1
|
Li Y, Giovannini S, Wang T, Fang J, Li P, Shao C, Wang Y, Shi Y, Candi E, Melino G, Bernassola F. p63: a crucial player in epithelial stemness regulation. Oncogene 2023; 42:3371-3384. [PMID: 37848625 PMCID: PMC10638092 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissue homeostasis is closely associated with the self-renewal and differentiation behaviors of epithelial stem cells (ESCs). p63, a well-known marker of ESCs, is an indispensable factor for their biological activities during epithelial development. The diversity of p63 isoforms expressed in distinct tissues allows this transcription factor to have a wide array of effects. p63 coordinates the transcription of genes involved in cell survival, stem cell self-renewal, migration, differentiation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Through the regulation of these biological processes, p63 contributes to, not only normal epithelial development, but also epithelium-derived cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of p63 in epithelial stemness regulation, including self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation, and senescence. We describe the differential expression of TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms and their distinct functional activities in normal epithelial tissues and in epithelium-derived tumors. Furthermore, we summarize the signaling cascades modulating the TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms as well as their downstream pathways in stemness regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Sara Giovannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Tingting Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jiankai Fang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Peishan Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00100, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Strubel A, Münick P, Hartmann O, Chaikuad A, Dreier B, Schaefer JV, Gebel J, Osterburg C, Tuppi M, Schäfer B, Buck V, Rosenfeldt M, Knapp S, Plückthun A, Diefenbacher ME, Dötsch V. DARPins detect the formation of hetero-tetramers of p63 and p73 in epithelial tissues and in squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:674. [PMID: 37828008 PMCID: PMC10570377 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The two p53 homologues p63 and p73 regulate transcriptional programs in epithelial tissues and several cell types in these tissues express both proteins. All members of the p53 family form tetramers in their active state through a dedicated oligomerization domain that structurally assembles as a dimer of dimers. The oligomerization domain of p63 and p73 share a high sequence identity, but the p53 oligomerization domain is more divergent and it lacks a functionally important C-terminal helix present in the other two family members. Based on these structural differences, p53 does not hetero-oligomerize with p63 or p73. In contrast, p63 and p73 form hetero-oligomers of all possible stoichiometries, with the hetero-tetramer built from a p63 dimer and a p73 dimer being thermodynamically more stable than the two homo-tetramers. This predicts that in cells expressing both proteins a p632/p732 hetero-tetramer is formed. So far, the tools to investigate the biological function of this hetero-tetramer have been missing. Here we report the generation and characterization of Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) that bind with high affinity and selectivity to the p632/p732 hetero-tetramer. Using these DARPins we were able to confirm experimentally the existence of this hetero-tetramer in epithelial mouse and human tissues and show that its level increases in squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Strubel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Münick
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Hartmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas V Schaefer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Osterburg
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Schäfer
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Viktoria Buck
- Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Rosenfeldt
- Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus E Diefenbacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Taverniti V, Krynska H, Venuti A, Straub ML, Sirand C, Lohmann E, Romero-Medina MC, Moro S, Robitaille A, Negroni L, Martinez-Zapien D, Masson M, Tommasino M, Zanier K. The E2F4/p130 Repressor Complex Cooperates with Oncogenic ΔNp73α To Inhibit Gene Expression in Human Papillomavirus 38 E6/E7-Transformed Keratinocytes and in Cancer Cells. mSphere 2023; 8:e0005623. [PMID: 36883841 PMCID: PMC10117100 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00056-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 and its related proteins, p63 and p73, can be synthesized as multiple isoforms lacking part of the N- or C-terminal regions. Specifically, high expression of the ΔNp73α isoform is notoriously associated with various human malignancies characterized by poor prognosis. This isoform is also accumulated by oncogenic viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as well as genus beta human papillomaviruses (HPV) that appear to be involved in carcinogenesis. To gain additional insight into ΔNp73α mechanisms, we have performed proteomics analyses using human keratinocytes transformed by the E6 and E7 proteins of the beta-HPV type 38 virus as an experimental model (38HK). We find that ΔNp73α associates with the E2F4/p130 repressor complex through a direct interaction with E2F4. This interaction is favored by the N-terminal truncation of p73 characteristic of ΔNp73 isoforms. Moreover, it is independent of the C-terminal splicing status, suggesting that it could represent a general feature of ΔNp73 isoforms (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, θ, η, and η1). We show that the ΔNp73α-E2F4/p130 complex inhibits the expression of specific genes, including genes encoding for negative regulators of proliferation, both in 38HK and in HPV-negative cancer-derived cell lines. Such genes are not inhibited by E2F4/p130 in primary keratinocytes lacking ΔNp73α, indicating that the interaction with ΔNp73α rewires the E2F4 transcriptional program. In conclusion, we have identified and characterized a novel transcriptional regulatory complex with potential implications in oncogenesis. IMPORTANCE The TP53 gene is mutated in about 50% of human cancers. In contrast, the TP63 and TP73 genes are rarely mutated but rather expressed as ΔNp63 and ΔNp73 isoforms in a wide range of malignancies, where they act as p53 antagonists. Accumulation of ΔNp63 and ΔNp73, which is associated with chemoresistance, can result from infection by oncogenic viruses such as EBV or HPV. Our study focuses on the highly carcinogenic ΔNp73α isoform and uses a viral model of cellular transformation. We unveil a physical interaction between ΔNp73α and the E2F4/p130 complex involved in cell cycle control, which rewires the E2F4/p130 transcriptional program. Our work shows that ΔNp73 isoforms can establish interactions with proteins that do not bind to the TAp73α tumor suppressor. This situation is analogous to the gain-of-function interactions of p53 mutants supporting cellular proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Taverniti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Hanna Krynska
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, France
| | - Assunta Venuti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Laure Straub
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, France
| | - Cécilia Sirand
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Eugenie Lohmann
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Stefano Moro
