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Zhong S, Borlak J. Sex disparities in non-small cell lung cancer: mechanistic insights from a cRaf transgenic disease model. EBioMedicine 2023; 95:104763. [PMID: 37625265 PMCID: PMC10470261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are at greater risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet the underlying causes remain unclear. METHODS We performed whole genome scans in lung tumours of cRaf transgenic mice and identified miRNA, transcription factor and hormone receptor dependent gene regulations. We confirmed hormone receptors by immunohistochemistry and constructed regulatory gene networks by considering experimentally validated miRNA-gene and transcription factor-miRNA/gene targets. Bioinformatics, genomic foot-printing and gene enrichment analysis established sex-specific circuits of lung tumour growth. Translational research involved a large cohort of NSCLC patients. We evaluated commonalities in sex-specific NSCLC gene regulations between mice and humans and determined their prognostic value in Kaplan-Meier survival statistics and COX proportional hazard regression analysis. FINDINGS Overexpression of the cRaf kinase elicited an extraordinary 8-fold increase in tumour growth among females, and nearly 70% of the 112 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were female specific. We identified oncogenes, oncomirs, tumour suppressors, cell cycle regulators and MAPK/EGFR signalling molecules, which prompted sex-based differences in NSCLC, and we deciphered a regulatory gene-network, which protected males from accelerated tumour growth. Strikingly, 41% of DEGs are targets of hormone receptors, and the majority (85%) are oestrogen receptor (ER) dependent. We confirmed the role of ER in a large cohort of NSCLC patients and validated 40% of DEGs induced by cRaf in clinical tumour samples. INTERPRETATION We report the molecular wiring that prompted sex disparities in tumour growth. This allowed us to propose the development of molecular targeted therapies by jointly blocking ER, CDK1 and arginase 2 in NSCLC. FUNDING We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Lower Saxony Ministry of Culture and Sciences and Volkswagen Foundation, Germany to JB (25A.5-7251-99-3/00) and of the Chinese Scholarship Council to SZ (202008080022). This publication is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) as part of the "Open Access Publikationskosten" program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhong
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.
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Giménez-Bejarano A, Alegre-Cortés E, Yakhine-Diop SMS, Gómez-Suaga P, Fuentes JM. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Repeat Expansion Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1593. [PMID: 37627588 PMCID: PMC10451345 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeat expansion diseases are a group of neuromuscular and neurodegenerative disorders characterized by expansions of several successive repeated DNA sequences. Currently, more than 50 repeat expansion diseases have been described. These disorders involve diverse pathogenic mechanisms, including loss-of-function mechanisms, toxicity associated with repeat RNA, or repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) products, resulting in impairments of cellular processes and damaged organelles. Mitochondria, double membrane organelles, play a crucial role in cell energy production, metabolic processes, calcium regulation, redox balance, and apoptosis regulation. Its dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of repeat expansion diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the signaling pathways or proteins involved in mitochondrial functioning described in these disorders. The focus of this review will be on the analysis of published data related to three representative repeat expansion diseases: Huntington's disease, C9orf72-frontotemporal dementia/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and myotonic dystrophy type 1. We will discuss the common effects observed in all three repeat expansion disorders and their differences. Additionally, we will address the current gaps in knowledge and propose possible new lines of research. Importantly, this group of disorders exhibit alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis, with specific proteins involved in these processes having been identified. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial alterations in these disorders can potentially lead to the development of neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Giménez-Bejarano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (E.A.-C.); (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (P.G.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa, Instituto de Salus Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Eva Alegre-Cortés
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (E.A.-C.); (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (P.G.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa, Instituto de Salus Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sokhna M. S. Yakhine-Diop
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (E.A.-C.); (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (P.G.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa, Instituto de Salus Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Patricia Gómez-Suaga
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (E.A.-C.); (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (P.G.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa, Instituto de Salus Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - José M. Fuentes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (E.A.-C.); (S.M.S.Y.-D.); (P.G.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa, Instituto de Salus Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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Kuntawala DH, Martins F, Vitorino R, Rebelo S. Automatic Text-Mining Approach to Identify Molecular Target Candidates Associated with Metabolic Processes for Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2283. [PMID: 36767649 PMCID: PMC9915907 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease caused by abnormal expansion of unstable CTG repeats in the 3' untranslated region of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) gene. This disease mainly affects skeletal muscle, resulting in myotonia, progressive distal muscle weakness, and atrophy, but also affects other tissues and systems, such as the heart and central nervous system. Despite some studies reporting therapeutic strategies for DM1, many issues remain unsolved, such as the contribution of metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunctions to DM1 pathogenesis. Therefore, it is crucial to identify molecular target candidates associated with metabolic processes for DM1. In this study, resorting to a bibliometric analysis, articles combining DM1, and metabolic/metabolism terms were identified and further analyzed using an unbiased strategy of automatic text mining with VOSviewer software. A list of candidate molecular targets for DM1 associated with metabolic/metabolism was generated and compared with genes previously associated with DM1 in the DisGeNET database. Furthermore, g:Profiler was used to perform a functional enrichment analysis using the Gene Ontology (GO) and REAC databases. Enriched signaling pathways were identified using integrated bioinformatics enrichment analyses. The results revealed that only 15 of the genes identified in the bibliometric analysis were previously associated with DM1 in the DisGeNET database. Of note, we identified 71 genes not previously associated with DM1, which are of particular interest and should be further explored. The functional enrichment analysis of these genes revealed that regulation of cellular metabolic and metabolic processes were the most associated biological processes. Additionally, a number of signaling pathways were found to be enriched, e.g., signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases, signaling by NRTK1 (TRKA), TRKA activation by NGF, PI3K-AKT activation, prolonged ERK activation events, and axon guidance. Overall, several valuable target candidates related to metabolic processes for DM1 were identified, such as NGF, NTRK1, RhoA, ROCK1, ROCK2, DAG, ACTA, ID1, ID2 MYOD, and MYOG. Therefore, our study strengthens the hypothesis that metabolic dysfunctions contribute to DM1 pathogenesis, and the exploitation of metabolic dysfunction targets is crucial for the development of future therapeutic interventions for DM1.
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Di Leo V, Lawless C, Roussel MP, Gomes TB, Gorman GS, Russell OM, Tuppen HA, Duchesne E, Vincent AE. Resistance Exercise Training Rescues Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Skeletal Muscle of Patients with Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. J Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 10:1111-1126. [PMID: 37638448 PMCID: PMC10657683 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-230099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a dominant autosomal neuromuscular disorder caused by the inheritance of a CTG triplet repeat expansion in the Dystrophia Myotonica Protein Kinase (DMPK) gene. At present, no cure currently exists for DM1 disease. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effects of 12-week resistance exercise training on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle in a cohort of DM1 patients (n = 11, men) in comparison to control muscle with normal oxidative phosphorylation. METHODS Immunofluorescence was used to assess protein levels of key respiratory chain subunits of complex I (CI) and complex IV (CIV), and markers of mitochondrial mass and cell membrane in individual myofibres sampled from muscle biopsies. Using control's skeletal muscle fibers population, we classified each patient's fibers as having normal, low or high levels of CI and CIV and compared the proportions of fibers before and after exercise training. The significance of changes observed between pre- and post-exercise within patients was estimated using a permutation test. RESULTS At baseline, DM1 patients present with significantly decreased mitochondrial mass, and isolated or combined CI and CIV deficiency. After resistance exercise training, in most patients a significant increase in mitochondrial mass was observed, and all patients showed a significant increase in CI and/or CIV protein levels. Moreover, improvements in mitochondrial mass were correlated with the one-repetition maximum strength evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Remarkably, 12-week resistance exercise training is sufficient to partially rescue mitochondrial dysfunction in DM1 patients, suggesting that the response to exercise is in part be due to changes in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Di Leo
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
| | - Conor Lawless
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Marie-Pier Roussel
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tiago B. Gomes
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gráinne S. Gorman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Oliver M. Russell
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
| | - Helen A.L. Tuppen
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Elise Duchesne
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
- Neuromuscular Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group (GRIMN), Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean Integrated University Health and Social Services Center, Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Amy E. Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
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Kuhn AR, van Bilsen M. Oncometabolism: A Paradigm for the Metabolic Remodeling of the Failing Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213902. [PMID: 36430377 PMCID: PMC9699042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is associated with profound alterations in cardiac intermediary metabolism. One of the prevailing hypotheses is that metabolic remodeling leads to a mismatch between cardiac energy (ATP) production and demand, thereby impairing cardiac function. However, even after decades of research, the relevance of metabolic remodeling in the pathogenesis of heart failure has remained elusive. Here we propose that cardiac metabolic remodeling should be looked upon from more perspectives than the mere production of ATP needed for cardiac contraction and relaxation. Recently, advances in cancer research have revealed that the metabolic rewiring of cancer cells, often coined as oncometabolism, directly impacts cellular phenotype and function. Accordingly, it is well feasible that the rewiring of cardiac cellular metabolism during the development of heart failure serves similar functions. In this review, we reflect on the influence of principal metabolic pathways on cellular phenotype as originally described in cancer cells and discuss their potential relevance for cardiac pathogenesis. We discuss current knowledge of metabolism-driven phenotypical alterations in the different cell types of the heart and evaluate their impact on cardiac pathogenesis and therapy.
