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Sohn SI, Thamilarasan SK, Pandian S, Oh YJ, Ryu TH, Lee GS, Shin EK. Interspecific Hybridization of Transgenic Brassica napus and Brassica rapa-An Overview. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081442. [PMID: 36011353 PMCID: PMC9407623 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, interspecific hybridization occurs frequently and can contribute to the production of new species or the introgression of beneficial adaptive features between species. It has great potential in agricultural systems to boost the process of targeted crop improvement. In the advent of genetically modified (GM) crops, it has a disadvantage that it involves the transgene escaping to unintended plants, which could result in non-specific weedy crops. Several crop species in the Brassica genus have close kinship: canola (Brassica napus) is an ancestral hybrid of B. rapa and B. oleracea and mustard species such as B. juncea, B. carinata, and B. nigra share common genomes. Hence, intraspecific hybridization among the Brassica species is most common, especially between B. napus and B. rapa. In general, interspecific hybrids cause numerous genetic and phenotypic changes in the parental lines. Consequently, their fitness and reproductive ability are also highly varied. In this review, we discuss the interspecific hybridization and reciprocal hybridization studies of B. napus and B. rapa and their potential in the controlled environment. Further, we address the fate of transgenes (herbicide resistance) and their ability to transfer to their progenies or generations. This could help us to understand the environmental influence of interspecific hybrids and how to effectively manage their transgene escape in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-In Sohn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-063-238-4712
| | - Senthil Kumar Thamilarasan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Subramani Pandian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Young-Ju Oh
- Institute for Future Environment Ecology Co., Ltd., Jeonju 54883, Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Gang-Seob Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
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Ouyang D, Dong S, Xiao M, You J, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Yang J, Song Z. Compensation of Wild Plants Weakens the Effects of Crop-Wild Gene Flow on Wild Rice Populations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:681008. [PMID: 34326854 PMCID: PMC8314011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.681008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crop-wild gene flow may alter the fitness of the recipient i.e., crop-wild hybrids, then potentially impact wild populations, especially for the gene flow carrying selective advantageous crop alleles, such as transgenes conferring insect resistance. Given the continuous crop-wild gene flow since crop domestication and the occasionally stressful environments, the extant wild populations of most crops are still "wild." One interpretation for this phenomenon is that wild populations have the mechanism buffered for the effects of crop alleles. However, solid evidence for this has been scarce. We used wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) and transgenic (Bt/CpTI) rice (O. sativa) as a crop-wild gene flow model and established cultivated, wild, and F7 hybrid rice populations under four levels of insect (Chilo suppressalis) pressure. Then, we measured the trait performance of the plants and estimated fitness to test the compensatory response of relatively high fitness compared to the level of insect damage. The performance of all plants varied with the insect pressure level; wild plants had higher insect-tolerance that was expressed as over- or equal-compensatory responses to insect damage, whereas crop and hybrids exhibited under-compensatory responses. The higher compensation resulted in a better performance of wild rice under insect pressure where transgenes conferring insect resistance had a somewhat beneficial effect. Remarkable hybrid vigour and the benefit effect of transgenes increased the fitness of hybrids together, but this joint effect was weakened by the compensation of wild plants. These results suggest that compensation to environmental stress may reduce the potential impacts of crop alleles on wild plants, thereby it is a mechanism maintaining the "wild" characteristics of wild populations under the scenario of continuous crop-wild gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Ouyang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Institute of Botany, Tibet University-Fudan University Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity and Global Change, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Dong
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Institute of Botany, Tibet University-Fudan University Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity and Global Change, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, China
| | - Manqiu Xiao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Institute of Botany, Tibet University-Fudan University Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity and Global Change, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianling You
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Institute of Botany, Tibet University-Fudan University Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity and Global Change, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Institute of Botany, Tibet University-Fudan University Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity and Global Change, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuguo Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Institute of Botany, Tibet University-Fudan University Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity and Global Change, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenju Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Institute of Botany, Tibet University-Fudan University Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity and Global Change, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Yang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Institute of Botany, Tibet University-Fudan University Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity and Global Change, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Song
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Institute of Botany, Tibet University-Fudan University Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity and Global Change, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Andersen F, Rocca E. Underdetermination and evidence-based policy. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 84:101335. [PMID: 32773277 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2020.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Safety assessment of technologies and interventions is often underdetermined by evidence. For example, scientists have collected evidence concerning genetically modified plants for decades. This evidence was used to ground opposing safety protocols for "stacked genetically modified" plants, in which two or more genetically modified plants are combined. Evidence based policy would thus be rendered more effective by an approach that accounts for underdetermination. Douglas (2012) proposes an explanatory approach, based on the criteria of transparency, empirical competence, internal consistency of explanations, and predictive potency. However, sometimes multiple explanations can satisfy these criteria. We propose an additional criterion based on converse abduction, where explanations are selected on the basis of ontological background assumptions as well as by evidence. We then apply our proposed scheme to the case of the regulation of stacked genetically modified plants. We discuss the implications and suggest follow-up work concerning the generalizability of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Andersen
- Faculty of Health and Welfare, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway.