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, France
| | - Alexis Robitaille
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Luc Negroni
- Proteomics platform, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)/INSERM U964/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Denise Martinez-Zapien
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, France
| | - Murielle Masson
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Katia Zanier
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Osterburg C, Ferniani M, Antonini D, Frombach AS, D'Auria L, Osterburg S, Lotz R, Löhr F, Kehrloesser S, Zhou H, Missero C, Dötsch V. Disease-related p63 DBD mutations impair DNA binding by distinct mechanisms and varying degree. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:274. [PMID: 37072394 PMCID: PMC10113246 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 shares a high sequence identity with the tumour suppressor p53 which manifests itself in high structural similarity and preference for DNA sequences. Mutations in the DNA binding domain (DBD) of p53 have been studied in great detail, enabling a general mechanism-based classification. In this study we provide a detailed investigation of all currently known mutations in the p63 DBD, which are associated with developmental syndromes, by measuring their impact on transcriptional activity, DNA binding affinity, zinc binding capacity and thermodynamic stability. Some of the mutations we have further characterized with respect to their ability to convert human dermal fibroblasts into induced keratinocytes. Here we propose a classification of the p63 DBD mutations based on the four different mechanisms of DNA binding impairment which we identified: direct DNA contact, zinc finger region, H2 region, and dimer interface mutations. The data also demonstrate that, in contrast to p53 cancer mutations, no p63 mutation induces global unfolding and subsequent aggregation of the domain. The dimer interface mutations that affect the DNA binding affinity by disturbing the interaction between the individual DBDs retain partial DNA binding capacity which correlates with a milder patient phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Osterburg
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marco Ferniani
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Antonini
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Ann-Sophie Frombach
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ludovica D'Auria
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Susanne Osterburg
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rebecca Lotz
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Löhr
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kehrloesser
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Departments of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Departments of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Caterina Missero
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Strubel A, Münick P, Chaikuad A, Dreier B, Schaefer J, Gebel J, Osterburg C, Tuppi M, Schäfer B, Knapp S, Plückthun A, Dötsch V. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins as a tool box for analyzing p63. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2445-2458. [PMID: 35717504 PMCID: PMC9751120 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the p53 transcription factor family is dependent on several folded domains. In addition to a DNA-binding domain, members of this family contain an oligomerization domain. p63 and p73 also contain a C-terminal Sterile α-motif domain. Inhibition of most transcription factors is difficult as most of them lack deep pockets that can be targeted by small organic molecules. Genetic knock-out procedures are powerful in identifying the overall function of a protein, but they do not easily allow one to investigate roles of individual domains. Here we describe the characterization of Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) that were selected as tight binders against all folded domains of p63. We determine binding affinities as well as specificities within the p53 protein family and show that DARPins can be used as intracellular inhibitors for the modulation of transcriptional activity. By selectively inhibiting DNA binding of the ΔNp63α isoform that competes with p53 for the same promoter sites, we show that p53 can be reactivated. We further show that inhibiting the DNA binding activity stabilizes p63, thus providing evidence for a transcriptionally regulated negative feedback loop. Furthermore, the ability of DARPins to bind to the DNA-binding domain and the Sterile α-motif domain within the dimeric-only and DNA-binding incompetent conformation of TAp63α suggests a high structural plasticity within this special conformation. In addition, the developed DARPins can also be used to specifically detect p63 in cell culture and in primary tissue and thus constitute a very versatile research tool for studying the function of p63.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Strubel
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Münick
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Dreier
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Schaefer
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Gebel
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Osterburg
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgit Schäfer
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Volker Dötsch
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Logotheti S, Pavlopoulou A, Marquardt S, Takan I, Georgakilas AG, Stiewe T. p73 isoforms meet evolution of metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:853-869. [PMID: 35948758 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer largely adheres to Darwinian selection. Evolutionary forces are prominent during metastasis, the final and incurable disease stage, where cells acquire combinations of advantageous phenotypic features and interact with a dynamically changing microenvironment, in order to overcome the metastatic bottlenecks, while therapy exerts additional selective pressures. As a strategy to increase their fitness, tumors often co-opt developmental and tissue-homeostasis programs. Herein, 25 years after its discovery, we review TP73, a sibling of the cardinal tumor-suppressor TP53, through the lens of cancer evolution. The TP73 gene regulates a wide range of processes in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis and cancer via an overwhelming number of functionally divergent isoforms. We suggest that TP73 neither merely mimics TP53 via its p53-like tumor-suppressive functions, nor has black-or-white-type effects, as inferred by the antagonism between several of its isoforms in processes like apoptosis and DNA damage response. Rather, under dynamic conditions of selective pressure, the various p73 isoforms which are often co-expressed within the same cancer cells may work towards a common goal by simultaneously activating isoform-specific transcriptional and non-transcriptional programs. Combinatorial co-option of these programs offers selective advantages that overall increase the likelihood for successfully surpassing the barriers of the metastatic cascade. The p73 functional pleiotropy-based capabilities might be present in subclonal populations and expressed dynamically under changing microenvironmental conditions, thereby supporting clonal expansion and propelling evolution of metastasis. Deciphering the critical p73 isoform patterns along the spatiotemporal axes of tumor evolution could identify strategies to target TP73 for prevention and therapy of cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Logotheti
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780, Zografou, Greece.