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Blood Transcriptome Profiling Links Immunity to Disease Severity in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063081. [PMID: 35328504 PMCID: PMC8954763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood transcriptome was examined in relation to disease severity in type I myotonic dystrophy (DM1) patients who participated in the Observational Prolonged Trial In DM1 to Improve QoL- Standards (OPTIMISTIC) study. This sought to (a) ascertain if transcriptome changes were associated with increasing disease severity, as measured by the muscle impairment rating scale (MIRS), and (b) establish if these changes in mRNA expression and associated biological pathways were also observed in the Dystrophia Myotonica Biomarker Discovery Initiative (DMBDI) microarray dataset in blood (with equivalent MIRS/DMPK repeat length). The changes in gene expression were compared using a number of complementary pathways, gene ontology and upstream regulator analyses, which suggested that symptom severity in DM1 was linked to transcriptomic alterations in innate and adaptive immunity associated with muscle-wasting. Future studies should explore the role of immunity in DM1 in more detail to assess its relevance to DM1.
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Ciscato F, Chiara F, Filadi R, Rasola A. Analysis of the Effects of Hexokinase 2 Detachment From Mitochondria-Associated Membranes with the Highly Selective Peptide HK2pep. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4087. [PMID: 34395726 PMCID: PMC8329469 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of hexokinase 2 (HK2) in the metabolic rewiring of tumors is now well established, which makes it a suitable target for the design of novel therapies. However, hexokinase activity is central to glucose utilization in all tissues; thus, enzymatic inhibition of HK2 can induce severe adverse effects. In an effort to find a selective anti-neoplastic strategy, we exploited an alternative approach based on HK2 detachment from its location on the outer mitochondrial membrane. We designed a HK2-targeting peptide named HK2pep, corresponding to the N-terminal hydrophobic domain of HK2 and armed with a metalloprotease cleavage sequence and a polycation stretch shielded by a polyanion sequence. In the tumor microenvironment, metalloproteases unleash polycations to allow selective plasma membrane permeation in neoplastic cells. HK2pep delivery induces the detachment of HK2 from mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload caused by the opening of inositol-3-phosphate receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Ca2+ entry through the plasma membrane leading to Ca2+-mediated calpain activation and mitochondrial depolarization. As a result, HK2pep rapidly elicits death of diverse tumor cell types and dramatically reduces in vivo tumor mass. HK2pep does not affect hexokinase enzymatic activity, avoiding any noxious effect on non-transformed cells. Here, we make available a detailed protocol for the use of HK2pep and to investigate its biological effects, providing a comprehensive panel of assays to quantitate both HK2 enzymatic activity and changes in mitochondrial functions, Ca2+ flux, and cell viability elicited by HK2pep treatment of tumor cells. Graphical abstract: Flowchart for the analysis of the effects of HK2 detachment from MAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciscato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Chiara
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria Dysfunction in Genetic Neuromuscular Disorders with Cardiac Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147349. [PMID: 34298968 PMCID: PMC8307986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered the major contributor to skeletal muscle wasting in different conditions. Genetically determined neuromuscular disorders occur as a result of mutations in the structural proteins of striated muscle cells and therefore are often combined with cardiac phenotype, which most often manifests as a cardiomyopathy. The specific roles played by mitochondria and mitochondrial energetic metabolism in skeletal muscle under muscle-wasting conditions in cardiomyopathies have not yet been investigated in detail, and this aspect of genetic muscle diseases remains poorly characterized. This review will highlight dysregulation of mitochondrial representation and bioenergetics in specific skeletal muscle disorders caused by mutations that disrupt the structural and functional integrity of muscle cells.
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Prioritization of candidate causal genes for asthma in susceptibility loci derived from UK Biobank. Commun Biol 2021; 4:700. [PMID: 34103634 PMCID: PMC8187656 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify candidate causal genes of asthma, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in UK Biobank on a broad asthma definition (n = 56,167 asthma cases and 352,255 controls). We then carried out functional mapping through transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) and Mendelian randomization in lung (n = 1,038) and blood (n = 31,684) tissues. The GWAS reveals 72 asthma-associated loci from 116 independent significant variants (PGWAS < 5.0E-8). The most significant lung TWAS gene on 17q12-q21 is GSDMB (PTWAS = 1.42E-54). Other TWAS genes include TSLP on 5q22, RERE on 1p36, CLEC16A on 16p13, and IL4R on 16p12, which all replicated in GTEx lung (n = 515). We demonstrate that the largest fold enrichment of regulatory and functional annotations among asthma-associated variants is in the blood. We map 485 blood eQTL-regulated genes associated with asthma and 50 of them are causal by Mendelian randomization. Prioritization of druggable genes reveals known (IL4R, TSLP, IL6, TNFSF4) and potentially new therapeutic targets for asthma.
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10
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Ciscato F, Ferrone L, Masgras I, Laquatra C, Rasola A. Hexokinase 2 in Cancer: A Prima Donna Playing Multiple Characters. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094716. [PMID: 33946854 PMCID: PMC8125560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexokinases are a family of ubiquitous exose-phosphorylating enzymes that prime glucose for intracellular utilization. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is the most active isozyme of the family, mainly expressed in insulin-sensitive tissues. HK2 induction in most neoplastic cells contributes to their metabolic rewiring towards aerobic glycolysis, and its genetic ablation inhibits malignant growth in mouse models. HK2 can dock to mitochondria, where it performs additional functions in autophagy regulation and cell death inhibition that are independent of its enzymatic activity. The recent definition of HK2 localization to contact points between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum called Mitochondria Associated Membranes (MAMs) has unveiled a novel HK2 role in regulating intracellular Ca2+ fluxes. Here, we propose that HK2 localization in MAMs of tumor cells is key in sustaining neoplastic progression, as it acts as an intersection node between metabolic and survival pathways. Disrupting these functions by targeting HK2 subcellular localization can constitute a promising anti-tumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciscato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.F.); (I.M.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Lavinia Ferrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.F.); (I.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Ionica Masgras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.F.); (I.M.); (C.L.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, 56124 Pias, Italy
| | - Claudio Laquatra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.F.); (I.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.F.); (I.M.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (A.R.)