| | - Elena Rocca
- NMBU Centre for Applied Philosophy of Science, School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway.
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Liu Y, Neal Stewart C, Li J, Wei W. One species to another: sympatric Bt transgene gene flow from Brassica napus alters the reproductive strategy of wild relative Brassica juncea under herbivore treatment. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:617-625. [PMID: 29878055 PMCID: PMC6153478 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Since pollen flow or seed dispersal can contribute to transgene persistence in the environment, the sympatric presence of transgenic crops with their wild relatives is an ecological concern. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that proximate growth of a herbivore-resistant Bt crop and wild relatives coupled with the presence of herbivores can increase relative frequency of crop-to-wild transgene flow persistence outside of cultivation. METHODS We conducted a field experiment using insect enclosures with and without herbivores with cultivated Bt-transgenic Brassica napus (Bt OSR) and wild brown mustard (Brassica juncea) in pure and mixed stands. Low-density diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) caterpillar infestation treatments were applied and transgene flow and reproductive organs were measured. KEY RESULTS Bt-transgenic B. napus produced more ovules and pollen than wild mustard, but the pollen to ovule (P/O) ratio in the two species was not significantly different. Low-level herbivory had no effects on fitness parameters of Bt OSR or wild brown mustard or on the transgene flow frequency. All progeny from wild brown mustard containing the Bt transgene came from mixed stands, with a gene flow frequency of 0.66 %. In mixed stands, wild brown mustard produced less pollen and more ovules than in pure stands of brown mustard. This indicates a decreased P/O ratio in a mixed population scenario. CONCLUSIONS Since a lower P/O ratio indicates a shift in sex allocation towards relatively greater female investment and a higher pollen transfer efficiency, the presence of transgenic plants in wild populations may further increase the potential transgene flow by altering reproductive allocation of wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lankinen Å, Lindström SAM, D’Hertefeldt T. Variable pollen viability and effects of pollen load size on components of seed set in cultivars and feral populations of oilseed rape. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204407. [PMID: 30235318 PMCID: PMC6147549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollination success is important for crop yield, but may be cultivar dependent. Less is known about which floral traits influence pollination success. Floral traits, e.g. traits related to attraction and reward, can also contribute to gene flow via pollen, the latter being of particular importance in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) where gene flow occurs between plants of crop, volunteer and feral origin as well as related taxa. We investigated the relationship between pollen load size and seed set in winter oilseed rape. We compared variability in pollen-viability traits, flower production (flowers from the main raceme times number of branches) and seed number and weight per siliqua among cultivars and feral populations (growing outside of agricultural fields) under controlled conditions. Both seed number and weight were saturated at relatively low pollen loads in the tested cultivar. Pollen viability and estimated flower production differed among cultivars, indicating that these traits could contribute to yield variability. Seed weight per siliqua, but not pollen traits or flower production, was lower in ferals compared to cultivars. Thus, while the probability of establishment may be reduced in ferals (due to lower seed weight per siliqua) this will not necessarily impact their contribution to gene flow via pollen. In oilseed rape a relatively low pollen load may be sufficient for full seed set in some cultivars, suggesting less dependence on insect pollination for high yield than generally expected. Our results also showed that previously less investigated floral traits, such as pollen viability, pollen tube growth rate and flower number, can differ between cultivars. Studies of these traits may provide targets for increasing crop yield and provide general knowledge about gene flow between cultivated, feral and related wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Lankinen
- Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Sandra A. M. Lindström
- Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish Rural Economy and Agricultural Society in Scania, Kristianstad, Sweden
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Rocca E, Andersen F. How biological background assumptions influence scientific risk evaluation of stacked genetically modified plants: an analysis of research hypotheses and argumentations. LIFE SCIENCES, SOCIETY AND POLICY 2017; 13:11. [PMID: 28804806 PMCID: PMC5554775 DOI: 10.1186/s40504-017-0057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Scientific risk evaluations are constructed by specific evidence, value judgements and biological background assumptions. The latter are the framework-setting suppositions we apply in order to understand some new phenomenon. That background assumptions co-determine choice of methodology, data interpretation, and choice of relevant evidence is an uncontroversial claim in modern basic science. Furthermore, it is commonly accepted that, unless explicated, disagreements in background assumptions can lead to misunderstanding as well as miscommunication. Here, we extend the discussion on background assumptions from basic science to the debate over genetically modified (GM) plants risk assessment. In this realm, while the different political, social and economic values are often mentioned, the identity and role of background assumptions at play are rarely