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Zhao X, Peng X, Wang Z, Zheng X, Wang X, Wang Y, Chen J, Yuan D, Liu Y, Du J. MicroRNAs in Small Extracellular Vesicles from Amniotic Fluid and Maternal Plasma Associated with Fetal Palate Development in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17173. [PMID: 38139002 PMCID: PMC10743272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP) is a common congenital birth defect. Cellular and morphological processes change dynamically during palatogenesis, and any disturbance in this process could result in CP. However, the molecular mechanisms steering this fundamental phase remain unclear. One study suggesting a role for miRNAs in palate development via maternal small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) drew our attention to their potential involvement in palatogenesis. In this study, we used an in vitro model to determine how SEVs derived from amniotic fluid (ASVs) and maternal plasma (MSVs) influence the biological behaviors of mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme (MEPM) cells and medial edge epithelial (MEE) cells; we also compared time-dependent differential expression (DE) miRNAs in ASVs and MSVs with the DE mRNAs in palate tissue from E13.5 to E15.5 to study the dynamic co-regulation of miRNAs and mRNAs during palatogenesis in vivo. Our results demonstrate that some pivotal biological activities, such as MEPM proliferation, migration, osteogenesis, and MEE apoptosis, might be directed, in part, by stage-specific MSVs and ASVs. We further identified interconnected networks and key miRNAs such as miR-744-5p, miR-323-5p, and miR-3102-5p, offering a roadmap for mechanistic investigations and the identification of early CP biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xige Zhao
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xia Peng
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yijia Wang
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jing Chen
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dong Yuan
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China; (X.Z.); (X.P.); (Z.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Tiantan Xili No. 4, Beijing 100050, China;
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Lu Q, Zhang Y, Botchway BOA, Huang M, Liu X. Syntaphilin Inactivation Can Enhance Axonal Mitochondrial Transport to Improve Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6556-6565. [PMID: 37458986 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelle of eukaryotic cells. They consists of a large number of different proteins that provide most of the ATP and supply power for the growth, function, and regeneration of neurons. Therefore, smitochondrial transport ensures that adequate ATP is supplied for metabolic activities. Spinal cord injury (SCI), a detrimental condition, has high morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, the available treatments only provide symptomatic relief for long-term disabilities. Studies have implicated mitochondrial transport as a critical factor in axonal regeneration. Hence, enhancing mitochondrial transports could be beneficial for ameliorating SCI. Syntaphilin (Snph) is a mitochondrial docking protein that acts as a "static anchor," and its inhibition enhances mitochondrial transports. Therefore, Snph as a key mediator of mitochondrial transports, may contribute to improving axonal regeneration following SCI. Herein, we examine Snph's biological effects and its relation to mitochondrial pathway. Then, we elaborate on mitochondrial transports after SCI, the possible role of Snph in SCI, and some possible therapeutic approaches by Snph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Lu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Bupa Cromwell Hospital, London, UK
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Song Y, Cao H, Zuo C, Gu Z, Huang Y, Miao J, Fu Y, Guo Y, Jiang Y, Wang F. Mitochondrial dysfunction: A fatal blow in depression. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115652. [PMID: 37801903 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria maintain the normal physiological function of nerve cells by producing sufficient cellular energy and performing crucial roles in maintaining the metabolic balance through intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, oxidative stress, and axonal development. Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with an unclear pathophysiology. Damage to the hippocampal neurons is a key component of the plasticity regulation of synapses and plays a critical role in the mechanism of depression. There is evidence suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with synaptic impairment. The maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis includes quantitative maintenance and quality control of mitochondria. Mitochondrial biogenesis produces new and healthy mitochondria, and mitochondrial dynamics cooperates with mitophagy to remove damaged mitochondria. These processes maintain mitochondrial population stability and exert neuroprotective effects against early depression. In contrast, mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in various brain regions of patients with major depressive disorders. The accumulation of defective mitochondria accelerates cellular nerve dysfunction. In addition, impaired mitochondria aggravate alterations in the brain microenvironment, promoting neuroinflammation and energy depletion, thereby exacerbating the development of depression. This review summarizes the influence of mitochondrial dysfunction and the underlying molecular pathways on the pathogenesis of depression. Additionally, we discuss the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis as a potential therapeutic strategy for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Cao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chengchao Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongya Gu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yaqi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jinfeng Miao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yufeng Fu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yongsheng Jiang
- Cancer Center of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China.
| | - Furong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China; Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China.
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Van Dyck A, Masin L, Bergmans S, Schevenels G, Beckers A, Vanhollebeke B, Moons L. A new microfluidic model to study dendritic remodeling and mitochondrial dynamics during axonal regeneration of adult zebrafish retinal neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1196504. [PMID: 37396787 PMCID: PMC10307971 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1196504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, adult zebrafish are able to fully regenerate axons and functionally recover from neuronal damage in the mature central nervous system (CNS). Decades of research have tried to identify the mechanisms behind their spontaneous regenerative capacity, but the exact underlying pathways and molecular drivers remain to be fully elucidated. By studying optic nerve injury-induced axonal regrowth of adult zebrafish retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), we previously reported transient dendritic shrinkage and changes in the distribution and morphology of mitochondria in the different neuronal compartments throughout the regenerative process. These data suggest that dendrite remodeling and temporary changes in mitochondrial dynamics contribute to effective axonal and dendritic repair upon optic nerve injury. To further elucidate these interactions, we here present a novel adult zebrafish microfluidic model in which we can demonstrate compartment-specific alterations in resource allocation in real-time at single neuron level. First, we developed a pioneering method that enables to isolate and culture adult zebrafish retinal neurons in a microfluidic setup. Notably, with this protocol, we report on a long-term adult primary neuronal culture with a high number of surviving and spontaneously outgrowing mature neurons, which was thus far only very limitedly described in literature. By performing time-lapse live cell imaging and kymographic analyses in this setup, we can explore changes in dendritic remodeling and mitochondrial motility during spontaneous axonal regeneration. This innovative model system will enable to discover how redirecting intraneuronal energy resources supports successful regeneration in the adult zebrafish CNS, and might facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic targets to promote neuronal repair in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Van Dyck
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luca Masin
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Bergmans
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giel Schevenels
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - An Beckers
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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La Barbera L, Nobili A, Cauzzi E, Paoletti I, Federici M, Saba L, Giacomet C, Marino R, Krashia P, Melone M, Keller F, Mercuri NB, Viscomi MT, Conti F, D’Amelio M. Upregulation of Ca 2+-binding proteins contributes to VTA dopamine neuron survival in the early phases of Alzheimer's disease in Tg2576 mice. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:76. [PMID: 36434727 PMCID: PMC9700939 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent clinical and experimental studies have highlighted the involvement of Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons for the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). We have previously described a progressive and selective degeneration of these neurons in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD, long before amyloid-beta plaque formation. The degenerative process in DA neurons is associated with an autophagy flux impairment, whose rescue can prevent neuronal loss. Impairments in autophagy can be the basis for accumulation of damaged mitochondria, leading to disturbance in calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, and to functional and structural deterioration of DA neurons. METHODS In Tg2576 mice, we performed amperometric recordings of DA levels and analysis of dopaminergic fibers in the Nucleus Accumbens - a major component of the ventral striatum precociously affected in AD patients - together with retrograde tracing, to identify the most vulnerable DA neuron subpopulations in the VTA. Then, we focused on these neurons to analyze mitochondrial integrity and Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) localization by electron and confocal microscopy, respectively. Stereological cell count was also used to evaluate degeneration of DA neuron subpopulations containing the Ca2+-binding proteins Calbindin-D28K and Calretinin. The expression levels for these proteins were analyzed by western blot and confocal microscopy. Lastly, using electrophysiology and microfluorometry we analyzed VTA DA neuron intrinsic properties and cytosolic free Ca2+ levels. RESULTS We found a progressive degeneration of mesolimbic DA neurons projecting to the ventral striatum, located in the paranigral nucleus and parabrachial pigmented subnucleus of the VTA. At the onset of degeneration (3 months of age), the vulnerable DA neurons in the Tg2576 accumulate damaged mitochondria, while AIF translocates from the mitochondria to the nucleus. Although we describe an age-dependent loss of the DA neurons expressing Calbindin-D28K or Calretinin, we observed that the remaining cells upregulate the levels of Ca2+-binding proteins, and the free cytosolic levels of Ca2+ in these neurons are significantly decreased. Coherently, TUNEL-stained Tg2576 DA neurons express lower levels of Calbindin-D28K when compared with non-apoptotic cells. CONCLUSION Overall, our results suggest that the overexpression of Ca2+-binding proteins in VTA DA neurons might be an attempt of cells to survive by increasing their ability to buffer free Ca2+. Exploring strategies to overexpress Ca2+-binding proteins could be fundamental to reduce neuronal suffering and improve cognitive and non-cognitive functions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia La Barbera