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11
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Gözen D, Kahraman DC, Narci K, Shehwana H, Konu Ö, Çetin-Atalay R. Transcriptome profiles associated with selenium-deficiency-dependent oxidative stress identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in liver cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 45:149-161. [PMID: 33907497 PMCID: PMC8068766 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2009-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancer types with high mortality rates and displays increased resistance to various stress conditions such as oxidative stress. Conventional therapies have low efficacies due to resistance and off-target effects in HCC. Here we aimed to analyze oxidative stress-related gene expression profiles of HCC cells and identify genes that could be crucial for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. To identify important genes that cause resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS), a model of oxidative stress upon selenium (Se) deficiency was utilized. The results of transcriptome-wide gene expression data were analyzed in which the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between HCC cell lines that are either resistant or sensitive to Se-deficiency-dependent oxidative stress. These DEGs were further investigated for their importance in oxidative stress resistance by network analysis methods, and 27 genes were defined to have key roles; 16 of which were previously shown to have impact on liver cancer patient survival. These genes might have Se-deficiency-dependent roles in hepatocarcinogenesis and could be further exploited for their potentials as novel targets for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Gözen
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara Turkey
| | - Deniz Cansen Kahraman
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara Turkey
| | - Kübra Narci
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara Turkey
| | - Huma Shehwana
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Özlen Konu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara Turkey
| | - Rengül Çetin-Atalay
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara Turkey
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Ramon-Duaso C, Gener T, Consegal M, Fernández-Avilés C, Gallego JJ, Castarlenas L, Swanson MS, de la Torre R, Maldonado R, Puig MV, Robledo P. Methylphenidate Attenuates the Cognitive and Mood Alterations Observed in Mbnl2 Knockout Mice and Reduces Microglia Overexpression. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2978-2997. [PMID: 30060068 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystem disorder affecting muscle and central nervous system (CNS) function. The cellular mechanisms underlying CNS alterations are poorly understood and no useful treatments exist for the neuropsychological deficits observed in DM1 patients. We investigated the progression of behavioral deficits present in male and female muscleblind-like 2 (Mbnl2) knockout (KO) mice, a rodent model of CNS alterations in DM1, and determined the biochemical and electrophysiological correlates in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), striatum and hippocampus (HPC). Male KO exhibited more cognitive impairment and depressive-like behavior than female KO mice. In the mPFC, KO mice showed an overexpression of proinflammatory microglia, increased transcriptional levels of Dat, Drd1, and Drd2, exacerbated dopamine levels, and abnormal neural spiking and oscillatory activities in the mPFC and HPC. Chronic treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) (1 and 3 mg/kg) reversed the behavioral deficits, reduced proinflammatory microglia in the mPFC, normalized prefrontal Dat and Drd2 gene expression, and increased Bdnf and Nrf2 mRNA levels. These findings unravel the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of MPH on cognitive deficits and depressive-like behaviors observed in Mbnl2 KO mice, and suggest that MPH could be a potential candidate to treat the CNS deficiencies in DM1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ramon-Duaso
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Gener
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Consegal
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernández-Avilés
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Gallego
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Castarlenas
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maurice S Swanson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and the Center for NeuroGenetics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERON), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental al Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Victoria Puig
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Robledo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental al Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Simchi L, Panov J, Morsy O, Feuermann Y, Kaphzan H. Novel Insights into the Role of UBE3A in Regulating Apoptosis and Proliferation. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051573. [PMID: 32455880 PMCID: PMC7290732 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The UBE3A gene codes for a protein with two known functions, a ubiquitin E3-ligase which catalyzes ubiquitin binding to substrate proteins and a steroid hormone receptor coactivator. UBE3A is most famous for its critical role in neuronal functioning. Lack of UBE3A protein expression leads to Angelman syndrome (AS), while its overexpression is associated with autism. In spite of extensive research, our understanding of UBE3A roles is still limited. We investigated the cellular and molecular effects of Ube3a deletion in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and Angelman syndrome (AS) mouse model hippocampi. Cell cultures of MEFs exhibited enhanced proliferation together with reduced apoptosis when Ube3a was deleted. These findings were supported by transcriptome and proteome analyses. Furthermore, transcriptome analyses revealed alterations in mitochondria-related genes. Moreover, an analysis of adult AS model mice hippocampi also found alterations in the expression of apoptosis- and proliferation-associated genes. Our findings emphasize the role UBE3A plays in regulating proliferation and apoptosis and sheds light into the possible effects UBE3A has on mitochondrial involvement in governing this balance.
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14
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Ciscato F, Filadi R, Masgras I, Pizzi M, Marin O, Damiano N, Pizzo P, Gori A, Frezzato F, Chiara F, Trentin L, Bernardi P, Rasola A. Hexokinase 2 displacement from mitochondria-associated membranes prompts Ca 2+ -dependent death of cancer cells. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49117. [PMID: 32383545 PMCID: PMC7332982 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo changes in metabolic and survival pathways that increase their malignancy. Isoform 2 of the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase (HK2) enhances both glucose metabolism and resistance to death stimuli in many neoplastic cell types. Here, we observe that HK2 locates at mitochondria‐endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites called MAMs (mitochondria‐associated membranes). HK2 displacement from MAMs with a selective peptide triggers mitochondrial Ca2+ overload caused by Ca2+ release from ER via inositol‐3‐phosphate receptors (IP3Rs) and by Ca2+ entry through plasma membrane. This results in Ca2+‐dependent calpain activation, mitochondrial depolarization and cell death. The HK2‐targeting peptide causes massive death of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells freshly isolated from patients, and an actionable form of the peptide reduces growth of breast and colon cancer cells allografted in mice without noxious effects on healthy tissues. These results identify a signaling pathway primed by HK2 displacement from MAMs that can be activated as anti‐neoplastic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciscato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ionica Masgras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzi
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nunzio Damiano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- CNR Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition (ICRM), Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Frezzato
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Chiara
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DISCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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15
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Koc F, Atli G, Menziletoglu SY, Kose S. Antioxidant imbalance in the erythrocytes of Myotonic dystrophy Type 1 patients. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 680:108230. [PMID: 31870660 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The most common form of muscular dystrophy is known as Myotonic dystrophy Type 1 (DM1) in adults. It was aimed to investigate the relationship between antioxidant imbalance and diaphragm thickness with pulmonary function test results in peripheral blood of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 patients. In the prospective study, 33 DM1 and 32 healthy control groups were taken after the ethics committee decision (2018-10529). Antioxidant defence system enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels were studied in blood samples. Also, muscular strength (MRC score), creatine kinase (CK) and diaphragm thicknesses were measured, and pulmonary function tests were performed. Among the studied parameters, TBARS levels and GPX, GR and GST activities in erythrocytes of DM1 patients showed a significant decrease in the range of 29-45% compared to the control group. MRC score, diaphragm thickness and inspiratory function test results at the end of inspiration and expiration were found lower though CK levels were higher in DM1 group. In the patient group, a positive correlation was found between antioxidant parameters (TBARS, CAT and GST) with diaphragm thicknesses and pulmonary function test though GPX showed a negative correlation with them. It was emphasized that the data obtained shows the harmful/pathogenic role of oxidative stress caused by free radicals in DM1, and also provide useful data for the treatment and processes of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Koc
- Department of Neurology, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gülüzar Atli
- Biotechnology Center, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
| | | | - Sevgul Kose
- Department of Radiology, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
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16