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Stephan Marquardt
- Institute of Translational Medicine for Health Care Systems, Medical School Berlin, Hochschule Für Gesundheit Und Medizin, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Işıl Takan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780, Zografou, Greece
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Lung Health, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Osterburg C, Dötsch V. Structural diversity of p63 and p73 isoforms. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:921-937. [PMID: 35314772 PMCID: PMC9091270 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The p53 protein family is the most studied protein family of all. Sequence analysis and structure determination have revealed a high similarity of crucial domains between p53, p63 and p73. Functional studies, however, have shown a wide variety of different tasks in tumor suppression, quality control and development. Here we review the structure and organization of the individual domains of p63 and p73, the interaction of these domains in the context of full-length proteins and discuss the evolutionary origin of this protein family.
Facts
Distinct physiological roles/functions are performed by specific isoforms.
The non-divided transactivation domain of p63 has a constitutively high activity while the transactivation domains of p53/p73 are divided into two subdomains that are regulated by phosphorylation.
Mdm2 binds to all three family members but ubiquitinates only p53.
TAp63α forms an autoinhibited dimeric state while all other vertebrate p53 family isoforms are constitutively tetrameric.
The oligomerization domain of p63 and p73 contain an additional helix that is necessary for stabilizing the tetrameric states. During evolution this helix got lost independently in different phylogenetic branches, while the DNA binding domain became destabilized and the transactivation domain split into two subdomains.
Open questions
Is the autoinhibitory mechanism of mammalian TAp63α conserved in p53 proteins of invertebrates that have the same function of genomic quality control in germ cells?
What is the physiological function of the p63/p73 SAM domains?
Do the short isoforms of p63 and p73 have physiological functions?
What are the roles of the N-terminal elongated TAp63 isoforms, TA* and GTA?
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhu Y, Hu Y, Tang C, Guan X, Zhang W. Platinum-based systematic therapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188678. [PMID: 35026309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of definitive hormone receptors, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients receive little clinical benefit from endocrine or molecular targeted therapies, leading to a highly aggressive disease with a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. In the past decades, chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment for TNBC, with taxane/anthracyclines as the representative regimen. However, increasing irreversible cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines and drug-resistance had to be noticed. Gradually, platinum-based chemotherapy has become a topic of interest for researchers. Based on the accumulating studies on platinum-containing regimens for TNBC patients, we will summarize the progress of relevant clinical trials focusing on platinum monotherapy (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin) or in combination with other therapeutic modalities (e.g., other chemotherapeutic agents, molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapy). To further evaluate patient response to platinum and screen for the optimal population to benefit from platinum, we will also analyze current potential biomarkers, such as breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1/2), homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD), tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), TP53 family and other emerging indicators (e.g., intrinsic subtype, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) expression, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinxing Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixuan Hu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuiju Tang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Guan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rozenberg JM, Zvereva S, Dalina A, Blatov I, Zubarev I, Luppov D, Bessmertnyi A, Romanishin A, Alsoulaiman L, Kumeiko V, Kagansky A, Melino G, Ganini C, Barlev NA. The p53 family member p73 in the regulation of cell stress response. Biol Direct 2021; 16:23. [PMID: 34749806 PMCID: PMC8577020 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During oncogenesis, cells become unrestrictedly proliferative thereby altering the tissue homeostasis and resulting in subsequent hyperplasia. This process is paralleled by resumption of cell cycle, aberrant DNA repair and blunting the apoptotic program in response to DNA damage. In most human cancers these processes are associated with malfunctioning of tumor suppressor p53. Intriguingly, in some cases two other members of the p53 family of proteins, transcription factors p63 and p73, can compensate for loss of p53. Although both p63 and p73 can bind the same DNA sequences as p53 and their transcriptionally active isoforms are able to regulate the expression of p53-dependent genes, the strongest overlap with p53 functions was detected for p73. Surprisingly, unlike p53, the p73 is rarely lost or mutated in cancers. On the contrary, its inactive isoforms are often overexpressed in cancer. In this review, we discuss several lines of evidence that cancer cells develop various mechanisms to repress p73-mediated cell death. Moreover, p73 isoforms may promote cancer growth by enhancing an anti-oxidative response, the Warburg effect and by repressing senescence. Thus, we speculate that the role of p73 in tumorigenesis can be ambivalent and hence, requires new therapeutic strategies that would specifically repress the oncogenic functions of p73, while keeping its tumor suppressive properties intact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Rozenberg
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Zvereva
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Dalina
- The Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Blatov
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ilya Zubarev
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Daniil Luppov
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Romanishin
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.,School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Lamak Alsoulaiman
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexander Kagansky
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nikolai A Barlev
- Cell Signaling Regulation Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia. .,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Isoform-Specific Roles of Mutant p63 in Human Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030536. [PMID: 33572532 PMCID: PMC7866788 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protein p63 belongs to the family of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mouse models have, however, shown that it is not a classical tumor suppressor but instead involved in developmental processes. Mutations in the p63 gene cause several developmental defects in human patients characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia due to p63’s role as a master regulator of epidermal development. In addition, p63 plays a key role as a quality control factor in oocytes and p63 mutations can result either in compromised genetic quality control or premature cell death of all oocytes. Abstract The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal commitment, development, and differentiation. Heterozygous mutations in the DNA binding domain cause Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal Dysplasia, characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia while mutations in in the C-terminal domain of the α-isoform cause Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, a life-threatening disorder characterized by skin fragility, severe, long-lasting skin erosions, and cleft lip/palate. The molecular disease mechanisms of these syndromes have recently become elucidated and have enhanced our understanding of the role of p63 in epidermal development. Here we review the molecular cause and functional consequences of these p63-mutations for skin development and discuss the consequences of p63 mutations for female fertility.
