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Bienvenu A, Burette M, Cantet F, Gourdelier M, Swain J, Cazevieille C, Clemente T, Sadi A, Dupont C, Le Fe M, Bonetto N, Bordignon B, Muriaux D, Gilk S, Bonazzi M, Martinez E. The multifunction Coxiella effector Vice stimulates macropinocytosis and interferes with the ESCRT machinery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315481121. [PMID: 38870060 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315481121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens divert multiple cellular pathways to establish their niche and persist inside their host. Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, secretes bacterial effector proteins via its Type 4 secretion system to generate a Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). Manipulation of lipid and protein trafficking by these effectors is essential for bacterial replication and virulence. Here, we have characterized the lipid composition of CCVs and found that the effector Vice interacts with phosphoinositides and membranes enriched in phosphatidylserine and lysobisphosphatidic acid. Remarkably, eukaryotic cells ectopically expressing Vice present compartments that resemble early CCVs in both morphology and composition. We found that the biogenesis of these compartments relies on the double function of Vice. The effector protein initially localizes at the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells where it triggers the internalization of large vacuoles by macropinocytosis. Then, Vice stabilizes these compartments by perturbing the ESCRT machinery. Collectively, our results reveal that Vice is an essential C. burnetii effector protein capable of hijacking two major cellular pathways to shape the bacterial replicative niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Bienvenu
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Melanie Burette
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Franck Cantet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Manon Gourdelier
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Jitendriya Swain
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Chantal Cazevieille
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Tatiana Clemente
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
| | - Arif Sadi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
| | - Claire Dupont
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Manon Le Fe
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Nicolas Bonetto
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Benoit Bordignon
- Montpellier Rio Imaging (MRI), BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Stacey Gilk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
| | - Matteo Bonazzi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Eric Martinez
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
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2
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René CA, Parks RJ. Bioengineering extracellular vesicle cargo for optimal therapeutic efficiency. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101259. [PMID: 38770107 PMCID: PMC11103572 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have the innate ability to carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids between cells, and thus these vesicles have gained much attention as potential therapeutic delivery vehicles. Many strategies have been explored to enhance the loading of specific cargoes of interest into EVs, which could result in the delivery of more therapeutic to recipient cells, thus enhancing therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we discuss the natural biogenesis of EVs, the mechanism by which proteins and nucleic acids are selected for inclusion in EVs, and novel methods that have been employed to enhance loading of specific cargoes into EVs. As well, we discuss biodistribution of administered EVs in vivo and summarize clinical trials that have attempted to harness the therapeutic potential of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A. René
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Robin J. Parks
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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3
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Wardhani K, Levina A, Grau GER, Lay PA. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, magnetic resonance contrast and radioactive tracer labelling of extracellular vesicles. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 38828885 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00238h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This review focusses on the significance of fluorescent, phosphorescent labelling and tracking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for unravelling their biology, pathophysiology, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Various labeling strategies, such as lipid membrane, surface protein, luminal, nucleic acid, radionuclide, quantum dot labels, and metal complex-based stains, are evaluated for visualizing and characterizing EVs. Direct labelling with fluorescent lipophilic dyes is simple but generally lacks specificity, while surface protein labelling offers selectivity but may affect EV-cell interactions. Luminal and nucleic acid labelling strategies have their own advantages and challenges. Each labelling approach has strengths and weaknesses, which require a suitable probe and technique based on research goals, but new tetranuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as phosphorescent probes have strong phosphorescence, selective staining, and stability. Future research should prioritize the design of novel fluorescent probes and labelling platforms that can significantly enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and specificity of EV labeling, while preserving their composition and functionality. It is crucial to reduce false positive signals and explore the potential of multimodal imaging techniques to gain comprehensive insights into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology (B-TEK) Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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4
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Suzuki K, Okawa Y, Akter S, Ito H, Shiba Y. Arf GTPase-Activating proteins ADAP1 and ARAP1 regulate incorporation of CD63 in multivesicular bodies. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060338. [PMID: 38682696 PMCID: PMC11103404 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Arf GTPase-activating proteins (ArfGAPs) mediate the hydrolysis of GTP bound to ADP-ribosylation factors. ArfGAPs are critical for cargo sorting in the Golgi-to-ER traffic. However, the role of ArfGAPs in sorting into intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in post-Golgi traffic remains unclear. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) of endosomal origin. CD63 is an EV marker. CD63 is enriched ILVs in MVBs of cells. However, the secretion of CD63 positive EVs has not been consistent with the data on CD63 localization in MVBs, and how CD63-containing EVs are formed is yet to be understood. To elucidate the mechanism of CD63 transport to ILVs, we focused on CD63 localization in MVBs and searched for the ArfGAPs involved in CD63 localization. We observed that ADAP1 and ARAP1 depletion inhibited CD63 localization to enlarged endosomes after Rab5Q79L overexpression. We tested epidermal growth factor (EGF) and CD9 localization in MVBs. We observed that ADAP1 and ARAP1 depletion inhibited CD9 localization in enlarged endosomes but not EGF. Our results indicate ADAP1 and ARAP1, regulate incorporation of CD63 and CD9, but not EGF, in overlapped and different MVBs. Our work will contribute to distinguish heterogenous ILVs and exosomes by ArfGAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasumi Suzuki
- Graduate course of Biological Sciences, Division of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Okawa
- Graduate course of Biological Sciences, Division of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Japan
| | - Sharmin Akter
- Graduate course of Biological Sciences, Division of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Japan
| | - Haruki Ito
- Biological Sciences Course, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoko Shiba
- Graduate course of Biological Sciences, Division of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Japan
- Biological Sciences Course, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 020-8551, Morioka, Japan
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5
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Li H, Chiang C, Kwak KJ, Wang X, Doddi S, Ramanathan LV, Cho SM, Hou Y, Cheng T, Mo X, Chang Y, Chang H, Cheng W, Tsai W, Nguyen LTH, Pan J, Ma Y, Rima XY, Zhang J, Reategui E, Chu Y, Chang PM, Chang P, Huang CF, Wang C, Shan Y, Li C, Fleisher M, Lee LJ. Extracellular Vesicular Analysis of Glypican 1 mRNA and Protein for Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306373. [PMID: 38204202 PMCID: PMC10953589 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Detecting pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in its early stages and predicting late-stage patient prognosis undergoing chemotherapy is challenging. This work shows that the activation of specific oncogenes leads to elevated expression of mRNAs and their corresponding proteins in extracellular vesicles (EVs) circulating in blood. Utilizing an immune lipoplex nanoparticle (ILN) biochip assay, these findings demonstrate that glypican 1 (GPC1) mRNA expression in the exosomes-rich (Exo) EV subpopulation and GPC1 membrane protein (mProtein) expression in the microvesicles-rich (MV) EV subpopulation, particularly the tumor associated microvesicles (tMV), served as a viable biomarker for PDAC. A combined analysis effectively discriminated early-stage PDAC patients from benign pancreatic diseases and healthy donors in sizable clinical from multiple hospitals. Furthermore, among late-stage PDAC patients undergoing chemotherapy, lower GPC1 tMV-mProtein and Exo-mRNA expression before treatment correlated significantly with prolonged overall survival. These findings underscore the potential of vesicular GPC1 expression for early PDAC screenings and chemotherapy prognosis.