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Yu X, Wei D, Gao Y, Du H, Yu B, Li R, Qian C, Luo X, Yuan S, Wang J, Sun L. Synergistic combination of DT-13 and Topotecan inhibits aerobic glycolysis in human gastric carcinoma BGC-823 cells via NM IIA/EGFR/HK II axis. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:6622-6634. [PMID: 31397978 PMCID: PMC6787456 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DT-13 combined with topotecan (TPT) showed stronger antitumour effects in mice subcutaneous xenograft model compared with their individual effects in our previous research. Here, we further observed the synergistically effect in mice orthotopic xenograft model. Metabolomics analysis showed DT-13 combined with TPT alleviated metabolic disorders induced by tumour and synergistically inhibited the activity of the aerobic glycolysis-related enzymes in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistic studies revealed that the combination treatment promoted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation through non-muscle myosin IIA (NM IIA)-induced endocytosis of EGFR, further inhibited the activity of hexokinase II (HK II), and eventually promoted the aerobic glycolysis inhibition activity more efficiently compared with TPT or DT-13 monotherapy. The combination therapy also inhibited the specific binding of HK II to mitochondria. When using the NM II inhibitor (-)002Dblebbistatin or MYH-9 shRNA, the synergistic inhibition effect of DT-13 and TPT on aerobic glycolysis was eliminated in BGC-823 cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed selective up-regulation of NM IIA while specific down-regulation of p-CREB, EGFR, and HK II by the combination therapy. Collectively, these findings suggested that this regimen has significant clinical implications, warranted further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Wen Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Dandan Wei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and EfficacyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Ying‐Sheng Gao
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and EvaluationChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hong‐Zhi Du
- School of PharmacyHubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Bo‐Yang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCMChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Rui‐Ming Li
- Tasly Research InstituteTianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd.TianjinChina
| | - Chang‐Min Qian
- Tasly Research InstituteTianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd.TianjinChina
| | - Xue‐Jun Luo
- Tasly Research InstituteTianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd.TianjinChina
| | - Sheng‐Tao Yuan
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and EvaluationChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jun‐Song Wang
- Center for Molecular MetabolismNanjing University of Science & TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Li Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
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17
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Russell TL, Zhang J, Okoniewski M, Franke F, Bichet S, Hierlemann A. Medullary Respiratory Circuit Is Reorganized by a Seasonally-Induced Program in Preparation for Hibernation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:376. [PMID: 31080399 PMCID: PMC6497738 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep hibernators go through several cycles of profound drops in body temperature during the winter season, with core temperatures sometimes reaching near freezing. Yet unlike non-hibernating mammals, they can sustain breathing rhythms. The physiological processes that make this possible are still not understood. In this study, we focused on the medullary Ventral Respiratory Column of a facultative hibernator, the Syrian hamster. Using shortened day-lengths, we induced a "winter-adapted" physiological state, which is a prerequisite for hibernation. When recording electrophysiological signals from acute slices in the winter-adapted pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC), spike trains showed higher spike rates, amplitudes, complexity, as well as higher temperature sensitivity, suggesting an increase in connectivity and/or synaptic strength during the winter season. We further examined action potential waveforms and found that the depolarization integral, as measured by the area under the curve, is selectively enhanced in winter-adapted animals. This suggests that a shift in the ion handling kinetics is also being induced by the winter-adaptation program. RNA sequencing of respiratory pre-motor neurons, followed by gene set enrichment analysis, revealed differential regulation and splicing in structural, synaptic, and ion handling genes. Splice junction analysis suggested that differential exon usage is occurring in a select subset of ion handling subunits (ATP1A3, KCNC3, SCN1B), and synaptic structure genes (SNCB, SNCG, RAB3A). Our findings show that the hamster respiratory center undergoes a seasonally-cued alteration in electrophysiological properties, likely protecting against respiratory failure at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Russell
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jichang Zhang
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Felix Franke
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Bichet
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Histology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hexokinases are key enzymes that are responsible for the first reaction of glycolysis, but they also moonlight other cellular processes, including mitochondrial redox signaling regulation. Modulation of hexokinase activity and spatiotemporal location by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as other gasotransmitters serves as the basis for a unique, underexplored method of tight and flexible regulation of these fundamental enzymes. Recent Advances: Redox modifications of thiols serve as a molecular code that enables the precise and complex regulation of hexokinases. Redox regulation of hexokinases is also used by multiple parasites to cause widespread and severe diseases, including malaria, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness. Redox-active molecules affect each other, and the moonlighting activity of hexokinases provides another feedback loop that affects the cellular redox status and is hijacked in malignantly transformed cells. CRITICAL ISSUES Several compounds affect the redox status of hexokinases in vivo. These include the dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized form of vitamin C), pyrrolidinium porrolidine-1-carbodithioate (contraceptive), peroxynitrite (product of ethanol metabolism), alloxan (a glucose analog), and isobenzothiazolinone ebselen. However, very limited information is available regarding which amino acid residues in hexokinases are affected by redox signaling. Except in cases of monogenic diabetes, direct evidence is absent for disease phenotypes that are associated with variations within motifs that are susceptible to redox signaling. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further studies should address the propensity of hexokinases and their disease-associated variants to participate in redox regulation. Robust and straightforward proteomic methods are needed to understand the context and consequences of hexokinase-mediated redox regulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Heneberg
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Cannino G, Ciscato F, Masgras I, Sánchez-Martín C, Rasola A. Metabolic Plasticity of Tumor Cell Mitochondria. Front Oncol 2018; 8:333. [PMID: 30197878 PMCID: PMC6117394 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that exchange a multiplicity of signals with other cell compartments, in order to finely adjust key biological routines to the fluctuating metabolic needs of the cell. During neoplastic transformation, cells must provide an adequate supply of the anabolic building blocks required to meet a relentless proliferation pressure. This can occur in conditions of inconstant blood perfusion leading to variations in oxygen and nutrient levels. Mitochondria afford the bioenergetic plasticity that allows tumor cells to adapt and thrive in this ever changing and often unfavorable environment. Here we analyse how mitochondria orchestrate the profound metabolic rewiring required for neoplastic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cannino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciscato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ionica Masgras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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20
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Thomas JD, Oliveira R, Sznajder ŁJ, Swanson MS. Myotonic Dystrophy and Developmental Regulation of RNA Processing. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:509-553. [PMID: 29687899 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a multisystemic disorder caused by microsatellite expansion mutations in two unrelated genes leading to similar, yet distinct, diseases. DM disease presentation is highly variable and distinguished by differences in age-of-onset and symptom severity. In the most severe form, DM presents with congenital onset and profound developmental defects. At the molecular level, DM pathogenesis is characterized by a toxic RNA gain-of-function mechanism that involves the transcription of noncoding microsatellite expansions. These mutant RNAs disrupt key cellular pathways, including RNA processing, localization, and translation. In DM, these toxic RNA effects are predominantly mediated through the modulation of the muscleblind-like and CUGBP and ETR-3-like factor families of RNA binding proteins (RBPs). Dysfunction of these RBPs results in widespread RNA processing defects culminating in the expression of developmentally inappropriate protein isoforms in adult tissues. The tissue that is the focus of this review, skeletal muscle, is particularly sensitive to mutant RNA-responsive perturbations, as patients display a variety of developmental, structural, and functional defects in muscle. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of DM1 and DM2 clinical presentation and pathology as well as the underlying cellular and molecular defects associated with DM disease onset and progression. Additionally, fundamental aspects of skeletal muscle development altered in DM are highlighted together with ongoing and potential therapeutic avenues to treat this muscular dystrophy. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:509-553, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Thomas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ruan Oliveira
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Łukasz J Sznajder
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Maurice S Swanson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article describes clinical and electrical myotonia and provides an update on the classification, diagnosis, and management of myotonic disorders. RECENT FINDINGS In the myotonic dystrophies, antisense oligonucleotides provide a general strategy to correct RNA gain of function and modulate the expression of CTG expanded repeats; they are currently being tested in a phase 1-2 randomized controlled trial in patients with adult-onset myotonic dystrophy type 1. New genetic mutations are continuously being identified in the nondystrophic myotonias involving sodium and chloride channels. This contributes to the difficulty in describing genotype-phenotype correlations as the same mutations can give rise to different phenotypes, and the same phenotypes can arise from different mutations. Pharmacologic therapy is moving toward mutation-targeted treatments. SUMMARY This article describes the clinical and diagnostic characteristics and management of the myotonic dystrophies and the nondystrophic myotonias. Clinical features of the congenital, juvenile, and classic adult forms of myotonic dystrophy type 1 are reviewed, and for the adult form, reference is made to the main diagnostic and follow-up tests for which general consensus exists. The different clinical presentations of myotonic dystrophy type 2 and its main differential diagnostic options are also discussed. The clinical spectrum of the sodium and chloride channelopathies is described, and clinical diagnostic clues to differentiate between these two groups are provided. Therapeutic options for patients with nondystrophic myotonias are also presented with reference to literature review and the author's personal experience.
