 phosphorylation activities, have no effect and promote proteosomal degradation of the viral HBx oncoprotein, and exacerbate and repress androgen receptor (AR) and constitutively active AR variant, such as AR-V7, gene transactivation. The inhibitory domain has been mapped to the carboxyl acidic domain in TSPX, truncation of which results in an abbreviated TSPX exerting positive actions as TSPY. Transposition of the acidic domain to the C-terminus of TSPY results in an inhibitory protein as intact TSPX. Hence, genomic mutations/aberrant splicing events could generate TSPX proteins with truncated acidic domain and oncogenic properties as those for TSPY. Further, TSPY is upregulated by AR and AR-V7 in ligand-dependent and ligand-independent manners, respectively, suggesting the existence of a positive feedback loop between a Y-located proto-oncogene and male sex hormone/receptors, thereby amplifying the respective male oncogenic actions in human cancers and diseases. TSPX counteracts such positive feedback loop. Hence, TSPY and TSPX are homologues on the sex chromosomes that function at the two extremes of the human oncogenic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fai Chris Lau
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Yunmin Li
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Tatsuo Kido
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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21
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Roles of TrkC Signaling in the Regulation of Tumorigenicity and Metastasis of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010147. [PMID: 31936239 PMCID: PMC7016819 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) C contributes to the clinicopathology of a variety of human cancers, and new chimeric oncoproteins containing the tyrosine kinase domain of TrkC occur after fusion to the partner genes. Overexpression of TrkC and TrkC fusion proteins was observed in patients with a variety of cancers, including mesenchymal, hematopoietic, and those of epithelial cell lineage. Both microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were involved in the regulation of TrkC expression through transcriptional and posttranscriptional alteration. Aberrant activation of TrkC and TrkC fusion proteins markedly induces the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program, growth rate, tumorigenic capacity via constitutive activation of Ras-MAP kinase (MAPK), PI3K-AKT, and the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. The clinical trial of TrkC or TrkC fusion-positive cancers with newly developed Trk inhibitors demonstrated that Trk inhibitors were highly effective in inducing tumor regression in patients who do not harbor mutations in the kinase domain. Recently, there has been a progressive accumulation of mutations in TrkC or the TrkC fusion protein detected in the clinic and its related cancer cell lines caused by high-throughput DNA sequencing. Despite given the high overall response rate against Trk or Trk fusion proteins-positive solid tumors, acquired drug resistance was observed in patients with various cancers caused by mutations in the Trk kinase domain. To overcome acquired resistance caused by kinase domain mutation, next-generation Trk inhibitors have been developed, and these inhibitors are currently under investigation in clinical trials.
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22
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Garcia-Manteiga JM, D’Alessandro R, Meldolesi J. News about the Role of the Transcription Factor REST in Neurons: From Physiology to Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E235. [PMID: 31905747 PMCID: PMC6982158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) (known also as NRSF) is a well-known transcription repressor whose strong decrease induces the distinction of neurons with respect to the other cells. Such distinction depends on the marked increased/decreased expression of specific genes, accompanied by parallel changes of the corresponding proteins. Many properties of REST had been identified in the past. Here we report those identified during the last 5 years. Among physiological discoveries are hundreds of genes governed directly/indirectly by REST, the mechanisms of its neuron/fibroblast conversions, and the cooperations with numerous distinct factors induced at the epigenetic level and essential for REST specific functions. New effects induced in neurons during brain diseases depend on the localization of REST, in the nucleus, where functions and toxicity occur, and in the cytoplasm. The effects of REST, including cell aggression or protection, are variable in neurodegenerative diseases in view of the distinct mechanisms of their pathology. Moreover, cooperations are among the mechanisms that govern the severity of brain cancers, glioblastomas, and medulloblastomas. Interestingly, the role in cancers is relevant also for therapeutic perspectives affecting the REST cooperations. In conclusion, part of the new REST knowledge in physiology and pathology appears promising for future developments in research and brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacopo Meldolesi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, San Raffaele University, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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23