- grid.9657.d0000 0004 1757 5329Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy ,grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Nobili
- grid.9657.d0000 0004 1757 5329Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy ,grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Emma Cauzzi
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy ,grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Paoletti
- grid.9657.d0000 0004 1757 5329Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Federici
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Saba
- grid.9657.d0000 0004 1757 5329Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy ,grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Giacomet
- grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ramona Marino
- grid.9657.d0000 0004 1757 5329Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paraskevi Krashia
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy ,grid.9657.d0000 0004 1757 5329Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Melone
- grid.7010.60000 0001 1017 3210Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60020 Ancona, Italy ,Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura Anziani (INRCA), 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Flavio Keller
- grid.9657.d0000 0004 1757 5329Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy ,grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Department of Life Science and Public Health; Section of Histology and Embryology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy ,grid.414603.4Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- grid.7010.60000 0001 1017 3210Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60020 Ancona, Italy ,Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura Anziani (INRCA), 60020 Ancona, Italy ,grid.7010.60000 0001 1017 3210Foundation for Molecular Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marcello D’Amelio
- grid.9657.d0000 0004 1757 5329Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy ,grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
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A small molecule M1 promotes optic nerve regeneration to restore target-specific neural activity and visual function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121273119. [PMID: 36306327 PMCID: PMC9636930 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121273119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration is an energy-demanding process that requires active mitochondrial transport. In contrast to the central nervous system (CNS), axonal mitochondrial transport in regenerating axons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) increases within hours and sustains for weeks after injury. Yet, little is known about targeting mitochondria in nervous system repair. Here, we report the induction of sustained axon regeneration, neural activities in the superior colliculus (SC), and visual function recovery after optic nerve crush (ONC) by M1, a small molecule that promotes mitochondrial fusion and transport. We demonstrated that M1 enhanced mitochondrial dynamics in cultured neurons and accelerated in vivo axon regeneration in the PNS. Ex vivo time-lapse imaging and kymograph analysis showed that M1 greatly increased mitochondrial length, axonal mitochondrial motility, and transport velocity in peripheral axons of the sciatic nerves. Following ONC, M1 increased the number of axons regenerating through the optic chiasm into multiple subcortical areas and promoted the recovery of local field potentials in the SC after optogenetic stimulation of retinal ganglion cells, resulting in complete recovery of the pupillary light reflex, and restoration of the response to looming visual stimuli was detected. M1 increased the gene expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins and major axonal transport machinery in both the PNS and CNS neurons without inducing inflammatory responses. The knockdown of two key mitochondrial genes,
Opa1
or
Mfn2
, abolished the growth-promoting effects of M1 after ONC, suggesting that maintaining a highly dynamic mitochondrial population in axons is required for successful CNS axon regeneration.
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Slater PG, Domínguez-Romero ME, Villarreal M, Eisner V, Larraín J. Mitochondrial function in spinal cord injury and regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:239. [PMID: 35416520 PMCID: PMC11072423 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many people around the world suffer from some form of paralysis caused by spinal cord injury (SCI), which has an impact on quality and life expectancy. The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS), which in mammals is unable to regenerate, and to date, there is a lack of full functional recovery therapies for SCI. These injuries start with a rapid and mechanical insult, followed by a secondary phase leading progressively to greater damage. This secondary phase can be potentially modifiable through targeted therapies. The growing literature, derived from mammalian and regenerative model studies, supports a leading role for mitochondria in every cellular response after SCI: mitochondrial dysfunction is the common event of different triggers leading to cell death, cellular metabolism regulates the immune response, mitochondrial number and localization correlate with axon regenerative capacity, while mitochondrial abundance and substrate utilization regulate neural stem progenitor cells self-renewal and differentiation. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the cellular responses during the secondary phase of SCI, the mitochondrial contribution to each of them, as well as evidence of mitochondrial involvement in spinal cord regeneration, suggesting that a more in-depth study of mitochondrial function and regulation is needed to identify potential targets for SCI therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Slater
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Miguel E Domínguez-Romero
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Villarreal
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Eisner
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Larraín
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
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Cheng XT, Huang N, Sheng ZH. Programming axonal mitochondrial maintenance and bioenergetics in neurodegeneration and regeneration. Neuron 2022; 110:1899-1923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Unraveling Axon Guidance during Axotomy and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158344. [PMID: 34361110 PMCID: PMC8347220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During neuronal development and regeneration axons extend a cytoskeletal-rich structure known as the growth cone, which detects and integrates signals to reach its final destination. The guidance cues “signals” bind their receptors, activating signaling cascades that result in the regulation of the growth cone cytoskeleton, defining growth cone advance, pausing, turning, or collapse. Even though much is known about guidance cues and their isolated mechanisms during nervous system development, there is still a gap in the understanding of the crosstalk between them, and about what happens after nervous system injuries. After neuronal injuries in mammals, only axons in the peripheral nervous system are able to regenerate, while the ones from the central nervous system fail to do so. Therefore, untangling the guidance cues mechanisms, as well as their behavior and characterization after axotomy and regeneration, are of special interest for understanding and treating neuronal injuries. In this review, we present findings on growth cone guidance and canonical guidance cues mechanisms, followed by a description and comparison of growth cone pathfinding mechanisms after axotomy, in regenerative and non-regenerative animal models.
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10
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Huang N, Li S, Xie Y, Han Q, Xu XM, Sheng ZH. Reprogramming an energetic AKT-PAK5 axis boosts axon energy supply and facilitates neuron survival and regeneration after injury and ischemia. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3098-3114.e7. [PMID: 34087103 PMCID: PMC8319057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria supply adenosine triphosphate (ATP) essential for neuronal survival and regeneration. Brain injury and ischemia trigger acute mitochondrial damage and a local energy crisis, leading to degeneration. Boosting local ATP supply in injured axons is thus critical to meet increased energy demand during nerve repair and regeneration in adult brains, where mitochondria remain largely stationary. Here, we elucidate an intrinsic energetic repair signaling axis that boosts axonal energy supply by reprogramming mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring in response to acute injury-ischemic stress in mature neurons and adult brains. P21-activated kinase 5 (PAK5) is a brain mitochondrial kinase with declined expression in mature neurons. PAK5 synthesis and signaling is spatiotemporally activated within axons in response to ischemic stress and axonal injury. PAK5 signaling remobilizes and replaces damaged mitochondria via the phosphorylation switch that turns off the axonal mitochondrial anchor syntaphilin. Injury-ischemic insults trigger AKT growth signaling that activates PAK5 and boosts local energy supply, thus protecting axon survival and facilitating regeneration in in vitro and in vivo models. Our study reveals an axonal mitochondrial signaling axis that responds to injury and ischemia by remobilizing damaged mitochondria for replacement, thereby maintaining local energy supply to support central nervous system (CNS) survival and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Huang
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Sunan Li
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Yuxiang Xie
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Qi Han
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
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11
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Axonal Organelles as Molecular Platforms for Axon Growth and Regeneration after Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041798. [PMID: 33670312 PMCID: PMC7918155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the molecular mechanisms governing developmental axon growth has been a useful approach for identifying new strategies for boosting axon regeneration after injury, with the goal of treating debilitating conditions such as spinal cord injury and vision loss. The picture emerging is that various axonal organelles are important centers for organizing the molecular mechanisms and machinery required for growth cone development and axon extension, and these have recently been targeted to stimulate robust regeneration in the injured adult central nervous system (CNS). This review summarizes recent literature highlighting a central role for organelles such as recycling endosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, autophagosomes and the proteasome in developmental axon growth, and describes how these organelles can be targeted to promote axon regeneration after injury to the adult CNS. This review also examines the connections between these organelles in developing and regenerating axons, and finally discusses the molecular mechanisms within the axon that are required for successful axon growth.