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22
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Kowalik MA, Guzzo G, Morandi A, Perra A, Menegon S, Masgras I, Trevisan E, Angioni MM, Fornari F, Quagliata L, Ledda-Columbano GM, Gramantieri L, Terracciano L, Giordano S, Chiarugi P, Rasola A, Columbano A. Metabolic reprogramming identifies the most aggressive lesions at early phases of hepatic carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32375-93. [PMID: 27070090 PMCID: PMC5078020 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes are associated with cancer, but whether they are just bystander effects of deregulated oncogenic signaling pathways or characterize early phases of tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here we show in a rat model of hepatocarcinogenesis that early preneoplastic foci and nodules that progress towards hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are characterized both by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and by enhanced glucose utilization to fuel the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). These changes respectively require increased expression of the mitochondrial chaperone TRAP1 and of the transcription factor NRF2 that induces the expression of the rate-limiting PPP enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), following miR-1 inhibition. Such metabolic rewiring exclusively identifies a subset of aggressive cytokeratin-19 positive preneoplastic hepatocytes and not slowly growing lesions. No such metabolic changes were observed during non-neoplastic liver regeneration occurring after two/third partial hepatectomy. TRAP1 silencing inhibited the colony forming ability of HCC cells while NRF2 silencing decreased G6PD expression and concomitantly increased miR-1; conversely, transfection with miR-1 mimic abolished G6PD expression. Finally, in human HCC patients increased G6PD expression levels correlates with grading, metastasis and poor prognosis. Our results demonstrate that the metabolic deregulation orchestrated by TRAP1 and NRF2 is an early event restricted to the more aggressive preneoplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anna Kowalik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Guzzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Morandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze and Tuscan Tumor Institute, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Menegon
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Ionica Masgras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Fornari
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico S. Orsola Malpighi, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Quagliata
- Molecular Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Laura Gramantieri
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico S. Orsola Malpighi, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Molecular Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze and Tuscan Tumor Institute, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122, Padova, Italy
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
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23
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in myotonic dystrophy type 1. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 28:144-149. [PMID: 29289451 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanism linking the nucleotide expansion in the DMPK gene to the clinical manifestations of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is still unclear. In vitro studies demonstrate DMPK involvement in the redox homeostasis of cells and the mitochondrial dysfunction in DM1, but in vivo investigations of oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle have provided ambiguous results and have never been performed in the brain. Twenty-five DM1 patients (14M, 39 ± 11years) underwent brain proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS), and sixteen cases (9M, 40 ± 13 years old) also calf muscle phosphorus MRS (31P-MRS). Findings were compared to those of sex- and age-matched controls. Eight DM1 patients showed pathological increase of brain lactate and, compared to those without, had larger lateral ventricles (p < 0.01), smaller gray matter volumes (p < 0.05) and higher white matter lesion load (p < 0.05). A reduction of phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate (p < 0.001) at rest and, at first minute of exercise, a lower [phosphocreatine] (p = 0.003) and greater [ADP] (p = 0.004) were found in DM1 patients compared to controls. The post-exercise indices of muscle oxidative metabolism were all impaired in DM1, including the increase of time constant of phosphocreatine resynthesis (TC PCr, p = 0.038) and the reduction of the maximum rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis (p = 0.033). TC PCr values correlated with the myotonic area score (ρ = 0.74, p = 0.01) indicating higher impairment of muscle oxidative metabolism in clinically more affected patients. Our findings provide clear in vivo evidence of multisystem impairment of oxidative metabolism in DM1 patients, providing a rationale for targeted treatment enhancing energy metabolism.
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24
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Xu GK, Sun CY, Qin XY, Han Y, Li Y, Xie GY, Min-Jian Q. Effects of ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves and its main constituent mangiferin on diabetic nephropathy in mice. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 15:597-605. [PMID: 28939022 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to explore the mechanism by which ethanol extract of Bombax ceiba leaves (BCE) and its main constituent mangiferin (MGF) affect diabetic nephropathy by combating oxidative stress. Oral administration of BCE and MGF to normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice were carried out. Fasting blood glucose, 24-h urinary albumin, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were tested, histopathology, and immunohistochemical analysis of kidney tissues were performed. Moreover, mesangial cells were treated with BCE and MGF for 48 h with or without 25 mmol·L-1 of glucose. Immunofluorescence, Western blot and apoptosis analyses were used to investigate their regulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. BCE and MGF ameliorated biochemical parameters and restored STZ-induced renal injury in the model mice. In vitro study showed that high glucose stimulation increased oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in mesangial cells. BCE and MGF limited mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) collapse by inhibiting Nox4, mitochondrially bound hexokinase II dissociation, and subsequent ROS production, which effectively reduced oxidative stress, cleaved caspase-3 expression and cell apoptosis. Our work indicated that BCE and MGF had protective effects on diabetic caused kidney injury and prevented oxidative stress in mesangial cells by regulation of hexokinase II binding and Nox4 oxidase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Kai Xu
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chen-Yu Sun
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Qin
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guo-Yong Xie
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qin Min-Jian
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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25
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Zhang R, Ma XN, Liu K, Zhang L, Yao M. Exogenous spermine preserves mitochondrial bioenergetics via regulating Src kinase signaling in the spinal cord. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3619-3626. [PMID: 28765886 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of mitochondrial metabolism is becoming an important target in inhibiting necrosis and apoptosis following secondary spinal cord injury, and physiological compounds that reduce mitochondrial dysfunction are regarded as efficient protective reagents following injury. It has been demonstrated that spermine, a polyamine composed of four primary amines, may be taken up by a mitochondria‑specific uniporter and may preserve mitochondrial bioenergetics, suggesting that it may be important in the pathophysiology of mitochondria. However, the protective mechanism has not yet been definitively clarified. In the present study, isolated spinal cord mitochondria were incubated with spermine to evaluate its physiological functions and Src kinase activities. The results revealed that spermine increased oxidative phosphorylation, attenuated mitochondrial swelling and maintained the membrane potential. An inhibitor of Src kinases, amino‑5-(4‑chlorophenyl)‑7‑(t‑butyl)pyrazolo[3,4‑d]pyrimidine (PP2), markedly reduced the effects of spermine. However, inhibition of tyrosine phosphatases by vanadate led to marginal increases in the effects of spermine. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that tyrosine phosphorylation sites are present in the subunits of respiratory chains and mitochondrial permeability transition pore proteins, which may be modified via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Furthermore, spermine may upregulate the phosphorylation of Src kinases, and PP2 and vanadate conversely regulate Src phosphorylation. The results of the present study suggest that spermine is a strategic regulator within mitochondria that may activate Src kinases in the spinal cord, and tyrosine phosphorylation signaling is a primary regulatory pathway of mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Nan Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Meng Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Chou CC, Chang PC, Wei YC, Lee KY. Optical Mapping Approaches on Muscleblind-Like Compound Knockout Mice for Understanding Mechanistic Insights Into Ventricular Arrhythmias in Myotonic Dystrophy. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.005191. [PMID: 28416514 PMCID: PMC5533016 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Cardiac arrhythmias are common causes of death in patients with myotonic dystrophy (dystrophia myotonica [DM]). Evidence shows that atrial tachyarrhythmia is an independent risk factor for sudden death; however, the relationship is unclear. Methods and Results Control wild‐type (Mbnl1+/+; Mbnl2+/+) and DM mutant (Mbnl1−/−; Mbnl2+/−) mice were generated by crossing double heterozygous knockout (Mbnl1+/−; Mbnl2+/−) mice. In vivo electrophysiological study and optical mapping technique were performed to investigate mechanisms of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Transmission electron microscopy scanning was performed for myocardium ultrastructural analysis. DM mutant mice were more vulnerable to anesthesia medications and program electrical pacing: 2 of 12 mice had sudden apnea and cardiac arrest during premedication of general anesthesia; 9 of the remaining 10 had atrial tachycardia and/or atrioventricular block, but none of the wild‐type mice had spontaneous arrhythmias; and 9 of 10 mice had pacing‐induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias, but only 1 of 14 of the wild‐type mice. Optical mapping studies revealed prolonged action potential duration, slower conduction velocity, and steeper conduction velocity restitution curves in the DM mutant mice than in the wild‐type group. Spatially discordant alternans was more easily inducible in DM mutant than wild‐type mice. Transmission electron microscopy showed disarranged myofibrils with enlarged vacuole‐occupying mitochondria in the DM mutant group. Conclusions This DM mutant mouse model presented with clinical myofibril ultrastructural abnormality and cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial tachyarrhythmias, atrioventricular block, and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Optical mapping studies revealed prolonged action potential duration and slow conduction velocity in the DM mice, leading to vulnerability of spatially discordant alternans and ventricular arrhythmia induction to pacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chuan Chou