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Zhang Q, Wang H, Liu Q, Zeng N, Fu G, Qiu Y, Yang Y, Yuan H, Wang W, Li B. Exosomes as Powerful Biomarkers in Cancer: Recent Advances in Isolation and Detection Techniques. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1923-1949. [PMID: 38435755 PMCID: PMC10906735 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s453545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles derived from cells, are known to carry important bioactive molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These bioactive components play crucial roles in cell signaling, immune response, and tumor metastasis, making exosomes potential diagnostic biomarkers for various diseases. However, current methods for detecting tumor exosomes face scientific challenges including low sensitivity, poor specificity, complicated procedures, and high costs. It is essential to surmount these obstacles to enhance the precision and dependability of diagnostics that rely on exosomes. Merging DNA signal amplification techniques with the signal boosting capabilities of nanomaterials presents an encouraging strategy to overcome these constraints and improve exosome detection. This article highlights the use of DNA signal amplification technology and nanomaterials' signal enhancement effect to improve the detection of exosomes. This review seeks to offer valuable perspectives for the enhancement of amplification methods applied in practical cancer diagnosis and prognosis by providing an overview of how these novel technologies are utilized in exosome-based diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongdan Zhang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huizhen Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyi Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Zeng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Fu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixing Qiu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yupei Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanwen Yuan
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Wu J, Yang OJ, Soderblom EJ, Yan D. Heat Shock Proteins Function as Signaling Molecules to Mediate Neuron-Glia Communication During Aging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.18.576052. [PMID: 38293019 PMCID: PMC10827141 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.18.576052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The nervous system is primarily composed of neurons and glia, and the communication between them plays profound roles in regulating the development and function of the brain. Neuron-glia signal transduction is known to be mediated by secreted or juxtacrine signals through ligand-receptor interactions on the cell membrane. Here, we report a novel mechanism for neuron-glia signal transduction, wherein neurons transmit proteins to glia through extracellular vesicles, activating glial signaling pathways. We find that in the amphid sensory organ of Caenorhabditis elegans, different sensory neurons exhibit varying aging rates. This discrepancy in aging is governed by the crosstalk between neurons and glia. We demonstrate that early-aged neurons can transmit heat shock proteins (HSP) to glia via extracellular vesicles. These neuronal HSPs activate the IRE1-XBP1 pathway, further increasing their expression in glia, forming a positive feedback loop. Ultimately, the activation of the IRE1-XBP-1 pathway leads to the transcriptional regulation of chondroitin synthases to protect glia-embedded neurons from aging-associated functional decline. Therefore, our studies unveil a novel mechanism for neuron-glia communication in the nervous system and provide new insights into our understanding of brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Olivia Jiaming Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- East Chapel Hill High School, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Erik J. Soderblom
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Department of Neurobiology, Regeneration next, and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Zhang J, Sommermann T, Li X, Gieselmann L, de la Rosa K, Stecklum M, Klein F, Kocks C, Rajewsky K. LMP1 and EBNA2 constitute a minimal set of EBV genes for transformation of human B cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1331730. [PMID: 38169736 PMCID: PMC10758421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1331730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in humans is associated with a wide range of diseases including malignancies of different origins, most prominently B cells. Several EBV latent genes are thought to act together in B cell immortalization, but a minimal set of EBV genes sufficient for transformation remains to be identified. Methods Here, we addressed this question by transducing human peripheral B cells from EBV-negative donors with retrovirus expressing the latent EBV genes encoding Latent Membrane Protein (LMP) 1 and 2A and Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA) 2. Results LMP1 together with EBNA2, but not LMP1 alone or in combination with LMP2A was able to transform human primary B cells. LMP1/EBNA2-immortalized cell lines shared surface markers with EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). They showed sustained growth for more than 60 days, albeit at a lower growth rate than EBV-transformed LCLs. LMP1/EBNA2-immortalized cell lines generated tumors when transplanted subcutaneously into severely immunodeficient NOG mice. Conclusion Our results identify a minimal set of EBV proteins sufficient for B cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Immune Regulation and Cancer, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Sommermann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Immune Regulation and Cancer, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xun Li
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Immune Regulation and Cancer, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathrin de la Rosa
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Immune Mechanisms and Human Antibodies, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité, Center of Biological Design, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Stecklum
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology (EPO) Berlin-Buch GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine Kocks
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Immune Regulation and Cancer, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Immune Regulation and Cancer, Berlin, Germany
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Hurwitz SN, Jung SK, Kobulsky DR, Fazelinia H, Spruce LA, Pérez EB, Groen N, Mesaros C, Kurre P. Neutral sphingomyelinase blockade enhances hematopoietic stem cell fitness through an integrated stress response. Blood 2023; 142:1708-1723. [PMID: 37699202 PMCID: PMC10667352 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023022147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation serves as a curative therapy for many benign and malignant hematopoietic disorders and as a platform for gene therapy. However, growing needs for ex vivo manipulation of HSPC-graft products are limited by barriers in maintaining critical self-renewal and quiescence properties. The role of sphingolipid metabolism in safeguarding these essential cellular properties has been recently recognized, but not yet widely explored. Here, we demonstrate that pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase-2) leads to sustained improvements in long-term competitive transplantation efficiency after ex vivo culture. Mechanistically, nSMase-2 blockade activates a canonical integrated stress response (ISR) and promotes metabolic quiescence in human and murine HSPCs. These adaptations result in part from disruption in sphingolipid metabolism that impairs the release of nSMase-2-dependent extracellular vesicles (EVs). The aggregate findings link EV trafficking and the ISR as a regulatory dyad guarding HSPC homeostasis and long-term fitness. Translationally, transient nSMase-2 inhibition enables ex vivo graft manipulation with enhanced HSPC potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N. Hurwitz
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Seul K. Jung
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Danielle R. Kobulsky
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Proteomics Core Facility, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lynn A. Spruce
- Proteomics Core Facility, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Peter Kurre
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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10
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Abou Harb M, Meckes DG, Sun L. Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 enhances levels of large extracellular vesicle-associated PD-L1. J Virol 2023; 97:e0021923. [PMID: 37702487 PMCID: PMC10617501 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00219-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A growing body of evidence has supported the notion that viruses utilize EVs and associated pathways to incorporate viral products. This allows for the evasion of an immune response while enabling viral spread within the host. Given that viral proteins often elicit strong antigenic peptides that are recognized by T cells, the regulation of the PD-L1 pathway through the overexpression of lEV-associated PD-L1 may serve as a strategy for immune evasion by viruses. The discovery that EBV LMP1 increases the secretion of PD-L1 in larger EVs identifies a new potential target for immune blockade therapy in EBV-associated cancers. Our findings may help to clarify the mechanism of LMP1-mediated enhancement of PD-L1 packaging into lEVs and may lead to the identification of more specific targets for treatment. Additionally, the identification of lEV biomarkers that predict a viral origin of disease could allow for more targeted therapies to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Abou Harb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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11
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Serretiello E, Ballini A, Smimmo A, Acunzo M, Raimo M, Cantore S, Di Domenico M. Extracellular Vesicles as a Translational Approach for the Treatment of COVID-19 Disease: An Updated Overview. Viruses 2023; 15:1976. [PMID: 37896755 PMCID: PMC10611252 DOI: 10.3390/v15101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic in the years 2020-2022. With a high prevalence, an easy route of transmission, and a long incubation time, SARS-CoV-2 spread quickly and affected public health and socioeconomic conditions. Several points need to be elucidated about its mechanisms of infection, in particular, its capability to evade the immune system and escape from neutralizing antibodies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer-delimited particles that are involved in cell-to-cell communication; they contain biological information such as miRNAs, proteins, nucleic acids, and viral components. Abundantly released from biological fluids, their dimensions are highly variable, which are used to divide them into exosomes (40 to 150 nm), microvesicles (40 to 10,000 nm), and apoptotic bodies (100-5000 nm). EVs are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In this article, we report the latest evidence about EVs' roles in viral infections, focusing on the dual role of exosomes in promoting and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection. The involvement of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived EVs in COVID-19 treatment, such as the use of translational exosomes as a diagnostical/therapeutic approach, is also investigated. These elucidations could be useful to better direct the discovery of future diagnostical tools and new exosome-derived COVID-19 biomarkers, which can help achieve optimal therapeutic interventions and implement future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Serretiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Annafrancesca Smimmo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Marina Acunzo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Mariarosaria Raimo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Stefania Cantore
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
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Velázquez-Cervantes MA, Benítez-Zeferino YR, Flores-Pliego A, Helguera-Repetto AC, Meza-Sánchez DE, Maravillas-Montero JL, León-Reyes G, Mancilla-Ramírez J, Cerna-Cortés JF, Baeza-Ramírez MI, León-Juaárez M. A Review Study of the Participation of Late Domains in Sorting and Transport of Viral Factors to Exosomes. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1842. [PMID: 37763246 PMCID: PMC10532540 DOI: 10.3390/life13091842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication depends heavily on the participation of vesicular systems generated by most cells of an organism. Exosomes play central roles in this process. Today, these vesicles have been characterized, and it has been determined that the cargo they transport is not within a random system. In fact, it depends on various molecular signals and the recruitment of proteins that participate in the biogenesis of exosomes. It has also been shown that multiple viruses can recruit these vesicles to transport viral factors such as genomes or proteins. It has been shown that the late domains present in viral proteins are critical for the exosomal selection and biogenesis systems to recognize these viral proteins and introduce them into the exosomes. In this review, the researchers discuss the evidence related to the characterization of these late domains and their role in exosome recruitment during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Adrián Velázquez-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (M.A.V.-C.); (Y.R.B.-Z.)
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escueala Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Yazmín Rocío Benítez-Zeferino
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (M.A.V.-C.); (Y.R.B.-Z.)
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologícas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Arturo Flores-Pliego
- Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (A.F.-P.); (A.C.H.-R.)
| | - Addy Cecilia Helguera-Repetto
- Departamento de Inmunobioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (A.F.-P.); (A.C.H.-R.)
| | - David Eduardo Meza-Sánchez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (D.E.M.-S.); (J.L.M.-M.)
| | - José Luis Maravillas-Montero
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (D.E.M.-S.); (J.L.M.-M.)
| | - Guadalupe León-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Nutrigenómica y Nutrigenética, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México 14610, Mexico;
| | - Javier Mancilla-Ramírez
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 113440, Mexico;
- Hospital de la Mujer, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Jorge Francisco Cerna-Cortés
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologícas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - María Isabel Baeza-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escueala Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Moises León-Juaárez
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico; (M.A.V.-C.); (Y.R.B.-Z.)
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Sigdel S, Swenson S, Wang J. Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13161. [PMID: 37685965 PMCID: PMC10487947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. The likelihood of developing a neurodegenerative disease rises dramatically as life expectancy increases. Although it has drawn significant attention, there is still a lack of proper effective treatments for neurodegenerative disease because the mechanisms of its development and progression are largely unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small bi-lipid layer-enclosed nanosized particles in tissues and biological fluids. EVs are emerging as novel intercellular messengers and regulate a series of biological responses. Increasing evidence suggests that EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of EVs in neurodegenerative diseases and bring up the limitations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (S.S.); (S.S.)