examined. We use an example from the debate over risk assessment of stacked genetically modified plants (GM stacks), obtained by applying conventional breeding techniques to GM plants. There are two main regulatory practices of GM stacks: (i) regulate as conventional hybrids and (ii) regulate as new GM plants. We analyzed eight papers representative of these positions and found that, in all cases, additional premises are needed to reach the stated conclusions. We suggest that these premises play the role of biological background assumptions and argue that the most effective way toward a unified framework for risk analysis and regulation of GM stacks is by explicating and examining the biological background assumptions of each position. Once explicated, it is possible to either evaluate which background assumptions best reflect contemporary biological knowledge, or to apply Douglas' 'inductive risk' argument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rocca
- School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003N, -1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Fredrik Andersen
- School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003N, -1432 Ås, Norway
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Khan MS, Khan MA, Ahmad D. Assessing Utilization and Environmental Risks of Important Genes in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:792. [PMID: 27446095 PMCID: PMC4919908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants with improved salt and drought stress tolerance have been developed with a large number of abiotic stress-related genes. Among these, the most extensively used genes are the glycine betaine biosynthetic codA, the DREB transcription factors, and vacuolar membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporters. The use of codA, DREBs, and Na(+)/H(+) antiporters in transgenic plants has conferred stress tolerance and improved plant phenotype. However, the future deployment and commercialization of these plants depend on their safety to the environment. Addressing environmental risk assessment is challenging since mechanisms governing abiotic stress tolerance are much more complex than that of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance traits, which have been considered to date. Therefore, questions arise, whether abiotic stress tolerance genes need additional considerations and new measurements in risk assessment and, whether these genes would have effects on weediness and invasiveness potential of transgenic plants? While considering these concerns, the environmental risk assessment of abiotic stress tolerance genes would need to focus on the magnitude of stress tolerance, plant phenotype and characteristics of the potential receiving environment. In the present review, we discuss environmental concerns and likelihood of concerns associated with the use of abiotic stress tolerance genes. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the uses of these genes in domesticated crop plants are safe for the environment. Risk assessment, however, should be carefully conducted on biofeedstocks and perennial plants taking into account plant phenotype and the potential receiving environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S. Khan
- Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, PeshawarPakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Khan
- Research School of Biology, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACTAustralia
| | - Dawood Ahmad
- Faculty of Crop Production Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, PeshawarPakistan
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Lu BR, Snow AA, Yang X, Wang W. Scientific data published by a peer-reviewed journal should be properly interpreted: a reply to the letter by Gressel et al. (2014). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:363-366. [PMID: 24645783 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Rong Lu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Allison A Snow
- Department of Evolution, Ecology & Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiao Yang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Lu BR, Snow AA, Yang X, Wang W. Using a single transgenic event to infer fitness effects in crop-weed hybrids: a reply to the Letter by Grunewald & Bury (2014). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:370-372. [PMID: 24645785 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Rong Lu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Allison A Snow
- Department of Evolution, Ecology & Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiao Yang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Londo JP, McKinney J, Schwartz M, Bollman M, Sagers C, Watrud L. Sub-lethal glyphosate exposure alters flowering phenology and causes transient male-sterility in Brassica spp. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:70. [PMID: 24655547 PMCID: PMC3998022 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbicide resistance in weedy plant populations can develop through different mechanisms such as gene flow of herbicide resistance transgenes from crop species into compatible weedy species or by natural evolution of herbicide resistance or tolerance following selection pressure. Results from our previous studies suggest that sub-lethal levels of the herbicide glyphosate can alter the pattern of gene flow between glyphosate resistant Canola®, Brassica napus, and glyphosate sensitive varieties of B. napus and B. rapa. The objectives of this study were to examine the phenological and developmental changes that occur in Brassica crop and weed species following sub-lethal doses of the herbicides glyphosate and glufosinate. We examined several vegetative and reproductive traits of potted plants under greenhouse conditions, treated with sub-lethal herbicide sprays. RESULTS Our results indicate that exposure of Brassica spp. to a sub-lethal dose of glyphosate results in altering flowering phenology and reproductive function. Flowering of all sensitive species was significantly delayed and reproductive function, specifically male fertility, was suppressed. Higher dosage levels typically contributed to an increase in the magnitude of phenotypic changes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that Brassica spp. plants that are exposed to sub-lethal doses of glyphosate could be subject to very different pollination patterns and an altered pattern of gene flow that would result from changes in the overlap of flowering phenology between species. Implications include the potential for increased glyphosate resistance evolution and spread in weedy communities exposed to sub-lethal glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Paul Londo