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Cheng Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Wei
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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27
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Masgras I, Sanchez-Martin C, Colombo G, Rasola A. The Chaperone TRAP1 As a Modulator of the Mitochondrial Adaptations in Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2017; 7:58. [PMID: 28405578 PMCID: PMC5370238 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria can receive, integrate, and transmit a variety of signals to shape many biochemical activities of the cell. In the process of tumor onset and growth, mitochondria contribute to the capability of cells of escaping death insults, handling changes in ROS levels, rewiring metabolism, and reprograming gene expression. Therefore, mitochondria can tune the bioenergetic and anabolic needs of neoplastic cells in a rapid and flexible way, and these adaptations are required for cell survival and proliferation in the fluctuating environment of a rapidly growing tumor mass. The molecular bases of pro-neoplastic mitochondrial adaptations are complex and only partially understood. Recently, the mitochondrial molecular chaperone TRAP1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor associated protein 1) was identified as a key regulator of mitochondrial bioenergetics in tumor cells, with a profound impact on neoplastic growth. In this review, we analyze these findings and discuss the possibility that targeting TRAP1 constitutes a new antitumor approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionica Masgras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Università di Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Carlos Sanchez-Martin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Università di Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Milano , Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Università di Padova , Padova , Italy
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28
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Malena A, Pantic B, Borgia D, Sgarbi G, Solaini G, Holt IJ, Spinazzola A, Perissinotto E, Sandri M, Baracca A, Vergani L. Mitochondrial quality control: Cell-type-dependent responses to pathological mutant mitochondrial DNA. Autophagy 2016; 12:2098-2112. [PMID: 27627835 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1226734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) produce a diverse range of tissue-specific diseases and the proportion of mutant mitochondrial DNA can increase or decrease with time via segregation, dependent on the cell or tissue type. Previously we found that adenocarcinoma (A549.B2) cells favored wild-type (WT) mtDNA, whereas rhabdomyosarcoma (RD.Myo) cells favored mutant (m3243G) mtDNA. Mitochondrial quality control (mtQC) can purge the cells of dysfunctional mitochondria via mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy and appears to offer the perfect solution to the human diseases caused by mutant mtDNA. In A549.B2 and RD.Myo cybrids, with various mutant mtDNA levels, mtQC was explored together with macroautophagy/autophagy and bioenergetic profile. The 2 types of tumor-derived cell lines differed in bioenergetic profile and mitophagy, but not in autophagy. A549.B2 cybrids displayed upregulation of mitophagy, increased mtDNA removal, mitochondrial fragmentation and mitochondrial depolarization on incubation with oligomycin, parameters that correlated with mutant load. Conversely, heteroplasmic RD.Myo lines had lower mitophagic markers that negatively correlated with mutant load, combined with a fully polarized and highly fused mitochondrial network. These findings indicate that pathological mutant mitochondrial DNA can modulate mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in a cell-type dependent manner and thereby offer an explanation for the persistence and accumulation of deleterious variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Malena
- a Department of Neurosciences , University of Padova , Italy
| | - Boris Pantic
- a Department of Neurosciences , University of Padova , Italy
| | - Doriana Borgia
- a Department of Neurosciences , University of Padova , Italy
| | - Gianluca Sgarbi
- b Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Italy
| | - Giancarlo Solaini
- b Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Italy
| | - Ian J Holt
- c Medical Research Council, Mill Hill Laboratory , London , United Kingdom
| | | | - Egle Perissinotto
- d Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- e Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Padova , Italy.,f Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine , Padova , Italy
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- b Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Italy
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Tan SV, Z'graggen WJ, Boërio D, Turner C, Hanna MG, Bostock H. In vivo assessment of muscle membrane properties in myotonic dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2016; 54:249-57. [PMID: 26789642 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myotonia in myotonic dystrophy types 1 (DM1) and 2 (DM2) is generally attributed to reduced chloride-channel conductance. We used muscle velocity recovery cycles (MVRCs) to investigate muscle membrane properties in DM1 and DM2, using comparisons with myotonia congenita (MC). METHODS MVRCs and responses to repetitive stimulation were compared between patients with DM1 (n = 18), DM2 (n = 5), MC (n = 18), and normal controls (n = 20). RESULTS Both DM1 and DM2 showed enhanced late supernormality after multiple conditioning stimuli, indicating delayed repolarization as in MC. Contrary to MC, however, DM1 showed reduced early supernormality after multiple conditioning stimuli, and weak DM1 patients also showed abnormally slow latency recovery after repetitive stimulation. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the presence of impaired chloride conductance in both DM1 and DM2. The early supernormality changes indicate that sodium currents were reduced in DM1, whereas the weakness-associated slow recovery after repetitive stimulation may provide an indication of reduced Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase activation. Muscle Nerve 54: 249-257, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Veronica Tan
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, The National, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK.,Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, St Thomas' Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Academic Neurosciences, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Werner J Z'graggen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Boërio
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Turner
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, The National, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Michael G Hanna
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, The National, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Hugh Bostock
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, The National, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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30
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Pantic B, Borgia D, Giunco S, Malena A, Kiyono T, Salvatori S, De Rossi A, Giardina E, Sangiuolo F, Pegoraro E, Vergani L, Botta A. Reliable and versatile immortal muscle cell models from healthy and myotonic dystrophy type 1 primary human myoblasts. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:39-51. [PMID: 26905645 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary human skeletal muscle cells (hSkMCs) are invaluable tools for deciphering the basic molecular mechanisms of muscle-related biological processes and pathological alterations. Nevertheless, their use is quite restricted due to poor availability, short life span and variable purity of the cells during in vitro culture. Here, we evaluate a recently published method of hSkMCs immortalization, relying on ectopic expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1), cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and telomerase (TERT) in myoblasts from healthy donors (n=3) and myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) patients (n=2). The efficacy to maintain the myogenic and non-transformed phenotype, as well as the main pathogenetic hallmarks of DM1, has been assessed. Combined expression of the three genes i) maintained the CD56(NCAM)-positive myoblast population and differentiation potential; ii) preserved the non-transformed phenotype and iii) maintained the CTG repeat length, amount of nuclear foci and aberrant alternative splicing in immortal muscle cells. Moreover, immortal hSkMCs displayed attractive additional features such as structural maturation of sarcomeres, persistence of Pax7-positive cells during differentiation and complete disappearance of nuclear foci following (CAG)7 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) treatment. Overall, the CCND1, CDK4 and TERT immortalization yields versatile, reliable and extremely useful human muscle cell models to investigate the basic molecular features of human muscle cell biology, to elucidate the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms and to test new therapeutic approaches for DM1 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Pantic
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - Doriana Borgia
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - Silvia Giunco
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Adriana Malena
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Anita De Rossi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Section of Oncology and Immunology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Unit of Viral Oncology, Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)-IRCCS, Padua, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Giardina
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy; Molecular Genetics Laboratory UILDM, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Sangiuolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Pegoraro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Italy.
| | | | - Annalisa Botta
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy.
