1
|
Shi J, Wang Z, Wang Z, Shao G, Li X. Epigenetic regulation in adult neural stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1331074. [PMID: 38357000 PMCID: PMC10864612 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1331074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) exhibit self-renewing and multipotential properties. Adult NSCs are located in two neurogenic regions of adult brain: the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. Maintenance and differentiation of adult NSCs are regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic signals that may be integrated through expression of some key factors in the adult NSCs. A number of transcription factors have been shown to play essential roles in transcriptional regulation of NSC cell fate transitions in the adult brain. Epigenetic regulators have also emerged as key players in regulation of NSCs, neural progenitor cells and their differentiated progeny via epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling and RNA-mediated transcriptional regulation. This minireview is primarily focused on epigenetic regulations of adult NSCs during adult neurogenesis, in conjunction with transcriptional regulation in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilin Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Zhenhai Lianhua Hospital, Ningbo City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guofeng Shao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiajun Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Valamparamban GF, Spéder P. Homemade: building the structure of the neurogenic niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1275963. [PMID: 38107074 PMCID: PMC10722289 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1275963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells live in an intricate cellular environment, the neurogenic niche, which supports their function and enables neurogenesis. The niche is made of a diversity of cell types, including neurons, glia and the vasculature, which are able to signal to and are structurally organised around neural stem/progenitor cells. While the focus has been on how individual cell types signal to and influence the behaviour of neural stem/progenitor cells, very little is actually known on how the niche is assembled during development from multiple cellular origins, and on the role of the resulting topology on these cells. This review proposes to draw a state-of-the art picture of this emerging field of research, with the aim to expose our knowledge on niche architecture and formation from different animal models (mouse, zebrafish and fruit fly). We will span its multiple aspects, from the existence and importance of local, adhesive interactions to the potential emergence of larger-scale topological properties through the careful assembly of diverse cellular and acellular components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Spéder
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Structure and Signals in the Neurogenic Niche, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar A, Kos MZ, Roybal D, Carless MA. A pilot investigation of differential hydroxymethylation levels in patient-derived neural stem cells implicates altered cortical development in bipolar disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1077415. [PMID: 37139321 PMCID: PMC10150707 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1077415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental illness characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression and associated with social and cognitive disturbances. Environmental factors, such as maternal smoking and childhood trauma, are believed to modulate risk genotypes and contribute to the pathogenesis of BD, suggesting a key role in epigenetic regulation during neurodevelopment. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is an epigenetic variant of particular interest, as it is highly expressed in the brain and is implicated in neurodevelopment, and psychiatric and neurological disorders. Methods Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from the white blood cells of two adolescent patients with bipolar disorder and their same-sex age-matched unaffected siblings (n = 4). Further, iPSCs were differentiated into neuronal stem cells (NSCs) and characterized for purity using immuno-fluorescence. We used reduced representation hydroxymethylation profiling (RRHP) to perform genome-wide 5hmC profiling of iPSCs and NSCs, to model 5hmC changes during neuronal differentiation and assess their impact on BD risk. Functional annotation and enrichment testing of genes harboring differentiated 5hmC loci were performed with the online tool DAVID. Results Approximately 2 million sites were mapped and quantified, with the majority (68.8%) located in genic regions, with elevated 5hmC levels per site observed for 3' UTRs, exons, and 2-kb shorelines of CpG islands. Paired t-tests of normalized 5hmC counts between iPSC and NSC cell lines revealed global hypo-hydroxymethylation in NSCs and enrichment of differentially hydroxymethylated sites within genes associated with plasma membrane (FDR = 9.1 × 10-12) and axon guidance (FDR = 2.1 × 10-6), among other neuronal processes. The most significant difference was observed for a transcription factor binding site for the KCNK9 gene (p = 8.8 × 10-6), encoding a potassium channel protein involved in neuronal activity and migration. Protein-protein-interaction (PPI) networking showed significant connectivity (p = 3.2 × 10-10) between proteins encoded by genes harboring highly differentiated 5hmC sites, with genes involved in axon guidance and ion transmembrane transport forming distinct sub-clusters. Comparison of NSCs of BD cases and unaffected siblings revealed additional patterns of differentiation in hydroxymethylation levels, including sites in genes with functions related to synapse formation and regulation, such as CUX2 (p = 2.4 × 10-5) and DOK-7 (p = 3.6 × 10-3), as well as an enrichment of genes involved in the extracellular matrix (FDR = 1.0 × 10-8). Discussion Together, these preliminary results lend evidence toward a potential role for 5hmC in both early neuronal differentiation and BD risk, with validation and more comprehensive characterization to be achieved through follow-up study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mark Z. Kos
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Department of Human Genetics, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Donna Roybal
- Traditions Behavioral Health, Larkspur, CA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Melanie A. Carless
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Brain Health Consortium, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Melanie A. Carless,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang C, Xue P, Zhang H, Tan C, Zhao S, Li X, Sun L, Zheng H, Wang J, Zhang B, Lang W. Gut brain interaction theory reveals gut microbiota mediated neurogenesis and traditional Chinese medicine research strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1072341. [PMID: 36569198 PMCID: PMC9772886 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1072341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is the process of differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into neurons and glial cells in certain areas of the adult brain. Defects in neurogenesis can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, mental disorders, and other maladies. This process is directionally regulated by transcription factors, the Wnt and Notch pathway, the extracellular matrix, and various growth factors. External factors like stress, physical exercise, diet, medications, etc., affect neurogenesis and the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota may affect NSCs through vagal, immune and chemical pathways, and other pathways. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been proven to affect NSCs proliferation and differentiation and can regulate the abundance and metabolites produced by intestinal microorganisms. However, the underlying mechanisms by which these factors regulate neurogenesis through the gut microbiota are not fully understood. In this review, we describe the recent evidence on the role of the gut microbiota in neurogenesis. Moreover, we hypothesize on the characteristics of the microbiota-gut-brain axis based on bacterial phyla, including microbiota's metabolites, and neuronal and immune pathways while providing an outlook on TCM's potential effects on adult neurogenesis by regulating gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhang
- Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Peng Xue
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Chenxi Tan
- Department of Infection Control, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Shiyao Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Lihui Sun
- Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Huihui Zheng
- Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The Academic Affairs Office, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Baoling Zhang
- Department of Operating Room, Qiqihar First Hospital, Qiqihar, China
| | - Weiya Lang
- Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China,*Correspondence: Weiya Lang,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Revuelta M, Urrutia J, Villarroel A, Casis O. Microglia-Mediated Inflammation and Neural Stem Cell Differentiation in Alzheimer's Disease: Possible Therapeutic Role of K V1.3 Channel Blockade. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:868842. [PMID: 35530176 PMCID: PMC9070300 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.868842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase of deposits of amyloid β peptides in the extracellular matrix is landmark during Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) due to the imbalance in the production vs. clearance. This accumulation of amyloid β deposits triggers microglial activation. Microglia plays a dual role in AD, a protective role by clearing the deposits of amyloid β peptides increasing the phagocytic response (CD163, IGF-1 or BDNF) and a cytotoxic role, releasing free radicals (ROS or NO) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) in response to reactive gliosis activated by the amyloid β aggregates. Microglia activation correlated with an increase KV1.3 channels expression, protein levels and current density. Several studies highlight the importance of KV1.3 in the activation of inflammatory response and inhibition of neural progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. However, little is known about the pathways of this activation in neural stem cells differentiation and proliferation and the role in amyloid β accumulation. In recent studies using in vitro cells derived from mice models, it has been demonstrated that KV1.3 blockers inhibit microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in culture reducing the expression and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α through the NF-kB and p38MAPK pathway. Overall, we conclude that KV1.3 blockers change the course of AD development, reducing microglial cytotoxic activation and increasing neural stem cell differentiation. However, further investigations are needed to establish the specific pathway and to validate the use of this blocker as therapeutic treatment in Alzheimer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miren Revuelta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Janire Urrutia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alvaro Villarroel
