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Sánchez-Duffhues G, Hiepen C. Human iPSCs as Model Systems for BMP-Related Rare Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2200. [PMID: 37681932 PMCID: PMC10487005 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling contribute to onset and development of a number of rare genetic diseases, including Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). After decades of animal research to build a solid foundation in understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms, the progressive implementation of iPSC-based patient-derived models will improve drug development by addressing drug efficacy, specificity, and toxicity in a complex humanized environment. We will review the current state of literature on iPSC-derived model systems in this field, with special emphasis on the access to patient source material and the complications that may come with it. Given the essential role of BMPs during embryonic development and stem cell differentiation, gain- or loss-of-function mutations in the BMP signalling pathway may compromise iPSC generation, maintenance, and differentiation procedures. This review highlights the need for careful optimization of the protocols used. Finally, we will discuss recent developments towards complex in vitro culture models aiming to resemble specific tissue microenvironments with multi-faceted cellular inputs, such as cell mechanics and ECM together with organoids, organ-on-chip, and microfluidic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Sánchez-Duffhues
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), ISPA-HUCA, Avda. de Roma, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Hiepen
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, August-Schmidt-Ring 10, 45665 Recklinghausen, Germany
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2
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Zhang ZY, Ju CY, Wu LZ, Yan H, Hong WB, Chen HZ, Yang PB, Wang BR, Gou T, Chen XY, Jiang ZH, Wang WJ, Lin T, Li FN, Wu Q. Therapeutic potency of compound RMY-205 for pulmonary fibrosis induced by SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:261-277.e8. [PMID: 36889311 PMCID: PMC9990178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a typical sequela of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is linked with a poor prognosis for COVID-19 patients. However, the underlying mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 induced pulmonary fibrosis by activating pulmonary fibroblasts. N protein interacted with the transforming growth factor β receptor I (TβRI), to disrupt the interaction of TβRI-FK506 Binding Protein12 (FKBP12), which led to activation of TβRI to phosphorylate Smad3 and boost expression of pro-fibrotic genes and secretion of cytokines to promote pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we identified a compound, RMY-205, that bound to Smad3 to disrupt TβRI-induced Smad3 activation. The therapeutic potential of RMY-205 was strengthened in mouse models of N protein-induced pulmonary fibrosis. This study highlights a signaling pathway of pulmonary fibrosis induced by N protein and demonstrates a novel therapeutic strategy for treating pulmonary fibrosis by a compound targeting Smad3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Cui-Yu Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Liu-Zheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Han Yan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wen-Bin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hang-Zi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng-Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Bao-Rui Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tong Gou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wei-Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tianwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Fu-Nan Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Qiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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3
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Hachana S, Larrivée B. TGF-β Superfamily Signaling in the Eye: Implications for Ocular Pathologies. Cells 2022; 11:2336. [PMID: 35954181 PMCID: PMC9367584 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β signaling pathway plays a crucial role in several key aspects of development and tissue homeostasis. TGF-β ligands and their mediators have been shown to be important regulators of ocular physiology and their dysregulation has been described in several eye pathologies. TGF-β signaling participates in regulating several key developmental processes in the eye, including angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Inadequate TGF-β signaling has been associated with defective angiogenesis, vascular barrier function, unfavorable inflammatory responses, and tissue fibrosis. In addition, experimental models of corneal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, glaucoma, or corneal injury suggest that aberrant TGF-β signaling may contribute to the pathological features of these conditions, showing the potential of modulating TGF-β signaling to treat eye diseases. This review highlights the key roles of TGF-β family members in ocular physiology and in eye diseases, and reviews approaches targeting the TGF-β signaling as potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Hachana
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Bruno Larrivée
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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4
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de Jong A, Sier VQ, Peters HAB, Schilder NKM, Jukema JW, Goumans MJTH, Quax PHA, de Vries MR. Interfering in the ALK1 Pathway Results in Macrophage-Driven Outward Remodeling of Murine Vein Grafts. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:784980. [PMID: 35187106 PMCID: PMC8850982 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.784980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Vein grafts are frequently used to bypass coronary artery occlusions. Unfortunately, vein graft disease (VGD) causes impaired patency rates. ALK1 mediates signaling by TGF-β via TGFβR2 or BMP9/10 via BMPR2, which is an important pathway in fibrotic, inflammatory, and angiogenic processes in vascular diseases. The role of the TGF-β pathway in VGD is previously reported, however, the contribution of ALK1 signaling is not known. Therefore, we investigated ALK1 signaling in VGD in a mouse model for vein graft disease using either genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the Alk1 signaling. Methods and Results Male ALK1 heterozygous (ALK1+/−), control C57BL/6, as well as hypercholesterolemic ApoE3*Leiden mice, underwent vein graft surgery. Histologic analyses of ALK1+/− vein grafts demonstrated increased outward remodeling and macrophage accumulation after 28 days. In hypercholesterolemic ApoE3*Leiden mice receiving weekly ALK1-Fc injections, ultrasound imaging showed 3-fold increased outward remodeling compared to controls treated with control-Fc, which was confirmed histologically. Moreover, ALK1-Fc treatment reduced collagen and smooth muscle cell accumulation, increased macrophages by 1.5-fold, and resulted in more plaque dissections. No difference was observed in intraplaque neovessel density. Flow cytometric analysis showed increased systemic levels of Ly6CHigh monocytes in ALK1-Fc treated mice, supported by in vitro increased MCP-1 and IL-6 production of LPS-stimulated and ALK1-Fc-treated murine monocytes and macrophages. Conclusion Reduced ALK1 signaling in VGD promotes outward remodeling, increases macrophage influx, and promotes an unstable plaque phenotype. Translational Perspective Vein graft disease (VGD) severely hampers patency rates of vein grafts, necessitating research of key disease-driving pathways like TGF-β. The three-dimensional nature of VGD together with the multitude of disease driving factors ask for a comprehensive approach. Here, we combined in vivo ultrasound imaging, histological analyses, and conventional in vitro analyses, identifying the ambiguous role of reduced ALK1 signaling in vein graft disease. Reduced ALK1 signaling promotes outward remodeling, increases macrophage influx, and promotes an unstable plaque phenotype in murine vein grafts. Characterization of in vivo vascular remodeling over time is imperative to monitor VGD development and identify new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwin de Jong
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vincent Q. Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hendrika A. B. Peters
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Natalia K. M. Schilder
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul H. A. Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Margreet R. de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Margreet R. de Vries
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Medina-Jover F, Riera-Mestre A, Viñals F. Rethinking growth factors: the case of BMP9 during vessel maturation. VASCULAR BIOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2022; 4:R1-R14. [PMID: 35350597 PMCID: PMC8942324 DOI: 10.1530/vb-21-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process for correct development and physiology. This mechanism is tightly regulated by many signals that activate several pathways, which are constantly interacting with each other. There is mounting evidence that BMP9/ALK1 pathway is essential for a correct vessel maturation. Alterations in this pathway lead to the development of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasias. However, little was known about the BMP9 signalling cascade until the last years. Recent reports have shown that while BMP9 arrests cell cycle, it promotes the activation of anabolic pathways to enhance endothelial maturation. In light of this evidence, a new criterion for the classification of cytokines is proposed here, based on the physiological objective of the activation of anabolic routes. Whether this activation by a growth factor is needed to sustain mitosis or to promote a specific function such as matrix formation is a critical characteristic that needs to be considered to classify growth factors. Hence, the state-of-the-art of BMP9/ALK1 signalling is reviewed here, as well as its implications in normal and pathogenic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Medina-Jover
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Institut Català d’Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology Program (Oncobell), Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut (Campus de Bellvitge), Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Riera-Mestre
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viñals