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Dieter C, Assmann TS, Costa AR, Canani LH, de Souza BM, Bauer AC, Crispim D. MiR-30e-5p and MiR-15a-5p Expressions in Plasma and Urine of Type 1 Diabetic Patients With Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Genet 2019; 10:563. [PMID: 31249597 PMCID: PMC6582252 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common microvascular complication that affects 40% of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Emerging evidence suggests a role for several microRNAs (miRNAs) in the development of DKD. In this context, miR-15a-5p and miR-30e-5p have been shown to regulate the expression of the uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial protein that decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation by the mitochondria. Since ROS overproduction is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of DKD, dysregulation of these two miRNAs could be involved in DKD pathogenesis. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the expressions of miR-15a-5p and miR-30e-5p in type 1 DM (T1DM) patients with DKD (cases) and without this complication (controls), and to perform bioinformatics analyses to investigate their putative targets and biological pathways under their regulation. Methods MiR-15a-5p and miR-30e-5p expressions were analyzed in plasma and urine of 17 T1DM controls and 23 DKD cases (12 with moderate DKD and 11 with severe DKD) using qPCR. Bioinformatics analyses were performed in Cytoscape software. Results MiR-30e-5p expression was downregulated in plasma of patients with moderate and severe DKD compared to T1DM controls. Moreover, this miRNA was also downregulated in urine of patients with severe DKD compared to the other groups. No difference was found in miR-15a-5p expression between groups. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that miR-30e-5p and miR-15a-5p regulate various genes that participate in pathways related to angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell differentiation, oxidative stress, and hypoxia. Conclusion MiR-30e-5p seems to be downregulated in plasma and urine of patients with DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Dieter
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Taís Silveira Assmann
- Department of Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Luís Henrique Canani
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bianca Marmontel de Souza
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andrea Carla Bauer
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Nephrology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daisy Crispim
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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24
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Cedernaes J, Huang W, Ramsey KM, Waldeck N, Cheng L, Marcheva B, Omura C, Kobayashi Y, Peek CB, Levine DC, Dhir R, Awatramani R, Bradfield CA, Wang XA, Takahashi JS, Mokadem M, Ahima RS, Bass J. Transcriptional Basis for Rhythmic Control of Hunger and Metabolism within the AgRP Neuron. Cell Metab 2019; 29:1078-1091.e5. [PMID: 30827863 PMCID: PMC6506361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The alignment of fasting and feeding with the sleep/wake cycle is coordinated by hypothalamic neurons, though the underlying molecular programs remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that the clock transcription pathway maximizes eating during wakefulness and glucose production during sleep through autonomous circadian regulation of NPY/AgRP neurons. Tandem profiling of whole-cell and ribosome-bound mRNAs in morning and evening under dynamic fasting and fed conditions identified temporal control of activity-dependent gene repertoires in AgRP neurons central to synaptogenesis, bioenergetics, and neurotransmitter and peptidergic signaling. Synaptic and circadian pathways were specific to whole-cell RNA analyses, while bioenergetic pathways were selectively enriched in the ribosome-bound transcriptome. Finally, we demonstrate that the AgRP clock mediates the transcriptional response to leptin. Our results reveal that time-of-day restriction in transcriptional control of energy-sensing neurons underlies the alignment of hunger and food acquisition with the sleep/wake state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cedernaes
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kathryn Moynihan Ramsey
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nathan Waldeck
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lei Cheng
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Biliana Marcheva
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Chiaki Omura
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yumiko Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Clara Bien Peek
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel C Levine
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ravindra Dhir
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raj Awatramani
- Department of Neurology and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christopher A Bradfield
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xiaozhong A Wang
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mohamad Mokadem
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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25
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Kido T, Li Y, Tanaka Y, Dahiya R, Chris Lau YF. The X-linked tumor suppressor TSPX downregulates cancer-drivers/oncogenes in prostate cancer in a C-terminal acidic domain dependent manner. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1491-1506. [PMID: 30863497 PMCID: PMC6407674 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