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12
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Chitosan quaternary ammonium salt induced mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore opening study in a spectroscopic perspective. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:314-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Hubbard WB, Dong JF, Cruz MA, Rumbaut RE. Links between thrombosis and inflammation in traumatic brain injury. Thromb Res 2020; 198:62-71. [PMID: 33290884 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) continues to be a major healthcare problem and there is much to be explored regarding the secondary pathobiology to identify early predictive markers and new therapeutic targets. While documented changes in thrombosis and inflammation in major trauma have been well described, growing evidence suggests that isolated TBI also results in systemic alterations in these mechanisms. Here, we review recent experimental and clinical findings that demonstrate how blood-brain barrier dysfunction, systemic immune response, inflammation, platelet activation, and thrombosis contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of TBI. Despite advances in the links between thrombosis and inflammation, there is a lack of treatment options aimed at both processes and this could be crucial to treating vascular injury, local and systemic inflammation, and secondary ischemic events following TBI. With emerging evidence of newly-identified roles for platelets, leukocytes, the coagulation system and extracellular vesicles in processes of inflammation and thrombosis, there is a growing need to characterize these mechanisms within the context of TBI and whether these changes persist into the chronic phase of injury. Importantly, this review defines areas in need of further research to advance the field and presents a roadmap to identify new diagnostic and treatment options for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brad Hubbard
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America.
| | - Jing-Fei Dong
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Miguel A Cruz
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Rolando E Rumbaut
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
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14
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Yang L, Youngblood H, Wu C, Zhang Q. Mitochondria as a target for neuroprotection: role of methylene blue and photobiomodulation. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:19. [PMID: 32475349 PMCID: PMC7262767 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the formation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which are important factors contributing to the development of brain disease. Ample evidence suggests mitochondria are a promising target for neuroprotection. Recently, methods targeting mitochondria have been considered as potential approaches for treatment of brain disease through the inhibition of inflammation and oxidative injury. This review will discuss two widely studied approaches for the improvement of brain mitochondrial respiration, methylene blue (MB) and photobiomodulation (PBM). MB is a widely studied drug with potential beneficial effects in animal models of brain disease, as well as limited human studies. Similarly, PBM is a non-invasive treatment that promotes energy production and reduces both oxidative stress and inflammation, and has garnered increasing attention in recent years. MB and PBM have similar beneficial effects on mitochondrial function, oxidative damage, inflammation, and subsequent behavioral symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying the energy enhancing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of MB and PBM differ. This review will focus on mitochondrial dysfunction in several different brain diseases and the pathological improvements following MB and PBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luodan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hannah Youngblood
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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15
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Cheng XT, Sheng ZH. Developmental regulation of microtubule-based trafficking and anchoring of axonal mitochondria in health and diseases. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:284-299. [PMID: 32302463 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular power plants that supply most of the ATP required in the brain to power neuronal growth, function, and regeneration. Given their extremely polarized structures and extended long axons, neurons face an exceptional challenge to maintain energy homeostasis in distal axons, synapses, and growth cones. Anchored mitochondria serve as local energy sources; therefore, the regulation of mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring ensures that these metabolically active areas are adequately supplied with ATP. Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark feature of major aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, and thus, anchored mitochondria in aging neurons need to be removed when they become dysfunctional. Investigations into the regulation of microtubule (MT)-based trafficking and anchoring of axonal mitochondria under physiological and pathological circumstances represent an important emerging area. In this short review article, we provide an updated overview of recent in vitro and in vivo studies showing (1) how mitochondria are transported and positioned in axons and synapses during neuronal developmental and maturation stages, and (2) how altered mitochondrial motility and axonal energy deficits in aging nervous systems link to neurodegeneration and regeneration in a disease or injury setting. We also highlight a major role of syntaphilin as a key MT-based regulator of axonal mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring in mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Li Y, Wu P, Dai J, Zhang T, Bihl J, Wang C, Liu Y, Shi H. Inhibition of mTOR Alleviates Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Via Relieving Excessive Mitochondrial Fission. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:629-642. [PMID: 31728694 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was reported to regulate cell autophagy and outcomes of several neurological diseases. Mitochondria, which serve as critical organelles in neurons. are also involved in the pathology of neurological diseases. However, the role of mTOR in mitochondrial morphology has not been clarified especially in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this study, we established SAH models both in vivo and in vitro. Rapamycin and 3-methyl adenine (3-MA) were then administered to alter mTOR activity. Post-SAH assessment included SAH grading, neurological evaluation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, brain water content, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial morphology, ATP content, cell viability, cytotoxicity, and expression of proteins related to apoptosis and mitochondrial fission. The results showed that (1) neurological deficits, BBB permeability, and brain edema were increased after SAH and that cell viability was exacerbated in brain tissue. (2) Excessive mitochondrial fission was evident based on changes in mitochondrial morphology, while MMP and ATP content were decreased in neurons after SAH. (3) Administration of rapamycin improved the excessive mitochondrial fission and restored mitochondrial function, which subsequently reduced apoptosis. (4) 3-MA showed an adverse effect on mitochondria and aggravated excessive mitochondrial fission and dysfunction in SAH. Neurological deficits and neuronal viability were also exacerbated following the administration of 3-MA. Therefore, our study suggests that mTOR inhibition has neuroprotective effects against neuronal injury after SAH via alleviating excessive mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiaxing Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ji Bihl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China.