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Institut Català d’Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology Program (Oncobell), Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut (Campus de Bellvitge), Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Miao Q, Chen H, Luo Y, Chiu J, Chu L, Thornton ME, Grubbs BH, Kolb M, Lou J, Shi W. Abrogation of mesenchyme-specific TGF-β signaling results in lung malformation with prenatal pulmonary cysts in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L1158-L1168. [PMID: 33881909 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00299.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in controlling organogenesis during fetal development. Although the role of TGF-β signaling in promoting lung alveolar epithelial growth has been determined, mesenchymal TGF-β signaling in regulating lung development has not been studied in vivo due to a lack of genetic tools for specifically manipulating gene expression in lung mesenchymal cells. Therefore, the integral roles of TGF-β signaling in regulating lung development and congenital lung diseases are not completely understood. Using a Tbx4 lung enhancer-driven Tet-On inducible Cre transgenic mouse system, we have developed a mouse model in which lung mesenchyme-specific deletion of TGF-β receptor 2 gene (Tgfbr2) is achieved. Reduced airway branching accompanied by defective airway smooth muscle growth and later peripheral cystic lesions occurred when lung mesenchymal Tgfbr2 was deleted from embryonic day 13.5 to 15.5, resulting in postnatal death due to respiratory insufficiency. Although cell proliferation in both lung epithelium and mesenchyme was reduced, epithelial differentiation was not significantly affected. Tgfbr2 downstream Smad-independent ERK1/2 may mediate these mesenchymal effects of TGF-β signaling through the GSK3β-β-catenin-Wnt canonical pathway in fetal mouse lung. Our study suggests that Tgfbr2-mediated TGF-β signaling in prenatal lung mesenchyme is essential for lung development and maturation, and defective TGF-β signaling in lung mesenchyme may be related to abnormal airway branching morphogenesis and congenital airway cystic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Miao
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yongfeng Luo
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joanne Chiu
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ling Chu
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Martin Kolb
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianlin Lou
- Institute of Occupational Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Science), Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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7
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Bofarid S, Hosman AE, Mager JJ, Snijder RJ, Post MC. Pulmonary Vascular Complications in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia and the Underlying Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073471. [PMID: 33801690 PMCID: PMC8038106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in the development of pulmonary vascular disease (PVD), both pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and pulmonary hypertension (PH), in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). HHT or Rendu-Osler-Weber disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 5000 persons and characterized by epistaxis, telangiectasia and AVMs in more than 80% of cases, HHT is caused by a mutation in the ENG gene on chromosome 9 encoding for the protein endoglin or activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ACVRL1) gene on chromosome 12 encoding for the protein ALK-1, resulting in HHT type 1 or HHT type 2, respectively. A third disease-causing mutation has been found in the SMAD-4 gene, causing a combination of HHT and juvenile polyposis coli. All three genes play a role in the TGF-β signaling pathway that is essential in angiogenesis where it plays a pivotal role in neoangiogenesis, vessel maturation and stabilization. PH is characterized by elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure caused by a variety of different underlying pathologies. HHT carries an additional increased risk of PH because of high cardiac output as a result of anemia and shunting through hepatic AVMs, or development of pulmonary arterial hypertension due to interference of the TGF-β pathway. HHT in combination with PH is associated with a worse prognosis due to right-sided cardiac failure. The treatment of PVD in HHT includes medical or interventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sala Bofarid
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands;
| | - Anna E. Hosman
- Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; (A.E.H.); (J.J.M.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Johannes J. Mager
- Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; (A.E.H.); (J.J.M.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Repke J. Snijder
- Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; (A.E.H.); (J.J.M.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Marco C. Post
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands;
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-883203000
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8
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Guo Z, Mo Z. Regulation of endothelial cell differentiation in embryonic vascular development and its therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases. Life Sci 2021; 276:119406. [PMID: 33785330 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate development, the cardiovascular system begins operating earlier than any other organ in the embryo. Endothelial cell (EC) forms the inner lining of blood vessels, and its extensive proliferation and migration are requisite for vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Many aspects of cellular biology are involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, including the tip versus stalk cell specification. Recently, epigenetics has attracted growing attention in regulating embryonic vascular development and controlling EC differentiation. Some proteins that regulate chromatin structure have been shown to be directly implicated in human cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, the roles of important EC signaling such as vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors, angiopoietin-1 and tyrosine kinase containing immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domain-2, and transforming growth factor-β in EC differentiation during embryonic vasculature development are briefly discussed in this review. Recently, the transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-ECs are promising approaches for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease including myocardial infarction. Patient-specific iPSC-derived EC is a potential new target to study differences in gene expression or response to drugs. However, clinical application of the iPSC-ECs in regenerative medicine is often limited by the challenges of maintaining cell viability and function. Therefore, novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying EC differentiation might provide a better understanding of embryonic vascular development and bring out more effective EC-based therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaohui Mo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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9
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Wang L, Rice M, Swist S, Kubin T, Wu F, Wang S, Kraut S, Weissmann N, Böttger T, Wheeler M, Schneider A, Braun T. BMP9 and BMP10 Act Directly on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells for Generation and Maintenance of the Contractile State. Circulation 2020; 143:1394-1410. [PMID: 33334130 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.047375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) show a remarkable phenotypic plasticity, allowing acquisition of contractile or synthetic states, but critical information is missing about the physiologic signals, promoting formation, and maintenance of contractile VSMCs in vivo. BMP9 and BMP10 (bone morphogenetic protein) are known to regulate endothelial quiescence after secretion from the liver and right atrium, whereas a direct role in the regulation of VSMCs was not investigated. We studied the role of BMP9 and BMP10 for controlling formation of contractile VSMCs. METHODS We generated several cell type-specific loss- and gain-of-function transgenic mouse models to investigate the physiologic role of BMP9, BMP10, ALK1 (activin receptor-like kinase 1), and SMAD7 in vivo. Morphometric assessments, expression analysis, blood pressure measurements, and single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed together with analysis of isolated pulmonary VSMCs to unravel phenotypic and transcriptomic changes in response to absence or presence of BMP9 and BMP10. RESULTS Concomitant genetic inactivation of Bmp9 in the germ line and Bmp10 in the right atrium led to dramatic changes in vascular tone and diminution of the VSMC layer with attenuated contractility and decreased systemic as well as right ventricular systolic pressure. On the contrary, overexpression of Bmp10 in endothelial cells of adult mice dramatically enhanced formation of contractile VSMCs and increased systemic blood pressure as well as right ventricular systolic pressure. Likewise, BMP9/10 treatment induced an ALK1-dependent phenotypic switch from synthetic to contractile in pulmonary VSMCs. Smooth muscle cell-specific overexpression of Smad7 completely suppressed differentiation and proliferation of VSMCs and reiterated defects observed in adult Bmp9/10 double mutants. Deletion of Alk1 in VSMCs recapitulated the Bmp9/10 phenotype in pulmonary but not in aortic and coronary arteries. Bulk expression analysis and single molecule RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization uncovered vessel bed-specific, heterogeneous expression of BMP type 1 receptors, explaining phenotypic differences in different Alk1 mutant vessel beds. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that BMP9 and BMP10 act directly on VSMCs for induction and maintenance of their contractile state. The effects of BMP9/10 in VSMCs are mediated by different combinations of BMP type 1 receptors in a vessel bed-specific manner, offering new opportunities to manipulate blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Departments of Cardiac Development and Remodeling (L.W., M.R., S.S., F.W., T.B., M.W., A.S., T.B.)
| | - Megan Rice
- Departments of Cardiac Development and Remodeling (L.W., M.R., S.S., F.W., T.B., M.W., A.S., T.B.)
| | - Sandra Swist
- Departments of Cardiac Development and Remodeling (L.W., M.R., S.S., F.W., T.B., M.W., A.S., T.B.)
| | | | - Fan Wu
- Departments of Cardiac Development and Remodeling (L.W., M.R., S.S., F.W., T.B., M.W., A.S., T.B.)