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14
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Zou Z, Li H, Xu G, Hu Y, Zhang W, Tian K. Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives of Exosomes as Nanocarriers in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4751-4778. [PMID: 37635911 PMCID: PMC10454833 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s417422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, as natural nanocarriers, characterized with low immunogenicity, non-cytotoxicity and targeted delivery capability, which have advantages over synthetic nanocarriers. Recently, exosomes have shown great potential as diagnostic markers for diseases and are also considered as a promising cell-free therapy. Engineered exosomes have significantly enhanced the efficacy and precision of delivering therapeutic agents, and are currently being extensively employed in targeted therapeutic investigations for various ailments, including oncology, inflammatory disorders, and degenerative conditions. Particularly, engineered exosomes enable therapeutic agent loading, targeted modification, evasion of MPS phagocytosis, intelligent control, and bioimaging, and have been developed as multifunctional nano-delivery platforms in recent years. The utilization of bioactive scaffolds that are loaded with exosome delivery has been shown to substantially augment retention, extend exosome release, and enhance efficacy. This approach has advanced from conventional hydrogels to nanocomposite hydrogels, nanofiber hydrogels, and 3D printing, resulting in superior physical and biological properties that effectively address the limitations of natural scaffolds. Additionally, plant-derived exosomes, which can participate in gut flora remodeling via oral administration, are considered as an ideal delivery platform for the treatment of intestinal diseases. Consequently, there is great interest in exosomes and exosomes as nanocarriers for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods of exosomes. Additionally, it examines the pathological and diagnostic mechanisms of exosomes in various diseases, including tumors, degenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, this review highlights the significance of gut microbial-derived exosomes. Strategies and specific applications of engineered exosomes and bioactive scaffold-loaded exosome delivery are further summarized, especially some new techniques such as large-scale loading technique, macromolecular loading technique, development of multifunctional nano-delivery platforms and nano-scaffold-loaded exosome delivery. The potential benefits of using plant-derived exosomes for the treatment of gut-related diseases are also discussed. Additionally, the challenges, opportunities, and prospects of exosome-based nanocarriers for disease diagnosis and treatment are summarized from both preclinical and clinical viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaijun Zou
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- School of Graduates, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- School of Graduates, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Disease, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxiang Hu
- School of Graduates, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Disease, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Tian
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116011, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Disease, Dalian, Liaoning Province, 116011, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Bebelman MP, Setiawan IM, Bergkamp ND, van Senten JR, Crudden C, Bebelman JPM, Verweij FJ, van Niel G, Siderius M, Pegtel DM, Smit MJ. Exosomal release of the virus-encoded chemokine receptor US28 contributes to chemokine scavenging. iScience 2023; 26:107412. [PMID: 37575190 PMCID: PMC10415803 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded chemokine receptor US28 contributes to various aspects of the viral life cycle and promotes immune evasion by scavenging chemokines from the microenvironment of HCMV-infected cells. In contrast to the plasma membrane localization of most human chemokine receptors, US28 has a predominant intracellular localization. In this study, we used immunofluorescence and electron microscopy to determine the localization of US28 upon exogenous expression, as well as in HCMV-infected cells. We observed that US28 localizes to late endosomal compartments called multivesicular bodies (MVBs), where it is sorted in intraluminal vesicles. Live-cell total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy revealed that US28-containing MVBs can fuse with the plasma membrane, resulting in the secretion of US28 on exosomes. Exosomal US28 binds the chemokines CX3CL1 and CCL5, and US28-containing exosomes inhibited the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 signaling axis. These findings suggest that exosomal release of US28 contributes to chemokine scavenging and immune evasion by HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten P. Bebelman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, the Netherlands
| | - Irfan M. Setiawan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nick D. Bergkamp
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey R. van Senten
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caitrin Crudden
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul M. Bebelman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik J. Verweij
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Guillaume van Niel
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266 Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marco Siderius
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D. Michiel Pegtel
- Department Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, the Netherlands
| | - Martine J. Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Chen R, Yang H, Dai J, Zhang M, Lu G, Zhang M, Yu H, Zheng M, He Q. The biological functions of maternal-derived extracellular vesicles during pregnancy and lactation and its impact on offspring health. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:493-504. [PMID: 36857958 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy and lactation, mothers provide not only nutrients, but also many bioactive components for their offspring through placenta and breast milk, which are essential for offspring development. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanovesicles containing a variety of biologically active molecules and participate in the intercellular communication. In the past decade, an increasing number of studies have reported that maternal-derived EVs play a crucial role in offspring growth, development, and immune system establishment. Hereby, we summarized the characteristics of EVs; biological functions of maternal-derived EVs during pregnancy, including implantation, decidualization, placentation, embryo development and birth of offspring; biological function of breast milk-derived EVs (BMEs) on infant oral and intestinal diseases, immune system, neurodevelopment, and metabolism. In summary, emerging studies have revealed that maternal-derived EVs play a pivotal role in offspring health. As such, maternal-derived EVs may be used as promising biomarkers in offspring disease diagnosis and treatment. However, existing research on maternal-derived EVs and offspring health is largely limited to animal and cellular studies. Evidence from human studies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Jie Dai
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minzhe Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaolei Lu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minjie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- School of Nutrition and Exercise, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Qiqiang He
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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17
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Cai M, Xiao B, Wang Y, Wang K, Luo W, Fu J, Wang S, Deng S, Li B, Gong L, Zhong J, Hu L, Pan L, Wang L, Liu Y, Huang C, Li X, Zeng Q, Kang H, Li L, Zan J, Peng T, Yang H, Li M. Epstein-Barr virus envelope glycoprotein 110 inhibits NF-κB activation by interacting with NF-κB subunit p65. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104613. [PMID: 36931391 PMCID: PMC10173782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the lymphotropic virus family, and is highly correlated with some human malignant tumors. It has been reported that envelope glycoprotein 110 (gp110) plays an essential role in viral fusion, DNA replication, and nucleocapsid assembly of EBV. However, it has not been established whether gp110 is involved in regulating the host's innate immunity. In this study, we found that gp110 inhibits tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-mediated NF-κB promoter activity and the downstream production of NF-κB-regulated cytokines under physiological conditions. Using dual-luciferase reporter assays, we showed that gp110 might impede the NF-κB promoter activation downstream of NF-κB transactivational subunit p65. Subsequently, we used co-immunoprecipitation assays to demonstrate that gp110 interacts with p65 during EBV lytic infection, and that the C-terminal cytoplasmic region of gp110 is the key interaction domain with p65. Furthermore, we determined gp110 can bind to the N-terminal Rel homologous and C-terminal domains of p65. Alternatively, gp110 might not disturb the association of p65 with non-transactivational subunit p50, but we showed it restrains activational phosphorylation (at Ser536) and nuclear translocation of p65, which we also found to be executed by the C-terminal cytoplasmic region of gp110. Altogether, these data suggest that the surface protein gp110 may be a vital component for EBV to antagonize the host's innate immune response, which is also helpful for revealing the infectivity and pathogenesis of EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanfang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China; The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kezhen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangqin Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenyu Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Bolin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Lan Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingxia Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Liding Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yintao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiyuan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoran Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Linhai Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Zan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong South China Vaccine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Haidi Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Meili Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Deng Y, Liu X, Huang Y, Ye J, He Q, Luo Y, Chen Y, Li Q, Lin Y, Liang R, Li Y, Wei J, Zhang J. STIM1-regulated exosomal EBV-LMP1 empowers endothelial cells with an aggressive phenotype by activating the Akt/ERK pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023:10.1007/s13402-023-00790-0. [PMID: 36917356 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)-mediated Ca2+ signaling regulates tumor angiogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related human malignancy. However, the mechanism by which STIM1 modulates endothelial functional phenotypes contributing to tumor angiogenesis remains elusive. METHODS NPC cell-derived exosomes were isolated via differential centrifugation and observed using transmission electron microscopy. Exosome particle sizes were assessed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Uptake of exosomes by recipient ECs was detected by fluorescent labeling of the exosomes with PKH26. Tumor angiogenesis-associated profiles were characterized by determining cell proliferation, migration, tubulogenesis and permeability in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Activation of the Akt/ERK pathway was assessed by detecting the phosphorylation levels using Western blotting. A chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) xenograft model was employed to study tumor-associated neovascularization in vivo. RESULTS We found that NPC cell-derived exosomes harboring EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) promoted proliferation, migration, tubulogenesis and permeability by activating the Akt/ERK pathway in ECs. STIM1 silencing reduced LMP1 enrichment in NPC cell-derived exosomes, thereby reversing its pro-oncogenic effects in an Akt/ERK pathway-dependent manner. Furthermore, STIM1 knockdown in NPC cells blunted tumor-induced vascular network formation and inhibited intra-tumor neovascularization in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) xenograft model. CONCLUSION STIM1 regulates tumor angiogenesis by controlling exosomal EBV-LMP1 delivery to ECs in the NPC tumor microenvironment. Blocking exosome-mediated cell-to-cell horizontal transfer of EBV-associated oncogenic signaling molecules may be an effective therapeutic strategy for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayan Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yujuan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jiaxiang Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qian He
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qiuyun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Rong Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jiazhang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, China. .,Institute of Oncology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, 6 Taoyuan Road, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, China.