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17
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Bell K, Rosignol I, Sierra-Filardi E, Rodriguez-Muela N, Schmelter C, Cecconi F, Grus F, Boya P. Age related retinal Ganglion cell susceptibility in context of autophagy deficiency. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:21. [PMID: 32337073 PMCID: PMC7165178 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common age-related disease leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, visual field defects and vision loss and is the second leading cause of blindness in the elderly worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired autophagy have been linked to glaucoma and induction of autophagy shows neuroprotective effects in glaucoma animal models. We have shown that autophagy decreases with aging in the retina and that autophagy can be neuroprotective for RGCs, but it is currently unknown how aging and autophagy deficiency impact RGCs susceptibility and survival. Using the optic nerve crush model in young and olWelcome@1234d Ambra1 +/gt (autophagy/beclin-1 regulator 1+/gt) mice we analysed the contribution of autophagy deficiency on retinal ganglion cell survival in an age dependent context. Interestingly, old Ambra1 +/gt mice showed decreased RGC survival after optic nerve crush in comparison to old Ambra1 +/+, an effect that was not observed in the young animals. Proteomics and mRNA expression data point towards altered oxidative stress response and mitochondrial alterations in old Ambra1 +/gt animals. This effect is intensified after RGC axonal damage, resulting in reduced oxidative stress response showing decreased levels of Nqo1, as well as failure of Nrf2 induction in the old Ambra1 +/gt. Old Ambra1 +/gt also failed to show increase in Bnip3l and Bnip3 expression after optic nerve crush, a response that is found in the Ambra1 +/+ controls. Primary RGCs derived from Ambra1 +/gt mice show decreased neurite projection and increased levels of apoptosis in comparison to Ambra1 +/+ animals. Our results lead to the conclusion that oxidative stress response pathways are altered in old Ambra1 +/gt mice leading to impaired damage responses upon additional external stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ines Rosignol
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sierra-Filardi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Rodriguez-Muela
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Deutsche Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V, DZNE/German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Schmelter
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Franz Grus
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Han Q, Xie Y, Ordaz JD, Huh AJ, Huang N, Wu W, Liu N, Chamberlain KA, Sheng ZH, Xu XM. Restoring Cellular Energetics Promotes Axonal Regeneration and Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Metab 2020; 31:623-641.e8. [PMID: 32130884 PMCID: PMC7188478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Axonal regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) is a highly energy-demanding process. Extrinsic insults and intrinsic restrictions lead to an energy crisis in injured axons, raising the question of whether recovering energy deficits facilitates regeneration. Here, we reveal that enhancing axonal mitochondrial transport by deleting syntaphilin (Snph) recovers injury-induced mitochondrial depolarization. Using three CNS injury mouse models, we demonstrate that Snph-/- mice display enhanced corticospinal tract (CST) regeneration passing through a spinal cord lesion, accelerated regrowth of monoaminergic axons across a transection gap, and increased compensatory sprouting of uninjured CST. Notably, regenerated CST axons form functional synapses and promote motor functional recovery. Administration of the bioenergetic compound creatine boosts CST regenerative capacity in Snph-/- mice. Our study provides mechanistic insights into intrinsic regeneration failure in CNS and suggests that enhancing mitochondrial transport and cellular energetics are promising strategies to promote regeneration and functional restoration after CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yuxiang Xie
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Josue D Ordaz
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andrew J Huh
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ning Huang
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Naikui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kelly A Chamberlain
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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19
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Baker N, Patel J, Khacho M. Linking mitochondrial dynamics, cristae remodeling and supercomplex formation: How mitochondrial structure can regulate bioenergetics. Mitochondrion 2019; 49:259-268. [PMID: 31207408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic and fluid nature of mitochondria allows for modifications in mitochondrial shape, connectivity and cristae architecture. The precise balance of mitochondrial dynamics is among the most critical features in the control of mitochondrial function. In the past few years, mitochondrial shape has emerged as a key regulatory factor in the determination of the bioenergetic capacity of cells. This is mostly due to the recent discoveries linking changes in cristae organization with supercomplex assembly of the electron transport chain (ETC), also defined as the formation of respirosomes. Here we will review the most current advances demonstrating the impact of mitochondrial dynamics and cristae shape on oxidative metabolism, respiratory efficiency, and redox state. Furthermore, we will discuss the implications of mitochondrial dynamics and supercomplex assembly under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeel Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mireille Khacho
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology (OISB), Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Chao H, Lin C, Zuo Q, Liu Y, Xiao M, Xu X, Li Z, Bao Z, Chen H, You Y, Kochanek PM, Yin H, Liu N, Kagan VE, Bayır H, Ji J. Cardiolipin-Dependent Mitophagy Guides Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2019; 39:1930-1943. [PMID: 30626699 PMCID: PMC6407296 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3415-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial energy production is essential for normal brain function. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases brain energy demands, results in the activation of mitochondrial respiration, associated with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species. This chain of events triggers neuronal apoptosis via oxidation of a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL). One pathway through which cells can avoid apoptosis is via elimination of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. Previously, we showed that externalization of CL to the mitochondrial surface acts as an elimination signal in cells. Whether CL-mediated mitophagy occurs in vivo or its significance in the disease processes are not known. In this study, we showed that TBI leads to increased mitophagy in the human brain, which was also detected using TBI models in male rats. Knockdown of CL synthase, responsible for de novo synthesis of CL, or phospholipid scramblase-3, responsible for CL translocation to the outer mitochondrial membrane, significantly decreased TBI-induced mitophagy. Inhibition of mitochondrial clearance by 3-methyladenine, mdivi-1, or phospholipid scramblase-3 knockdown after TBI led to a worse outcome, suggesting that mitophagy is beneficial. Together, our findings indicate that TBI-induced mitophagy is an endogenous neuroprotective process that is directed by CL, which marks damaged mitochondria for elimination, thereby limiting neuronal death and behavioral deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases energy demands leading to activation of mitochondrial respiration associated with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species and resultant damage to mitochondria. We demonstrate that the complete elimination of irreparably damaged organelles via mitophagy is activated as an early response to TBI. This response includes translocation of mitochondria phospholipid cardiolipin from the inner membrane to the outer membrane where externalized cardiolipin mediates targeted protein light chain 3-mediated autophagy of damaged mitochondria. Our data on targeting phospholipid scramblase and cardiolipin synthase in genetically manipulated cells and animals strongly support the essential role of cardiolipin externalization mechanisms in the endogenous reparative plasticity of injured brain cells. Furthermore, successful execution and completion of mitophagy is beneficial in the context of preservation of cognitive functions after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglu Chao
- Departments of Neurosurgery and
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | | | - Qiang Zuo
- Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | - Mengqing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200031, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | | | | | | | - Huimei Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200031, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100022, China
| | | | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics and Department of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation, and
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health,
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
- Children's Neuroscience Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Jing Ji
- Departments of Neurosurgery and
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
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21
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Bisicchia E, Sasso V, Molinari M, Viscomi MT. Plasticity of microglia in remote regions after focal brain injury. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:104-111. [PMID: 30703556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CNS is endowed with an intrinsic ability to recover from and adapt secondary compensatory mechanisms to injury. The basis of recovery stems from brain plasticity, defined as the brain's ability to make adaptive changes on structural and functional levels, ranging from molecular, synaptic, and cellular changes in response to alterations in their environment. In this multitude of responses, microglia have an active role and contribute to brain plasticity through their dynamic responses. This review will provide an overview of microglial responses in the context of acute CNS injury and their function in post-traumatic repair and assess the changes that are induced by damage in remote areas from, but functionally connected to, the primary site of injury. In the second section, we highlight the effects of several therapeutic approaches, with particular interest paid to specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, in modulating microglial responses in remote regions and enhancing long-term functional recovery via suppression of neurodegenerative cascades that are induced by damage, which may contribute to a translational bridge from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bisicchia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Sasso
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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22
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Niu F, Dong J, Xu X, Zhang B, Liu B. Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor 1 Prevents Early-Stage Induction of Mitophagy and Accelerated Cell Death in a Rat Model of Moderate Controlled Cortical Impact Brain Injury. World Neurosurg 2019; 122:e1090-e1101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Fraunberger EA, Shutt TE, Esser MJ. Sex-dependent and chronic alterations in behavior and mitochondrial function in a rat model of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2019; 33:534-542. [PMID: 30663413 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1565898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if chronic changes in mitochondrial function occur following a mild traumatic brain injury in young rats. RESEARCH DESIGN Closed-head, weight drop model was used to cause mTBI by applying rotational forces to the brain without surgery. Behavioral battery was used to assess multiple dimensions of impairment across time. Analysis of brain tissue carried out at three-weeks post-injury represents a chronic time point to complement previous work examining acute time points. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Twenty-three male and 22 female rats one month of age were divided equally into sham and mTBI groups with the latter undergoing the weight drop. Multiple behavioral tests in combination with energetic (oxygen consumption), molecular (immunoblotting), and imaging (electron microscopy) characterization of brain mitochondria were performed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Mitochondria isolated from sham juvenile female rats had higher basal oxygen consumption compared to juvenile male rats (514.875 ± 171.091 pmol/min vs. 267 ± 73.906 pmol/min, p < 0.0001). Chronic sex-dependent differences were observed in females after mTBI in basal (514.875 ± 171.091 pmol/min vs. 600.688 ± 124.422 pmol/min, p = 0.0264) and maximal oxygen consumption (298.938 ± 119.964 pmol/min vs. 403.281 ± 112.922 pmol/min, p = 0.0001) and proton leak (59.46 ± 7.807 vs. 84.32 ± 5.80 pmol/min, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The juvenile rat brain displays sex differences in mitochondrial function at (1) baseline and (2) in long-term outcomes after mTBI. These results offer new insight into a potential mechanism for persistent, individualized impairments following pediatric mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Fraunberger