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Cardiac Surgery (S.W.), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Simone Kraut
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.K., N.W.)
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany (S.K., N.W.).,German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Partner site Giessen, Germany (N.W.)
| | - Thomas Böttger
- Departments of Cardiac Development and Remodeling (L.W., M.R., S.S., F.W., T.B., M.W., A.S., T.B.)
| | - Matthew Wheeler
- Departments of Cardiac Development and Remodeling (L.W., M.R., S.S., F.W., T.B., M.W., A.S., T.B.)
| | - Andre Schneider
- Departments of Cardiac Development and Remodeling (L.W., M.R., S.S., F.W., T.B., M.W., A.S., T.B.)
| | - Thomas Braun
- Departments of Cardiac Development and Remodeling (L.W., M.R., S.S., F.W., T.B., M.W., A.S., T.B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
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10
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Li H, Chang HM, Shi Z, Leung PCK. The p38 signaling pathway mediates the TGF-β1-induced increase in type I collagen deposition in human granulosa cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:15591-15604. [PMID: 32996643 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001377r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type I collagen, which is mainly composed of collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), is the most abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) protein in the mammalian ovary; and the cyclical remodeling of the ECM plays an essential role in the regulation of corpus luteum formation. Our previous studies have demonstrated that TGF-β1 is a potent inhibitor of luteinization in human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells. Whether TGF-β1 can regulate the expression of COL1A1 during the luteal phase remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TGF-β1 on the regulation of COL1A1 expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms using an immortalized hGL cell line (SVOG cells) and primary hGL cells (obtained from 20 consenting patients undergoing IVF treatment). The results showed that TGF-β1 significantly upregulated the expression of COL1A1. Using inhibition approaches, including pharmacological inhibition (a specific p38 inhibitor, SB203580, and a specific ERK1/2 inhibitor, U0126) and specific siRNA-mediated knockdown inhibition, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 promoted the expression and production of COL1A1 in hGL cells, most likely via the ALK5-mediated p38 signaling pathway. Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which TGF-β1 promotes the deposition of type I collagen during the late follicular phase in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhendan Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Boezio GL, Bensimon-Brito A, Piesker J, Guenther S, Helker CS, Stainier DY. Endothelial TGF-β signaling instructs smooth muscle cell development in the cardiac outflow tract. eLife 2020; 9:57603. [PMID: 32990594 PMCID: PMC7524555 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT), which connects the heart to the great arteries, relies on a complex crosstalk between endothelial (ECs) and smooth muscle (SMCs) cells. Defects in OFT development can lead to severe malformations, including aortic aneurysms, which are frequently associated with impaired TGF-β signaling. To better understand the role of TGF-β signaling in OFT formation, we generated zebrafish lacking the TGF-β receptor Alk5 and found a strikingly specific dilation of the OFT: alk5-/- OFTs exhibit increased EC numbers as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) and SMC disorganization. Surprisingly, endothelial-specific alk5 overexpression in alk5-/- rescues the EC, ECM, and SMC defects. Transcriptomic analyses reveal downregulation of the ECM gene fibulin-5, which when overexpressed in ECs ameliorates OFT morphology and function. These findings reveal a new requirement for endothelial TGF-β signaling in OFT morphogenesis and suggest an important role for the endothelium in the etiology of aortic malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lm Boezio
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Janett Piesker
- Scientific Service Group Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Christian Sm Helker
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Didier Yr Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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12
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Abstract
Revascularization surgeries such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are sometimes necessary to manage coronary heart disease (CHD). However, more than half of these surgeries fail within 10 years due to the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH) among others. The cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (TGFß) and its signaling components have been found to be upregulated in diseased or injured vessels, and to promote IH after grafting. Interventions that globally inhibit TGFß in CABG have yielded contrasting outcomes in in vitro and in vivo studies including clinical trials. With advances in molecular biology, it becomes clear that TGFß exhibits both protective and damaging roles, and only specific components such as some Smad-dependent TGFß signaling mediate vascular IH. The activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-mediated Smad-dependent TGFß signaling pathways have been found to be activated in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) following injury and in hyperplastic preimplantation vein grafts. It appears that focused targeting of TGFß pathway constitutes a promising therapeutic target to improve the outcome of CABG. This study dissects the role of TGFß pathway in CABG failure, with particular emphasis on the therapeutic potentials of specific targeting of Smad-dependent and ALK-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzuq A Ungogo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, 58989Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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13
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ALK5 deficiency inhibits macrophage inflammation and lipid loading by targeting KLF4. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:222146. [PMID: 32065217 PMCID: PMC7056445 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor type-β (TGF-β) has been demonstrated to play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis through binding to the serine/threonine kinase transmembrane type I and type II receptors. However, as a key type I receptor for TGF-β, the exact role and the underlying mechanism of Activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) on macrophage activation involved in atherogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, enhanced ALK5 expression was found in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) upon OX-LDL stimulation tested by RT-PCR and Western blot, which was further verified by co-immunofluorescence staining. Next, the loss-of-function of ALK5 used AdshALK5 transfection was performed to test the effect of ALK5 on macrophage activation. We observed that ALK5 silencing inhibited pro-inflammatory but promoted anti-inflammatory macrophage markers expression. Moreover, decreased foam cell formation was found in ALK5 knockdown macrophages accompanied by increased cholesterol efflux. Mechanistically, ALK5 knockdown significantly increased KLF4 expression that was responsible for the attenuated macrophage activation induced by ALK5 knockdown. Collectively, these findings suggested that neutralization of ALK5 may act as a promising strategy for the management of atherosclerosis.
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14
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Galaris G, Thalgott JH, Lebrin FPG. Pericytes in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:215-246. [PMID: 31147880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic disorder characterized by multi-systemic vascular dysplasia affecting 1 in 5000 people worldwide. Individuals with HHT suffer from many complications including nose and gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, iron deficiency, stroke, abscess, and high-output heart failure. Identification of the causative gene mutations and the generation of animal models have revealed that decreased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling activity in endothelial cells are responsible for the development of the vascular malformations in HHT. Perturbations in these key pathways are thought to lead to endothelial cell activation resulting in mural cell disengagement from the endothelium. This initial instability state causes the blood vessels to response inadequately when they are exposed to angiogenic triggers resulting in excessive blood vessel growth and the formation of vascular abnormalities that are prone to bleeding. Drugs promoting blood vessel stability have been reported as effective in preclinical models and in clinical trials indicating possible interventional targets based on a normalization approach for treating HHT. Here, we will review how disturbed TGF-β and VEGF signaling relates to blood vessel destabilization and HHT development and will discuss therapeutic opportunities based on the concept of vessel normalization to treat HHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Galaris
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jérémy H Thalgott
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franck P G Lebrin
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Physics for Medicine, ESPCI, INSERM U1273, CNRS, Paris, France.