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York SB, Hurwitz SN, Liu X, Meckes DG. Ceramide-dependent trafficking of Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 to small extracellular vesicles. Virology 2023; 581:128-138. [PMID: 36958217 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that is associated with a multitude of cancers. The primary EBV oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is secreted from infected cancer cells in small extracellular vesicles (EVs). Additionally, the tetraspanin protein CD63 forms a complex with LMP1 and CD63 can be trafficked to EVs through a ceramide-dependent manner. Therefore, we hypothesize that ceramide is required for efficient packaging of LMP1 into small EVs. Following treatment with the neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor GW4869, LMP1 cellular localization was disrupted and immunoblotting of EV lysates revealed a significant reduction in extracellular LMP1. NTA of EVs from the LCLs treated with GW4869 demonstrated a significant decrease in particle secretion. Additionally, ceramide inhibition resulted in enhanced LMP1-mediated NFkB activation in EV producing cells. Taken together, these data reveal a critical role for the lipid ceramide in LMP1 exosomal trafficking and the oncogenic signaling properties of the viral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B York
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Stephanie N Hurwitz
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - David G Meckes
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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20
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Awasthi P, Dwivedi M, Kumar D, Hasan S. Insights into intricacies of the Latent Membrane Protein-1 (LMP-1) in EBV-associated cancers. Life Sci 2023; 313:121261. [PMID: 36493876 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous lymphomas, carcinomas, and other disorders have been associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. EBV's carcinogenic potential can be correlated to latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which is essential for fibroblast and primary lymphocyte transformation. LMP1, a transmembrane protein with constitutive activity, belongs to the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. LMP1 performs number of role in the life cycle of EBV and the pathogenesis by interfering with, reprogramming, and influencing a vast range of host cellular activities and functions that are getting well-known but still poorly understood. LMP1, pleiotropically perturbs, reprograms and balances a wide range of various processes of cell such as extracellular vesicles, epigenetics, ubiquitin machinery, metabolism, cell proliferation and survival, and also promotes oncogenic transformation, angiogenesis, anchorage-independent cell growth, metastasis and invasion, tumour microenvironment. By the help of various experiments, it is proven that EBV-encoded LMP1 activates multiple cell signalling pathways which affect antigen presentation, cell-cell interactions, chemokine and cytokine production. Therefore, it is assumed that LMP1 may perform majorly in EBV associated malignancies. For the development of novel techniques toward targeted therapeutic applications, it is essential to have a complete understanding of the LMP1 signalling landscape in order to identify potential targets. The focus of this review is on LMP1-interacting proteins and related signalling processes. We further discuss tactics for using the LMP1 protein as a potential therapeutic for cancers caused by the EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prankur Awasthi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES University Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saba Hasan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226028, India.
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21
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Morgan CP, Meadows VE, Marx-Rattner R, Cisse YM, Bale TL. HA-tag CD63 is a novel conditional transgenic approach to track extracellular vesicle interactions with sperm and their transfer at conception. Sci Rep 2023; 13:707. [PMID: 36639735 PMCID: PMC9839718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a unique mode of intercellular communication capable of specificity in transmitting signals and cargo to coordinate local and distant cellular functions. A key example of this is the essential role that EVs secreted by epithelial cells lining the lumen of the male reproductive tract play in post-spermatogenic sperm maturation. We recently showed in a preclinical mouse model that this fundamental process had a causal role in somatic-to-germline transmission of biological information regarding prior stress experience capable of altering the rate of fetal development. However, critical mechanistic questions remain unanswered as to the processes by which signaling occurs between EVs and sperm, and whether EVs or their cargo are delivered at conception and are detectable in the early embryo. Unfortunately, notable methodological limitations shared across EV biology, particularly in the isolation and labeling of EVs, complicate efforts to answer these important questions as well as questions on EV targeting specificity and mechanisms. In our current studies, we developed a novel approach to track EVs using a conditional transgenic construct designed to label EVs via conditional Cre-induced hemagglutinin (HA) tagging of the EV endogenous tetraspanin, CD63. In our exhaustive validation steps, this internal small molecular weight tag did not affect EV secretion or functionality, a common problem found in the previous design of EV tags using larger molecular weight proteins, including fluorescent proteins. Utilizing a stably transfected immortalized epididymal epithelial cell line, we first validated key parameters of the conditional HA-tagged protein packaged into secreted EVs. Importantly, we systematically confirmed that expression of the CD63-HA had no impact on the production, size distribution, or surface charge of secreted EVs, nor did it alter the tetraspanin or miRNA composition of these EVs. We also utilized the CD63-HA EVs to verify physical interactions with sperm. Finally, using in vitro fertilization we produced some of the first images confirming sperm delivered EV cargo at conception and still detectable in the early-stage embryo. As such, this construct serves as a methodological advance and as a valuable tool, with applications in the study of EV function across biomedical research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Victoria E Meadows
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ruth Marx-Rattner
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yasmine M Cisse
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Tracy L Bale
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, CU Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- The Anschutz Foundation Endowed Chair in Women's Integrated Mental and Physical Health Research at the Ludeman Center, Aurora, USA.
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22
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Kim B, Kim KM. Role of Exosomes and Their Potential as Biomarkers in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020469. [PMID: 36672418 PMCID: PMC9856651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles ranging from 30 to 150 nm and comprising many cellular components, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites, encapsulated in a lipid bilayer. Exosomes are secreted by many cell types and play important roles in intercellular communication in cancer. Viruses can hijack the exosomal pathway to regulate viral propagation, cellular immunity, and the microenvironment. Cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common oncogenic viruses, have also been found to actively secrete exosomes, and studies on their roles in EBV-related malignancies are ongoing. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes in EBV-associated gastric cancer and their clinical applicability in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnari Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
- Center of Companion Diagnostics, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3410-2807; Fax: +82-2-3410-6396
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23
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Xia X, Wang Y, Zheng JC. Extracellular vesicles, from the pathogenesis to the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:53. [PMID: 36510311 PMCID: PMC9743667 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small bilipid layer-enclosed vesicles that can be secreted by all tested types of brain cells. Being a key intercellular communicator, EVs have emerged as a key contributor to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease through delivery of bioactive cargos within the central nervous system (CNS). Importantly, CNS cell-derived EVs can be purified via immunoprecipitation, and EV cargos with altered levels have been identified as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of NDs. Given the essential impact of EVs on the pathogenesis of NDs, pathological EVs have been considered as therapeutic targets and EVs with therapeutic effects have been utilized as potential therapeutic agents or drug delivery platforms for the treatment of NDs. In this review, we focus on recent research progress on the pathological roles of EVs released from CNS cells in the pathogenesis of NDs, summarize findings that identify CNS-derived EV cargos as potential biomarkers to diagnose NDs, and comprehensively discuss promising potential of EVs as therapeutic targets, agents, and drug delivery systems in treating NDs, together with current concerns and challenges for basic research and clinical applications of EVs regarding NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Xia
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China ,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, 200331 Shanghai, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065 Shanghai, China ,grid.24516.340000000123704535Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200434 Shanghai, China ,grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Yi Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, 200331 Shanghai, China ,grid.24516.340000000123704535Translational Research Center, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201613 China ,grid.24516.340000000123704535Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin C. Zheng
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China ,Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, 200331 Shanghai, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Spine and Spinal cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, 200065 Shanghai, China ,grid.24516.340000000123704535Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200434 Shanghai, China ,grid.24516.340000000123704535Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China ,grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
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24
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Verweij FJ, Bebelman MP, George AE, Couty M, Bécot A, Palmulli R, Heiligenstein X, Sirés-Campos J, Raposo G, Pegtel DM, van Niel G. ER membrane contact sites support endosomal small GTPase conversion for exosome secretion. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213494. [PMID: 36136097 PMCID: PMC9507465 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are endosome-derived extracellular vesicles involved in intercellular communication. They are generated as intraluminal vesicles within endosomal compartments that fuse with the plasma membrane (PM). The molecular events that generate secretory endosomes and lead to the release of exosomes are not well understood. We identified a subclass of non-proteolytic endosomes at prelysosomal stage as the compartment of origin of CD63 positive exosomes. These compartments undergo a Rab7a/Arl8b/Rab27a GTPase cascade to fuse with the PM. Dynamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-late endosome (LE) membrane contact sites (MCS) through ORP1L have the distinct capacity to modulate this process by affecting LE motility, maturation state, and small GTPase association. Thus, exosome secretion is a multi-step process regulated by GTPase switching and MCS, highlighting the ER as a new player in exosome-mediated intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J. Verweij
- Institute for Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Hopital Saint-Anne, Université de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1266, Paris, France
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Living Technologies, Alliance Eindhoven University of Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence to Frederik J. Verweij:
| | - Maarten P. Bebelman
- Institute for Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Hopital Saint-Anne, Université de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1266, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna E. George
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Living Technologies, Alliance Eindhoven University of Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mickael Couty
- Institute for Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Hopital Saint-Anne, Université de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1266, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Bécot
- Institute for Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Hopital Saint-Anne, Université de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1266, Paris, France
| | - Roberta Palmulli
- Institute for Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Hopital Saint-Anne, Université de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1266, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Heiligenstein
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Julia Sirés-Campos
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Dirk Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dirk Michiel Pegtel:
| | - Guillaume van Niel
- Institute for Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Hopital Saint-Anne, Université de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, U1266, Paris, France
- Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Paris, France
- Guillaume van Niel:
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Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810862. [PMID: 36142773 PMCID: PMC9505460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of smart immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for the establishment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis is a major health problem worldwide arising from different causes, such as pathogens, metabolic disorders, and xenotoxins, with the five hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV) representing the majority of the cases. Most of the hepatitis viruses are considered enveloped. Recently, it was reported that the non-enveloped HAV and HEV are, in reality, quasi-enveloped viruses exploiting exosomal-like biogenesis mechanisms for budding. Regardless, all hepatitis viruses use exosomes to egress, regulate, and eventually escape from the host immune system, revealing another key function of exosomes apart from their recognised role in intercellular communication. This review will discuss how the hepatitis viruses exploit exosome biogenesis and transport capacity to establish successful infection and spread. Then, we will outline the contribution of exosomes in viral persistence and liver disease progression.