Collapse
|
11
|
Distinct p63 and p73 Protein Interactions Predict Specific Functions in mRNA Splicing and Polyploidy Control in Epithelia. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010025. [PMID: 33375680 PMCID: PMC7824480 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial organs are the first barrier against microorganisms and genotoxic stress, in which the p53 family members p63 and p73 have both overlapping and distinct functions. Intriguingly, p73 displays a very specific localization to basal epithelial cells in human tissues, while p63 is expressed in both basal and differentiated cells. Here, we analyse systematically the literature describing p63 and p73 protein-protein interactions to reveal distinct functions underlying the aforementioned distribution. We have found that p73 and p63 cooperate in the genome stability surveillance in proliferating cells; p73 specific interactors contribute to the transcriptional repression, anaphase promoting complex and spindle assembly checkpoint, whereas p63 specific interactors play roles in the regulation of mRNA processing and splicing in both proliferating and differentiated cells. Our analysis reveals the diversification of the RNA and DNA specific functions within the p53 family.
Collapse
|
12
|
Riege K, Kretzmer H, Sahm A, McDade SS, Hoffmann S, Fischer M. Dissecting the DNA binding landscape and gene regulatory network of p63 and p53. eLife 2020; 9:e63266. [PMID: 33263276 PMCID: PMC7735755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 is the best-known tumor suppressor, but its sibling p63 is a master regulator of epidermis development and a key oncogenic driver in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Despite multiple gene expression studies becoming available, the limited overlap of reported p63-dependent genes has made it difficult to decipher the p63 gene regulatory network. Particularly, analyses of p63 response elements differed substantially among the studies. To address this intricate data situation, we provide an integrated resource that enables assessing the p63-dependent regulation of any human gene of interest. We use a novel iterative de novo motif search approach in conjunction with extensive ChIP-seq data to achieve a precise global distinction between p53-and p63-binding sites, recognition motifs, and potential co-factors. We integrate these data with enhancer:gene associations to predict p63 target genes and identify those that are commonly de-regulated in SCC representing candidates for prognosis and therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Riege
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI)JenaGermany
| | - Helene Kretzmer
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | - Arne Sahm
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI)JenaGermany
| | - Simon S McDade
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University BelfastBelfastUnited Kingdom
| | - Steve Hoffmann
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI)JenaGermany
| | - Martin Fischer
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI)JenaGermany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lopriore P, Capitanio N, Panatta E, Di Daniele N, Gambacurta A, Melino G, Amelio I. TAp73 regulates ATP7A: possible implications for ageing-related diseases. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3745-3760. [PMID: 30530920 PMCID: PMC6326685 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The p53 family member p73 controls a wide range of cellular function. Deletion of p73 in mice results in increased tumorigenesis, infertility, neurological defects and altered immune system. Despite the extensive effort directed to define the molecular underlying mechanism of p73 function a clear definition of its transcriptional signature and the extent of overlap with the other p53 family members is still missing. Here we describe a novel TAp73 target, ATP7A a member of a large family of P-type ATPases implicated in human neurogenerative conditions and cancer chemoresistance. Modulation of TAp73 expression influences basal expression level of ATP7A in different cellular models and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed a physical direct binding of TAp73 on ATP7A genomic regions. Bioinformatic analysis of expression profile datasets of human lung cancer patients suggests a possible implication of TAp73/ATP7A axis in human cancer. These data provide a novel TAp73-dependent target which might have implications in ageing-related diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piervito Lopriore
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Panatta
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gambacurta
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
p73 regulates epidermal wound healing and induced keratinocyte programming. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218458. [PMID: 31216312 PMCID: PMC6583996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p63 is a transcriptional regulator of ectodermal development that is required for basal cell proliferation and stem cell maintenance. p73 is a closely related p53 family member that is expressed in select p63-positive basal cells and can heterodimerize with p63. p73-/- mice lack multiciliated cells and have reduced numbers of basal epithelial cells in select tissues; however, the role of p73 in basal epithelial cells is unknown. Herein, we show that p73-deficient mice exhibit delayed wound healing despite morphologically normal-appearing skin. The delay in wound healing is accompanied by decreased proliferation and increased levels of biomarkers of the DNA damage response in basal keratinocytes at the epidermal wound edge. In wild-type mice, this same cell population exhibited increased p73 expression after wounding. Analyzing single-cell transcriptomic data, we found that p73 was expressed by epidermal and hair follicle stem cells, cell types required for wound healing. Moreover, we discovered that p73 isoforms expressed in the skin (ΔNp73) enhance p63-mediated expression of keratinocyte genes during cellular reprogramming from a mesenchymal to basal keratinocyte-like cell. We identified a set of 44 genes directly or indirectly regulated by ΔNp73 that are involved in skin development, cell junctions, cornification, proliferation, and wound healing. Our results establish a role for p73 in cutaneous wound healing through regulation of basal keratinocyte function.