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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15
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Low EL, Baker AH, Bradshaw AC. TGFβ, smooth muscle cells and coronary artery disease: a review. Cell Signal 2019; 53:90-101. [PMID: 30227237 PMCID: PMC6293316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis are key events in the development of intimal hyperplasia, a pathophysiological response to acute or chronic sources of vascular damage that can lead to occlusive narrowing of the vessel lumen. Atherosclerosis, the primary cause of coronary artery disease, is characterised by chronic vascular inflammation and dyslipidemia, while revascularisation surgeries such as coronary stenting and bypass grafting represent acute forms of vascular injury. Gene knockouts of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), its receptors and downstream signalling proteins have demonstrated the importance of this pleiotropic cytokine during vasculogenesis and in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Dysregulated TGFβ signalling is a hallmark of many vascular diseases, and has been associated with the induction of pathological vascular cell phenotypes, fibrosis and ECM remodelling. Here we present an overview of TGFβ signalling in SMCs, highlighting the ways in which this multifaceted cytokine regulates SMC behaviour and phenotype in cardiovascular diseases driven by intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Low
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Andrew H Baker
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Angela C Bradshaw
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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16
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Wang X, Solban N, Khanna P, Callea M, Song J, Alsop DC, Pearsall RS, Atkins MB, Mier JW, Signoretti S, Alimzhanov M, Kumar R, Bhasin MK, Bhatt RS. Inhibition of ALK1 signaling with dalantercept combined with VEGFR TKI leads to tumor stasis in renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41857-41869. [PMID: 27248821 PMCID: PMC5173101 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) with agents that block signaling through vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) induces disease regression or stabilization in some patients; however, these responses tend to be short-lived. Therefore, development of combination therapies that can extend the efficacy of VEGFR antagonists in mRCC remains a priority. We studied murine xenograft models of RCC that become refractory to treatment with the VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sunitinib. Dalantercept is a novel antagonist of Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1)/Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 9 signaling. Dalantercept inhibited growth in the murine A498 xenograft model which correlated with hyperdilation of the tumor vasculature and an increase in tumor hypoxia. When combined with sunitinib, dalantercept induced tumor necrosis and prevented tumor regrowth and revascularization typically seen with sunitinib monotherapy in two RCC models. Combination therapy led to significant downregulation of angiogenic genes as well as downregulation of endothelial specific gene expression particularly of the Notch signaling pathway. We demonstrate that simultaneous targeting of molecules that control distinct phases of angiogenesis, such as ALK1 and VEGFR, is a valid strategy for treatment of mRCC. At the molecular level, combination therapy leads to downregulation of Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoen Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Prateek Khanna
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcella Callea
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiaxi Song
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C Alsop
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael B Atkins
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James W Mier
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ravi Kumar
- Acceleron Pharma, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manoj K Bhasin
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine & Biotechnology, and Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rupal S Bhatt
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Zhang H, Du L, Zhong Y, Flanders KC, Roberts JD. Transforming growth factor-β stimulates Smad1/5 signaling in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts of the newborn mouse through ALK1. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28642261 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00079.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular signaling mechanisms through which TGF-β regulates pulmonary development are incompletely understood. Canonical TGF-β signaling involves Smad2/3 phosphorylation, Smad2/3·Smad4 complex formation and nuclear localization, and gene regulation. Here, we show that physiologically relevant TGF-β1 levels also stimulate Smad1/5 phosphorylation, which is typically a mediator of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, in mouse pup pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (mPASMC) and lung fibroblasts and other interstitial lung cell lines. This cross-talk mechanism likely has in vivo relevance because mixed Smad1/5/8·Smad2/3 complexes, which are indicative of TGF-β-stimulated Smad1/5 activation, were detected in the developing mouse lung using a proximity ligation assay. Although mixed Smad complexes have been shown not to transduce nuclear signaling, we determined that TGF-β stimulates nuclear localization of phosphorylated Smad1/5 and induces the expression of prototypical BMP-regulated genes in the mPASMC. Small-molecule kinase inhibitor studies suggested that TGF-β-regulated Smad1/5 phosphorylation in these cells is mediated by TGF-β-type I receptors, not BMP-type I receptors, but possibly the accessory activin-like kinase (ALK1) receptor. Although work by others suggested that ALK1 is expressed exclusively in endothelial cells in the vasculature, we detected ALK1 mRNA and protein expression in mPASMC in vitro and in mouse pup lungs. Moreover, using an antimurine ALK1 antibody and mPASMC, we determined that ALK1 regulates Smad1/5 phosphorylation by TGF-β. Together, these studies characterize an accessory TGF-β-stimulated BMP R-Smad signaling mechanism in interstitial cells of the developing lung. They also indicate the importance of considering alternate Smad pathways in studies directed at determining how TGF-β regulates newborn lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lili Du
- Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying Zhong
- Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen C Flanders
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Jesse D Roberts
- Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; .,Department of Anesthesia and the Division of Newborn Medicine in the Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Jonker L. TGF-β & BMP receptors endoglin and ALK1: overview of their functional role and status as antiangiogenic targets. Microcirculation 2015; 21:93-103. [PMID: 25279424 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature, angiogenesis, is facilitated through a host of different signaling processes. Members of the TGF-β superfamily, TGF-β1, TGF-β3, and BMP9, are key propagators of both inhibition and initiation of angiogenesis. HHT, characterized by AVM and capillary bed defects, is caused by germline mutations in the ENG and ACVRL1/ALK1 genes, respectively. Clinical symptoms include epistaxis and GI hemorrhage. The membranous receptors endoglin and ALK1 activate proliferation and migration of endothelial cells during the angiogenic process via the downstream intracellular SMAD signaling pathway. Endothelial cell senescence or activation is dependent on the type of cytokine, ligand concentration, cell-cell interaction, and a multitude of other signaling molecules. Endoglin and ALK1 receptor levels in tumor vasculature correlate inversely with prognosis in humans, whereas in mice, endoglin deficiency decelerates tumor progression. Therefore, endoglin and ALK1 have been identified as potential therapeutic targets for antibody treatment in various cancers. Early phase clinical trials in humans are currently underway to evaluate the efficacy and safety of biological therapy targeting endoglin/ALK1-mediated cells signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Jonker
- North Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust, Carlisle, UK
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19
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VEGF, Notch and TGFβ/BMPs in regulation of sprouting angiogenesis and vascular patterning. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:1576-83. [PMID: 25399573 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The blood vasculature is constantly adapting to meet the demand from tissue. In so doing, branches may form, reorganize or regress. These complex processes employ integration of multiple signalling cascades, some of them being restricted to endothelial and mural cells and, hence, suitable for targeting of the vasculature. Both genetic and drug targeting experiments have demonstrated the requirement for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) system, the Delta-like-Notch system and the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) cascades in vascular development. Although several of these signalling cascades in part converge into common downstream components, they differ in temporal and spatial regulation and expression. For example, the pro-angiogenic VEGFA is secreted by cells in need of oxygen, presented to the basal side of the endothelium, whereas BMP9 and BMP10 are supplied via the bloodstream in constant interaction with the apical side to suppress angiogenesis. Delta-like 4 (DLL4), on the other hand, is provided as an endothelial membrane bound ligand. In the present article, we discuss recent data on the integration of these pathways in the process of sprouting angiogenesis and vascular patterning and malformation.