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Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for immunomodulation and regeneration: a next generation therapeutic tool? Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:580. [PMID: 35787632 PMCID: PMC9252569 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be widely isolated from various tissues including bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue, with the potential for self-renewal and multipotent differentiation. There is compelling evidence that the therapeutic effect of MSCs mainly depends on their paracrine action. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are fundamental paracrine effectors of MSCs and play a crucial role in intercellular communication, existing in various body fluids and cell supernatants. Since MSC-derived EVs retain the function of protocells and have lower immunogenicity, they have a wide range of prospective therapeutic applications with advantages over cell therapy. We describe some characteristics of MSC-EVs, and discuss their role in immune regulation and regeneration, with emphasis on the molecular mechanism and application of MSC-EVs in the treatment of fibrosis and support tissue repair. We also highlight current challenges in the clinical application of MSC-EVs and potential ways to overcome the problem of quality heterogeneity.
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Dhar R, Mallik S, Devi A. Exosomal microRNAs (exoMIRs): micromolecules with macro impact in oral cancer. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:155. [DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Hsu HH, Wang AYL, Loh CYY, Pai AA, Kao HK. Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes Derived from Diabetic Adipose Stem Cells in Cutaneous Wound Healing of db/db Mice. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061206. [PMID: 35745779 PMCID: PMC9227821 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Diabetes impairs angiogenesis and wound healing. Paracrine secretion from adipose stem cells (ASCs) contains membrane-bound nano-vesicles called exosomes (ASC-Exo) but the functional role and therapeutic potential of diabetic ASC-Exo in wound healing are unknown. This study aims to investigate the in vivo mechanistic basis by which diabetic ASC-Exo enhance cutaneous wound healing in a diabetic mouse model. (2) Methods: Topically applied exosomes could efficiently target and preferentially accumulate in wound tissue, and the cellular origin, ASC or dermal fibroblast (DFb), has no influence on the biodistribution pattern of exosomes. In vivo, full-thickness wounds in diabetic mice were treated either with ASC-Exo, DFb-Exo, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) topically. ASC-Exo stimulated wound healing by dermal cell proliferation, keratinocyte proliferation, and angiogenesis compared with DFb-Exo and PBS-treated wounds. (3) Results: Diabetic ASC-Exo stimulated resident monocytes/macrophages to secrete more TGF-β1 and activate the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway. Fibroblasts activated by TGF-β1containing exosomes from ASCs initiate the production of TGF-β1 protein in an autocrine fashion, which leads to more proliferation and activation of fibroblasts. TGF-β1 is centrally involved in diabetic ASC-Exo mediated cellular crosstalk as an important early response to initiating wound regeneration. (4) Conclusions: The application of diabetic ASC-Exo informs the potential utility of a cell-free therapy in diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Hao Hsu
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital & Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Aline Yen Ling Wang
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Charles Yuen Yung Loh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
| | - Ashwin Alke Pai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital & Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Huang-Kai Kao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital & Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3281-200 (ext. 3355)
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29
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Multifunctional role of exosomes in viral diseases: From transmission to diagnosis and therapy. Cell Signal 2022; 94:110325. [PMID: 35367363 PMCID: PMC8968181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to discover antiviral drugs and diagnostic platforms have intensified to an unprecedented level since the outbreak of COVID-19. Nano-sized endosomal vesicles called exosomes have gained considerable attention from researchers due to their role in intracellular communication to regulate the biological activity of target cells through cargo proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. According to recent studies, exosomes play a vital role in viral diseases including covid-19, with their interaction with the host immune system opening the door to effective antiviral treatments. Utilizing the intrinsic nature of exosomes, it is imperative to elucidate how exosomes exert their effect on the immune system or boost viral infectivity. Exosome biogenesis machinery is hijacked by viruses to initiate replication, spread infection, and evade the immune response. Exosomes, however, also participate in protective mechanisms by triggering the innate immune system. Besides that, exosomes released from the cells can carry a robust amount of information about the diseased state, serving as a potential biomarker for detecting viral diseases. This review describes how exosomes increase virus infectivity, act as immunomodulators, and function as a potential drug delivery carrier and diagnostic biomarker for diseases caused by HIV, Hepatitis, Ebola, and Epstein-Barr viruses. Furthermore, the review analyzes various applications of exosomes within the context of COVID-19, including its management.
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Chu Q, Li J, Chen J, Yuan Z. HBV induced the discharge of intrinsic antiviral miRNAs in HBV-replicating hepatocytes via extracellular vesicles to facilitate its replication. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35604380 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can cause chronic hepatitis B, has sophisticated machinery to establish persistent infection. Here, we report a novel mechanism whereby HBV changed miRNA packaging into extracellular vesicles (EVs) to facilitate replication. Disruption of the miRNA machinery in hepatocytes enhanced HBV replication, indicating an intrinsic miRNA-mediated antiviral state. Interference with EV release only decreased HBV replication if there was normal miRNA biogenesis, suggesting a possible link between HBV replication and EV-associated miRNAs. Microarray and qPCR analyses revealed that HBV replication changed miRNA expression in EVs. EV incubation, transfection of miRNA mimics and inhibitors, and functional pathway and network analyses showed that EV miRNAs are associated with antiviral function, suggesting that to promote survival HBV coopts EVs to excrete anti-HBV intracellular miRNAs. These data suggest a novel mechanism by which HBV maintains its replication, which has therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jieliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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31
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Patel A, Patel S, Patel P, Tanavde V. Saliva Based Liquid Biopsies in Head and Neck Cancer: How Far Are We From the Clinic? Front Oncol 2022; 12:828434. [PMID: 35387114 PMCID: PMC8977527 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.828434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) remains to be a major cause of mortality worldwide because of confounding factors such as late-stage tumor diagnosis, loco-regional aggressiveness and distant metastasis. The current standardized diagnostic regime for HNC is tissue biopsy which fails to determine the thorough tumor dynamics. Therefore, due to the ease of collection, recent studies have focused on the utility of saliva based liquid biopsy approach for serial sampling, early diagnosis, prognosis, longitudinal monitoring of disease progression and treatment response in HNC patients. Saliva collection is convenient, non-invasive, and pain-free and offers repetitive sampling along with real time monitoring of the disease. Moreover, the detection, isolation and analysis of tumor-derived components such as Circulating Tumor Nucleic Acids (CTNAs), Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and metabolites from saliva can be used for genomic and proteomic examination of HNC patients. Although, these circulatory biomarkers have a wide range of applications in clinical settings, no validated data has yet been established for their usage in clinical practice for HNC. Improvements in isolation and detection technologies and next-generation sequencing analysis have resolved many technological hurdles, allowing a wide range of saliva based liquid biopsy application in clinical backgrounds. Thus, in this review, we discussed the rationality of saliva as plausible biofluid and clinical sample for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics of HNC. We have described the molecular components of saliva that could mirror the disease status, recent outcomes of salivaomics associated with HNC and current technologies which have the potential to improve the clinical value of saliva in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Patel
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shanaya Patel
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Parina Patel
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vivek Tanavde
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, India.,Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
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McNamara RP, Zhou Y, Eason AB, Landis JT, Chambers MG, Willcox S, Peterson TA, Schouest B, Maness NJ, MacLean AG, Costantini LM, Griffith JD, Dittmer DP. Imaging of surface microdomains on individual extracellular vesicles in 3-D. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12191. [PMID: 35234354 PMCID: PMC8888793 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from all cell types and are intimately involved in tissue homeostasis. They are being explored as vaccine and gene therapy platforms, as well as potential biomarkers. As their size is below the diffraction limit of light microscopy, direct visualizations have been daunting and single-particle studies under physiological conditions have been hampered. Here, direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) was employed to visualize EVs in three-dimensions and to localize molecule clusters such as the tetraspanins CD81 and CD9 on the surface of individual EVs. These studies demonstrate the existence of membrane microdomains on EVs. These were confirmed by Cryo-EM. Individual particle visualization provided insights into the heterogeneity, structure, and complexity of EVs not previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. McNamara
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Anthony B. Eason
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Justin T. Landis
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Meredith G. Chambers
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Smaranda Willcox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Tiffany A. Peterson
- Tulane National Primate Research CentreTulane UniversityCovingtonLouisianaUSA
| | - Blake Schouest
- Tulane National Primate Research CentreTulane UniversityCovingtonLouisianaUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research CentreTulane UniversityCovingtonLouisianaUSA
| | - Andrew G. MacLean
- Tulane National Primate Research CentreTulane UniversityCovingtonLouisianaUSA
| | - Lindsey M. Costantini
- Department of Biological and Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jack D. Griffith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Dirk Peter Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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Xia X, Wang Y, Qin Y, Zhao S, Zheng JC. Exosome: A novel neurotransmission modulator or non-canonical neurotransmitter? Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101558. [PMID: 34990846 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmission is the electrical impulse-triggered propagation of signals between neurons or between neurons and other cell types such as skeletal muscle cells. Recent studies point out the involvement of exosomes, a type of small bilipid layer-enclosed extracellular vesicles, in regulating neurotransmission. Through horizontally transferring proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, exosomes can modulate synaptic activities rapidly by controlling neurotransmitter release or progressively by regulating neural plasticity including synapse formation, neurite growth & removal, and axon guidance & elongation. In this review, we summarize the similarities and differences between exosomes and synaptic vesicles in their biogenesis, contents, and release. We also highlight the recent progress made in demonstrating the biological roles of exosome in regulating neurotransmission, and propose a modified model of neurotransmission, in which exosomes act as novel neurotransmitters. Lastly, we provide a comprehensive discussion of the enlightenment of the current knowledge on neurotransmission to the future directions of exosome research.