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Buckley L, Lacey M, Ehrlich M. Epigenetics of the myotonic dystrophy-associated DMPK gene neighborhood. Epigenomics 2016; 8:13-31. [PMID: 26756355 PMCID: PMC4863877 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Identify epigenetic marks in the vicinity of DMPK (linked to myotonic dystrophy, DM1) that help explain tissue-specific differences in its expression. Materials & methods: At DMPK and its flanking genes (DMWD, SIX5, BHMG1 and RSPH6A), we analyzed many epigenetic and transcription profiles from myoblasts, myotubes, skeletal muscle, heart and 30 nonmuscle samples. Results: In the DMPK gene neighborhood, muscle-associated DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation, enhancer chromatin, and CTCF binding were seen. Myogenic DMPK hypermethylation correlated with high expression and decreased alternative promoter usage. Testis/sperm hypomethylation of BHMG1 and RSPH6A was associated with testis-specific expression. G-quadruplex (G4) motifs and sperm-specific hypomethylation were found near the DM1-linked CTG repeats within DMPK. Conclusion: Tissue-specific epigenetic features in DMPK and neighboring genes help regulate its expression. G4 motifs in DMPK DNA and RNA might contribute to DM1 pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Buckley
- Human Genetics Program, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Tulane Cancer Center & Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Melanie Ehrlich
- Human Genetics Program, Center for Bioinformatics & Genomics, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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32
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Costantini A, Trevi E, Pala MI, Fancellu R. Can long-term thiamine treatment improve the clinical outcomes of myotonic dystrophy type 1? Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1487-1491. [PMID: 27857755 PMCID: PMC5090854 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.191225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1, also known as Steinert's disease, is an autosomal dominant disorder with multisystemic clinical features affecting the skeletal and cardiac muscles, the eyes, and the endocrine system. Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a cofactor of fundamental enzymes involved in the energetic cell metabolism; recent studies described its role in oxidative stress, protein processing, peroxisomal function, and gene expression. Thiamine deficiency is critical mainly in the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as in the muscular cells. Our aim was to investigate the potential therapeutical effects of long-term treatment with thiamine in myotonic dystrophy type 1 in an observational open-label pilot study. We described two patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 treated with intramuscular thiamine 100 mg twice a week for 12 or 11 months. We evaluated the patients using the grading of muscle strength according to Medical Research Council (MRC), the Muscular Impairment Rating Scale (MIRS), and the Modified Barthel index. High-dose thiamine treatment was well tolerated and effective in improving the motor symptomatology, particularly the muscle strength evaluated with the MRC scale, and the patients' activities of daily living using the Modified Barthel Index. At the end of treatment, the MRC score was 5 in the proximal muscles and 2-4 in the distal muscles (the MRC score before the treatment was 3-4 and 1-3, respectively). The MIRS grade improved by 25% compared to baseline for both patients. In patient #1, the Modified Barthel Index improved by 44%, and in patient #2 by 29%. These findings suggest that clinical outcomes are improved by long-term thiamine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Costantini
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, "Villa Immacolata" Clinic, Viterbo, Italy; School of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Trevi
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, "Villa Immacolata" Clinic, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Immacolata Pala
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, "Villa Immacolata" Clinic, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Roberto Fancellu
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Martino University Hospital IST, Genoa, Italy
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Golshani-Hebroni S. Mg(++) requirement for MtHK binding, and Mg(++) stabilization of mitochondrial membranes via activation of MtHK & MtCK and promotion of mitochondrial permeability transition pore closure: A hypothesis on mechanisms underlying Mg(++)'s antioxidant and cytoprotective effects. Gene 2015; 581:1-13. [PMID: 26732303 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evidence points to magnesium's antioxidant, anti-necrotic, and anti-apoptotic effects in cardio- and neuroprotection. With magnesium being involved in over 300 biochemical reactions, the mechanisms underlying its cytoprotective and antioxidant effects have remained elusive. The profound anti-apoptotic, anabolic, and antioxidant effects of mitochondrion bound hexokinase (MtHk), and the anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic, and antioxidant functions of mitochondrial creatine kinase (MtCK) have been established over the past few decades. As powerful regulators of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), MtHK and MtCK promote anti-apoptosis and anti-necrosis by stabilizing mitochondrial outer and inner membranes. In this article, it is proposed that magnesium is essentially and directly involved in mitochondrial membrane stabilization via (i) Mg(++) ion requirement for the binding of mitochondrial hexokinase (ii) Mg(++)'s allosteric activation of mitochondrial bound hexokinase, and stimulation of mitochondrial bound creatine kinase activities, and (iii) Mg(++) inhibition of PTP opening by Ca(++) ions. These effects of Mg(++) ions are indirectly supplanted by the stimulatory effect of magnesium on the Akt kinase survival pathway. The "Magnesium/Calcium Yin Yang Hypothesis" proposes here that because of the antagonistic effects of Ca(++) and Mg(++) ions in the presence of high Ca(++) ion concentration at MtHK, MtCK, and PTP, magnesium supplementation may provide cytoprotective effects in the treatment of some degenerative diseases and cytopathies with high intracellular [Ca(++)]/ [Mg(++)] ratio at these sites, whether of genetic, developmental, drug induced, ischemic, immune based, toxic, or infectious etiology.
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Bernardi P, Rasola A, Forte M, Lippe G. The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore: Channel Formation by F-ATP Synthase, Integration in Signal Transduction, and Role in Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1111-55. [PMID: 26269524 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) is a permeability increase of the inner mitochondrial membrane mediated by a channel, the permeability transition pore (PTP). After a brief historical introduction, we cover the key regulatory features of the PTP and provide a critical assessment of putative protein components that have been tested by genetic analysis. The discovery that under conditions of oxidative stress the F-ATP synthases of mammals, yeast, and Drosophila can be turned into Ca(2+)-dependent channels, whose electrophysiological properties match those of the corresponding PTPs, opens new perspectives to the field. We discuss structural and functional features of F-ATP synthases that may provide clues to its transition from an energy-conserving into an energy-dissipating device as well as recent advances on signal transduction to the PTP and on its role in cellular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Michael Forte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lippe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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35
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Guzzo G, Sciacovelli M, Bernardi P, Rasola A. Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by the mitochondrial chaperone TRAP1 has anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects on tumor cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11897-908. [PMID: 25564869 PMCID: PMC4323003 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAP1 is a mitochondrial chaperone highly expressed in many tumor types; it inhibits respiratory complex II, down-modulating its succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzymatic activity. SDH inhibition in turn leads to a pseudohypoxic state caused by succinate-dependent HIF1α stabilization and promotes neoplastic growth. Here we report that TRAP1 inhibition of SDH also shields cells from oxidative insults and from the ensuing lethal opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This anti-oxidant activity of TRAP1 protects tumor cells from death in conditions of nutrient paucity that mimic those encountered in the neoplasm during the process of malignant accrual, and it is required for in vitro tumorigenic growth. Our findings demonstrate that SDH inhibition by TRAP1 is oncogenic not only by inducing pseudohypoxia, but also by protecting tumor cells from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guzzo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sciacovelli
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy. Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- CNR Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
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36
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Mateos-Aierdi AJ, Goicoechea M, Aiastui A, Fernández-Torrón R, Garcia-Puga M, Matheu A, López de Munain A. Muscle wasting in myotonic dystrophies: a model of premature aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26217220 PMCID: PMC4496580 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1 or Steinert’s disease) and type 2 (DM2) are multisystem disorders of genetic origin. Progressive muscular weakness, atrophy and myotonia are the most prominent neuromuscular features of these diseases, while other clinical manifestations such as cardiomyopathy, insulin resistance and cataracts are also common. From a clinical perspective, most DM symptoms are interpreted as a result of an accelerated aging (cataracts, muscular weakness and atrophy, cognitive decline, metabolic dysfunction, etc.), including an increased risk of developing tumors. From this point of view, DM1 could be described as a progeroid syndrome since a notable age-dependent dysfunction of all systems occurs. The underlying molecular disorder in DM1 consists of the existence of a pathological (CTG) triplet expansion in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the Dystrophia Myotonica Protein Kinase (DMPK) gene, whereas (CCTG)n repeats in the first intron of the Cellular Nucleic acid Binding Protein/Zinc Finger Protein 9(CNBP/ZNF9) gene cause DM2. The expansions are transcribed into (CUG)n and (CCUG)n-containing RNA, respectively, which form secondary structures and sequester RNA-binding proteins, such as the splicing factor muscleblind-like protein (MBNL), forming nuclear aggregates known as foci. Other splicing factors, such as CUGBP, are also disrupted, leading to a spliceopathy of a large number of downstream genes linked to the clinical features of these diseases. Skeletal muscle regeneration relies on muscle progenitor cells, known as satellite cells, which are activated after muscle damage, and which proliferate and differentiate to muscle cells, thus regenerating the damaged tissue. Satellite cell dysfunction seems to be a common feature of both age-dependent muscle degeneration (sarcopenia) and muscle wasting in DM and other muscle degenerative diseases. This review aims to describe the cellular, molecular and macrostructural processes involved in the muscular degeneration seen in DM patients, highlighting the similarities found with muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Judith Mateos-Aierdi
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastián, Spain ; CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Goicoechea
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastián, Spain ; CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Aiastui
- CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Madrid, Spain ; Cell Culture Platform, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián Spain
| | - Roberto Fernández-Torrón
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastián, Spain ; CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Madrid, Spain ; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián Spain
| | - Mikel Garcia-Puga
- Oncology Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Oncology Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastián, Spain ; CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Madrid, Spain ; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU San Sebastián, Spain
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Rasola A, Bernardi P. Reprint of "The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its adaptive responses in tumor cells". Cell Calcium 2015; 58:18-26. [PMID: 25828565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review covers recent progress on the nature of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) – a key effector in the mitochondrial pathways to cell death – and on the adaptive responses of tumor cells that desensitize the PTP to Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby playing an important role in the resistance of tumors to cell death. The discovery that the PTP forms from dimers of F-ATP synthase; and the definition of the Ca(2+)- and ROS-dependent signaling pathways affecting the transition of the F-ATP synthase from an energy-conserving to an energy-dissipating device open new perspectives for therapeutic intervention in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Italy.