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20
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Kutchuk L, Laitala A, Soueid-Bomgarten S, Shentzer P, Rosendahl AH, Eilot S, Grossman M, Sagi I, Sormunen R, Myllyharju J, Mäki JM, Hasson P. Muscle composition is regulated by a Lox-TGFβ feedback loop. Development 2015; 142:983-93. [PMID: 25715398 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Muscle is an integrated tissue composed of distinct cell types and extracellular matrix. While much emphasis has been placed on the factors required for the specification of the cells that comprise muscle, little is known about the crosstalk between them that enables the development of a patterned and functional tissue. We find in mice that deletion of lysyl oxidase (Lox), an extracellular enzyme regulating collagen maturation and organization, uncouples the balance between the amount of myofibers and that of muscle connective tissue (MCT). We show that Lox secreted from the myofibers attenuates TGFβ signaling, an inhibitor of myofiber differentiation and promoter of MCT development. We further demonstrate that a TGFβ-Lox feedback loop between the MCT and myofibers maintains the dynamic developmental homeostasis between muscle components while also regulating MCT organization. Our results allow a better understanding of diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in which LOX and TGFβ signaling have been implicated and the balance between muscle constituents is disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Kutchuk
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Anu Laitala
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Sharon Soueid-Bomgarten
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Pessia Shentzer
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ann-Helen Rosendahl
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Shelly Eilot
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Moran Grossman
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Raija Sormunen
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Joni M Mäki
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu 90220, Finland
| | - Peleg Hasson
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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21
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Thalgott J, Dos-Santos-Luis D, Lebrin F. Pericytes as targets in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Front Genet 2015; 6:37. [PMID: 25763012 PMCID: PMC4327729 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective paracrine Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling between endothelial cells and the neighboring mural cells have been thought to lead to the development of vascular lesions that are characteristic of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT). This review highlights recent progress in our understanding of TGF-β signaling in mural cell recruitment and vessel stabilization and how perturbed TGF-β signaling might contribute to defective endothelial-mural cell interaction affecting vessel functionalities. Our recent findings have provided exciting insights into the role of thalidomide, a drug that reduces both the frequency and the duration of epistaxis in individuals with HHT by targeting mural cells. These advances provide opportunities for the development of new therapies for vascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Thalgott
- INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM U1050, Group Pathological Angiogenesis and Vessel Normalization, Collège de France Paris, France
| | - Damien Dos-Santos-Luis
- INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM U1050, Group Pathological Angiogenesis and Vessel Normalization, Collège de France Paris, France
| | - Franck Lebrin
- INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM U1050, Group Pathological Angiogenesis and Vessel Normalization, Collège de France Paris, France
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22
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Slade N, Zorić A, Horvat B, Vukšić M, Kostović I, Poljak L. Suppression of Smad-1 mRNA expression level by Smad-2 likely control dichotomy of NF-κB and Smads mediated activation. Immunobiology 2014; 220:48-53. [PMID: 25261891 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to find out how NF-κB and Smad-mediated signaling influenced the expression of astrogliogenic versus neurogenic markers of brain development in U4C cells which were either enriched (Tg Jak-1) or deprived in Jak-1 molecule (Jak-1 KO). Genetically modified U4C cells were transfected with NF-kB reporter plasmid in order to follow its activation when cells were cotransfected with different combinations of Smads constructs. In wild type cells no significant activation of NF-κB was observed while genetically modified cells exhibited somewhat different pattern of NF-κB activation depending on the Smad constructs combination used. The absence of NF-κB activation in Jak-1 transgenic cells transfected with Smad-1 plus Smad-3 was accompanied by the appearance of apoptotic cells as revealed by DAPI staining. Smad-1 expression was undetectable in Jak-1 transgenic cells and was downregulated in wild type cells upon transfection with Smad-2. The absence of p65 nuclear translocation in Smad-2 transfected cells and the presence of Smad-4 in nucleus of the same cells indicates dichotomy in NF-κB and Smads mediated signaling pathways. The significance of this study is that helps to elucidate the point of collaboration among three different signaling pathways - Jak-1 mediated cytokine signaling, NF-κB and Smads mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Slade
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Rudjer Bošković" Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Zorić
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Rudjer Bošković" Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - B Horvat
- INSERM U758, IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, Tony Garnier, Lyon, France
| | - M Vukšić
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I Kostović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - L Poljak
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia.
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23
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Bhatt RS, Atkins MB. Molecular pathways: can activin-like kinase pathway inhibition enhance the limited efficacy of VEGF inhibitors? Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2838-45. [PMID: 24714770 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway is critical for tumor angiogenesis. However, VEGF pathway inhibition has been limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. Simultaneously targeting multiple steps involved in tumor angiogenesis is a potential means of overcoming this resistance. Activin like kinase 1 (ALK1) and endoglin (ENG) have effects on angiogenesis that are distinct from those of VEGF. Whereas VEGF is important for vessel initiation, ALK1 and endoglin are involved in vessel network formation. Thus, ALK1 and endoglin pathway inhibitors are attractive partners for VEGF-based combination antiangiogenic therapy. Genetic evidence supports a role for this receptor family and its ligands, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) 9 and 10, in vascular development. Patients with genetic alterations in ALK1 or endoglin develop hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, a disorder characterized by abnormal vessel development. There are several inhibitors of the ALK1 pathway advancing in clinical development for treatment of various tumor types, including renal cell and ovarian carcinomas. Targeting of alternate angiogenic pathways, particularly in combination with VEGF pathway blockade, holds the promise of optimally inhibiting angiogenically driven tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res; 20(11); 2838-45. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal S Bhatt
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael B Atkins
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts and Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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A functional genomic approach reveals the transcriptional role of EDD in the expression and function of angiogenesis regulator ACVRL1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:1309-19. [PMID: 24189493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
EDD (E3 isolated by differential display) was initially isolated as a progestin-regulated gene in breast cancer cells, and represents the human ortholog of the Drosophila melanogaster hyperplastic discs gene (hyd). It encodes a highly conserved and predominantly nuclear ubiquitin E3 ligase of the HECT family, with potential multifunctional roles in development and tumorigenesis. In this study, we further examined the largely uncharacterized role of EDD in transcriptional regulation by uncovering the spectrum of its direct target genes at a genome-wide level. Use of a systematic approach that integrates gene expression and chromatin binding profiling identified several candidate EDD-target genes, one of which is ACVRL1, a TGF-β receptor with functional implications in blood vessel development. Further characterization revealed a negative regulation of ACVRL1 gene expression by EDD that is exerted at the promoter. Consistent with the aberrant upregulation of ACVRL1 and downstream Smad signaling, abrogation of EDD led to deregulated vessel development and endothelial cell motility. Collectively, these results extended the known cellular roles of EDD to critical functions in transcriptional regulation as well as angiogenesis, and may provide mechanistic explanations for EDD's tumorigenic and developmental roles.