- Instituto Biofisika, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Oscar Casis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Research into the genetic etiology of a neurological disorder can provide directions for genetic diagnosis and targeted therapy. In the past, germline mutations, which are transmitted from parents or newly arise from parental germ cells, were considered as major genetic causes of neurological disorders. However, recent evidence has shown that somatic mutations in the brain, which can arise from neural stem cells during development or over aging, account for a significant number of brain disorders, ranging from neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric to neoplastic disease. Moreover, the identification of disease-causing somatic mutations or mutated genes has provided new insights into molecular pathogenesis and unveiled potential therapeutic targets for treating neurological disorders that have few, or no, therapeutic options. RNA therapeutics, including antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), are emerging as promising therapeutic tools for treating genetic neurological disorders. As the number of approved and investigational ASO and siRNA drugs for neurological disorders associated with germline mutations increases, they may also prove to be attractive modalities for treating neurologic disorders resulting from somatic mutations. In this perspective, we highlight several neurological diseases caused by brain somatic mutations and discuss the potential role of RNA therapeutics in these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungyul Lee
- SoVarGen Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lee
- SoVarGen Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute Science and Technology (KAIST), KAIST BioMedical Research Center, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region that exhibits highly conserved anatomy across vertebrate species and functions as a central regulatory hub for many physiological processes such as energy homeostasis and circadian rhythm. Neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are largely responsible for sensing of peripheral signals such as leptin and insulin, and are critical for the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. While these neurons are mainly born during embryogenesis, accumulating evidence have demonstrated that neurogenesis also occurs in postnatal-adult mouse hypothalamus, particularly in the first two postnatal weeks. This second wave of active neurogenesis contributes to the remodeling of hypothalamic neuronal populations and regulation of energy homeostasis including hypothalamic leptin sensing. Radial glia cell types, such as tanycytes, are known to act as neuronal progenitors in the postnatal mouse hypothalamus. Our recent study unveiled a previously unreported radial glia-like neural stem cell (RGL-NSC) population that actively contributes to neurogenesis in the postnatal mouse hypothalamus. We also identified Irx3 and Irx5, which encode Iroquois homeodomain-containing transcription factors, as genetic determinants regulating the neurogenic property of these RGL-NSCs. These findings are significant as IRX3 and IRX5 have been implicated in FTO-associated obesity in humans, illustrating the importance of postnatal hypothalamic neurogenesis in energy homeostasis and obesity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding postnatal-adult hypothalamic neurogenesis and highlight recent findings on the radial glia-like cells that contribute to the remodeling of postnatal mouse hypothalamus. We will discuss characteristics of the RGL-NSCs and potential actions of Irx3 and Irx5 in the regulation of neural stem cells in the postnatal-adult mouse brain. Understanding the behavior and regulation of neural stem cells in the postnatal-adult hypothalamus will provide novel mechanistic insights in the control of hypothalamic remodeling and energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchao Dou
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joe Eun Son
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chi-chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen L, Zhang M, Fang L, Yang X, Cao N, Xu L, Shi L, Cao Y. Coordinated regulation of the ribosome and proteasome by PRMT1 in the maintenance of neural stemness in cancer cells and neural stem cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101275. [PMID: 34619150 PMCID: PMC8546425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that cancer cells resemble neural stem/progenitor cells in regulatory network, tumorigenicity, and differentiation potential, and that neural stemness might represent the ground or basal state of differentiation and tumorigenicity. The neural ground state is reflected in the upregulation and enrichment of basic cell machineries and developmental programs, such as cell cycle, ribosomes, proteasomes, and epigenetic factors, in cancers and in embryonic neural or neural stem cells. However, how these machineries are concertedly regulated is unclear. Here, we show that loss of neural stemness in cancer or neural stem cells via muscle-like differentiation or neuronal differentiation, respectively, caused downregulation of ribosome and proteasome components and major epigenetic factors, including PRMT1, EZH2, and LSD1. Furthermore, inhibition of PRMT1, an oncoprotein that is enriched in neural cells during embryogenesis, caused neuronal-like differentiation, downregulation of a similar set of proteins downregulated by differentiation, and alteration of subcellular distribution of ribosome and proteasome components. By contrast, PRMT1 overexpression led to an upregulation of these proteins. PRMT1 interacted with these components and protected them from degradation via recruitment of the deubiquitinase USP7, also known to promote cancer and enriched in embryonic neural cells, thereby maintaining a high level of epigenetic factors that maintain neural stemness, such as EZH2 and LSD1. Taken together, our data indicate that PRMT1 inhibition resulted in repression of cell tumorigenicity. We conclude that PRMT1 coordinates ribosome and proteasome activity to match the needs for high production and homeostasis of proteins that maintain stemness in cancer and neural stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Research Institute of Nanjing University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of the Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Research Institute of Nanjing University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of the Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of the Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Research Institute of Nanjing University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of the Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Cao
- Research Institute of Nanjing University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of the Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liyang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of the Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of the Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Research Institute of Nanjing University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of the Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Otsu M, Ahmed Z, Fulton D. Generation of Multipotential NG2 Progenitors From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688283. [PMID: 34504841 PMCID: PMC8423355 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) have the potential to generate homogeneous immature cells like stem/progenitor cells, which appear to be difficult to isolate and expand from primary tissue samples. In this study, we developed a simple method to generate homogeneous immature oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells from mouse ESC-derived neural stem cell (NSC). NSC converted to NG2+/OLIG2+double positive progenitors (NOP) after culturing in serum-free media for a week. NOP expressed Prox1, but not Gpr17 gene, highlighting their immature phenotype. Interestingly, FACS analysis revealed that NOP expressed proteins for NG2, but not PDGFRɑ, distinguishing them from primary OL progenitor cells (OPC). Nevertheless, NOP expressed various OL lineage marker genes including Cspg4, Pdgfrα, Olig1/2, and Sox9/10, but not Plp1 genes, and, when cultured in OL differentiation conditions, initiated transcription of Gpr17 and Plp1 genes, and expression of PDGFRα proteins, implying that NOP converted into a matured OPC phenotype. Unexpectedly, NOP remained multipotential, being able to differentiate into neurons as well as astrocytes under appropriate conditions. Moreover, NOP-derived OPC myelinated axons with a lower efficiency when compared with primary OPC. Taken together, these data demonstrate that NOP are an intermediate progenitor cell distinguishable from both NSC and primary OPC. Based on this profile, NOP may be useful for modeling mechanisms influencing the earliest stages of oligogenesis, and exploring the cellular and molecular responses of the earliest OL progenitors to conditions that impair myelination in the developing nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Otsu
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Fulton