- a Hotchkiss Brain Institute , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,b Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- b Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,c Department of Medical Genetics , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,d Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Michael J Esser
- b Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada.,e Department of Pediatrics , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
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24
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Selective 14-3-3γ Upregulation Promotes Beclin-1-LC3-Autophagic Influx via β-Catenin Interaction in Starved Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:849-858. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Fang J, Zhu Y, Wang H, Cao B, Fei M, Niu W, Zhou Y, Wang X, Li X, Zhou M. Baicalin Protects Mice Brain From Apoptosis in Traumatic Brain Injury Model Through Activation of Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1006. [PMID: 30686973 PMCID: PMC6334745 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is associated with secondary injury following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is expected to be a therapeutic target. Baicalin, a neuroprotective agent, has been proven to exert multi-functional bioactive effects in brain injury diseases. However, it is unknown if Baicalin influences autophagy after TBI. In the present study, we aimed to explore the effects that Baicalin had on TBI in a mice model, focusing on autophagy as a potential mechanism. We found that Baicalin administration significantly improved motor function, reduced cerebral edema, and alleviated disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after TBI in mice. Besides, TBI-induced apoptosis was reversed by Baicalin evidenced by Nissl staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and the level of cleaved caspase-3. More importantly, Baicalin enhanced autophagy by detecting the autophagy markers (LC3, Beclin 1, and p62) using western blot and LC3 immunofluorescence staining, ameliorating mitochondrial apoptotic pathway evidenced by restoration of the TBI-induced translocation of Bax and cytochrome C. However, simultaneous treatment with 3-MA inhibited Baicalin-induced autophagy and abolished its protective effects on mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrated that Baicalin enhanced autophagy, ameliorated mitochondrial apoptosis and protected mice brain in TBI mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bailu Cao
- Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Maoxing Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhao Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Provincial Second Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengliang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Li WX, Qu Y, Mu DZ, Tang J. [A review on the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and white matter injury in preterm infants]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:864-869. [PMID: 30369366 PMCID: PMC7389051 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
White matter injury in preterm infants has a complex etiology and can lead to long-term neurocognitive and behavioral deficits, but there are still no specific treatment methods for this disease at present. More and more studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of white matter injury in preterm infants and might be a common subcellular mechanism of white matter developmental disorder, which involves oxidative stress, reduced ATP synthesis, and disequilibrium of calcium homeostasis. This article reviews the role of mitochondria in brain development and the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction, with a hope to perform early intervention of white matter injury in preterm infants by protecting mitochondrial function, so as to provide a reference for improving the neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants who survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China.
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27
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Bednarczyk M, Zmarzły N, Grabarek B, Mazurek U, Muc-Wierzgoń M. Genes involved in the regulation of different types of autophagy and their participation in cancer pathogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34413-34428. [PMID: 30344951 PMCID: PMC6188136 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism of self-digestion that removes damaged organelles and proteins from cells. Depending on the way the protein is delivered to the lysosome, four basic types of autophagy can be distinguished: macroautophagy, selective autophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy and microautophagy. Macroautophagy involves formation of autophagosomes and is controlled by specific autophagy-related genes. The steps in macroautophagy are initiation, phagophore elongation, autophagosome maturation, autophagosome fusion with the lysosome, and proteolytic degradation of the contents. Selective autophagy is macroautophagy of a specific cellular component. This work focuses on mitophagy (selective autophagy of abnormal and damaged mitochondria), in which the main participating protein is PINK1 (phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1). In chaperone-mediated autophagy, the substrate is bound to a heat shock protein 70 chaperone before it is delivered to the lysosome. The least characterized type of autophagy is microautophagy, which is the degradation of very small molecules without participation of an autophagosome. Autophagy can promote or inhibit tumor development, depending on the severity of the disease, the type of cancer, and the age of the patient. This paper describes the molecular basis of the different types of autophagy and their importance in cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Bednarczyk
- Department of Internal Diseases, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Nikola Zmarzły
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Beniamin Grabarek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Muc-Wierzgoń
- Department of Internal Diseases, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
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28
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Bisicchia E, Sasso V, Catanzaro G, Leuti A, Besharat ZM, Chiacchiarini M, Molinari M, Ferretti E, Viscomi MT, Chiurchiù V. Resolvin D1 Halts Remote Neuroinflammation and Improves Functional Recovery after Focal Brain Damage Via ALX/FPR2 Receptor-Regulated MicroRNAs. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6894-6905. [PMID: 29357041 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Remote damage is a secondary phenomenon that usually occurs after a primary brain damage in regions that are distant, yet functionally connected, and that is critical for determining the outcomes of several CNS pathologies, including traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. The understanding of remote damage-associated mechanisms has been mostly achieved in several models of focal brain injury such as the hemicerebellectomy (HCb) experimental paradigm, which helped to identify the involvement of many key players, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy. Currently, few interventions have been shown to successfully limit the progression of secondary damage events and there is still an unmet need for new therapeutic options. Given the emergence of the novel concept of resolution of inflammation, mediated by the newly identified ω3-derived specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, such as resolvins, we reported a reduced ability of HCb-injured animals to produce resolvin D1 (RvD1) and an increased expression of its target receptor ALX/FPR2 in remote brain regions. The in vivo administration of RvD1 promoted functional recovery and neuroprotection by reducing the activation of Iba-1+ microglia and GFAP+ astrocytes as well as by impairing inflammatory-induced neuronal cell death in remote regions. These effects were counteracted by intracerebroventricular neutralization of ALX/FPR2, whose activation by RvD1 also down-regulated miR-146b- and miR-219a-1-dependent inflammatory markers. In conclusion, we propose that innovative therapies based on RvD1-ALX/FPR2 axis could be exploited to curtail remote damage and enable neuroprotective effects after acute focal brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bisicchia
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Sasso
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Leuti
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Molinari
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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29
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Hilton BJ, Bradke F. Can injured adult CNS axons regenerate by recapitulating development? Development 2017; 144:3417-3429. [PMID: 28974639 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), neurons typically fail to regenerate their axons after injury. During development, by contrast, neurons extend axons effectively. A variety of intracellular mechanisms mediate this difference, including changes in gene expression, the ability to form a growth cone, differences in mitochondrial function/axonal transport and the efficacy of synaptic transmission. In turn, these intracellular processes are linked to extracellular differences between the developing and adult CNS. During development, the extracellular environment directs axon growth and circuit formation. In adulthood, by contrast, extracellular factors, such as myelin and the extracellular matrix, restrict axon growth. Here, we discuss whether the reactivation of developmental processes can elicit axon regeneration in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Hilton
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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30
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Wang C, Hu Z, Zou Y, Xiang M, Jiang Y, Botchway BOA, Huo X, Du X, Fang M. The post-therapeutic effect of rapamycin in mild traumatic brain-injured rats ensuing in the upregulation of autophagy and mitophagy. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1039-1047. [PMID: 28685977 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changxing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - Yang Zou
- Department of Orthopedics; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou China
| | - Mingjun Xiang
- Institute of Neuroscience; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Benson O. A. Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Xue Huo
- Institute of Neuroscience; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Xiaoxue Du
- Institute of Neuroscience; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou 310058 China
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31
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Li MX, Mu DZ. [Mitophagy and nervous system disease]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19:724-729. [PMID: 28606244 PMCID: PMC7390300 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a process during which the cell selectively removes the mitochondria via the mechanism of autophagy. It is crucial to the functional completeness of the whole mitochondrial network and determines cell survival and death. On the one hand, the damaged mitochondria releases pro-apoptotic factors which induce cell apoptosis; on the other hand, the damaged mitochondria eliminates itself via autophagy, which helps to maintain cell viability. Mitophagy is of vital importance for the development and function of the nervous system. Neural cells rely on autophagy to control protein quality and eliminate the damaged mitochondria, and under normal circumstances, mitophagy can protect the neural cells. Mutations in genes related to mitophagy may cause the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. An understanding of the role of mitophagy in nervous system diseases may provide new theoretical bases for clinical treatment. This article reviews the research advances in the relationship between mitophagy and different types of nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xi Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Chengdu 610041, China.