TSPX is a tumor suppressor gene located at Xp11.22, a prostate cancer susceptibility locus. It is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues but frequently downregulated in various cancers, including lung, brain, liver and prostate cancers. The C-terminal acidic domain (CAD) of TSPX is crucial for the tumor suppressor functions, such as inhibition of cyclin B/CDK1 phosphorylation and androgen receptor transactivation. Currently, the exact role of the TSPX CAD in transcriptional regulation of downstream genes is still uncertain. Using different variants of TSPX, we showed that overexpression of either TSPX, that harbors a CAD, or a CAD-truncated variant (TSPX[∆C]) drastically retarded cell proliferation in a prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, but cell death was induced only by overexpression of TSPX. Transcriptome analyses showed that TSPX or TSPX[∆C] overexpression downregulated multiple cancer-drivers/oncogenes, including MYC and MYB, in a CAD-dependent manner and upregulated various tumor suppressors in a CAD-independent manner. Datamining of transcriptomes of prostate cancer specimens in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset confirmed the negative correlation between the expression level of TSPX and those of MYC and MYB in clinical prostate cancer, thereby supporting the hypothesis that the CAD of TSPX plays an important role in suppression of cancer-drivers/oncogenes in prostatic oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kido
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yunmin Li
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rajvir Dahiya
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yun-Fai Chris Lau
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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26
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TSPYL5-mediated inhibition of p53 promotes human endothelial cell function. Angiogenesis 2018; 22:281-293. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9656-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Abikhair Burgo M, Roudiani N, Chen J, Santana AL, Doudican N, Proby C, Felsen D, Carucci JA. Ruxolitinib inhibits cyclosporine-induced proliferation of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120750. [PMID: 30185657 PMCID: PMC6171807 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ transplant recipients (OTRs) on cyclosporine A (CSA) are prone to catastrophic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Allograft-sparing, cancer-targeting systemic treatments are unavailable. We have shown increased risk for catastrophic SCC in OTRs via CSA-mediated induction of IL-22. Herein, we found that CSA drives SCC proliferation and tumor growth through IL-22 and JAK/STAT pathway induction. We in turn inhibited SCC growth with an FDA-approved JAK1/2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib. In human SCC cells, the greatest proliferative response to IL-22 and CSA treatment occurred in nonmetastasizing lines. IL-22 treatment upregulated JAK1 and STAT1/3 in A431 SCC cells. JAK/STAT pathway genes were highly expressed in tumors from a cohort of CSA-exposed OTRs and in SCC with high risk for metastasis. Compared with immunocompetent SCC, genes associated with innate immunity, response to DNA damage, and p53 regulation were differentially expressed in SCC from OTRs. In nude mice engrafted with human A431 cells, IL-22 and CSA treatment increased tumor growth and upregulated IL-22 receptor, JAK1, and STAT1/3 expression. Ruxolitinib treatment significantly reduced tumor volume and reversed the accelerated tumor growth. CSA and IL-22 exacerbate aggressive behavior in SCC. Targeting the IL-22 axis via selective JAK/STAT inhibition may reduce the progression of aggressive SCC in OTRs, without compromising immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Abikhair Burgo
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nazanin Roudiani
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexis L. Santana
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole Doudican
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charlotte Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Felsen
- Institute for Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - John A. Carucci
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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28
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TSPYL2 is a novel regulator of SIRT1 and p300 activity in response to DNA damage. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:918-931. [PMID: 30050056 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein acetylation and deacetylation events are finely regulated by lysine-acetyl-transferases and lysine-deacetylases and constitute an important tool for the activation or inhibition of specific cellular pathways. One of the most important lysine-acetyl-transferases is p300, which is involved in the regulation of gene expression, cell growth, DNA repair, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. A well-known target of p300 is constituted by the tumor suppressor protein p53, which plays a critical role in the maintenance of genomic stability and whose activity is known to be controlled by post-translational modifications, among which acetylation. p300 activity toward p53 is negatively regulated by the NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT1, which deacetylates p53 preventing its transcriptional activation and the induction of p53-dependent apoptosis. However, the mechanisms responsible for p53 regulation by p300 and SIRT1 are still poorly understood. Here we identify the nucleosome assembly protein TSPY-Like 2 (TSPYL2, also known as TSPX, DENTT, and CDA1) as a novel regulator of SIRT1 and p300 function. We demonstrate that, upon DNA damage, TSPYL2 inhibits SIRT1, disrupting its association with target proteins, and promotes p300 acetylation and activation, finally stimulating p53 acetylation and p53-dependent cell death. Indeed, in response to DNA damage, cells silenced for TSPYL2 were found to be defective in p53 activation and apoptosis induction and these events were shown to be dependent on SIRT1 and p300 function. Collectively, our results shed new light on the regulation of p53 acetylation and activation and reveal a novel TSPYL2 function with important implications in cancerogenesis.