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ripari LB, Norton ES, Bodoque-Villar R, Jeanneret S, Lara-Velazquez M, Carrano A, Zarco N, Vazquez-Ramos CA, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, de la Rosa-Prieto C, Guerrero-Cázares H. Glioblastoma Proximity to the Lateral Ventricle Alters Neurogenic Cell Populations of the Subventricular Zone. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650316. [PMID: 34268110 PMCID: PMC8277421 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite current strategies combining surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Tumor location plays a key role in the prognosis of patients, with GBM tumors located in close proximity to the lateral ventricles (LVs) resulting in worse survival expectancy and higher incidence of distal recurrence. Though the reason for worse prognosis in these patients remains unknown, it may be due to proximity to the subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenic niche contained within the lateral wall of the LVs. We present a novel rodent model to analyze the bidirectional signaling between GBM tumors and cells contained within the SVZ. Patient-derived GBM cells expressing GFP and luciferase were engrafted at locations proximal, intermediate, and distal to the LVs in immunosuppressed mice. Mice were either sacrificed after 4 weeks for immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor and SVZ or maintained for survival analysis. Analysis of the GFP+ tumor bulk revealed that GBM tumors proximal to the LV show increased levels of proliferation and tumor growth than LV-distal counterparts and is accompanied by decreased median survival. Conversely, numbers of innate proliferative cells, neural stem cells (NSCs), migratory cells and progenitors contained within the SVZ are decreased as a result of GBM proximity to the LV. These results indicate that our rodent model is able to accurately recapitulate several of the clinical aspects of LV-associated GBM, including increased tumor growth and decreased median survival. Additionally, we have found the neurogenic and cell division process of the SVZ in these adult mice is negatively influenced according to the presence and proximity of the tumor mass. This model will be invaluable for further investigation into the bidirectional signaling between GBM and the neurogenic cell populations of the SVZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisina B Ripari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Emily S Norton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, United States.,Regenerative Sciences Training Program, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Raquel Bodoque-Villar
- Translational Research Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Stephanie Jeanneret
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States.,Faculty of Psychology and Sciences of Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Carrano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Natanael Zarco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Carlos de la Rosa-Prieto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Assessing the neurotoxicity of test chemicals has typically been performed using two-dimensionally (2D)-cultured neuronal cell monolayers and animal models. The in vitro 2D cell models are simple and straightforward compared to animal models, which have the disadvantage of being relatively low throughput, expensive, and time consuming. Despite their extensive use in this area of neurotoxicology research, both models often do not accurately recapitulate human outcomes. To bridge this gap and attempt to better replicate what happens in vivo, three-dimensionally (3D) cultured neural stem cells (NSCs) encapsulated in hydrogels on a 384-pillar plate have been developed via miniature 3D bioprinting. This technology allows users to print NSCs on a pillar plate for rapid 3D cell culture as well as high-throughput compound screening. For this, the 384-pillar plate with bioprinted NSCs is sandwiched with a standard 384-well plate with growth medium for 3D culture, allowing researchers to expose the cells to test compounds and stain them with various fluorescent dyes for a suite of high-content imaging assays, including assays for DNA damage, mitochondrial impairment, cell membrane integrity, intracellular glutathione levels, and apoptosis. After acquiring cell images from an automated fluorescence microscope and extracting fluorescence intensities, researchers can obtain the IC50 value of each compound to evaluate critical parameters in neurotoxicity. Here, we provide a detailed description of protocols for cell printing on a 384-pillar plate, 3D NSC culture, compound testing, 3D cell staining, and image acquisition and analysis, which altogether will allow researchers to investigate mechanisms of compound neurotoxicity with 3D-cultured NSCs in a high-throughput manner. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Three-dimensional neural stem cell culture on a 384-pillar plate Basic Protocol 2: Compound treatment and cell staining Basic Protocol 3: Image acquisition, processing, and data analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Pranav Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Takahashi T. Multiple Roles for Cholinergic Signaling from the Perspective of Stem Cell Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E666. [PMID: 33440882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have extensive proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. The mechanisms by which stem cells accomplish self-renewal provide fundamental insight into the origin and design of multicellular organisms. These pathways allow the repair of damage and extend organismal life beyond that of component cells, and they probably preceded the evolution of complex metazoans. Understanding the true nature of stem cells can only come from discovering how they are regulated. The concept that stem cells are controlled by particular microenvironments, also known as niches, has been widely accepted. Technical advances now allow characterization of the zones that maintain and control stem cell activity in several organs, including the brain, skin, and gut. Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) that mediates chemical transmission via ACh receptors such as nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Although the cholinergic system is composed of organized nerve cells, the system is also involved in mammalian non-neuronal cells, including stem cells, embryonic stem cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Thus, cholinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in controlling their behaviors. Studies regarding this signal are beginning to unify our understanding of stem cell regulation at the cellular and molecular levels, and they are expected to advance efforts to control stem cells therapeutically. The present article reviews recent findings about cholinergic signaling that is essential to control stem cell function in a cholinergic niche.
Collapse
|
13
|
Byun JS, Oh M, Lee S, Gil JE, Mo Y, Ku B, Kim WK, Oh KJ, Lee EW, Bae KH, Lee SC, Han BS. The transcription factor PITX1 drives astrocyte differentiation by regulating the SOX9 gene. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13677-13690. [PMID: 32759168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes perform multiple essential functions in the developing and mature brain, including regulation of synapse formation, control of neurotransmitter release and uptake, and maintenance of extracellular ion balance. As a result, astrocytes have been implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Despite these critical functions, the study of human astrocytes can be difficult because standard differentiation protocols are time-consuming and technically challenging, but a differentiation protocol recently developed in our laboratory enables the efficient derivation of astrocytes from human embryonic stem cells. We used this protocol along with microarrays, luciferase assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and ChIP assays to explore the genes involved in astrocyte differentiation. We demonstrate that paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) is critical for astrocyte differentiation. PITX1 overexpression induced early differentiation of astrocytes, and its knockdown blocked astrocyte differentiation. PITX1 overexpression also increased and PITX1 knockdown decreased expression of sex-determining region Y box 9 (SOX9), known initiator of gliogenesis, during early astrocyte differentiation. Moreover, we determined that PITX1 activates the SOX9 promoter through a unique binding motif. Taken together, these findings indicate that PITX1 drives astrocyte differentiation by sustaining activation of the SOX9 promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Su Byun
- Biodefence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihee Oh
- Biodefence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonha Lee
- Biodefence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology of Korea, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Gil
- Biodefence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeajin Mo
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kon Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology of Korea, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology of Korea, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology of Korea, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology of Korea, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- Biodefence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology of Korea, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Julian LM, Stanford WL. Organelle Cooperation in Stem Cell Fate: Lysosomes as Emerging Regulators of Cell Identity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:591. [PMID: 32733892 PMCID: PMC7358313 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of stem cell fate is best understood at the level of gene and protein regulatory networks, though it is now clear that multiple cellular organelles also have critical impacts. A growing appreciation for the functional interconnectedness of organelles suggests that an orchestration of integrated biological networks functions to drive stem cell fate decisions and regulate metabolism. Metabolic signaling itself has emerged as an integral regulator of cell fate including the determination of identity, activation state, survival, and differentiation potential of many developmental, adult, disease, and cancer-associated stem cell populations and their progeny. As the primary adenosine triphosphate-generating organelles, mitochondria are well-known regulators of stem cell fate decisions, yet it is now becoming apparent that additional organelles such as the lysosome are important players in mediating these dynamic decisions. In this review, we will focus on the emerging role of organelles, in particular lysosomes, in the reprogramming of both metabolic networks and stem cell fate decisions, especially those that impact the determination of cell identity. We will discuss the inter-organelle interactions, cell signaling pathways, and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms with which lysosomes engage and how these activities impact metabolic signaling. We will further review recent data that position lysosomes as critical regulators of cell identity determination programs and discuss the known or putative biological mechanisms. Finally, we will briefly highlight the potential impact of elucidating mechanisms by which lysosomes regulate stem cell identity on our understanding of disease pathogenesis, as well as the development of refined regenerative medicine, biomarker, and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Julian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fang Q, Zhang Y, Chen X, Li H, Cheng L, Zhu W, Zhang Z, Tang M, Liu W, Wang H, Wang T, Shen T, Chai R. Three-Dimensional Graphene Enhances Neural Stem Cell Proliferation Through Metabolic Regulation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:436. [PMID: 31998703 PMCID: PMC6961593 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene consists of two-dimensional sp2-bonded carbon sheets, a single or a few layers thick, which has attracted considerable interest in recent years due to its good conductivity and biocompatibility. Three-dimensional