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Xu Y, Hu Y, Xu S, Liu F, Gao Y. Exosomal microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Agents for Acute Ischemic Stroke: New Expectations. Front Neurol 2022; 12:747380. [PMID: 35173663 PMCID: PMC8842672 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.747380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality rates of ischemic stroke (IS) are very high, and IS constitutes one of the main causes of disability and death worldwide. The pathogenesis of ischemic stroke includes excitotoxicity, calcium overload, oxygen radical injury, inflammatory reactions, necrosis/apoptosis, destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and other pathologic processes. Recent studies have shown that exosomes are critical to the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cerebral infarctions resulting from ischemic stroke; and there is growing interest in the role of exosomes and exosomal miRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of IS. Exosomes from central nervous system cells can be found in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral bodily fluids, and exosomal contents have been reported to change with disease occurrence. Exosomes are small membranous extracellular vesicles (EVs), 30–150 nm in diameter, that are released from the cell membrane into the depressions that arise from the membranes of multivesicular bodies. Exosomes carry lipids, proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) and transport information to target cells. This exosomal transfer of functional mRNAs/miRNAs and proteins ultimately affects transcription and translation within recipient cells. Exosomes are EVs with a double-membrane structure that protects them from ribonucleases in the blood, allowing exosomal miRNAs to be more stable and to avoid degradation. New evidence shows that exosomes derived from neural cells, endothelial cells, and various stem cells create a fertile environment that supports the proliferation and growth of neural cells and endothelial cells, inhibits apoptosis and inflammatory responses, and promotes angiogenesis. In the present review, we discuss how circulating exosomes—and exosomal miRNAs in particular—may provide novel strategies for the early diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke via their potential as non-invasive biomarkers and drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Xu
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Gao
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Elashiry M, Elsayed R, Cutler CW. Exogenous and Endogenous Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes: Lessons Learned for Immunotherapy and Disease Pathogenesis. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010115. [PMID: 35011677 PMCID: PMC8750541 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune therapeutic exosomes, derived exogenously from dendritic cells (DCs), the 'directors' of the immune response, are receiving favorable safety and tolerance profiles in phase I and II clinical trials for a growing number of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. DC-derived exosomes (EXO), the focus of this review, can be custom tailored with immunoregulatory or immunostimulatory molecules for specific immune cell targeting. Moreover, the relative stability, small size and rapid uptake of EXO by recipient immune cells offer intriguing options for therapeutic purposes. This necessitates an in-depth understanding of mechanisms of EXO biogenesis, uptake and routing by recipient immune cells, as well as their in vivo biodistribution. Against this backdrop is recognition of endogenous exosomes, secreted by all cells, the molecular content of which is reflective of the metabolic state of these cells. In this regard, exosome biogenesis and secretion is regulated by cell stressors of chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis, including dysbiotic microbes, reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Such cell stressors can promote premature senescence in young cells through the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Pathological exosomes of the SASP amplify inflammatory signaling in stressed cells in an autocrine fashion or promote inflammatory signaling to normal neighboring cells in paracrine, without the requirement of cell-to-cell contact. In summary, we review relevant lessons learned from the use of exogenous DC exosomes for immune therapy, as well as the pathogenic potential of endogenous DC exosomes.
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Albanese M, Chen YFA, Hüls C, Gärtner K, Tagawa T, Mejias-Perez E, Keppler OT, Göbel C, Zeidler R, Shein M, Schütz AK, Hammerschmidt W. MicroRNAs are minor constituents of extracellular vesicles that are rarely delivered to target cells. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009951. [PMID: 34871319 PMCID: PMC8675925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells release different types of vesicles, collectively termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs contain cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) with an apparent potential to deliver their miRNA cargo to recipient cells to affect the stability of individual mRNAs and the cells’ transcriptome. The extent to which miRNAs are exported via the EV route and whether they contribute to cell-cell communication are controversial. To address these issues, we defined multiple properties of EVs and analyzed their capacity to deliver packaged miRNAs into target cells to exert biological functions. We applied well-defined approaches to produce and characterize purified EVs with or without specific viral miRNAs. We found that only a small fraction of EVs carried miRNAs. EVs readily bound to different target cell types, but EVs did not fuse detectably with cellular membranes to deliver their cargo. We engineered EVs to be fusogenic and document their capacity to deliver functional messenger RNAs. Engineered fusogenic EVs, however, did not detectably alter the functionality of cells exposed to miRNA-carrying EVs. These results suggest that EV-borne miRNAs do not act as effectors of cell-to-cell communication. The majority of metazoan cells release vesicles of different types and origins, such as exosomes and microvesicles, now collectively termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs have gained much attention because they contain microRNAs (miRNAs) and thus could regulate their specific mRNA targets in recipient or acceptor cells that take up EVs. Using a novel fusion assay with superior sensitivity and specificity, we revisited this claim but found no convincing evidence for an efficient functional uptake of EVs in many different cell lines and primary human blood cells. Even EVs engineered to fuse and deliver their miRNA cargo to recipient cells had no measurable effect on target mRNAs in very carefully controlled, quantitative experiments. Our negative results clearly indicate that EVs do not act as vehicles for miRNA-based cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Albanese
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (MA); (WH)
| | - Yen-Fu Adam Chen
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Corinna Hüls
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Gärtner
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Ernesto Mejias-Perez
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T. Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Göbel
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Zeidler
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mikhail Shein
- Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Anne K. Schütz
- Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (MA); (WH)
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Mammes A, Pasquier J, Mammes O, Conti M, Douard R, Loric S. Extracellular vesicles: General features and usefulness in diagnosis and therapeutic management of colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:1561-1598. [PMID: 34853637 PMCID: PMC8603448 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i11.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the world, among all type of cancers, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed in males and the second in females. In most of cases, (RP1) patients’ prognosis limitation with malignant tumors can be attributed to delayed diagnosis of the disease. Identification of patients with early-stage disease leads to more effective therapeutic interventions. Therefore, new screening methods and further innovative treatment approaches are mandatory as they may lead to an increase in progression-free and overall survival rates. For the last decade, the interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) research has exponentially increased as EVs generation appears to be a universal feature of every cell that is strongly involved in many mechanisms of cell-cell communication either in physiological or pathological situations. EVs can cargo biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and generate transmission signal through the intercellular transfer of their content. By this mechanism, tumor cells can recruit and modify the adjacent and systemic microenvironment to support further invasion and dissemination. This review intends to cover the most recent literature on the role of EVs production in colorectal normal and cancer tissues. Specific attention is paid to the use of EVs for early CRC diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis as EVs have come into the spotlight of research as a high potential source of ‘liquid biopsies’. The use of EVs as new targets or nanovectors as drug delivery systems for CRC therapy is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Mammes
- INSERM UMR-938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Unit, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Saint Antoine University Hospital, Paris 75012, France
| | - Jennifer Pasquier
- INSERM UMR-938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Unit, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Saint Antoine University Hospital, Paris 75012, France
| | | | - Marc Conti
- INSERM UMR-938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Unit, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Saint Antoine University Hospital, Paris 75012, France
- Metabolism Research Unit, Integracell SAS, Longjumeau 91160, France
| | - Richard Douard
- UCBM, Necker University Hospital, Paris 75015, France
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Clinique Bizet, Paris 75016, France
| | - Sylvain Loric
- INSERM UMR-938, Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Unit, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Saint Antoine University Hospital, Paris 75012, France
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New Look of EBV LMP1 Signaling Landscape. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215451. [PMID: 34771613 PMCID: PMC8582580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is associated with various lymphomas and carcinomas as well as other diseases in humans. The transmembrane protein LMP1 plays versatile roles in EBV life cycle and pathogenesis, by perturbing, reprograming, and regulating a large range of host cellular mechanisms and functions, which have been increasingly disclosed but not fully understood so far. We summarize recent research progress on LMP1 signaling, including the novel components LIMD1, p62, and LUBAC in LMP1 signalosome and LMP1 novel functions, such as its induction of p62-mediated selective autophagy, regulation of metabolism, induction of extracellular vehicles, and activation of NRF2-mediated antioxidative defense. A comprehensive understanding of LMP1 signal transduction and functions may allow us to leverage these LMP1-regulated cellular mechanisms for clinical purposes. Abstract The Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) principal oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is a member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) superfamily with constitutive activity. LMP1 shares many features with Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including the use of TRAFs, adaptors, and kinase cascades, for signal transduction leading to the activation of NFκB, AP1, and Akt, as well as a subset of IRFs and likely the master antioxidative transcription factor NRF2, which we have gradually added to the list. In recent years, we have discovered the Linear UBiquitin Assembly Complex (LUBAC), the adaptor protein LIMD1, and the ubiquitin sensor and signaling hub p62, as novel components of LMP1 signalosome. Functionally, LMP1 is a pleiotropic factor that reprograms, balances, and perturbs a large spectrum of cellular mechanisms, including the ubiquitin machinery, metabolism, epigenetics, DNA damage response, extracellular vehicles, immune defenses, and telomere elongation, to promote oncogenic transformation, cell proliferation and survival, anchorage-independent cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis and invasion, as well as the development of the tumor microenvironment. We have recently shown that LMP1 induces p62-mediated selective autophagy in EBV latency, at least by contributing to the induction of p62 expression, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. We have also been collecting evidence supporting the hypothesis that LMP1 activates the Keap1-NRF2 pathway, which serves as the key antioxidative defense mechanism. Last but not least, our preliminary data shows that LMP1 is associated with the deregulation of cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway in EBV latency. A comprehensive understanding of the LMP1 signaling landscape is essential for identifying potential targets for the development of novel strategies towards targeted therapeutic applications.