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Despite the sequence similarity, the p53 family members are involved in different biological processes due to distinct expression patterns and transcriptional programs. In this issue of Structure,Krauskopf et al. (2018) reveal a different structural organization in the transactivation domains of these transcriptional factors, helping in defining a structural-functional correlation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Rotblat B, Agostini M, Niklison-Chirou MV, Amelio I, Willis AE, Melino G. Sustained protein synthesis and reduced eEF2K levels in TAp73 -\- mice brain: a possible compensatory mechanism. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2637-2643. [PMID: 30507330 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1553341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p73 is a member of the p53 family, of which the transactivation domain containing isoform (TAp73) plays key roles in brain development and neuronal stem cells. TAp73 also facilitates homoeostasis and prevents oxidative damage in vivo by inducing the expression of its target genes. Recently, we found that in addition to its role in regulation of transcription, TAp73 also affects mRNA translation. In cultured cells, acute TAp73 depletion activates eEF2K, which phosphorylates eEF2 reducing mRNA translation elongation. As a consequence, there is a reduction in global proteins synthesis rates and reprogramming of the translatome, leading to a selective decrease in the translation of rRNA processing factors. Given the dramatic effects of Tap73 depletion in vitro it was important to determine whether similar effects were observed in vivo. Here, we report the surprising finding that in brains of TAp73 KO mice there is a reduced level of eEF2K, which allows protein synthesis rates to be maintained suggesting a compensation model. These data provide new insights to the role of TAp73 in translation regulation and the eEF2K pathway in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barak Rotblat
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , University of Cambridge , Rome , UK.,b Department of Life Sciences , Ben Gurion University in the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , University of Cambridge , Rome , UK.,c Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, IDI-IRCCS , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria Victoria Niklison-Chirou
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , University of Cambridge , Rome , UK.,d Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Ivano Amelio
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , University of Cambridge , Rome , UK
| | - Anne E Willis
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , University of Cambridge , Rome , UK
| | - Gerry Melino
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , University of Cambridge , Rome , UK.,c Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, IDI-IRCCS , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carbone M, Amelio I, Affar EB, Brugarolas J, Cannon-Albright LA, Cantley LC, Cavenee WK, Chen Z, Croce CM, Andrea AD, Gandara D, Giorgi C, Jia W, Lan Q, Mak TW, Manley JL, Mikoshiba K, Onuchic JN, Pass HI, Pinton P, Prives C, Rothman N, Sebti SM, Turkson J, Wu X, Yang H, Yu H, Melino G. Consensus report of the 8 and 9th Weinman Symposia on Gene x Environment Interaction in carcinogenesis: novel opportunities for precision medicine. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1885-1904. [PMID: 30323273 PMCID: PMC6219489 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of intrinsic genetic factors and extrinsic environmental ones to cancer aetiology and natural history is a lengthy and debated issue. Gene-environment interactions (G x E) arise when the combined presence of both a germline genetic variant and a known environmental factor modulates the risk of disease more than either one alone. A panel of experts discussed our current understanding of cancer aetiology, known examples of G × E interactions in cancer, and the expanded concept of G × E interactions to include somatic cancer mutations and iatrogenic environmental factors such as anti-cancer treatment. Specific genetic polymorphisms and genetic mutations increase susceptibility to certain carcinogens and may be targeted in the near future for prevention and treatment of cancer patients with novel molecularly based therapies. There was general consensus that a better understanding of the complexity and numerosity of G × E interactions, supported by adequate technological, epidemiological, modelling and statistical resources, will further promote our understanding of cancer and lead to novel preventive and therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - El Bachir Affar
- Department of Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - James Brugarolas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 E. 69(th) Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alan D' Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - David Gandara
- Thoracic Oncology, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, 96817, USA
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Wei Jia
- Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational & Environmental Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tak Wah Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - James L Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jose N Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Harvey I Pass
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational & Environmental Epidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Said M Sebti
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, and Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | | | - Xifeng Wu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Gerry Melino
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK.