graphene foam (3DG) has been demonstrated to be a robust scaffold for culturing neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro that not only supports NSCs growth, but also maintains cells in a more active proliferative state than 2D graphene films and ordinary glass. In addition, 3DG can enhance NSCs differentiation into astrocytes and especially neurons. However, the underlying mechanisms behind 3DG's effects are still poorly understood. Metabolism is the fundamental characteristic of life and provides substances for building and powering the cell. Metabolic activity is tightly tied with the proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal of stem cells. This study focused on the metabolic reconfiguration of stem cells induced by culturing on 3DG. This study established the correlation between metabolic reconfiguration metabolomics with NSCs cell proliferation rate on different scaffold. Several metabolic processes have been uncovered in association with the proliferation change of NSCs. Especially, culturing on 3DG triggered pathways that increased amino acid incorporation and enhanced glucose metabolism. These data suggested a potential association between graphene and pathways involved in Parkinson's disease. Our work provides a very useful starting point for further studies of NSC fate determination on 3DG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojun Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangbo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Hangzhou Rongze Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Hangzhou, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liya Cheng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Zhangjiagang City First People's Hospital, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Suzhou University, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Information and Computing Science Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- MOE Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mahdavipour M, Hassanzadeh G, Seifali E, Mortezaee K, Aligholi H, Shekari F, Sarkoohi P, Zeraatpisheh Z, Nazari A, Movassaghi S, Akbari M. Effects of neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on neuronal protection and functional recovery in the rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 38:373-383. [PMID: 31885106 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stroke imposes a long-term neurological disability with limited effective treatments available for neuronal recovery. Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is reported to improve functional outcomes in the animal models of brain ischemia. However, the use of cell therapy is accompanied by adverse effects, so research is growing to use cell-free extracts such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) for targeting brain diseases. In the current study, male Wistar albino rats (20 months old) were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Then, EVs (30 μg) were injected at 2 hours after stroke onset via an intracerebroventricular (ICV) route. Measurements were done at day 7 post-MCAO. EVs administration reduced lesion volume and steadily improved spontaneous locomotor activity. EVs administration also reduced microgliosis (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)+ cells) and apoptotic (terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labelling [TUNEL]) positive cells and increased neuronal survival (neuronal nuclear (NeuN)+ cells) in the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ). However, it had no effect on neurogenesis within the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) but decreased cellular migration toward the IBZ (doublecortin (DCX)+ cells). The results of this study showed neuroprotective and restorative mechanisms of NSC-EVs administration, which may offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention of brain ischemia. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Based on our results, EVs administration can effectively reduce microglial density and neuronal apoptosis, thereby steadily improves functional recovery after MCAO. These findings provide the beneficial effect of NSC-EVs as a new biological treatment for stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mahdavipour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Seifali
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Sarkoohi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Zeraatpisheh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdoreza Nazari
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Movassaghi
- Department of Anatomy, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akbari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gao XL, Tian WJ, Liu B, Wu J, Xie W, Shen Q. High-mobility group nucleosomal binding domain 2 protects against microcephaly by maintaining global chromatin accessibility during corticogenesis. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:468-480. [PMID: 31699896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface area of the human cerebral cortex undergoes dramatic expansion during late fetal development, leading to cortical folding, an evolutionary feature not present in rodents. Microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by an abnormally small brain, and many gene mutations have been found to be associated with primary microcephaly. However, mouse models generated by ablating primary microcephaly-associated genes often fail to recapitulate the severe loss of cortical surface area observed in individuals with this pathology. Here, we show that a mouse model with deficient expression of high-mobility group nucleosomal binding domain 2 (HMGN2) manifests microcephaly with reduced cortical surface area and almost normal radial corticogenesis, with a pattern of incomplete penetrance. We revealed that altered cleavage plane and mitotic delay of ventricular radial glia may explain the rising ratio of intermediate progenitor cells to radial glia and the displacement of neural progenitor cells in microcephalic mutant mice. These led to decreased self-renewal of the radial glia and reduction in lateral expansion. Furthermore, we found that HMGN2 protected corticogenesis by maintaining global chromatin accessibility mainly at promoter regions, thereby ensuring the correct regulation of the transcriptome. Our findings underscore the importance of the regulation of chromatin structure in cortical development and highlight a mouse model with critical insights into the etiology of microcephaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ling Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China; Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wen-Jia Tian
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China; Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bofeng Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China; Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Tongji University Brain and Spinal Cord Clinical Research Center, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Martano G, Borroni EM, Lopci E, Cattaneo MG, Mattioli M, Bachi A, Decimo I, Bifari F. Metabolism of Stem and Progenitor Cells: Proper Methods to Answer Specific Questions. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:151. [PMID: 31249511 PMCID: PMC6584756 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells can stay quiescent for a long period of time or proliferate and differentiate into multiple lineages. The activity of stage-specific metabolic programs allows stem cells to best adapt their functions in different microenvironments. Specific cellular phenotypes can be, therefore, defined by precise metabolic signatures. Notably, not only cellular metabolism describes a defined cellular phenotype, but experimental evidence now clearly indicate that also rewiring cells towards a particular cellular metabolism can drive their cellular phenotype and function accordingly. Cellular metabolism can be studied by both targeted and untargeted approaches. Targeted analyses focus on a subset of identified metabolites and on their metabolic fluxes. In addition, the overall assessment of the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) gives a measure of the overall cellular oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial function. Untargeted approach provides a large-scale identification and quantification of the whole metabolome with the aim to describe a metabolic fingerprinting. In this review article, we overview the methodologies currently available for the study of invitro stem cell metabolism, including metabolic fluxes, fingerprint analyses, and single-cell metabolomics. Moreover, we summarize available approaches for the study of in vivo stem cell metabolism. For all of the described methods, we highlight their specificities and limitations. In addition, we discuss practical concerns about the most threatening steps, including metabolic quenching, sample preparation and extraction. A better knowledge of the precise metabolic signature defining specific cell population is instrumental to the design of novel therapeutic strategies able to drive undifferentiated stem cells towards a selective and valuable cellular phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Monica Borroni
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Egesta Lopci
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital-IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cattaneo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Mattioli
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baek J, Jung WB, Cho Y, Lee E, Yun GT, Cho SY, Jung HT, Im SG. Facile Fabrication of High-Definition Hierarchical Wrinkle Structures for Investigating the Geometry-Sensitive Fate Commitment of Human Neural Stem Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:17247-17255. [PMID: 31009192 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As neural stem cells (NSCs) interact with biophysical cues from their niche during development, it is important to understand the biomolecular mechanism of how the NSCs process these biophysical cues to regulate their behaviors. In particular, anisotropic geometric cues in micro-/nanoscale have been utilized to investigate the biophysical effect of the structure on NSCs behaviors. Here, a series of new nanoscale anisotropic wrinkle structures with the a range of wavelength scales (from 50 nm to 37 μm) was developed to demonstrate the effect of the anisotropic nanostructure on the fate commitment of NSCs. Intriguingly, two distinct characteristic length scales promoted the neurogenesis. Each wavelength scale showed a striking variation in terms of dependency on the directionality of the structures, suggesting the existence of at least two different ways in the processing of anisotropic geometries for neurogenesis. Furthermore, the combined effect of the two distinctive length scales was observed by employing hierarchical multiscale wrinkle structures with two characteristic neurogenesis-promoting wavelengths. Taken together, the wrinkle structure system developed in this study can serve as an effective platform to advance the understanding of how cells sense anisotropic geometries for their specific cellular behaviors. Furthermore, this could provide clues for improving nerve regeneration system of stem cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieung Baek