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25
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Hawinkels LJ, Garcia de Vinuesa A, Ten Dijke P. Activin receptor-like kinase 1 as a target for anti-angiogenesis therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1371-83. [PMID: 24053899 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.837884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Formation of blood vessels from pre-existing ones, also termed angiogenesis, is of crucial importance for the outgrowth of tumours beyond 1 - 2 mm³. Therefore, anti-angiogenic therapies, mainly focussing on inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are used in clinical therapy. However, although initially reducing tumour size, therapy resistance occurs frequently and new targets are needed. A possible target is activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-1, a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β type-I receptor, which binds bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 and -10 with high affinity and has an important role in regulating angiogenesis. AREAS COVERED Several approaches to interfere with ALK1 signalling have been developed, that is, ALK1 neutralising antibodies and a soluble ALK1 extracellular domain/Fc fusion protein (ALK1-Fc), acting as a ligand trap. In this review, we discuss the involvement of ALK1 in angiogenesis, in a variety of diseases and the current status of the development of ALK1 inhibitors for cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Based on current, mainly preclinical studies on inhibition of ALK1 signalling by ligand traps and neutralising antibodies, targeting ALK1 seems very promising. Both ALK1-Fc and neutralising antibodies strongly inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The results from the first Phase I clinical trials are to be reported soon and multiple Phase II studies are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Jac Hawinkels
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for BioMedical Genetics, Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Building-2, S1-P, PO box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden , The Netherlands +31 71 526 9272 ; +31 71 526 8270 ;
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26
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Garside VC, Chang AC, Karsan A, Hoodless PA. Co-ordinating Notch, BMP, and TGF-β signaling during heart valve development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2899-917. [PMID: 23161060 PMCID: PMC4996658 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects affect approximately 1-5 % of human newborns each year, and of these cardiac defects 20-30 % are due to heart valve abnormalities. Recent literature indicates that the key factors and pathways that regulate valve development are also implicated in congenital heart defects and valve disease. Currently, there are limited options for treatment of valve disease, and therefore having a better understanding of valve development can contribute critical insight into congenital valve defects and disease. There are three major signaling pathways required for early specification and initiation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in the cardiac cushions: BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling. BMPs secreted from the myocardium set up the environment for the overlying endocardium to become activated; Notch signaling initiates EMT; and both BMP and TGF-β signaling synergize with Notch to promote the transition of endothelia to mesenchyme and the mesenchymal cell invasiveness. Together, these three essential signaling pathways help form the cardiac cushions and populate them with mesenchyme and, consequently, set off the cascade of events required to develop mature heart valves. Furthermore, integration and cross-talk between these pathways generate highly stratified and delicate valve leaflets and septa of the heart. Here, we discuss BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling pathways during mouse cardiac cushion formation and how they together produce a coordinated EMT response in the developing mouse valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Garside
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Alex C. Chang
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Aly Karsan
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Pamela A. Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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27
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The age-related changes in cartilage and osteoarthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:916530. [PMID: 23971049 PMCID: PMC3736507 DOI: 10.1155/2013/916530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is closely associated with aging, but its underlying mechanism is unclear. Recent publications were reviewed to elucidate the connection between aging and OA. With increasing OA incidence, more senior people are facing heavy financial and social burdens. Age-related OA pathogenesis is not well understood. Recently, it has been realized that age-related changes in other tissues besides articular cartilage may also contribute to OA development. Many factors including senescence-related secretory phenotypes, chondrocytes' low reactivity to growth factors, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and abnormal accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may all play key roles in the pathogenesis of age-related OA. Lately, epigenetic regulation of gene expression was recognized for its impact on age-related OA pathogenesis. Up to now, few studies have been reported about the role of miRNA and long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in age-related OA. Research focusing on this area may provide valuable insights into OA pathogenesis. OA-induced financial and social burdens have become an increasingly severe threat to older population. Age-related changes in noncartilage tissue should be incorporated in the understanding of OA development. Growing attention on oxidative stress and epigenetics will provide more important clues for the better understanding of the age-related OA.
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The ALK-1/Smad1 pathway in cardiovascular physiopathology. A new target for therapy? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1492-510. [PMID: 23707512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Activin receptor-like kinase-1 or ALK-1 is a type I cell surface receptor for the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of proteins. The role of ALK-1 in endothelial cells biology and in angiogenesis has been thoroughly studied by many authors. However, it has been recently suggested a possible role of ALK-1 in cardiovascular homeostasis. ALK-1 is not only expressed in endothelial cells but also in smooth muscle cells, myofibroblast, hepatic stellate cells, chondrocytes, monocytes, myoblasts, macrophages or fibroblasts, but its role in these cells have not been deeply analyzed. Due to the function of ALK-1 in these cells, this receptor plays a role in several cardiovascular diseases. Animals with ALK-1 haploinsufficiency and patients with mutations in Acvrl1 (the gene that codifies for ALK-1) develop type-2 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Moreover, ALK-1 heterozygous mice develop pulmonary hypertension. Higher levels of ALK-1 have been observed in atherosclerotic plaques, suggesting a possible protector role of this receptor. ALK-1 deficiency is also related to the development of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Besides, due to the ability of ALK-1 to regulate cell proliferation and migration, and to modulate extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression in several cell types, ALK-1 has been now demonstrated to play an important role in cardiovascular remodeling. In this review, we would like to offer a complete vision of the role of ALK-1 in many process related to cardiovascular homeostasis, and the involvement of this protein in the development of cardiovascular diseases, suggesting the possibility of using the ALK-1/smad-1 pathway as a powerful therapeutic target.