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meister MT, Boedicker C, Klingebiel T, Fulda S. Hedgehog signaling negatively co-regulates BH3-only protein Noxa and TAp73 in TP53-mutated cells. Cancer Lett 2018; 429:19-28. [PMID: 29702195 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we show that pharmacological repression by the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitor (HPI) GANT61 induces expression of the proapoptotic protein Noxa in TP53-mutated embryonal pediatric tumor cells driven by Hh signaling (i.e. rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and medulloblastoma (MB)). Similarly, genetic silencing of Gli1 by siRNA causes increased Noxa mRNA and protein levels, while overexpression of Gli1 results in decreased Noxa expression. Furthermore, TAp73 mRNA and protein levels are increased upon Gli1 knockdown, while Gli1 overexpression reduces TAp73 mRNA and protein levels. However, knockdown of TAp73 fails to block Noxa induction in GANT61-treated cells, suggesting that Noxa is not primarily regulated by TAp73. Interestingly, mRNA levels of the transcription factor EGR1 correlate with those of Noxa and TAp73. Silencing of EGR1 results in decreased Noxa and TAp73 mRNA levels, indicating that EGR1 is involved in regulating transcriptional activity of Noxa and TAp73. These findings suggest that Gli1 represses Noxa and TAp73, possibly via EGR1. These findings could be exploited for the treatment of Hh-driven tumors, e.g. for their sensitization to chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Torsten Meister
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Cathinka Boedicker
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Klingebiel
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wolf ER, McAtarsney CP, Bredhold KE, Kline AM, Mayo LD. Mutant and wild-type p53 form complexes with p73 upon phosphorylation by the kinase JNK. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/524/eaao4170. [PMID: 29615516 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors p53 and p73 are critical to the induction of apoptotic cell death, particularly in response to cell stress that activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Mutations in the DNA-binding domain of p53, which are commonly seen in cancers, result in conformational changes that enable p53 to interact with and inhibit p73, thereby suppressing apoptosis. In contrast, wild-type p53 reportedly does not interact with p73. We found that JNK-mediated phosphorylation of Thr81 in the proline-rich domain (PRD) of p53 enabled wild-type p53, as well as mutant p53, to form a complex with p73. Structural algorithms predicted that phosphorylation of Thr81 exposes the DNA-binding domain in p53 to enable its binding to p73. The dimerization of wild-type p53 with p73 facilitated the expression of apoptotic target genes [such as those encoding p53-up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX)] and, subsequently, the induction of apoptosis in response to JNK activation by cell stress in various cells. Thus, JNK phosphorylation of mutant and wild-type p53 promotes the formation of a p53/p73 complex that determines cell fate: apoptosis in the context of wild-type p53 or cell survival in the context of the mutant. These findings refine our current understanding of both the mechanistic links between p53 and p73 and the functional role for Thr81 phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Wolf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ciarán P McAtarsney
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kristin E Bredhold
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Amber M Kline
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lindsey D Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. .,Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xie N, Vikhreva P, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Amelio I, Barlev N, Knight RA, Melino G. Integrin-β4 is a novel transcriptional target of TAp73. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:589-594. [PMID: 29233040 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1403684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of p53 family, p73 has attracted intense investigations due to its structural and functional similarities to p53. Among more than ten p73 variants, the transactivation (TA) domain-containing isoform TAp73 is the one that imitates the p53's behavior most. TAp73 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, which endows it the capacity of tumour suppression. Also, it can exert diverse biological influences on cells through activating a complex and context dependent transcriptional programme. The transcriptional activities further broaden its roles in more intricate biological processes. In this article, we report that p73 is a positive regulator of a cell adhesion related gene named integrin β4 (ITGB4). This finding may have implications for the dissection of the biological mechanisms underlining p73 functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningxia Xie
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , Hodgkin Building , Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN , United Kingdom.,b Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome 00133 , Italy
| | - Polina Vikhreva
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , Hodgkin Building , Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN , United Kingdom
| | | | - Ivano Amelio
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , Hodgkin Building , Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN , United Kingdom
| | - Nicolai Barlev
- d Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences , Saint-Petersburg , 194064 , Russia
| | - Richard A Knight
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , Hodgkin Building , Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN , United Kingdom
| | - Gerry Melino