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Woo-Bin Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Younghak Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Geun-Tae Yun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Sung Gap Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury , 291 Daehak-ro , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vicario N, Bernstock JD, Spitale FM, Giallongo C, Giunta MAS, Li Volti G, Gulisano M, Leanza G, Tibullo D, Parenti R, Gulino R. Clobetasol Modulates Adult Neural Stem Cell Growth via Canonical Hedgehog Pathway Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081991. [PMID: 31018557 PMCID: PMC6514872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is a key pathway within the central nervous system (CNS), during both development and adulthood, and its activation via the 7-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) may promote neuroprotection and restoration during neurodegenerative disorders. Shh signaling may also be activated by selected glucocorticoids such as clobetasol, fluocinonide and fluticasone, which therefore act as Smo agonists and hold potential utility for regenerative medicine. However, despite its potential role in neurodegenerative diseases, the impact of Smo-modulation induced by these glucocorticoids on adult neural stem cells (NSCs) and the underlying signaling mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Smo agonists (i.e., purmorphamine) and antagonists (i.e., cyclopamine) as well as of glucocorticoids (i.e., clobetasol, fluocinonide and fluticasone) on NSCs in terms of proliferation and clonal expansion. Purmorphamine treatment significantly increased NSC proliferation and clonal expansion via GLI-Kruppel family member 1 (Gli1) nuclear translocation and such effects were prevented by cyclopamine co-treatment. Clobetasol treatment exhibited an equivalent pharmacological effect. Moreover, cellular thermal shift assay suggested that clobetasol induces the canonical Smo-dependent activation of Shh signaling, as confirmed by Gli1 nuclear translocation and also by cyclopamine co-treatment, which abolished these effects. Finally, fluocinonide and fluticasone as well as control glucocorticoids (i.e., prednisone, corticosterone and dexamethasone) showed no significant effects on NSCs proliferation and clonal expansion. In conclusion, our data suggest that Shh may represent a druggable target system to drive neuroprotection and promote restorative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Vicario
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Federica M Spitale
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Division of Hematology, "A.O.U. Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Maria A S Giunta
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Massimo Gulisano
- Lab of Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Leanza
- Lab of Neurogenesis and Repair, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosario Gulino
- Lab of Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Casares-Crespo L, Calatayud-Baselga I, García-Corzo L, Mira H. On the Role of Basal Autophagy in Adult Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:339. [PMID: 30349462 PMCID: PMC6187079 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis persists in the adult mammalian brain due to the existence of neural stem cell (NSC) reservoirs in defined niches, where they give rise to new neurons throughout life. Recent research has begun to address the implication of constitutive (basal) autophagy in the regulation of neurogenesis in the mature brain. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of autophagy-related genes in modulating adult NSCs, progenitor cells and their differentiation into neurons. The general function of autophagy in neurogenesis in several areas of the embryonic forebrain is also revisited. During development, basal autophagy regulates Wnt and Notch signaling and is mainly required for adequate neuronal differentiation. The available data in the adult indicate that the autophagy-lysosomal pathway regulates adult NSC maintenance, the activation of quiescent NSCs, the survival of the newly born neurons and the timing of their maturation. Future research is warranted to validate the results of these pioneering studies, refine the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of NSCs and newborn neurons by autophagy throughout the life-span of mammals and provide significance to the autophagic process in adult neurogenesis-dependent behavioral tasks, in physiological and pathological conditions. These lines of research may have important consequences for our understanding of stem cell dysfunction and neurogenic decline during healthy aging and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Casares-Crespo
- Stem Cells and Aging Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, València, Spain
| | - Isabel Calatayud-Baselga
- Stem Cells and Aging Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, València, Spain
| | - Laura García-Corzo
- Stem Cells and Aging Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, València, Spain
| | - Helena Mira
- Stem Cells and Aging Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, València, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Su Z, Zhang Y, Liao B, Zhong X, Chen X, Wang H, Guo Y, Shan Y, Wang L, Pan G. Antagonism between the transcription factors NANOG and OTX2 specifies rostral or caudal cell fate during neural patterning transition. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4445-4455. [PMID: 29386354 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During neurogenesis, neural patterning is a critical step during which neural progenitor cells differentiate into neurons with distinct functions. However, the molecular determinants that regulate neural patterning remain poorly understood. Here we optimized the "dual SMAD inhibition" method to specifically promote differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into forebrain and hindbrain neural progenitor cells along the rostral-caudal axis. We report that neural patterning determination occurs at the very early stage in this differentiation. Undifferentiated hPSCs expressed basal levels of the transcription factor orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) that dominantly drove hPSCs into the "default" rostral fate at the beginning of differentiation. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) through CHIR99021 application sustained transient expression of the transcription factor NANOG at early differentiation stages through Wnt signaling. Wnt signaling and NANOG antagonized OTX2 and, in the later stages of differentiation, switched the default rostral cell fate to the caudal one. Our findings have uncovered a mutual antagonism between NANOG and OTX2 underlying cell fate decisions during neural patterning, critical for the regulation of early neural development in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Su
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027 Hefei, China.,the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530 Guangzhou, China.,the Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, 230088 Hefei, China
| | - Yanqi Zhang
- the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530 Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojian Liao
- the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530 Guangzhou, China.,the Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, 230088 Hefei, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhong
- the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- the School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006 Guangzhou, China, and
| | - Haitao Wang
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027 Hefei, China
| | - Yiping Guo
- the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongli Shan
- the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530 Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- the Department of Pathology, Medical College, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangjin Pan
- the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530 Guangzhou, China, .,the Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, 230088 Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Seth B, Yadav A, Agarwal S, Tiwari SK, Chaturvedi RK. Inhibition of the transforming growth factor-β/SMAD cascade mitigates the anti-neurogenic effects of the carbamate pesticide carbofuran. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19423-19440. [PMID: 28982980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.798074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely used carbamate pesticide carbofuran causes neurophysiological and neurobehavioral deficits in rodents and humans and therefore poses serious health hazards around the world. Previously, we reported that gestational carbofuran exposure has detrimental effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons from neural stem cells (NSC), in offspring. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms for carbofuran-impaired neurogenesis remain unknown. Herein, we observed that chronic carbofuran exposure from gestational day 7 to postnatal day 21 altered expression of genes and transcription factors and levels of proteins involved in neurogenesis and the TGF-β pathway (i.e. TGF-β; SMAD-2, -3, and -7; and SMURF-2) in the rat hippocampus. We found that carbofuran increases TGF-β signaling (i.e. increased phosphorylated SMAD-2/3 and reduced SMAD-7 expression) in the hippocampus, which reduced NSC proliferation because of increased p21 levels and reduced cyclin D1 levels. Moreover, the carbofuran-altered TGF-β signaling impaired neuronal differentiation (BrdU/DCX+ and BrdU/NeuN+ cells) and increased apoptosis and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. Blockade of the TGF-β pathway with the specific inhibitor SB431542 and via SMAD-3 siRNA prevented carbofuran-mediated inhibition of neurogenesis in both hippocampal NSC cultures and the hippocampus, suggesting the specific involvement of this pathway. Of note, both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that TGF-β pathway attenuation reverses carbofuran's inhibitory effects on neurogenesis and associated learning and memory deficits. These results suggest that carbofuran inhibits NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation by altering TGF-β signaling. Therefore, we conclude that TGF-β may represent a potential therapeutic target against carbofuran-mediated neurotoxicity and neurogenesis disruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brashket Seth
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Agarwal
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,the Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Shashi Kant Tiwari