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38
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Grancara S, Zonta F, Ohkubo S, Brunati AM, Agostinelli E, Toninello A. Pathophysiological implications of mitochondrial oxidative stress mediated by mitochondriotropic agents and polyamines: the role of tyrosine phosphorylation. Amino Acids 2015; 47:869-83. [PMID: 25792113 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria, once merely considered as the "powerhouse" of cells, as they generate more than 90 % of cellular ATP, are now known to play a central role in many metabolic processes, including oxidative stress and apoptosis. More than 40 known human diseases are the result of excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), bioenergetic collapse and dysregulated apoptosis. Mitochondria are the main source of ROS in cells, due to the activity of the respiratory chain. In normal physiological conditions, ROS generation is limited by the anti-oxidant enzymatic systems in mitochondria. However, disregulation of the activity of these enzymes or interaction of respiratory complexes with mitochondriotropic agents may lead to a rise in ROS concentrations, resulting in oxidative stress, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) induction and triggering of the apoptotic pathway. ROS concentration is also increased by the activity of amine oxidases located inside and outside mitochondria, with oxidation of biogenic amines and polyamines. However, it should also be recalled that, depending on its concentration, the polyamine spermine can also protect against stress caused by ROS scavenging. In higher organisms, cell signaling pathways are the main regulators in energy production, since they act at the level of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and participate in the induction of the MPT. Thus, respiratory complexes, ATP synthase and transition pore components are the targets of tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. Increased ROS may also regulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of target proteins by activating Src kinases or phosphatases, preventing or inducing a number of pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Grancara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale U. Bassi 58B, 35131, Padua, Italy
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39
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Tramonti C, Dalise S, Bertolucci F, Rossi B, Chisari C. Abnormal Lactate Levels Affect Motor Performance in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. Eur J Transl Myol 2014; 24:4726. [PMID: 26913141 PMCID: PMC4748969 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2014.4726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a dominantly inherited disease comprehending multiple features. Fatigue and exhaustion during exercise often represent significant factors able to negatively influence their compliance to rehabilitation programs. Mitochondrial abnormalities and a significant increase in oxidative markers, previously reported, suggest the hypothesis of a mitochondrial functional impairment. The study aims at evaluating oxidative metabolism efficiency in 18 DM1 patients and in 15 healthy subjects, through analysis of lactate levels at rest and after an incremental exercise test. The exercise protocol consisted of a submaximal incremental exercise performed on an electronically calibrated treadmill, maintained in predominantly aerobic condition. Lactate levels were assessed at rest and at 5, 10 and 30 minutes after the end of the exercise. The results showed early exercise-related fatigue in DM1 patients, as they performed a mean number of 9 steps, while controls completed the whole exercise. Moreover, while resting values of lactate were comparable between the patients and the control group (p=0.69), after the exercise protocol, dystrophic subjects reached higher values of lactate, at any recovery time (p<0,05). These observations suggest an early activation of anaerobic metabolism, thus evidencing an alteration in oxidative metabolism of such dystrophic patients. As far as intense aerobic training could be performed in DM1 patients, in order to improve maximal muscle oxidative capacity and blood lactate removal ability, then, this safe and validate method could be used to evaluate muscle oxidative metabolism and provide an efficient help on rehabilitation programs to be prescribed in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tramonti
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Pisa , Italy
| | - Stefania Dalise
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Pisa , Italy
| | - Federica Bertolucci
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Pisa , Italy
| | - Bruno Rossi
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Pisa , Italy
| | - Carmelo Chisari
- Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Pisa , Italy
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40
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Rasola A, Bernardi P. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its adaptive responses in tumor cells. Cell Calcium 2014; 56:437-45. [PMID: 25454774 PMCID: PMC4274314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review covers recent progress on the nature of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) - a key effector in the mitochondrial pathways to cell death - and on the adaptive responses of tumor cells that desensitize the PTP to Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby playing an important role in the resistance of tumors to cell death. The discovery that the PTP forms from dimers of F-ATP synthase; and the definition of the Ca(2+)- and ROS-dependent signaling pathways affecting the transition of the F-ATP synthase from an energy-conserving to an energy-dissipating device open new perspectives for therapeutic intervention in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Italy.
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41
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Roberts DJ, Miyamoto S. Hexokinase II integrates energy metabolism and cellular protection: Akting on mitochondria and TORCing to autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:248-57. [PMID: 25323588 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence reveals that metabolic and cell survival pathways are closely related, sharing common signaling molecules. Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose, the rate-limiting first step of glycolysis. Hexokinase II (HK-II) is a predominant isoform in insulin-sensitive tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues. It is also upregulated in many types of tumors associated with enhanced aerobic glycolysis in tumor cells, the Warburg effect. In addition to the fundamental role in glycolysis, HK-II is increasingly recognized as a component of a survival signaling nexus. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the protective role of HK-II, controlling cellular growth, preventing mitochondrial death pathway and enhancing autophagy, with a particular focus on the interaction between HK-II and Akt/mTOR pathway to integrate metabolic status with the control of cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
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42
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Ogura M, Yamaki J, Homma MK, Homma Y. Phosphorylation of flotillin-1 by mitochondrial c-Src is required to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2837-43. [PMID: 24983503 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that mitochondrial c-Src regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by phosphorylating the succinate dehydrogenase A of respiratory complex II (CxII). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying ROS production regulated by c-Src in the CxII, we investigated the CxII protein complex derived from cells treated with Src family kinase inhibitor PP2. We identified flotillin-1 as a c-Src target that prevents ROS production from CxII. Phosphorylation-site analysis suggests Tyr56 and Tyr149 on flotillin-1 as sites for phosphorylation by c-Src. A comparison of cells expressing flotillin-1 and its phosphorylation defective mutants confirms the requirement for flotillin-1 phosphorylation for its interaction with CxII and subsequent reduction in ROS production. Our findings suggest a critical role of flotillin-1 in ROS production mediated by c-Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ogura
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Junko Yamaki
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Miwako K Homma
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Homma
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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43
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Rasola A, Neckers L, Picard D. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation TRAP(1)ped in tumor cells. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:455-63. [PMID: 24731398 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many tumors undergo a dramatic metabolic shift known as the Warburg effect in which glucose utilization is favored and oxidative phosphorylation is downregulated, even when oxygen availability is plentiful. However, the mechanistic basis for this switch has remained unclear. Recently several independent groups identified tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1), a mitochondrial molecular chaperone of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) family, as a key modulator of mitochondrial respiration. Although all reports agree that this activity of TRAP1 has important implications for neoplastic progression, data from the different groups only partially overlap, suggesting that TRAP1 may have complex and possibly contextual effects on tumorigenesis. In this review we analyze these recent findings and attempt to reconcile these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rasola
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Len Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Didier Picard
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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44
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Oxidative stress in muscular dystrophy: from generic evidence to specific sources and targets. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2014; 35:23-36. [PMID: 24619215 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-014-9380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases that share a common end-point represented by muscular wasting. MDs are caused by mutations in a variety of genes encoding for different molecules, including extracellular matrix, transmembrane and membrane-associated proteins, cytoplasmic enzymes and nuclear proteins. However, it is still to be elucidated how genetic mutations can affect the molecular mechanisms underlying the contractile impairment occurring in these complex pathologies. The intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is widely accepted to play a key role in contractile derangements occurring in the different forms of MDs. However, scarce information is available concerning both the most relevant sources of ROS and their major molecular targets. This review focuses on (i) the sources of ROS, with a special emphasis on monoamine oxidase, a mitochondrial enzyme, and (ii) the targets of ROS, highlighting the relevance of the oxidative modification of myofilament proteins.
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45
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Frezza C. The role of mitochondria in the oncogenic signal transduction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 48:11-7. [PMID: 24397955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles thought to have evolved from an alphaproteobacterium engulfed by the ancestor of the eukaryotic cell, an archeon, two billion years ago. Although mitochondria are frequently recognised as the "power plant" of the cell, the function of these organelles go beyond the simple generation of ATP. In fact, mounting evidence suggests that mitochondria are involved in several cellular processes, from regulation of cell death to signal transduction. Given this important role in cell physiology, mitochondrial dysfunction has been frequently associated with human diseases including cancer. Importantly, recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial function is directly regulated by oncogenes and tumour suppressors. However, the consequences of deregulation of mitochondrial function in tumour formation are still unclear. In this review, I propose that mitochondria play a pivotal role in shaping the oncogenic signalling cascade and that mitochondrial dysfunction, in some circumstances, is a required step for cancer transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom.
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