- a MRC Toxicology Unit , Hodgkin Building , Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN , United Kingdom.,b Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome 00133 , Italy.,d Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences , Saint-Petersburg , 194064 , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Protein aggregation of the p63 transcription factor underlies severe skin fragility in AEC syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E906-E915. [PMID: 29339502 PMCID: PMC5798343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713773115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal development and function. Specific mutations in p63 are causative of a life-threatening disorder mainly characterized by severe skin erosions and cleft palate. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying disease pathology and possible treatments. Based on biochemical studies, genetic mouse models, and functional assays, we demonstrate that these mutations cause p63 protein misfolding and aggregation. Protein aggregation lead to reduced DNA binding and impaired transcriptional activity. Importantly, genetic modifications of p63 that abolish aggregation of the mutant proteins rescue its function, revealing that ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome is a protein aggregation disorder and opening avenues for therapeutic intervention. The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal commitment, development, and differentiation. Heterozygous mutations in the C-terminal domain of the p63 gene can cause ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, a life-threatening disorder characterized by skin fragility and severe, long-lasting skin erosions. Despite deep knowledge of p63 functions, little is known about mechanisms underlying disease pathology and possible treatments. Here, we show that multiple AEC-associated p63 mutations, but not those causative of other diseases, lead to thermodynamic protein destabilization, misfolding, and aggregation, similar to the known p53 gain-of-function mutants found in cancer. AEC mutant proteins exhibit impaired DNA binding and transcriptional activity, leading to dominant negative effects due to coaggregation with wild-type p63 and p73. Importantly, p63 aggregation occurs also in a conditional knock-in mouse model for the disorder, in which the misfolded p63 mutant protein leads to severe epidermal defects. Variants of p63 that abolish aggregation of the mutant proteins are able to rescue p63’s transcriptional function in reporter assays as well as in a human fibroblast-to-keratinocyte conversion assay. Our studies reveal that AEC syndrome is a protein aggregation disorder and opens avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hazawa M, Lin DC, Kobayashi A, Jiang YY, Xu L, Dewi FRP, Mohamed MS, Hartono, Nakada M, Meguro-Horike M, Horike SI, Koeffler HP, Wong RW. ROCK-dependent phosphorylation of NUP62 regulates p63 nuclear transport and squamous cell carcinoma proliferation. EMBO Rep 2017; 19:73-88. [PMID: 29217659 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
p63, more specifically its ΔNp63α isoform, plays essential roles in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), yet the mechanisms controlling its nuclear transport remain unknown. Nucleoporins (NUPs) are a family of proteins building nuclear pore complexes (NPC) and mediating nuclear transport across the nuclear envelope. Recent evidence suggests a cell type-specific function for certain NUPs; however, the significance of NUPs in SCC biology remains unknown. In this study, we show that nucleoporin 62 (NUP62) is highly expressed in stratified squamous epithelia and is further elevated in SCCs. Depletion of NUP62 inhibits proliferation and augments differentiation of SCC cells. The impaired ability to maintain the undifferentiated status is associated with defects in ΔNp63α nuclear transport. We further find that differentiation-inducible Rho kinase reduces the interaction between NUP62 and ΔNp63α by phosphorylation of phenylalanine-glycine regions of NUP62, attenuating ΔNp63α nuclear import. Our results characterize NUP62 as a gatekeeper for ΔNp63α and uncover its role in the control of cell fate through regulation of ΔNp63α nuclear transport in SCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Hazawa
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan .,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Akiko Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yan-Yi Jiang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Xu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Firli Rahmah Primula Dewi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Shaaban Mohamed
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hartono
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Meguro-Horike
- Advanced Science Research Center, Institute for Gene Research, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Horike
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Advanced Science Research Center, Institute for Gene Research, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard W Wong
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan .,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cell cycle arrest through indirect transcriptional repression by p53: I have a DREAM. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:114-132. [PMID: 29125603 PMCID: PMC5729532 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the p53 tumor suppressor can lead to cell cycle arrest. The key mechanism of p53-mediated arrest is transcriptional downregulation of many cell cycle genes. In recent years it has become evident that p53-dependent repression is controlled by the p53–p21–DREAM–E2F/CHR pathway (p53–DREAM pathway). DREAM is a transcriptional repressor that binds to E2F or CHR promoter sites. Gene regulation and deregulation by DREAM shares many mechanistic characteristics with the retinoblastoma pRB tumor suppressor that acts through E2F elements. However, because of its binding to E2F and CHR elements, DREAM regulates a larger set of target genes leading to regulatory functions distinct from pRB/E2F. The p53–DREAM pathway controls more than 250 mostly cell cycle-associated genes. The functional spectrum of these pathway targets spans from the G1 phase to the end of mitosis. Consequently, through downregulating the expression of gene products which are essential for progression through the cell cycle, the p53–DREAM pathway participates in the control of all checkpoints from DNA synthesis to cytokinesis including G1/S, G2/M and spindle assembly checkpoints. Therefore, defects in the p53–DREAM pathway contribute to a general loss of checkpoint control. Furthermore, deregulation of DREAM target genes promotes chromosomal instability and aneuploidy of cancer cells. Also, DREAM regulation is abrogated by the human papilloma virus HPV E7 protein linking the p53–DREAM pathway to carcinogenesis by HPV. Another feature of the pathway is that it downregulates many genes involved in DNA repair and telomere maintenance as well as Fanconi anemia. Importantly, when DREAM function is lost, CDK inhibitor drugs employed in cancer treatment such as Palbociclib, Abemaciclib and Ribociclib can compensate for defects in early steps in the pathway upstream from cyclin/CDK complexes. In summary, the p53–p21–DREAM–E2F/CHR pathway controls a plethora of cell cycle genes, can contribute to cell cycle arrest and is a target for cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
24
|