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India, .,the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Su W, Foster SC, Xing R, Feistel K, Olsen RHJ, Acevedo SF, Raber J, Sherman LS. CD44 Transmembrane Receptor and Hyaluronan Regulate Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem Cell Quiescence and Differentiation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4434-4445. [PMID: 28154169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.774109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) is involved in learning and memory throughout life but declines with aging. Mice lacking the CD44 transmembrane receptor for the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) demonstrate a number of neurological disturbances including hippocampal memory deficits, implicating CD44 in the processes underlying hippocampal memory encoding, storage, or retrieval. Here, we found that HA and CD44 play important roles in regulating adult neurogenesis, and we provide evidence that HA contributes to age-related reductions in neural stem cell (NSC) expansion and differentiation in the hippocampus. CD44-expressing NSCs isolated from the mouse SGZ are self-renewing and capable of differentiating into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Mice lacking CD44 demonstrate increases in NSC proliferation in the SGZ. This increased proliferation is also observed in NSCs grown in vitro, suggesting that CD44 functions to regulate NSC proliferation in a cell-autonomous manner. HA is synthesized by NSCs and increases in the SGZ with aging. Treating wild type but not CD44-null NSCs with HA inhibits NSC proliferation. HA digestion in wild type NSC cultures or in the SGZ induces increased NSC proliferation, and CD44-null as well as HA-disrupted wild type NSCs demonstrate delayed neuronal differentiation. HA therefore signals through CD44 to regulate NSC quiescence and differentiation, and HA accumulation in the SGZ may contribute to reductions in neurogenesis that are linked to age-related decline in spatial memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Su
- From the Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Scott C Foster
- From the Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Rubing Xing
- From the Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- From the Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006.,Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany, and
| | | | | | - Jacob Raber
- From the Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006.,Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience.,Neurology and Radiation Medicine, and
| | - Larry S Sherman
- From the Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, .,Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
John S, Mishra R. mRNA Transcriptomics of Galectins Unveils Heterogeneous Organization in Mouse and Human Brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:139. [PMID: 28018170 PMCID: PMC5159438 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Galectins, a family of non-classically secreted, β-galactoside binding proteins is involved in several brain disorders; however, no systematic knowledge on the normal neuroanatomical distribution and functions of galectins exits. Hence, the major purpose of this study was to understand spatial distribution and predict functions of galectins in brain and also compare the degree of conservation vs. divergence between mouse and human species. The latter objective was required to determine the relevance and appropriateness of studying galectins in mouse brain which may ultimately enable us to extrapolate the findings to human brain physiology and pathologies. Results: In order to fill this crucial gap in our understanding of brain galectins, we analyzed the in situ hybridization and microarray data of adult mouse and human brain respectively, from the Allen Brain Atlas, to resolve each galectin-subtype’s spatial distribution across brain distinct cytoarchitecture. Next, transcription factors (TFs) that may regulate galectins were identified using TRANSFAC software and the list obtained was further curated to sort TFs on their confirmed transcript expression in the adult brain. Galectin-TF cluster analysis, gene-ontology annotations and co-expression networks were then extrapolated to predict distinct functional relevance of each galectin in the neuronal processes. Data shows that galectins have highly heterogeneous expression within and across brain sub-structures and are predicted to be the crucial targets of brain enriched TFs. Lgals9 had maximal spatial distribution across mouse brain with inferred predominant roles in neurogenesis while LGALS1 was ubiquitously expressed in human. Limbic region associated with learning, memory and emotions and substantia nigra associated with motor movements showed strikingly high expression of LGALS1 and LGALS8 in human vs. mouse brain. The overall expression profile of galectin-8 was most preserved across both these species, however, galectin-9 showed maximal preservation only in the cerebral cortex. Conclusion: It is for the first time that a comprehensive description of galectins’ mRNA expression profile in brain is presented. Results suggests that spatial transcriptome changes in galectins may contribute to differential brain functions and evolution across species that highlights galectins as novel signatures of brain heterogeneity and functions, which if disturbed, can promote several brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian John
- Disease Biology Program, Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Rashmi Mishra
- Disease Biology Program, Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology Thiruvananthapuram, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Agarwal S, Yadav A, Tiwari SK, Seth B, Chauhan LKS, Khare P, Ray RS, Chaturvedi RK. Dynamin-related Protein 1 Inhibition Mitigates Bisphenol A-mediated Alterations in Mitochondrial Dynamics and Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15923-39. [PMID: 27252377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.709493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory dynamics of mitochondria comprises well orchestrated distribution and mitochondrial turnover to maintain the mitochondrial circuitry and homeostasis inside the cells. Several pieces of evidence suggested impaired mitochondrial dynamics and its association with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. We found that chronic exposure of synthetic xenoestrogen bisphenol A (BPA), a component of consumer plastic products, impaired autophagy-mediated mitochondrial turnover, leading to increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial fragmentation, and apoptosis in hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs). It also inhibited hippocampal derived NSC proliferation and differentiation, as evident by the decreased number of BrdU- and β-III tubulin-positive cells. All these effects were reversed by the inhibition of oxidative stress using N-acetyl cysteine. BPA up-regulated the levels of Drp-1 (dynamin-related protein 1) and enhanced its mitochondrial translocation, with no effect on Fis-1, Mfn-1, Mfn-2, and Opa-1 in vitro and in the hippocampus. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy studies suggested increased mitochondrial fission and accumulation of fragmented mitochondria and decreased elongated mitochondria in the hippocampus of the rat brain. Impaired mitochondrial dynamics by BPA resulted in increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP decline. Pharmacological (Mdivi-1) and genetic (Drp-1siRNA) inhibition of Drp-1 reversed BPA-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions, fragmentation, and apoptosis. Interestingly, BPA-mediated inhibitory effects on NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiations were also mitigated by Drp-1 inhibition. On the other hand, Drp-1 inhibition blocked BPA-mediated Drp-1 translocation, leading to decreased apoptosis of NSC. Overall, our studies implicate Drp-1 as a potential therapeutic target against BPA-mediated impaired mitochondrial dynamics and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Agarwal
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research and
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research and
| | - Shashi Kant Tiwari
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research and
| | - Brashket Seth
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research and
| | - Lalit Kumar Singh Chauhan
- the Central Instrumentation Facility, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet Khare
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group and
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- the Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group and the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research and
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim SM, Kim JW, Kwak TH, Park SW, Kim KP, Park H, Lim KT, Kang K, Kim J, Yang JH, Han H, Lee I, Hyun JK, Bae YM, Schöler HR, Lee HT, Han DW. Generation of Integration-free Induced Neural Stem Cells from Mouse Fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14199-14212. [PMID: 27189941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.713578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral vector-mediated overexpression of the defined transcription factors, Brn4/Pou3f4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (BSKM), could induce the direct conversion of somatic fibroblasts into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs). However, viral vectors may be randomly integrated into the host genome thereby increasing the risk for undesired genotoxicity, mutagenesis, and tumor formation. Here we describe the generation of integration-free iNSCs from mouse fibroblasts by non-viral episomal vectors containing BSKM. The episomal vector-derived iNSCs (e-iNSCs) closely resemble control NSCs, and iNSCs generated by retrovirus (r-iNSCs) in morphology, gene expression profile, epigenetic status, and self-renewal capacity. The e-iNSCs are functionally mature, as they could differentiate into all the neuronal cell types both in vitro and in vivo Our study provides a novel concept for generating functional iNSCs using a non-viral, non-integrating, plasmid-based system that could facilitate their biomedical applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University Graduate School, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kwak
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woong Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hyunji Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Tae Lim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuree Kang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghun Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Yang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heonjong Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 04056, Korea
| | - Insuk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 04056, Korea