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32
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Zhao Z, Zhou Y, Tian Y, Li M, Dong JF, Zhang J. Cellular microparticles and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Protein Cell 2017; 8:801-810. [PMID: 28466387 PMCID: PMC5676589 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The finding that cellular microparticles (MPs) generated by injured cells profoundly impact on pathological courses of TBI has paved the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. MPs are subcellular fragments or organelles that serve as carriers of lipids, adhesive receptors, cytokines, nucleic acids, and tissue-degrading enzymes that are unique to the parental cells. Their sub-micron sizes allow MPs to travel to areas that parental cells are unable to reach to exercise diverse biological functions. In this review, we summarize recent developments in identifying a casual role of MPs in the pathologies of TBI and suggest that MPs serve as a new class of therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of TBI and associated systemic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.,BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing-Fei Dong
- BloodWorks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA. .,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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33
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Sheng ZH. The Interplay of Axonal Energy Homeostasis and Mitochondrial Trafficking and Anchoring. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:403-416. [PMID: 28228333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key cellular power plants essential for neuronal growth, survival, function, and regeneration after injury. Given their unique morphological features, neurons face exceptional challenges in maintaining energy homeostasis at distal synapses and growth cones where energy is in high demand. Efficient regulation of mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring is critical for neurons to meet altered energy requirements. Mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired transport have been implicated in several major neurological disorders. Thus, research into energy-mediated regulation of mitochondrial recruitment and redistribution is an important emerging frontier. In this review, I discuss new insights into the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring, and provide an updated overview of how mitochondrial motility maintains energy homeostasis in axons, thus contributing to neuronal growth, regeneration, and synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
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34
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Li MX, Qu Y, Mu DZ. [Role of mitophagy in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19:242-249. [PMID: 28202127 PMCID: PMC7389474 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate mitophagy in an animal model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) and its role in HIBD. METHODS A total of 120 neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats aged 7 days were divided into three groups: sham-operation, HIBD, and autophagy inhibitor intervention (3MA group). The rats in the HIBD group were treated with right common carotid artery ligation and then put in a hypoxic chamber (8% oxygen and 92% nitrogen) for 2.5 hours. Those in the 3MA group were given ligation and hypoxic treatment at 30 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of 2 μL 3MA. Those in the sham-operation group were not given ligation or hypoxic treatment. Single cell suspension was obtained from all groups after model establishment. Immunofluorescence localization was performed for mitochondria labeled with MitoTracker, autophagosomes labeled with LysoTracker, and autophagy labeled with LC3 to observe mitophagy. After staining with the fluorescent probe JC-1, flow cytometry was used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. TTC staining was used to measure infarct volume. Cytoplasmic proteins in cortical neurons were extracted, and Western blot was used to measure the expression of mitophagy-related proteins. RESULTS Compared with the sham-operation group, the HIBD group had a significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (P<0.05), a significant increase in mitophagy (P<0.05), a significant increase in the expression of the proteins associated with the division of the mitochondrial Drp1 and Fis1 (P<0.05), and a significant reduction in the expression of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein Tom20 and the mitochondrial inner membrane protein Tim23 (P<0.05). Compared with the HIBD group, the 3MA group had a significantly greater reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (P<0.05), but showed significantly reduced mitophagy (P<0.05). In addition, the 3MA group had a significantly increased degree of cerebral infarction compared with the HIBD group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS HIBD can increase the degree of mitophagy, and the inhibition of mitophagy can aggravate HIBD in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xi Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Chengdu 610041, China.
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35
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Chen H, Chan YL, Nguyen LT, Mao Y, de Rosa A, Beh IT, Chee C, Oliver B, Herok G, Saad S, Gorrie C. Moderate traumatic brain injury is linked to acute behaviour deficits and long term mitochondrial alterations. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:1107-1114. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Long The Nguyen
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research; University of Sydney; St Leonards NSW Australia
| | - Yilin Mao
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Alicia de Rosa
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Ing Tsyr Beh
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
- School of Chemical Life Sciences; Singapore Polytechnic; Singapore
| | - Candice Chee
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
- School of Chemical Life Sciences; Singapore Polytechnic; Singapore
| | - Brian Oliver
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - George Herok
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research; University of Sydney; St Leonards NSW Australia
| | - Catherine Gorrie
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
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36
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Coordinated Upregulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Autophagy in Breast Cancer Cells: The Role of Dynamin Related Protein-1 and Implication for Breast Cancer Treatment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4085727. [PMID: 27746856 PMCID: PMC5056295 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4085727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Overactive mitochondrial fission was shown to promote cell transformation and tumor growth. It remains elusive how mitochondrial quality is regulated in such conditions. Here, we show that upregulation of mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin related protein-1 (Drp1), was accompanied with increased mitochondrial biogenesis markers (PGC1α, NRF1, and Tfam) in breast cancer cells. However, mitochondrial number was reduced, which was associated with lower mitochondrial oxidative capacity in breast cancer cells. This contrast might be owing to enhanced mitochondrial turnover through autophagy, because an increased population of autophagic vacuoles engulfing mitochondria was observed in the cancer cells. Consistently, BNIP3 (a mitochondrial autophagy marker) and autophagic flux were significantly upregulated, indicative of augmented mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy). The upregulation of Drp1 and BNIP3 was also observed in vivo (human breast carcinomas). Importantly, inhibition of Drp1 significantly suppressed mitochondrial autophagy, metabolic reprogramming, and cancer cell viability. Together, this study reveals coordinated increase of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy in which Drp1 plays a central role regulating breast cancer cell metabolism and survival. Given the emerging evidence of PGC1α contributing to tumor growth, it will be of critical importance to target both mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy for effective cancer therapeutics.
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The Emerging Roles of the Calcineurin-Nuclear Factor of Activated T-Lymphocytes Pathway in Nervous System Functions and Diseases. J Aging Res 2016; 2016:5081021. [PMID: 27597899 PMCID: PMC5002468 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5081021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing epidemics of metabolic diseases and increase in the older population have increased the incidences of neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence from murine and cell line models has implicated calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-lymphocytes (NFAT) signaling pathway, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent major proinflammatory pathway, in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Neurotoxins such as amyloid-β, tau protein, and α-synuclein trigger abnormal calcineurin/NFAT signaling activities. Additionally increased activities of endogenous regulators of calcineurin like plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) and regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) also cause neuronal and glial loss and related functional alterations, in neurodegenerative diseases, psychotic disorders, epilepsy, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Treatment with calcineurin/NFAT inhibitors induces some degree of neuroprotection and decreased reactive gliosis in the central and peripheral nervous system. In this paper, we summarize and discuss the current understanding of the roles of calcineurin/NFAT signaling in physiology and pathologies of the adult and developing nervous system, with an emphasis on recent reports and cutting-edge findings. Calcineurin/NFAT signaling is known for its critical roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Its role in physiological and pathological processes is still controversial. However, available data suggest that its beneficial and detrimental effects are context-dependent. In view of recent reports calcineurin/NFAT signaling is likely to serve as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions. This review further highlights the need to characterize better all factors determining the outcome of calcineurin/NFAT signaling in diseases and the downstream targets mediating the beneficial and detrimental effects.