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29
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Jakobsson L, van Meeteren LA. Transforming growth factor β family members in regulation of vascular function: in the light of vascular conditional knockouts. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1264-70. [PMID: 23454603 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels are composed of endothelial cells, mural cells (smooth muscle cells and pericytes) and their shared basement membrane. During embryonic development a multitude of signaling components orchestrate the formation of new vessels. The process is highly dependent on correct dosage, spacing and timing of these signaling molecules. As vessels mature some cascades remain active, albeit at very low levels, and may be reactivated upon demand. Members of the Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) protein family are strongly engaged in developmental angiogenesis but are also regulators of vascular integrity in the adult. In humans various genetic alterations within this protein family cause vascular disorders, involving disintegration of vascular integrity. Here we summarize and discuss recent data gathered from conditional and endothelial cell specific genetic loss-of-function of members of the TGF-β family in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Jakobsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Wilson CL, Gough PJ, Chang CA, Chan CK, Frey JM, Liu Y, Braun KR, Chin MT, Wight TN, Raines EW. Endothelial deletion of ADAM17 in mice results in defective remodeling of the semilunar valves and cardiac dysfunction in adults. Mech Dev 2013; 130:272-89. [PMID: 23354118 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Global inactivation of the metalloproteinase ADAM17 during mouse development results in perinatal lethality and abnormalities of the heart, including late embryonic cardiomegaly and thickened semilunar and atrioventricular valves. These defects have been attributed in part to a lack of ADAM17-mediated processing of HB-EGF, as absence of soluble HB-EGF results in similar phenotypes. Because valvular mesenchymal cells are largely derived from cardiac endothelial cells, we generated mice with a floxed Adam17 allele and crossed these animals with Tie2-Cre transgenics to focus on the role of endothelial ADAM17 in valvulogenesis. We find that although hearts from late-stage embryos with ablation of endothelial ADAM17 appear normal, an increase in valve size and cell number is evident, but only in the semilunar cusps. Unlike Hbegf(-/-) valves, ADAM17-null semilunar valves do not differ from controls in acute cell proliferation at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), suggesting compensatory processing of HB-EGF. However, levels of the proteoglycan versican are significantly reduced in mutant hearts early in valve remodeling (E12.5). After birth, aortic valve cusps from mutants are not only hyperplastic but also show expansion of the glycosaminoglycan-rich component, with the majority of adults exhibiting aberrant compartmentalization of versican and increased deposition of collagen. The inability of mutant outflow valve precursors to transition into fully mature cusps is associated with decreased postnatal viability, progressive cardiomegaly, and systolic dysfunction. Together, our data indicate that ADAM17 is required in valvular endothelial cells for regulating cell content as well as extracellular matrix composition and organization in semilunar valve remodeling and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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31
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Nakajima Y, Imanaka-Yoshida K. New insights into the developmental mechanisms of coronary vessels and epicardium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 303:263-317. [PMID: 23445813 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407697-6.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During heart development, the epicardium, which originates from the proepicardial organ (PE), is a source of coronary vessels. The PE develops from the posterior visceral mesoderm of the pericardial coelom after stimulation with a combination of weak bone morphogenetic protein and strong fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. PE-derived cells migrate across the heart surface to form the epicardial sheet, which subsequently seeds multipotent subepicardial mesenchymal cells via epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which is regulated by several signaling pathways including retinoic acid, FGF, sonic hedgehog, Wnt, transforming growth factor-β, and platelet-derived growth factor. Subepicardial endothelial progenitors eventually generate the coronary vascular plexus, which acquires an arterial or venous phenotype, connects with the sinus venosus and aortic sinuses, and then matures through the recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells under the regulation of complex growth factor signaling pathways. These developmental programs might be activated in the adult heart after injury and play a role in the regeneration/repair of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
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32
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Uebelhoer M, Boon LM, Vikkula M. Vascular anomalies: from genetics toward models for therapeutic trials. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:cshperspect.a009688. [PMID: 22908197 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular anomalies are localized abnormalities that occur during vascular development. Several causative genes have been identified not only for inherited but also for some sporadic forms, and the molecular pathways involved are becoming understood. This gives us the opportunity to generate animals carrying the causative genetic defects, which we hope model the phenotype seen in human patients. These models would enable us not only to test known antiangiogenic drugs, but also to develop novel approaches for treatment, directly targeting the mutated protein or molecules implicated in the pathophysiological signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Uebelhoer
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Rossdeutsch A, Smart N, Dubé KN, Turner M, Riley PR. Essential role for thymosin β4 in regulating vascular smooth muscle cell development and vessel wall stability. Circ Res 2012; 111:e89-102. [PMID: 22723298 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.259846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Compromised development of blood vessel walls leads to vascular instability that may predispose to aneurysm with risk of rupture and lethal hemorrhage. There is currently a lack of insight into developmental insults that may define the molecular and cellular characteristics of initiating and perpetrating factors in adult aneurismal disease. OBJECTIVE To investigate a role for the actin-binding protein thymosin β4 (Tβ4), previously shown to be proangiogenic, in mural cell development and vascular wall stability. METHODS AND RESULTS Phenotypic analyses of both global and endothelial-specific loss-of-function Tβ4 mouse models revealed a proportion of Tβ4-null embryos with vascular hemorrhage coincident with a reduction in smooth muscle cell coverage of their developing vessels. Mechanistic studies revealed that extracellular Tβ4 can stimulate differentiation of mesodermal progenitor cells to a mature mural cell phenotype through activation of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) pathway and that reduced TGFβ signaling correlates with the severity of hemorrhagic phenotype in Tβ4-null vasculature. CONCLUSIONS Tβ4 is a novel endothelial secreted trophic factor that functions synergistically with TGFβ to regulate mural cell development and vascular wall stability. These findings have important implications for understanding congenital anomalies that may be causative for adult-onset vascular instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rossdeutsch
- Molecular Medicine Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
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34
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Kim JH, Peacock MR, George SC, Hughes CCW. BMP9 induces EphrinB2 expression in endothelial cells through an Alk1-BMPRII/ActRII-ID1/ID3-dependent pathway: implications for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type II. Angiogenesis 2012; 15:497-509. [PMID: 22622516 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ALK1 (ACVRL1) is a member of the TGFβ receptor family and is expressed predominantly by arterial endothelial cells (EC). Mutations in ACVRL1 are responsible for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2 (HHT2), a disease manifesting as fragile vessels, capillary overgrowth, and numerous arterio-venous malformations. Arterial EC also express EphrinB2, which has multiple roles in vascular development and angiogenesis and is known to be reduced in ACVRL1 knockout mice. Using an in vitro angiogenesis model we find that the Alk1 ligand BMP9 induces EphrinB2 in EC, and this is entirely dependent on expression of Alk1 and at least one of the co-receptors BMPRII or ActRII. BMP9 induces both ID1 and ID3, and both are necessary for full induction of EphrinB2. Loss of Alk1 or EphrinB2 results in increased arterial-venous anastomosis, while loss of Alk1 but not EphrinB2 results in increased VEGFR2 expression and enhanced capillary sprouting. Conversely, BMP9 blocks EC sprouting and this is dependent on Alk1, BMPRII/ActRII and ID1/ID3. Finally, notch signaling overcomes the loss of Alk1-restoring EphrinB2 expression in EC, and curbing excess sprouting. Thus, in an in vitro model of HHT2, loss of Alk1 blocks BMP9 signaling, resulting in reduced EphrinB2 expression, enhanced VEGFR2 expression, and misregulated EC sprouting and anastomosis.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Activin Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- DNA Primers
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Ephrin-B2/genetics
- Ephrin-B2/metabolism
- Growth Differentiation Factor 2/physiology
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/genetics
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Hyun Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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35