- USDA-ARS Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
- USEPA NHEERL Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - John McKinney
- USEPA NHEERL Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Matthew Schwartz
- USEPA NHEERL Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Mike Bollman
- USEPA NHEERL Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Cynthia Sagers
- USEPA NHEERL Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Lidia Watrud
- USEPA NHEERL Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
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Rong J, Xu S, Meirmans PG, Vrieling K. Dissimilarity of contemporary and historical gene flow in a wild carrot (Daucus carota) metapopulation under contrasting levels of human disturbance: implications for risk assessment and management of transgene introgression. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1361-70. [PMID: 24052560 PMCID: PMC3806537 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Transgene introgression from crops into wild relatives may increase the resistance of wild plants to herbicides, insects, etc. The chance of transgene introgression depends not only on the rate of hybridization and the establishment of hybrids in local wild populations, but also on the metapopulation dynamics of the wild relative. The aim of the study was to estimate gene flow in a metapopulation for assessing and managing the risks of transgene introgression. METHODS Wild carrots (Daucus carota) were sampled from 12 patches in a metapopulation. Eleven microsatellites were used to genotype wild carrots. Genetic structure was estimated based on the FST statistic. Contemporary (over the last several generations) and historical (over many generations) gene flow was estimated with assignment and coalescent methods, respectively. KEY RESULTS The genetic structure in the wild carrot metapopulation was moderate (FST = 0·082) and most of the genetic variation resided within patches. A pattern of isolation by distance was detected, suggesting that most of the gene flow occurred between neighbouring patches (≤1 km). The mean contemporary gene flow was 5 times higher than the historical estimate, and the correlation between them was very low. Moreover, the contemporary gene flow in roadsides was twice that in a nature reserve, and the correlation between contemporary and historical estimates was much higher in the nature reserve. Mowing of roadsides may contribute to the increase in contemporary gene flow. Simulations demonstrated that the higher contemporary gene flow could accelerate the process of transgene introgression in the metapopulation. CONCLUSIONS Human disturbance such as mowing may alter gene flow patterns in wild populations, affecting the metapopulation dynamics of wild plants and the processes of transgene introgression in the metapopulation. The risk assessment and management of transgene introgression and the control of weeds need to take metapopulation dynamics into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Rong
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Watershed Ecology, Institute of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, 330031 Nanchang, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Shuhua Xu
- Max Planck Independent Research Group on Population Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society (CAS-MPG) Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Patrick G. Meirmans
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Darmency H. Pleiotropic effects of herbicide-resistance genes on crop yield: a review. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:897-904. [PMID: 23457026 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rapid adoption of genetically engineered herbicide-resistant crop varieties (HRCVs)-encompassing 83% of all GM crops and nearly 8% of the worldwide arable area-is due to technical efficiency and higher returns. Other herbicide-resistant varieties obtained from genetic resources and mutagenesis have also been successfully released. Although the benefit for weed control is the main criteria for choosing HRCVs, the pleiotropic costs of genes endowing resistance have rarely been investigated in crops. Here the available data of comparisons between isogenic resistant and susceptible varieties are reviewed. Pleiotropic harmful effects on yield are reported in half of the cases, mostly with resistance mechanisms that originate from genetic resources and mutagenesis (atrazine in oilseed rape and millet, trifluralin in millet, imazamox in cotton) rather than genetic engineering (chlorsulfuron and glufosinate in some oilseed rape varieties, glyphosate in soybean). No effect was found for sethoxydim and bromoxynil resistance. Variable minor effects were found for imazamox, chlorsulfuron, glufosinate and glyphosate resistance. The importance of the breeding plan and the genetic background on the emergence of these effects is pointed out. Breeders' efforts to produce better varieties could compensate for the yield loss, which eliminates any possibility of formulating generic conclusions on pleiotropic effects that can be applied to all resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Darmency
- INRA, UMR1347, Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP86510, 21065 Dijon, France.