| | - Jung Keun Hyun
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University Graduate School, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Bae
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany,; University of Münster, Medical Faculty, Domagkstraße 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hoon Taek Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; KU Open-Innovation Center, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ledur PF, Liu C, He H, Harris AR, Minussi DC, Zhou HY, Shaffrey ME, Asthagiri A, Lopes MBS, Schiff D, Lu YC, Mandell JW, Lenz G, Zong H. Culture conditions tailored to the cell of origin are critical for maintaining native properties and tumorigenicity of glioma cells. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1413-24. [PMID: 27106408 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell culture plays a pivotal role in cancer research. However, culture-induced changes in biological properties of tumor cells profoundly affect research reproducibility and translational potential. Establishing culture conditions tailored to the cancer cell of origin could resolve this problem. For glioma research, it has been previously shown that replacing serum with defined growth factors for neural stem cells (NSCs) greatly improved the retention of gene expression profile and tumorigenicity. However, among all molecular subtypes of glioma, our laboratory and others have previously shown that the oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) rather than the NSC serves as the cell of origin for the proneural subtype, raising questions regarding the suitability of NSC-tailored media for culturing proneural glioma cells. METHODS OPC-originated mouse glioma cells were cultured in conditions for normal OPCs or NSCs, respectively, for multiple passages. Gene expression profiles, morphologies, tumorigenicity, and drug responsiveness of cultured cells were examined in comparison with freshly isolated tumor cells. RESULTS OPC media-cultured glioma cells maintained tumorigenicity, gene expression profiles, and morphologies similar to freshly isolated tumor cells. In contrast, NSC-media cultured glioma cells gradually lost their OPC features and most tumor-initiating ability and acquired heightened sensitivity to temozolomide. CONCLUSIONS To improve experimental reproducibility and translational potential of glioma research, it is important to identify the cell of origin, and subsequently apply this knowledge to establish culture conditions that allow the retention of native properties of tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pítia F Ledur
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - Hua He
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - Alexandra R Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - Darlan C Minussi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - Hai-Yan Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - Mark E Shaffrey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - Ashok Asthagiri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - Maria Beatriz S Lopes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - David Schiff
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - Yi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - James W Mandell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - Guido Lenz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| | - Hui Zong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (P.F.L., C.L., A.R.H., H.Z.); Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.E.S., A.A., D.S.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, Virginia (M.B.S.L., J.W.M.); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (D.S.); Department of Pathology and Pathological Physiology, Center for Cancer Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Diseases Proteomics Key Laboratory, Hangzhou, China (C.L.); Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (P.F.L., D.C.M., G.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (H.H., Y.-C.L.); Department of Pathology, Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (H.-Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jurado-Arjona J, Llorens-Martín M, Ávila J, Hernández F. GSK3β Overexpression in Dentate Gyrus Neural Precursor Cells Expands the Progenitor Pool and Enhances Memory Skills. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8199-213. [PMID: 26887949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.674531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In restricted areas of the adult brain, like the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG), there is continuous production of new neurons. This process, named adult neurogenesis, is involved in important cognitive functions such as memory and learning. It requires the presence of newborn neurons that arise from neuronal stem cells, which divide and differentiate through successive stages in adulthood. In this work, we demonstrate that overexpression of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β in neural precursor cells (NPCs) using the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter during DG development produces an increase in the neurogenic process, increasing NPCs numbers. Moreover, the transgenic mice show higher DG volume and increased number of mature granule neurons. In an attempt to compensate for these alterations, glial fibrillary acidic protein/GSK3β-overexpressing mice show increased levels of Dkk1 and sFRP3, two inhibitors of the Wnt-frizzled complex. We have also found behavioral differences between wild type and transgenic mice, indicating a higher rating in memory tasks for GSK3β-overexpressing mice compared with wild type mice. These data indicate that GSK3β is a crucial kinase in NPC physiology and suggest that this molecule plays a key role in the correct development of DG and adult neurogenesis in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerónimo Jurado-Arjona
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Llorens-Martín
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nakajima-Koyama M, Lee J, Ohta S, Yamamoto T, Nishida E. Induction of Pluripotency in Astrocytes through a Neural Stem Cell-like State. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:31173-88. [PMID: 26553868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains controversial whether the routes from somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are related to the reverse order of normal developmental processes. Specifically, it remains unaddressed whether or not the differentiated cells become iPSCs through their original tissue stem cell-like state. Previous studies analyzing the reprogramming process mostly used fibroblasts; however, the stem cell characteristics of fibroblasts made it difficult to address this. Here, we generated iPSCs from mouse astrocytes, a type of glial cells, by three (OCT3/4, KLF4, and SOX2), two (OCT3/4 and KLF4), or four (OCT3/4, KLF4, and SOX2 plus c-MYC) factors. Sox1, a neural stem cell (NSC)-specific transcription factor, is transiently up-regulated during reprogramming, and Sox1-positive cells become iPSCs. The up-regulation of Sox1 is essential for OCT3/4- and KLF4-induced reprogramming. Genome-wide analysis revealed that the gene expression profile of Sox1-expressing intermediate-state cells resembles that of NSCs. Furthermore, the intermediate-state cells are able to generate neurospheres, which can differentiate into both neurons and glial cells. Remarkably, during fibroblast reprogramming, neither Sox1 up-regulation nor an increase in neurogenic potential occurs. Our results thus demonstrate that astrocytes are reprogrammed through an NSC-like state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May Nakajima-Koyama
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Joonseong Lee
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Sho Ohta
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, the Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, and
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan the Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, and
| | - Eisuke Nishida
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tiwari SK, Seth B, Agarwal S, Yadav A, Karmakar M, Gupta SK, Choubey V, Sharma A, Chaturvedi RK. Ethosuximide Induces Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Reverses Cognitive Deficits in an Amyloid-β Toxin-induced Alzheimer Rat Model via the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Akt/Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28540-28558. [PMID: 26420483 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.652586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis involves generation of new neurons through finely tuned multistep processes, such as neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation, migration, differentiation, and integration into existing neuronal circuitry in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and subventricular zone. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is involved in cognitive functions and altered in various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer disease (AD). Ethosuximide (ETH), an anticonvulsant drug is used for the treatment of epileptic seizures. However, the effects of ETH on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanism(s) are yet unexplored. Herein, we studied the effects of ETH on rat multipotent NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in an amyloid β (Aβ) toxin-induced rat model of AD-like phenotypes. ETH potently induced NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the hippocampus-derived NSC in vitro. ETH enhanced NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation and reduced Aβ toxin-mediated toxicity and neurodegeneration, leading to behavioral recovery in the rat AD model. ETH inhibited Aβ-mediated suppression of neurogenic and Akt/Wnt/β-catenin pathway gene expression in the hippocampus. ETH activated the PI3K·Akt and Wnt·β-catenin transduction pathways that are known to be involved in the regulation of neurogenesis. Inhibition of the PI3K·Akt and Wnt·β-catenin pathways effectively blocked the mitogenic and neurogenic effects of ETH. In silico molecular target prediction docking studies suggest that ETH interacts with Akt, Dkk-1, and GSK-3β. Our findings suggest that ETH stimulates NSC proliferation and differentiation in vitro and adult hippocampal neurogenesis via the PI3K·Akt and Wnt·β-catenin signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Tiwari
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Brashket Seth
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Swati Agarwal
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Madhumita Karmakar
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar Gupta
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Vinay Choubey
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine; University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Abhay Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Sukhdev Vihar, Mathura Road, 110025 New Delhi, India.