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Pascual-Antón L, Cardeñes B, Sainz de la Cuesta R, González-Cortijo L, López-Cabrera M, Cabañas C, Sandoval P. Mesothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Exosomes in Peritoneal Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111496. [PMID: 34768926 PMCID: PMC8584135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with ovarian cancer (OvCA) present peritoneal disseminated disease at the time of diagnosis. During peritoneal metastasis, cancer cells detach from the primary tumor and disseminate through the intraperitoneal fluid. The peritoneal mesothelial cell (PMC) monolayer that lines the abdominal cavity is the first barrier encountered by OvCA cells. Subsequent progression of tumors through the peritoneum leads to the accumulation into the peritoneal stroma of a sizeable population of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which is mainly originated from a mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) process. A common characteristic of OvCA patients is the intraperitoneal accumulation of ascitic fluid, which is composed of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, miRNAs, and proteins contained in exosomes, as well as tumor and mesothelial suspended cells, among other components that vary in proportion between patients. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that have been shown to mediate peritoneal metastasis by educating a pre-metastatic niche, promoting the accumulation of CAFs via MMT, and inducing tumor growth and chemoresistance. This review summarizes and discusses the pivotal role of exosomes and MMT as mediators of OvCA peritoneal colonization and as emerging diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pascual-Antón
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Cell-Cell Communication and Inflammation Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.-A.); (B.C.); (M.L.-C.)
| | - Beatriz Cardeñes
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Cell-Cell Communication and Inflammation Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.-A.); (B.C.); (M.L.-C.)
| | | | | | - Manuel López-Cabrera
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Cell-Cell Communication and Inflammation Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.-A.); (B.C.); (M.L.-C.)
| | - Carlos Cabañas
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Cell-Cell Communication and Inflammation Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.-A.); (B.C.); (M.L.-C.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Lymphocyte Immunobiology Group, Inflammatory and Immune Disorders Area, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (P.S.); Tel.: +34-91-196-4513 (C.C.); +34-91-196-4707 (P.S.)
| | - Pilar Sandoval
- Tissue and Organ Homeostasis Program, Cell-Cell Communication and Inflammation Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.P.-A.); (B.C.); (M.L.-C.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (P.S.); Tel.: +34-91-196-4513 (C.C.); +34-91-196-4707 (P.S.)
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Su Q, Zhang Y, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Semen-Derived Exosomes Mediate Immune Escape and Transmission of Reticuloendotheliosis Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735280. [PMID: 34659223 PMCID: PMC8517439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes immune-suppression disease in poultry, leading to a significant economic burden worldwide. Recent evidence demonstrated that the REV can enter the semen and then induce artificial insemination, but how the virus gets into semen was little known. Accumulating studies indicated that exosomes serve as vehicles for virus transmission, but the role of exosomes in viral shedding through the semen remains unclear. In this study, exosomes purified from the REV-positive semen were shown with reverse transcription-PCR and mass spectrometry to contain viral genomic RNA and viral proteins, which could also establish productive infections both in vivo and in vitro and escape from the REV-specific neutralizing antibodies. More importantly, compared with the infection caused by free virions, the exosome is more efficient for the virus to ensure effective infection and replication, which can also help the REV compromise the efficacy of the host immune response. In summary, this study demonstrated that semen-derived exosomes can medicate the transmission and immune escape of REV, implicating a novel mechanism for REV entering the semen and leading to vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai’an City, China
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41
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Chen QY, Wen T, Wu P, Jia R, Zhang R, Dang J. Exosomal Proteins and miRNAs as Mediators of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:718803. [PMID: 34568332 PMCID: PMC8461026 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.718803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the neurobiology and neurogenerative diseases have attracted growing interest in exosomes and their ability to carry and propagate active biomolecules as a means to reprogram recipient cells. Alterations in exosomal protein content and nucleic acid profiles found in human biological fluids have been correlated with various diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In ALS pathogenesis, these lipid-bound nanoscale vesicles have emerged as valuable candidates for diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, their capacity to spread misfolded proteins and functional non-coding RNAs to interconnected neuronal cells make them putative mediators for the progressive motor degeneration found remarkably apparent in ALS. This review outlines current knowledge concerning the biogenesis, heterogeneity, and function of exosomes in the brain as well as a comprehensive probe of currently available literature on ALS-related exosomal proteins and microRNAs. Lastly, with the rapid development of employing nanoparticles for drug delivery, we explore the therapeutic potentials of exosomes as well as underlying limitations in current isolation and detection methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Wen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingxia Dang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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42
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Ghosh D, Dutta A, Kashyap A, Upmanyu N, Datta S. PLP2 drives collective cell migration via ZO-1-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling at the leading edge in human colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:271878. [PMID: 34409455 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration (CCM), in which cell-cell integrity remains preserved during movement, plays an important role in the progression of cancer. However, studies describing CCM in cancer progression are majorly focused on the effects of extracellular tissue components on moving cell plasticity. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of CCM during cancer progression remain poorly explored. Here, we report that proteolipid protein 2 (PLP2), a colonic epithelium-enriched transmembrane protein, plays a vital role in the CCM of invasive human colorectal cancer (CRC) epithelium by modulating leading-edge cell dynamics in 2D. The extracellular pool of PLP2, secreted via exosomes, was also found to contribute to the event. During CCM, the protein was found to exist in association with ZO-1 (also known as TJP1) and to be involved in the positioning of the latter at the migrating edge. PLP2-mediated positioning of ZO-1 at the leading edge further alters actin cytoskeletal organization that involves Rac1 activation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PLP2, via its association with ZO-1, drives CCM in CRC epithelium by modulating the leading-edge actin cytoskeleton, thereby opening up new avenues of cancer research. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjana Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India.,School of Pharmacy and Research, People's University, Bhopal 462037, India
| | - Ankita Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Anjali Kashyap
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Neeraj Upmanyu
- School of Pharmacy and Research, People's University, Bhopal 462037, India
| | - Sunando Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
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43
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A Comprehensive Insight into the Role of Exosomes in Viral Infection: Dual Faces Bearing Different Functions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091405. [PMID: 34575480 PMCID: PMC8466084 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) subtype, exosome is an extracellular nano-vesicle that sheds from cells’ surface and originates as intraluminal vesicles during endocytosis. Firstly, it was thought to be a way for the cell to get rid of unwanted materials as it loaded selectively with a variety of cellular molecules, including RNAs, proteins, and lipids. However, it has been found to play a crucial role in several biological processes such as immune modulation, cellular communication, and their role as vehicles to transport biologically active molecules. The latest discoveries have revealed that many viruses export their viral elements within cellular factors using exosomes. Hijacking the exosomal pathway by viruses influences downstream processes such as viral propagation and cellular immunity and modulates the cellular microenvironment. In this manuscript, we reviewed exosomes biogenesis and their role in the immune response to viral infection. In addition, we provided a summary of how some pathogenic viruses hijacked this normal physiological process. Viral components are harbored in exosomes and the role of these exosomes in viral infection is discussed. Understanding the nature of exosomes and their role in viral infections is fundamental for future development for them to be used as a vaccine or as a non-classical therapeutic strategy to control several viral infections.