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Bisicchia E, Latini L, Cavallucci V, Sasso V, Nicolin V, Molinari M, D'Amelio M, Viscomi MT. Autophagy Inhibition Favors Survival of Rubrospinal Neurons After Spinal Cord Hemisection. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4896-4907. [PMID: 27514755 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are devastating conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) for which there are no restorative therapies. Neuronal death at the primary lesion site and in remote regions that are functionally connected to it is one of the major contributors to neurological deficits following SCI.Disruption of autophagic flux induces neuronal death in many CNS injuries, but its mechanism and relationship with remote cell death after SCI are unknown. We examined the function and effects of the modulation of autophagy on the fate of axotomized rubrospinal neurons in a rat model of spinal cord dorsal hemisection (SCH) at the cervical level. Following SCH, we observed an accumulation of LC3-positive autophagosomes (APs) in the axotomized neurons 1 and 5 days after injury. Furthermore, this accumulation was not attributed to greater initiation of autophagy but was caused by a decrease in AP clearance, as demonstrated by the build-up of p62, a widely used marker of the induction of autophagy. In axotomized rubrospinal neurons, the disruption of autophagic flux correlated strongly with remote neuronal death and worse functional recovery. Inhibition of AP biogenesis by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) significantly attenuated remote degeneration and improved spontaneous functional recovery, consistent with the detrimental effects of autophagy in remote damage after SCH. Collectively, our results demonstrate that autophagic flux is blocked in axotomized neurons on SCI and that the inhibition of AP formation improves their survival. Thus, autophagy is a promising target for the development of therapeutic interventions in the treatment of SCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bisicchia
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Latini
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Virve Cavallucci
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Sasso
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Vanessa Nicolin
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Medicine, Unit of Molecular Neurosciences, University Campus-Biomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, I-00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
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Osier ND, Bales JW, Pugh B, Shin S, Wyrobek J, Puccio AM, Okonkwo DO, Ren D, Alexander S, Conley YP, Dixon CE. Variation in PPP3CC Genotype Is Associated with Long-Term Recovery after Severe Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:86-96. [PMID: 27225880 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
After experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), calcineurin is upregulated; blocking calcineurin is associated with improved outcomes. In humans, variation in the calcineurin A-gamma gene (PPP3CC) has been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, though any role in TBI recovery remains unknown. This study examines associations between PPP3CC genotype and mortality, as well as gross functional status assessed at admission using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and at 3, 6, and 12 months after severe TBI using the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). The following tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) in PPP3CC were genotyped: rs2443504, rs2461491, rs2469749, and rs10108011. The rs2443504 AA genotype was univariately associated with GCS (p = 0.022), GOS at 3, 6, and 12 months (p = 0.002, p = 0.034, and p = 0.004, respectively), and mortality (p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis controlling for age, sex, and GCS, the AA genotype of rs2443504 was associated with GOS at 3 (p = 0.02), and 12 months (p = 0.01), with a trend toward significance at 6 months (p = 0.05); the AA genotype also was associated with mortality in the multivariate model (p = 0.04). Further work is warranted to better understand the role of calcineurin, as well as the genes encoding it and their relevance to outcomes after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Osier
- 1 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James W Bales
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Bunny Pugh
- 1 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Seton Hill University , Greensburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel Shin
- 1 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Julie Wyrobek
- 5 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ava M Puccio
- 6 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David O Okonkwo
- 6 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dianxu Ren
- 3 School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheila Alexander
- 3 School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,7 School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yvette P Conley
- 3 School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,8 Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - C Edward Dixon
- 1 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,6 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,9 VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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40
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Zhou B, Yu P, Lin MY, Sun T, Chen Y, Sheng ZH. Facilitation of axon regeneration by enhancing mitochondrial transport and rescuing energy deficits. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:103-19. [PMID: 27268498 PMCID: PMC4932375 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201605101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zhou et al. show that reduced mitochondrial motility and energy deficits in injured axons are intrinsic mechanisms contributing to regeneration failure in mature neurons. Although neuronal regeneration is a highly energy-demanding process, axonal mitochondrial transport progressively declines with maturation. Mature neurons typically fail to regenerate after injury, thus raising a fundamental question as to whether mitochondrial transport is necessary to meet enhanced metabolic requirements during regeneration. Here, we reveal that reduced mitochondrial motility and energy deficits in injured axons are intrinsic mechanisms controlling regrowth in mature neurons. Axotomy induces acute mitochondrial depolarization and ATP depletion in injured axons. Thus, mature neuron-associated increases in mitochondria-anchoring protein syntaphilin (SNPH) and decreases in mitochondrial transport cause local energy deficits. Strikingly, enhancing mitochondrial transport via genetic manipulation facilitates regenerative capacity by replenishing healthy mitochondria in injured axons, thereby rescuing energy deficits. An in vivo sciatic nerve crush study further shows that enhanced mitochondrial transport in snph knockout mice accelerates axon regeneration. Understanding deficits in mitochondrial trafficking and energy supply in injured axons of mature neurons benefits development of new strategies to stimulate axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhou
- Synaptic Functions Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei-Yao Lin
- Synaptic Functions Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tao Sun
- Synaptic Functions Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yanmin Chen
- Synaptic Functions Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Functions Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Agarwal S, Yadav A, Tiwari SK, Seth B, Chauhan LKS, Khare P, Ray RS, Chaturvedi RK. Dynamin-related Protein 1 Inhibition Mitigates Bisphenol A-mediated Alterations in Mitochondrial Dynamics and Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15923-39. [PMID: 27252377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.709493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory dynamics of mitochondria comprises well orchestrated distribution and mitochondrial turnover to maintain the mitochondrial circuitry and homeostasis inside the cells. Several pieces of evidence suggested impaired mitochondrial dynamics and its association with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. We found that chronic exposure of synthetic xenoestrogen bisphenol A (BPA), a component of consumer plastic products, impaired autophagy-mediated mitochondrial turnover, leading to increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial fragmentation, and apoptosis in hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs). It also inhibited hippocampal derived NSC proliferation and differentiation, as evident by the decreased number of BrdU- and β-III tubulin-positive cells. All these effects were reversed by the inhibition of oxidative stress using N-acetyl cysteine. BPA up-regulated the levels of Drp-1 (dynamin-related protein 1) and enhanced its mitochondrial translocation, with no effect on Fis-1, Mfn-1, Mfn-2, and Opa-1 in vitro and in the hippocampus. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy studies suggested increased mitochondrial fission and accumulation of fragmented mitochondria and decreased elongated mitochondria in the hippocampus of the rat brain. Impaired mitochondrial dynamics by BPA resulted in increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP decline. Pharmacological (Mdivi-1) and genetic (Drp-1siRNA) inhibition of Drp-1 reversed BPA-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions, fragmentation, and apoptosis. Interestingly, BPA-mediated inhibitory effects on NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiations were also mitigated by Drp-1 inhibition. On the other hand, Drp-1 inhibition blocked BPA-mediated Drp-1 translocation, leading to decreased apoptosis of NSC. Overall, our studies implicate Drp-1 as a potential therapeutic target against BPA-mediated impaired mitochondrial dynamics and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Agarwal
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research and
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research and
| | - Shashi Kant Tiwari
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research and
| | - Brashket Seth
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research and
| | - Lalit Kumar Singh Chauhan
- the Central Instrumentation Facility, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet Khare
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group and
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- the Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research and
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42
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Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1203285. [PMID: 27190572 PMCID: PMC4848452 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1203285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke is a common and severe neurological disorder and is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity, especially for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Increasing evidence demonstrates that oxidative stress responses participate in the pathophysiological processes of secondary brain injury (SBI) following ICH. The mechanisms involved in interoperable systems include endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, neuronal apoptosis and necrosis, inflammation, and autophagy. In this review, we summarized some promising advances in the field of oxidative stress and ICH, including contained animal and human investigations. We also discussed the role of oxidative stress, systemic oxidative stress responses, and some research of potential therapeutic options aimed at reducing oxidative stress to protect the neuronal function after ICH, focusing on the challenges of translation between preclinical and clinical studies, and potential post-ICH antioxidative therapeutic approaches.