Nemajerova A, Amelio I, Gebel J, Dötsch V, Melino G, Moll UM. Non-oncogenic roles of TAp73: from multiciliogenesis to metabolism. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:144-153. [PMID: 29077094 PMCID: PMC5729534 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 family of transcription factors (p53, p63 and p73) covers a wide range of functions critical for development, homeostasis and health of mammals across their lifespan. Beside the well-established tumor suppressor role, recent evidence has highlighted novel non-oncogenic functions exerted by p73. In particular, p73 is required for multiciliated cell (MCC) differentiation; MCCs have critical roles in brain and airways to move fluids across epithelial surfaces and to transport germ cells in the reproductive tract. This novel function of p73 provides a unifying cellular mechanism for the disparate inflammatory and immunological phenotypes of p73-deficient mice. Indeed, mice with Trp73 deficiency suffer from hydrocephalus, sterility and chronic respiratory tract infections due to profound defects in ciliogenesis and complete loss of mucociliary clearance since MCCs are essential for cleaning airways from inhaled pollutants, pathogens and allergens. Cross-species genomic analyses and functional rescue experiments identify TAp73 as the master transcriptional integrator of ciliogenesis, upstream of previously known central nodes. In addition, TAp73 shows a significant ability to regulate cellular metabolism and energy production through direct transcriptional regulation of several metabolic enzymes, such as glutaminase-2 and glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase. This recently uncovered role of TAp73 in the regulation of cellular metabolism strongly affects oxidative balance, thus potentially influencing all the biological aspects associated with p73 function, including development, homeostasis and cancer. Although through different mechanisms, p63 isoforms also contribute to regulation of cellular metabolism, thus indicating a common route used by all family members to control cell fate. At the structural level, the complexity of p73's function is further enhanced by its ability to form heterotetramers with some p63 isoforms, thus indicating the existence of an intrafamily crosstalk that determines the global outcome of p53 family function. In this review, we have tried to summarize all the recent evidence that have emerged on the novel non-oncogenic roles of p73, in an attempt to provide a unified view of the complex function of this gene within its family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nemajerova
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, PO Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, PO Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Ute M Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yan W, Zhang Y, Chen X. TAp63γ and ΔNp63γ are regulated by RBM38 via mRNA stability and have an opposing function in growth suppression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78327-78339. [PMID: 29108232 PMCID: PMC5667965 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The p63 gene is expressed as TAp63 from the P1 promoter and as ΔNp63 from the P2 promoter. Through alternative splicing, five TA and five ΔN isoforms (α-ε) are expressed. Isoforms α-β and δ share an identical 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) whereas isoform γ has a unique 3’UTR. Recently, we found that RBM38 RNA-binding protein is a target of p63 and RBM38 in turn regulates p63α/β expression via mRNA stability. However, it is uncertain whether p63γ has a unique biological activity and whether p63γ is regulated by RBM38. Here, we found that the levels of ΔNp63γ transcript and protein are induced upon overexpression of RBM38 but decreased by RBM38 knockdown. Conversely, we found that the levels of ΔNp63β transcript and protein are decreased by ectopic expression of RBM38 but increased by RBM38 knockdown, consistent with our previous report. Interestingly, RBM38 increases the half-life of p63γ mRNA by binding to a GU-rich element in p63γ 3’UTR. In contrast, our previous studies showed that RBM38 decreases the half-life of p63α/β mRNAs by binding to AU-/U-rich elements in their 3’UTR. We also found that knockout of p63γ in ME180 and HaCaT cells, in which ΔNp63 isoforms are predominant, inhibits cell proliferation and migration, suggesting that ΔNp63γ has a pro-growth activity. In contrast, we found that knockout of TAp63γ in MIA PaCa-2 cells, in which TAp63 isoforms are predominant, promotes cell proliferation, migration, and inhibits cellular senescence. Taken together, we conclude that ΔNp63γ has an oncogenic potential whereas TAp63γ is a tumor suppressor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yan
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xinbin Chen
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Agostini M, Niklison-Chirou MV, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli MM, Grelli S, Di Daniele N, Pestlikis I, Knight RA, Melino G, Rufini A. p73 Regulates Primary Cortical Neuron Metabolism: a Global Metabolic Profile. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3237-3250. [PMID: 28478509 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor p73 has been demonstrated to play a significant role in survival and differentiation of neuronal stem cells. In this report, by employing comprehensive metabolic profile and mitochondrial bioenergetics analysis, we have explored the metabolic alterations in cortical neurons isolated from p73 N-terminal isoform specific knockout animals. We found that loss of the TAp73 or ΔNp73 triggers selective biochemical changes. In particular, p73 isoforms regulate sphingolipid and phospholipid biochemical pathway signaling. Indeed, sphinganine and sphingosine levels were reduced in p73-depleted cortical neurons, and decreased levels of several membrane phospholipids were also observed. Moreover, in line with the complexity associated with p73 functions, loss of the TAp73 seems to increase glycolysis, whereas on the contrary, loss of ΔNp73 isoform reduces glucose metabolism, indicating an isoform-specific differential effect on glycolysis. These changes in glycolytic flux were not reflected by parallel alterations of mitochondrial respiration, as only a slight increase of mitochondrial maximal respiration was observed in p73-depleted cortical neurons. Overall, our findings reinforce the key role of p73 in regulating cellular metabolism and point out that p73 exerts its functions in neuronal biology at least partially through the regulation of metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Agostini
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Victoria Niklison-Chirou
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.,Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | | | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, "Tor Vergata" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilias Pestlikis
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Richard A Knight
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK. .,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|