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29
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Liu H, Peng L, So J, Tsang KH, Chong CH, Mak PHS, Chan KM, Chan SY. TSPYL2 Regulates the Expression of EZH2 Target Genes in Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2640-2652. [PMID: 30051352 PMCID: PMC6459796 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Testis-specific protein, Y-encoded-like 2 (TSPYL2) is an X-linked gene in the locus for several neurodevelopmental disorders. We have previously shown that Tspyl2 knockout mice had impaired learning and sensorimotor gating, and TSPYL2 facilitates the expression of Grin2a and Grin2b through interaction with CREB-binding protein. To identify other genes regulated by TSPYL2, here, we showed that Tspyl2 knockout mice had an increased level of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the hippocampus, and TSPYL2 interacted with the H3K27 methyltransferase enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2). We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing in primary hippocampal neurons and divided all Refseq genes by k-mean clustering into four clusters from highest level of H3K27me3 to unmarked. We confirmed that mutant neurons had an increased level of H3K27me3 in cluster 1 genes, which consist of known EZH2 target genes important in development. We detected significantly reduced expression of genes including Gbx2 and Prss16 from cluster 1 and Acvrl1, Bdnf, Egr3, Grin2c, and Igf1 from cluster 2 in the mutant. In support of a dynamic role of EZH2 in repressing marked synaptic genes, the specific EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 significantly upregulated, while the demethylase inhibitor GSKJ4 downregulated the expression of Egr3 and Grin2c. GSK126 also upregulated the expression of Bdnf in mutant primary neurons. Finally, ChIP showed that hemagglutinin-tagged TSPYL2 co-existed with EZH2 in target promoters in neuroblastoma cells. Taken together, our data suggest that TSPYL2 is recruited to promoters of specific EZH2 target genes in neurons, and enhances their expression for proper neuronal maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,University Research Facility in Chemical and Environmental Analysis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joan So
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ka Hing Tsang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research and Development, Clinical Projects and Development, New B Innovation, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Ho Chong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Priscilla Hoi Shan Mak
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kui Ming Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, the City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Siu Yuen Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Gu L, Ge Z, Wang Y, Shen M, Zhao P, Chen W. Double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase PKR activates NF-κB pathway in acute pancreatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1563-1569. [PMID: 30031606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The activation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) occurs early in acute pancreatitis (AP) simultaneously with intracellular trypsinogen activation. Double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase (PKR) promotes the activation of NF-κB and the production of pro-inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The rat and rat pancreatic AR42J cells were treated by cerulein to establish AP models, showing PKR increased. TNF-α, IL-6 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in AP pancreatic tissues and cerulein-treated AR42J cells increased, while PKR knockdown in AR42J cells reversed cerulein-induced inflammatory response and pancreatic cell injury. In addition, inhibitor of kappa B kinase α (IKKα), phosphorylated P65 (p-P65), P65 increased in cerulein-treated AR42J cells. Meanwhile, in cerulein-treated AR42J cells, interaction between PKR and IKKα, as well as the co-localization and nuclear accumulation of PKR and P65, were detected. Furthermore, cerulein induced the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of P65, which indicated the activation of NF-κB, while PKR knockdown hindered NF-κB activation to alleviate pancreatic cell injury. In summary, PKR might promote NF-κB activation via facilitating its phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, thus accelerated inflammatory response and pancreatic cell injury in AP, implying a novel molecular target for the treatment of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liugen Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenming Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiqin Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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31
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Huang S, Wa Q, Pan J, Peng X, Ren D, Li Q, Dai Y, Yang Q, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhou W, Yuan D, Cao J, Li Y, He P, Tang Y. Transcriptional downregulation of miR-133b by REST promotes prostate cancer metastasis to bone via activating TGF-β signaling. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:779. [PMID: 30006541 PMCID: PMC6045651 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High avidity of bone metastasis is an important characteristic in prostate cancer (PCa). Downexpression of miR-133b has been reported to be implicated in the development, progression and recurrence in PCa. However, clinical significance and biological roles of miR-133b in bone metastasis of PCa remain unclear. Here we report that miR-133b is downregulated in PCa tissues and further decreased in bone metastatic PCa tissues. Downexpression of miR-133b positively correlates with advanced clinicopathological characteristics and shorter bone metastasis-free survival in PCa patients. Upregulating miR-133b inhibits invasion, migration in vitro and bone metastasis in vivo in PCa cells. Mechanistically, we find that miR-133b suppresses activity of TGF-β signaling via directly targeting TGF-β receptor I and II, which further inhibits bone metastasis of PCa cells. Our results further reveal that overexpression of REST contributes to miR-133b downexpression via transcriptional repression in PCa tissues. Importantly, silencing miR-133b enhances invasion and migration abilities in vitro and bone metastasis ability in vivo in REST-silenced PCa cells. The clinical correlation of miR-133b with TGFBRI, TGFBRII, REST and TGF-β signaling activity is verified in PCa tissues. Therefore, our results uncover a novel mechanism of miR-133b downexpression that REST transcriptionally inhibits miR-133b expression in PCa cells, and meanwhile support the notion that administration of miR-133b may serve as a rational regimen in the treatment of PCa bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingde Wa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical college, 563003, Zunyi, China
| | - Jincheng Pan
- Department of Urology Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiji Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhu Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Dan Yuan
- Department of Urology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Jiazheng Cao
- Department of Urology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Yuming Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, 529030, China
| | - Peiheng He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yubo Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
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Qin S, Liu D, Kohli M, Wang L, Vedell PT, Hillman DW, Niu N, Yu J, Weinshilboum RM, Wang L. TSPYL Family Regulates CYP17A1 and CYP3A4 Expression: Potential Mechanism Contributing to Abiraterone Response in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 104:201-210. [PMID: 29027195 PMCID: PMC5899062 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The testis‐specific Y‐encoded‐like protein (TSPYL) gene family includes TSPYL1 to TSPYL6. We previously reported that TSPYL5 regulates cytochrome P450 (CYP) 19A1 expression. Here we show that TSPYLs, especially TSPYL 1, 2, and 4, can regulate the expression of many CYP genes, including CYP17A1, a key enzyme in androgen biosynthesis, and CYP3A4, an enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of abiraterone, a CYP17 inhibitor. Furthermore, a common TSPYL1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs3828743 (G/A) (Pro62Ser), abolishes TSPYL1's ability to suppress CYP3A4 expression, resulting in reduced abiraterone concentrations and increased cell proliferation. Data from a prospective clinical trial of 87 metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone acetate/prednisone showed that the variant SNP genotype (A) was significantly associated with worse response and progression‐free survival. In summary, TSPYL genes are novel CYP gene transcription regulators, and genetic alteration within these genes significantly influences response to drug therapy through transcriptional regulation of CYP450 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Qin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Duan Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Manish Kohli
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Liguo Wang
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter T Vedell
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David W Hillman
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nifang Niu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard M Weinshilboum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Li Y, Zhang DJ, Qiu Y, Kido T, Lau YFC. The Y-located proto-oncogene TSPY exacerbates and its X-homologue TSPX inhibits transactivation functions of androgen receptor and its constitutively active variants. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:901-912. [PMID: 28169398 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gonadoblastoma gene, testis-specific protein Y-encoded (TSPY), on the Y chromosome and its X-homologue, TSPX, are cell cycle regulators and function as a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor respectively in human oncogenesis. TSPY and TSPX competitively bind to the androgen receptor (AR) and AR variants, such as AR-V7, at their conserved SET/NAP domain, and exacerbate and repress the transactivation of the AR/AR-V7 target genes in ligand dependent and independent manners respectively. The inhibitory domain has been mapped to the carboxyl acidic domain of TSPX, truncation of which renders TSPX to be stimulatory while its transposition to the C-terminus of TSPY results in an inhibitory hybrid protein. TSPY and TSPX co-localize with the endogenous AR, in the presence of ligand, on the promoters and differentially regulate the expression of the endogenous AR target genes in the androgen-responsive LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Transcriptome analysis shows that TSPY and TSPX expressions differentially affect significant numbers of canonical pathways, upstream regulators and cellular functions. Significantly, among the common ones, TSPY activates and TSPX inhibits numerous growth-related and oncogenic canonical pathways and cellular functions in the respective cell populations. Hence, TSPY and TSPX exert opposing effects on the transactivation functions of AR and AR-Vs important for various physiological and disease processes sensitive to male sex hormone actions, thereby not only affecting the pathogenesis of male-specific prostate cancer but also likely contributing to sex differences in the health and diseases of man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmin Li
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Dong Ji Zhang
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Yun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tatsuo Kido
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Yun-Fai Chris Lau
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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