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43
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Agostini M, Romeo F, Inoue S, Niklison-Chirou MV, Elia AJ, Dinsdale D, Morone N, Knight RA, Mak TW, Melino G. Metabolic reprogramming during neuronal differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1502-14. [PMID: 27058317 PMCID: PMC5072427 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly generated neurons pass through a series of well-defined developmental stages, which allow them to integrate into existing neuronal circuits. After exit from the cell cycle, postmitotic neurons undergo neuronal migration, axonal elongation, axon pruning, dendrite morphogenesis and synaptic maturation and plasticity. Lack of a global metabolic analysis during early cortical neuronal development led us to explore the role of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial biology during ex vivo differentiation of primary cortical neurons. Unexpectedly, we observed a huge increase in mitochondrial biogenesis. Changes in mitochondrial mass, morphology and function were correlated with the upregulation of the master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, TFAM and PGC-1α. Concomitant with mitochondrial biogenesis, we observed an increase in glucose metabolism during neuronal differentiation, which was linked to an increase in glucose uptake and enhanced GLUT3 mRNA expression and platelet isoform of phosphofructokinase 1 (PFKp) protein expression. In addition, glutamate-glutamine metabolism was also increased during the differentiation of cortical neurons. We identified PI3K-Akt-mTOR signalling as a critical regulator role of energy metabolism in neurons. Selective pharmacological inhibition of these metabolic pathways indicate existence of metabolic checkpoint that need to be satisfied in order to allow neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agostini
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | - F Romeo
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - S Inoue
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - M V Niklison-Chirou
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - A J Elia
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - D Dinsdale
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - N Morone
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - R A Knight
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - T W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - G Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy.,Biochemistry Laboratory IDI-IRCC, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
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44
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Wang L, Guo L, Lu L, Sun H, Shao M, Beck SJ, Li L, Ramachandran J, Du Y, Du H. Synaptosomal Mitochondrial Dysfunction in 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150441. [PMID: 26942905 PMCID: PMC4778903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain mitochondrial dysfunction is hallmark pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recently, the role of synaptosomal mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of synaptic injury in AD has received increasing attention. Synaptosomal mitochondria are a subgroup of neuronal mitochondria specifically locating at synapses. They play an essential role in fueling synaptic functions by providing energy on the site; and their defects may lead to synaptic failure, which is an early and pronounced pathology in AD. In our previous studies we have determined early synaptosomal mitochondrial dysfunction in an AD animal model (J20 line) overexpressing human Amyloid beta (Aβ), the key mediator of AD. In view of the limitations of J20 line mice in representing the full aspects of amyloidopathy in AD cases, we employed 5xFAD mice which are thought to be a desirable paradigm of amyloidopathy as seen in AD subjects. In addition, we have also examined the status of synaptosomal mitochondrial dynamics as well as Parkin-mediated mitophagy which have not been previously investigated in this mouse model. In comparison to nontransgenic (nonTg mice), 5xFAD mice demonstrated prominent synaptosomal mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, synaptosomal mitochondria from the AD mouse model displayed imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics towards fission along with activated Parkin and LC3BII recruitment correlating to spatial learning & memory impairments in 5xFAD mice in an age-dependent manner. These results suggest that synaptosomal mitochondrial deficits are primary pathology in Aβ-rich environments and further confirm the relevance of synaptosomal mitochondrial deficits to the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America, 75080
- Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China, 250100
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America, 75080
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America, 75080
- Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China, 250100
| | - Huili Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America, 75080
- Shenzhen Traditional Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, 518031
| | - Muming Shao
- Shenzhen Traditional Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, 518031
| | - Simon J. Beck
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America, 75080
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America, 75080
| | - Janani Ramachandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America, 75080
| | - Yifeng Du
- Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China, 250100
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America, 75080
- Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China, 250100
- * E-mail:
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Ding K, Xu J, Wang H, Zhang L, Wu Y, Li T. Melatonin protects the brain from apoptosis by enhancement of autophagy after traumatic brain injury in mice. Neurochem Int 2015; 91:46-54. [PMID: 26527380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin has been proven to possess neuroprotection property against various neurological diseases by decreasing cerebral oxidative stress and inhibiting inflammatory process. However, whether administration of melatonin influences the autophagy pathway, which has recently been reported playing a pivotal role in traumatic brain injury, is yet not fully understood. We supposed that treatment of melatonin enhances the autophagy pathway after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice and subsequently inhibited the mitochondrion apoptotic pathway. Firstly, we investigated the neurological severity score, brain water content and neuronal apoptosis in mice cortex to demonstrate the neuroprotection of melatonin. Then we determined the autophagy markers, namely Beclin1 and LC3-II, using western blot and immunofluorescence. Next, we evaluated the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in the presence or absence of melatonin. More significantly, we employed 3-methyladenine (3-MA) to inhibit the autophagy pathway, to further confirm our hypothesis. The results showed that melatonin significantly ameliorated secondary brain injury induced by TBI. In addition, melatonin enhanced autophagy after TBI, which was accompanied by a decrease in both the translocation of Bax to mitochondria and the release of cytochrome C to cytoplasm. Furthermore, simultaneous treatment of 3-MA reversed the beneficial effects of melatonin on mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Taken together, we conclude that melatonin enhances autophagy, which inhibits mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, thus protecting mice from secondary brain injury after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Mitochondrial degradation and energy metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2812-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Autophagy in axonal degeneration in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 47:1-18. [PMID: 25816798 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of autophagy in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death is still controversial. Several studies focused on RGC body death, although the axonal degeneration pathway in the optic nerve has not been well documented in spite of evidence that the mechanisms of degeneration of neuronal cell bodies and their axons differ. Axonal degeneration of RGCs is a hallmark of glaucoma, and a pattern of localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects in glaucoma patients indicates that axonal degeneration may precede RGC body death in this condition. As models of preceding axonal degeneration, both the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) injection model and hypertensive glaucoma model may be useful in understanding the mechanism of axonal degeneration of RGCs, and the concept of axonal protection can be an attractive approach to the prevention of neurodegenerative optic nerve disease. Since mitochondria play crucial roles in glaucomatous optic neuropathy and can themselves serve as a part of the autophagosome, it seems that mitochondrial function may alter autophagy machinery. Like other neurodegenerative diseases, optic nerve degeneration may exhibit autophagic flux impairment resulting from elevated intraocular pressure, TNF, traumatic injury, ischemia, oxidative stress, and aging. As a model of aging, we used senescence-accelerated mice to provide new insights. In this review, we attempt to describe the relationship between autophagy and recently reported noteworthy factors including Nmnat, ROCK, and SIRT1 in the degeneration of RGCs and their axons and propose possible mechanisms of axonal protection via modulation of autophagy machinery.
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48
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Khacho M, S. Slack R. Mitochondrial dynamics in neurodegeneration: from cell death to energetic states. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2015.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Rosso P, Moreno S, Fracassi A, Rocco ML, Aloe L. Nerve growth factor and autophagy: effect of nasal anti-NGF-antibodies administration on Ambra1 and Beclin-1 expression in rat brain. Growth Factors 2015; 33:401-9. [PMID: 26728403 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2015.1122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) exerts protective actions in the healthy and diseased nervous system. Intranasal administration is a suitable and safe strategy to deliver NGF to CNS neurons. We investigated whether nasal anti-NGF-antibody (ANA) administration affects neuronal autophagy, in view of its putative regulatory role in this process. We focused on olfactory bulbs (OB), neocortex (Cx), hippocampus (HF) and septal complex (SC), known to be NGF-responsive and autophagically active. Our combined molecular/morphological results demonstrate that intranasally administered ANA reaches brain NGF-target neurons and lowers the levels of endogenous NGF and its receptors. Treatment also affects - in a brain region-dependent manner - the expression of the autophagic proteins Beclin-1 and Ambra1, as well as that of proteins belonging to the Bcl2 family, namely Bax and Bcl-2, reflecting apoptotic dysregulation. This study provides a nongenetically modified, NGF-defective animal model, representing a suitable tool to investigate novel properties of the neurotrophin, especially in relation to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Rosso
- a National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology & Neurobiology , Rome , Italy and
- b Department of Science , LIME, University Roma Tre , Rome , Italy
| | - Sandra Moreno
- b Department of Science , LIME, University Roma Tre , Rome , Italy
| | - Anna Fracassi
- b Department of Science , LIME, University Roma Tre , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Rocco
- a National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology & Neurobiology , Rome , Italy and
| | - Luigi Aloe
- a National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology & Neurobiology , Rome , Italy and
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