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Agarwal S, Tiwari SK, Seth B, Yadav A, Singh A, Mudawal A, Chauhan LKS, Gupta SK, Choubey V, Tripathi A, Kumar A, Ray RS, Shukla S, Parmar D, Chaturvedi RK. Activation of Autophagic Flux against Xenoestrogen Bisphenol-A-induced Hippocampal Neurodegeneration via AMP kinase (AMPK)/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathways. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21163-21184. [PMID: 26139607 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.648998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human health hazards related to persisting use of bisphenol-A (BPA) are well documented. BPA-induced neurotoxicity occurs with the generation of oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and cognitive dysfunctions. However, the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) of the effects of BPA on autophagy and association with oxidative stress and apoptosis are still elusive. We observed that BPA exposure during the early postnatal period enhanced the expression and the levels of autophagy genes/proteins. BPA treatment in the presence of bafilomycin A1 increased the levels of LC3-II and SQSTM1 and also potentiated GFP-LC3 puncta index in GFP-LC3-transfected hippocampal neural stem cell-derived neurons. BPA-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis were mitigated by a pharmacological activator of autophagy (rapamycin). Pharmacological (wortmannin and bafilomycin A1) and genetic (beclin siRNA) inhibition of autophagy aggravated BPA neurotoxicity. Activation of autophagy against BPA resulted in intracellular energy sensor AMP kinase (AMPK) activation, increased phosphorylation of raptor and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and decreased phosphorylation of ULK1 (Ser-757), and silencing of AMPK exacerbated BPA neurotoxicity. Conversely, BPA exposure down-regulated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway by phosphorylation of raptor as a transient cell's compensatory mechanism to preserve cellular energy pool. Moreover, silencing of mTOR enhanced autophagy, which further alleviated BPA-induced reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis. BPA-mediated neurotoxicity also resulted in mitochondrial loss, bioenergetic deficits, and increased PARKIN mitochondrial translocation, suggesting enhanced mitophagy. These results suggest implication of autophagy against BPA-mediated neurodegeneration through involvement of AMPK and mTOR pathways. Hence, autophagy, which arbitrates cell survival and demise during stress conditions, requires further assessment to be established as a biomarker of xenoestrogen exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Agarwal
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Shashi Kant Tiwari
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Brashket Seth
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Anshuman Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Anubha Mudawal
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, India
| | | | - Shailendra Kumar Gupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, India; Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Vinay Choubey
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50050 Estonia
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, India; Food Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, India; Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Shubha Shukla
- Department of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Devendra Parmar
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lim MS, Chang MY, Kim SM, Yi SH, Suh-Kim H, Jung SJ, Kim MJ, Kim JH, Lee YS, Lee SY, Kim DW, Lee SH, Park CH. Generation of Dopamine Neurons from Rodent Fibroblasts through the Expandable Neural Precursor Cell Stage. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17401-14. [PMID: 26023233 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent groundbreaking work has demonstrated that combined expression of the transcription factors Brn2, Ascl1, and Myt1L (BAM; also known as Wernig factors) convert mouse fibroblasts into postmitotic neuronal cells. However, questions remain regarding whether trans-conversion is achieved directly or involves an intermediary precursor stage. Trans-conversion toward expandable neural precursor cells (NPCs) is more useful than direct one-step neuron formation with respect to yielding a sufficient number of cells and the feasibility of manipulating NPC differentiation toward certain neuron subtypes. Here, we show that co-expression of Wernig factors and Bcl-xL induces fibroblast conversion into NPCs (induced NPCs (iNPCs)) that are highly expandable for >100 passages. Gene expression analyses showed that the iNPCs exhibited high expression of common NPC genes but not genes specific to defined embryonic brain regions. This finding indicated that a regional identity of iNPCs was not established. Upon induction, iNPCs predominantly differentiated into astrocytes. However, the differentiation potential was not fixed and could be efficiently manipulated into general or specific subtypes of neurons by expression of additional genes. Specifically, overexpression of Nurr1 and Foxa2, transcription factors specific for midbrain dopamine neuron development, drove iNPCs to yield mature midbrain dopamine neurons equipped with presynaptic DA neuronal functions. We further assessed the therapeutic potential of iNPCs in Parkinson disease model rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Lim
- From the Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, the Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, the Departments of Microbiology
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- the Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Kim
- the Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, and
| | - Sang-Hoon Yi
- the Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Haeyoung Suh-Kim
- the Department of Anatomy and Brain Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea, and
| | - Sung Jun Jung
- the Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Physiology, and
| | - Min Jung Kim
- the Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Physiology, and
| | - Jin Hyuk Kim
- From the Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, the Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Physiology, and
| | - Yong-Sung Lee
- From the Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, the Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | | | - Dong-Wook Kim
- the Department of Physiology and Cell Therapy Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- the Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea,
| | - Chang-Hwan Park
- From the Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, the Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, the Departments of Microbiology,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Maggi R, Zasso J, Conti L. Neurodevelopmental origin and adult neurogenesis of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:440. [PMID: 25610370 PMCID: PMC4285089 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult hypothalamus regulates many physiological functions and homeostatic loops, including growth, feeding and reproduction. In mammals, the hypothalamus derives from the ventral diencephalon where two distinct ventricular proliferative zones have been described. Although a set of transcription factors regulating the hypothalamic development has been identified, the exact molecular mechanisms that drive the differentiation of hypothalamic neural precursor cells (NPCs) toward specific neuroendocrine neuronal subtypes is yet not fully disclosed. Neurogenesis has been also reported in the adult hypothalamus at the level of specific niches located in the ventrolateral region of ventricle wall, where NPCs have been identified as radial glia-like tanycytes. Here we review the molecular and cellular systems proposed to support the neurogenic potential of developing and adult hypothalamic NPCs. We also report new insights on the mechanisms by which adult hypothalamic neurogenesis modulates key functions of this brain region. Finally, we discuss how environmental factors may modulate the adult hypothalamic neurogenic cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Maggi
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy ; Interuniversity Centre for the Research on the Molecular Bases of Reproductive Diseases (CIRMAR) Milano, Italy
| | - Jacopo Zasso
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Università degli Studi di Trento Povo, Italy
| | - Luciano Conti
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Università degli Studi di Trento Povo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lanet E, Maurange C. Building a brain under nutritional restriction: insights on sparing and plasticity from Drosophila studies. Front Physiol 2014; 5:117. [PMID: 24723892 PMCID: PMC3972452 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the growth of the developing brain is known to be well-protected compared to other organs in the face of nutrient restriction (NR), careful analysis has revealed a range of structural alterations and long-term neurological defects. Yet, despite intensive studies, little is known about the basic principles that govern brain development under nutrient deprivation. For over 20 years, Drosophila has proved to be a useful model for investigating how a functional nervous system develops from a restricted number of neural stem cells (NSCs). Recently, a few studies have started to uncover molecular mechanisms as well as region-specific adaptive strategies that preserve brain functionality and neuronal repertoire under NR, while modulating neuron numbers. Here, we review the developmental constraints that condition the response of the developing brain to NR. We then analyze the recent Drosophila work to highlight key principles that drive sparing and plasticity in different regions of the central nervous system (CNS). As simple animal models start to build a more integrated picture, understanding how the developing brain copes with NR could help in defining strategies to limit damage and improve brain recovery after birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lanet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288 Marseille, France
| | - Cédric Maurange
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Christie KJ, Turnley AM. Regulation of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells for neural repair-factors that promote neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the normal and damaged brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 6:70. [PMID: 23346046 PMCID: PMC3548228 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/precursor cells in the adult brain reside in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. These cells primarily generate neuroblasts that normally migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB) and the dentate granule cell layer respectively. Following brain damage, such as traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke or in degenerative disease models, neural precursor cells from the SVZ in particular, can migrate from their normal route along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the site of neural damage. This neural precursor cell response to neural damage is mediated by release of endogenous factors, including cytokines and chemokines produced by the inflammatory response at the injury site, and by the production of growth and neurotrophic factors. Endogenous hippocampal neurogenesis is frequently also directly or indirectly affected by neural damage. Administration of a variety of factors that regulate different aspects of neural stem/precursor biology often leads to improved functional motor and/or behavioral outcomes. Such factors can target neural stem/precursor proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation into appropriate neuronal or glial lineages. Newborn cells also need to subsequently survive and functionally integrate into extant neural circuitry, which may be the major bottleneck to the current therapeutic potential of neural stem/precursor cells. This review will cover the effects of a range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate neural stem/precursor cell functions. In particular it focuses on factors that may be harnessed to enhance the endogenous neural stem/precursor cell response to neural damage, highlighting those that have already shown evidence of preclinical effectiveness and discussing others that warrant further preclinical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Christie
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|