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Moe-Behrens GHG, Davis R, Haynes KA. Preparing synthetic biology for the world. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:5. [PMID: 23355834 PMCID: PMC3554958 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic Biology promises low-cost, exponentially scalable products and global health solutions in the form of self-replicating organisms, or “living devices.” As these promises are realized, proof-of-concept systems will gradually migrate from tightly regulated laboratory or industrial environments into private spaces as, for instance, probiotic health products, food, and even do-it-yourself bioengineered systems. What additional steps, if any, should be taken before releasing engineered self-replicating organisms into a broader user space? In this review, we explain how studies of genetically modified organisms lay groundwork for the future landscape of biosafety. Early in the design process, biological engineers are anticipating potential hazards and developing innovative tools to mitigate risk. Here, we survey lessons learned, ongoing efforts to engineer intrinsic biocontainment, and how different stakeholders in synthetic biology can act to accomplish best practices for biosafety.
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Shukle RH, Subramanyam S, Williams CE. Effects of antinutrient proteins on Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:41-8. [PMID: 21983260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
One strategy to enhance the durability of Hessian fly resistance (R) genes in wheat is to combine them with transgenes for resistance. To identify potential transgenes for resistance a protocol for rapidly screening the proteins they encode for efficacy toward resistance is required. However, the Hessian fly is an obligate parasite of wheat and related grasses. Consequently, no protocol for in vitro delivery of antinutrient or toxic proteins to feeding larvae is available. We report here the development of a Hessian fly in plantatranslocation (HIT) feeding assay and the evaluation of eight lectins and the Bowman-Birk serine proteinase inhibitor for potential in transgenic resistance. Of the antinutrient proteins evaluated, Galanthus nivalis L. agglutinin (GNA), commonly termed snowdrop lectin, was the most efficacious. Ingestion of GNA caused a significant reduction in growth of Hessian fly larvae, disruption of midgut microvilli, and changes in transcript level of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, digestion, detoxification, and stress response. These effects of GNA are discussed from the perspective of larval Hessian fly physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Shukle
- USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Londo JP, Bollman MA, Sagers CL, Lee EH, Watrud LS. Glyphosate-drift but not herbivory alters the rate of transgene flow from single and stacked trait transgenic canola (Brassica napus) to nontransgenic B. napus and B. rapa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 191:840-849. [PMID: 21443650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
• Transgenic plants can offer agricultural benefits, but the escape of transgenes is an environmental concern. In this study we tested the hypothesis that glyphosate drift and herbivory selective pressures can change the rate of transgene flow between the crop Brassica napus (canola), and weedy species and contribute to the potential for increased transgene escape risk and persistence outside of cultivation. • We constructed plant communities containing single transgenic B. napus genotypes expressing glyphosate herbicide resistance (CP4 EPSPS), lepidopteran insect resistance (Cry1Ac), or both traits ('stacked'), plus nontransgenic B. napus, Brassica rapa and Brassica nigra. Two different selective pressures, a sublethal glyphosate dose and lepidopteran herbivores (Plutella xylostella), were applied and rates of transgene flow and transgenic seed production were measured. • Selective treatments differed in the degree in which they affected gene flow and production of transgenic hybrid seed. Most notably, glyphosate-drift increased the incidence of transgenic seeds on nontransgenic B. napus by altering flowering phenology and reproductive function. • The findings of this study indicate that transgenic traits may be transmitted to wild populations and may increase in frequency in weedy populations through the direct and indirect effects of selection pressures on gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Londo
- National Research Council, 200 SW 35th Street Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Michael A Bollman
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th Street Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Cynthia L Sagers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - E Henry Lee
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th Street Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Lidia S Watrud
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th Street Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
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