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Burgos-Ravanal R, Campos A, Díaz-Vesga MC, González MF, León D, Lobos-González L, Leyton L, Kogan MJ, Quest AFG. Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Cancer Disease and as Nanosystems in Theranostic Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3324. [PMID: 34283059 PMCID: PMC8268753 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide despite decades of intense efforts to understand the molecular underpinnings of the disease. To date, much of the focus in research has been on the cancer cells themselves and how they acquire specific traits during disease development and progression. However, these cells are known to secrete large numbers of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are now becoming recognized as key players in cancer. EVs contain a large number of different molecules, including but not limited to proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs, and they are actively secreted by many different cell types. In the last two decades, a considerable body of evidence has become available indicating that EVs play a very active role in cell communication. Cancer cells are heterogeneous, and recent evidence reveals that cancer cell-derived EV cargos can change the behavior of target cells. For instance, more aggressive cancer cells can transfer their "traits" to less aggressive cancer cells and convert them into more malignant tumor cells or, alternatively, eliminate those cells in a process referred to as "cell competition". This review discusses how EVs participate in the multistep acquisition of specific traits developed by tumor cells, which are referred to as "the hallmarks of cancer" defined by Hanahan and Weinberg. Moreover, as will be discussed, EVs play an important role in drug resistance, and these more recent advances may explain, at least in part, why pharmacological therapies are often ineffective. Finally, we discuss literature proposing the use of EVs for therapeutic and prognostic purposes in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Burgos-Ravanal
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (R.B.-R.); (A.C.); (M.C.D.-V.); (M.F.G.); (L.L.)
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - América Campos
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (R.B.-R.); (A.C.); (M.C.D.-V.); (M.F.G.); (L.L.)
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Magda C. Díaz-Vesga
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (R.B.-R.); (A.C.); (M.C.D.-V.); (M.F.G.); (L.L.)
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Clínicas de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Cali, Cali 760008, Colombia
| | - María Fernanda González
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (R.B.-R.); (A.C.); (M.C.D.-V.); (M.F.G.); (L.L.)
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Daniela León
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Lorena Lobos-González
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo-Clínica Alemana, Santiago 7590943, Chile;
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (R.B.-R.); (A.C.); (M.C.D.-V.); (M.F.G.); (L.L.)
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Marcelo J. Kogan
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Andrew F. G. Quest
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (R.B.-R.); (A.C.); (M.C.D.-V.); (M.F.G.); (L.L.)
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
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45
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Jia X, Yin Y, Chen Y, Mao L. The Role of Viral Proteins in the Regulation of Exosomes Biogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:671625. [PMID: 34055668 PMCID: PMC8155792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.671625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles of endocytic origin, secreted into the extracellular milieu, in which various biological components such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids reside. A variety of external stimuli can regulate the formation and secretion of exosomes, including viruses. Viruses have evolved clever strategies to establish effective infections by employing exosomes to cloak their viral genomes and gain entry into uninfected cells. While most recent exosomal studies have focused on clarifying the effect of these bioactive vesicles on viral infection, the mechanisms by which the virus regulates exosomes are still unclear and deserve further attention. This article is devoted to studying how viral components regulate exosomes biogenesis, composition, and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Jia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiqian Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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46
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Gurung S, Perocheau D, Touramanidou L, Baruteau J. The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:47. [PMID: 33892745 PMCID: PMC8063428 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 191.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of exosomes in clinical settings is progressively becoming a reality, as clinical trials testing exosomes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications are generating remarkable interest from the scientific community and investors. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by all cell types playing intercellular communication roles in health and disease by transferring cellular cargoes such as functional proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids to recipient cells. An in-depth understanding of exosome biology is therefore essential to ensure clinical development of exosome based investigational therapeutic products. Here we summarise the most up-to-date knowkedge about the complex biological journey of exosomes from biogenesis and secretion, transport and uptake to their intracellular signalling. We delineate the major pathways and molecular players that influence each step of exosome physiology, highlighting the routes of interest, which will be of benefit to exosome manipulation and engineering. We highlight the main controversies in the field of exosome research: their adequate definition, characterisation and biogenesis at plasma membrane. We also delineate the most common identified pitfalls affecting exosome research and development. Unravelling exosome physiology is key to their ultimate progression towards clinical applications. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Gurung
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dany Perocheau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Loukia Touramanidou
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julien Baruteau
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. .,Metabolic Medicine Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Cheerathodi M, Nkosi D, Cone AS, York SB, Meckes DG. Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 Modulates the CD63 Interactome. Viruses 2021; 13:675. [PMID: 33920772 PMCID: PMC8071190 DOI: 10.3390/v13040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD63 is a cluster of cell surface proteins with four transmembrane domains; it is associated with tetraspanin-enriched microdomains and typically localizes to late endosomes and lysosomes. CD63 plays an important role in the cellular trafficking of different proteins, EV cargo sorting, and vesicle formation. We have previously shown that CD63 is important in LMP1 trafficking to EVs, and this also affects LMP1-mediated intracellular signaling including MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, and mTOR activation. Using the BioID method combined with mass spectrometry, we sought to define the broad CD63 interactome and how LMP1 modulates this network of interacting proteins. We identified a total of 1600 total proteins as a network of proximal interacting proteins to CD63. Biological process enrichment analysis revealed significant involvement in signal transduction, cell communication, protein metabolism, and transportation. The CD63-only interactome was enriched in Rab GTPases, SNARE proteins, and sorting nexins, while adding LMP1 into the interactome increased the presence of signaling and ribosomal proteins. Our results showed that LMP1 alters the CD63 interactome, shifting the network of protein enrichment from protein localization and vesicle-mediated transportation to metabolic processes and translation. We also show that LMP1 interacts with mTOR, Nedd4 L, and PP2A, indicating the formation of a multiprotein complex with CD63, thereby potentially regulating LMP1-dependent mTOR signaling. Collectively, the comprehensive analysis of CD63 proximal interacting proteins provides insights into the network of partners required for endocytic trafficking and extracellular vesicle cargo sorting, formation, and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (M.C.); (D.N.); (A.S.C.); (S.B.Y.)
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Abstract
The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 has once again shrouded people in the enormous threat of RNA virus. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), eukaryotic cells-derived small bi-layer vesicles mainly consisting of exosomes and microvesicles, share many properties with RNA viruses including structure, size, generation, and uptake. Emerging evidence has implicated the involvement of EVs in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases induced by RNA viruses. EVs can transfer viral receptors (e.g., ACE2 and CD9) to recipient cells to facilitate viral infection, directly transport infectious viral particles to adjacent cells for virus spreading, and mask viruses with a host structure to escape immune surveillance. Here, we examine the current status of EVs to summarize their roles in mediating RNA virus infection, together with a comprehensive discussion of the underlying mechanisms.
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49
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Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Pathogenesis: A Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010045. [PMID: 33450847 PMCID: PMC7828316 DOI: 10.3390/life11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a fundamental property of living cells. EVs are known to transfer biological signals between cells and thus regulate the functional state of recipient cells. Such vesicles mediate the intercellular transport of many biologically active molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, specific lipids) and participate in regulation of key physiological processes. In addition, EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases: infectious, neurodegenerative, and oncological. The current EV classification into microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes is based on their size, pathways of cellular biogenesis, and molecular composition. This review is focused on analysis of the role of EVs (mainly exosomes) in the pathogenesis of viral infection. We briefly characterize the biogenesis and molecular composition of various EV types. Then, we consider EV-mediated pro- and anti-viral mechanisms. EV secretion by infected cells can be an important factor of virus spread in target cell populations, or a protective factor limiting viral invasion. The data discussed in this review, on the effect of EV secretion by infected cells on processes in neighboring cells and on immune cells, are of high significance in the search for new therapeutic approaches and for design of new generations of vaccines.
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by cancer cells function as a unique form of intercellular communication that can promote cell growth and survival, help shape the tumor microenvironment, and increase invasive and metastatic activity. There are two major classes of EVs, microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes, and they differ in how they are formed. MVs are generated by the outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane. On the other hand, exosomes are derived as multivesicular bodies (MVBs) fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents. What makes EVs especially interesting is how they mediate their effects. Both MVs and exosomes have been shown to contain a wide-variety of bioactive cargo, including cell surface, cytosolic, and nuclear proteins, as well as RNA transcripts, micro-RNAs (miRNAs), and even fragments of DNA. EVs, and their associated cargo, can be transferred to other cancer cells, as well as to normal cell types, causing the recipient cells to undergo phenotypic changes that promote different aspects of cancer progression. These findings, combined with those demonstrating that the amounts and contents of EVs produced by cancer cells can vary depending on their cell of origin, stage of development, or response to therapies, have raised the exciting possibility that EVs can be used for diagnostic purposes. Moreover, the pharmaceutical community is aggressively pursuing the use of EVs as a potential drug delivery platform. Here, in this chapter, we will highlight what is currently known about how EVs are generated, how they impact cancer progression, and the different ways they are being exploited for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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