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van Meeteren LA, Thorikay M, Bergqvist S, Pardali E, Stampino CG, Hu-Lowe D, Goumans MJ, ten Dijke P. Anti-human activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) antibody attenuates bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9)-induced ALK1 signaling and interferes with endothelial cell sprouting. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18551-61. [PMID: 22493445 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.338103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and molecular studies suggest that activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) type I receptor, and endoglin, a TGF-β co-receptor, play an essential role in vascular development and pathological angiogenesis. Several agents that interfere with ALK1 and endoglin function are currently in clinical trials for antiangiogenic activity in cancer therapy. One of these agents, PF-03446962 (anti-hALK1 antibody), shows promising results in the clinic. However, its effects on endothelial cell function and mechanism of action are unclear. Here we demonstrate that anti-hALK1 antibody selectively recognizes human ALK1. The anti-hALK1 antibody interfered with bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9)-induced signaling in endothelial cells. Consistent with this notion, anti-hALK1 antibody was found to compete highly efficiently with the binding of the ALK1 ligand BMP9 and TGF-β to ALK1. Moreover, it prevented BMP9-dependent recruitment of co-receptor endoglin into this angiogenesis-mediating signaling complex. In addition, we demonstrated that anti-hALK1 antibody inhibited endothelial cell sprouting but did not directly interfere with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, VEGF-induced proliferation, and migration of endothelial cells. Finally, we demonstrated that BMP9 in serum is essential for endothelial sprouting and that anti-hALK1 antibody inhibits this potently. Our data suggest that both the VEGF/VEGF receptor and the BMP9/ALK1 pathways are essential for stimulating angiogenesis, and targeting both pathways simultaneously may be an attractive strategy to overcome resistance to antiangiogenesis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens A van Meeteren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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36
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Zhu Q, Luo K. SnoN in regulation of embryonic development and tissue morphogenesis. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1971-6. [PMID: 22710172 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SnoN (Ski-novel protein) plays an important role in embryonic development, tumorigenesis and aging. Past studies largely focused on its roles in tumorigenesis. Recent studies of its expression patterns and functions in mouse models and mammalian cells have revealed that SnoN interacts with multiple signaling molecules at different cellular levels to modulate the activities of several signaling pathways in a tissue context and developmental stage dependent manner. These studies suggest that SnoN may have broad functions in the embryonic development and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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37
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Nguyen HL, Lee YJ, Shin J, Lee E, Park SO, McCarty JH, Oh SP. TGF-β signaling in endothelial cells, but not neuroepithelial cells, is essential for cerebral vascular development. J Transl Med 2011; 91:1554-63. [PMID: 21876535 PMCID: PMC3802535 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The various organs of the body harbor blood vessel networks that display unique structural and functional features; however, the mechanisms that control organ-specific vascular development and physiology remain mostly unknown. In the developing mouse brain, αvβ8 integrin-mediated TGF-β activation and signaling is essential for normal blood vessel growth and sprouting. Whether integrins activate TGF-β signaling pathways in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), neural cells, or both, has yet to be determined. Here, we have generated and characterized mice in which TGF-β receptors are specifically deleted in neuroepithelial cells via Nestin-Cre, or in ECs via a novel Cre transgenic strain (Alk1(GFPCre)) in which Cre is expressed under control of the endogenous activin receptor-like kinase 1 (Alk1) promoter. We report that deletion of Tgfbr2 in the neuroepithelium does not impact brain vascular development. In contrast, selective deletion of the Tgfbr2 or Alk5 genes in ECs result in embryonic lethality because of brain-specific vascular pathologies, including blood vessel morphogenesis and intracerebral hemorrhage. These data reveal for the first time that αvβ8 integrin-activated TGF-βs regulate angiogenesis in the developing brain via paracrine signaling to ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Long Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Shin
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sung Ok Park
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph H McCarty
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Paul Oh
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea,World Class University Program, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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38
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Differential role of Nkx2-5 in activation of the atrial natriuretic factor gene in the developing versus failing heart. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:4633-45. [PMID: 21930795 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05940-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is abundantly expressed in atrial cardiomyocytes throughout ontogeny and in ventricular cardiomyocytes in the developing heart. However, during cardiac failure and hypertrophy, ANF expression can reappear in adult ventricular cardiomyocytes. The transcription factor Nkx2-5 is one of the major transactivators of the ANF gene in the developing heart. We identified Nkx2-5 binding at three 5' regulatory elements (kb -34, -31, and -21) and at the proximal ANF promoter by ChIP assay using neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. 3C analysis revealed close proximity between the distal elements and the promoter region. A 5.8-kb fragment consisting of these elements transactivated a reporter gene in vivo recapitulating endogenous ANF expression, which was markedly reduced in tamoxifen-inducible Nkx2-5 gene knockout mice. However, expression of a reporter gene was increased and expanded toward the outer compact layer in the absence of the transcription repressor Hey2, similar to endogenous ANF expression. Functional Nkx2-5 and Hey2 binding sites separated by 59 bp were identified in the -34 kb element in neonatal cardiomyocytes. In adult hearts, this fragment did not respond to pressure overload, and ANF was induced in the absence of Nkx2-5. These results demonstrate that Nkx2-5 and its responsive cis-regulatory DNA elements are essential for ANF expression selectively in the developing heart.
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Anderton MJ, Mellor HR, Bell A, Sadler C, Pass M, Powell S, Steele SJ, Roberts RRA, Heier A. Induction of heart valve lesions by small-molecule ALK5 inhibitors. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:916-24. [PMID: 21859884 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311416259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant signaling by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its type I (ALK5) receptor has been implicated in a number of human diseases and this pathway is considered a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Transforming growth factor-β signaling via ALK5 plays a critical role during heart development, but the role of ALK5 in the adult heart is poorly understood. In the current study, the preclinical toxicology of ALK5 inhibitors from two different chemistry scaffolds was explored. Ten-week-old female Han Wistar rats received test compounds by the oral route for three to seven days. Both compounds induced histopathologic heart valve lesions characterized by hemorrhage, inflammation, degeneration, and proliferation of valvular interstitial cells. The pathology was observed in all animals, at all doses tested, and occurred in all four heart valves. Immunohistochemical analysis of ALK5 in rat hearts revealed expression in the valves, but not in the myocardium. Compared to control animals, protein levels of ALK5 were unchanged in the heart valves of treated animals. We also observed a physeal dysplasia in the femoro-tibial joint of rats treated with ALK5 inhibitors, a finding consistent with a pharmacological effect described previously with ALK5 inhibitors. Overall, these findings suggest that TGF-β signaling via ALK5 plays a critical role in maintaining heart valve integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Anderton
- Department of General Toxicology Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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Preclinical efficacy of cystatin C to target the oncogenic activity of transforming growth factor Beta in breast cancer. Transl Oncol 2011; 2:174-83. [PMID: 19701502 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified cystatin C (CystC) as a novel antagonist of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling in normal and malignant cells. However, whether the anti-TGF-beta activities of CystC can be translated to preclinical animal models of breast cancer growth and metastasis remains unproven. Assessing the preclinical efficacy of CystC was accomplished using metastatic 4T1 breast cancer cells, whose oncogenic responses to TGF-beta were inhibited both in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, we observed CystC to prevent TGF-beta from stimulating the growth and pulmonary metastasis of 4T1 tumors in mice in part by reducing the extent of Smad2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation present in 4T1 tumors. We also found CystC to significantly antagonize angiogenesis in developing 4T1 tumors, suggesting a novel role for CystC in uncoupling TGF-beta signaling in endothelial cells (ECs). Accordingly, CystC dramatically reduced murine and human EC responsiveness to TGF-beta, including their ability to regulate the expression of 1) TGF-beta signaling components, 2) inhibitor of differentiation (ID) family members, and 3) matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors (TIMPs) and to undergo cell invasion and angiogenic sprouting stimulated by TGF-beta. Importantly, CystC prevented TGF-beta from stimulating vessel development in Matrigel plugs implanted into genetically normal mice. Collectively, our findings provide the first preclinical evidence that CystC is efficacious in preventing breast cancer progression and angiogenesis stimulated by the oncogenic TGF-beta signaling system and suggest that CystC-based chemotherapeutics possesses translational efficacy to one day treat and improve the clinical course of late-stage breast cancers.
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Arthur HM, Bamforth SD. TGFβ signaling and congenital heart disease: Insights from mouse studies. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2011; 91:423-34. [PMID: 21538815 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) regulates one of the major signaling pathways that control tissue morphogenesis. In vitro experiments using heart explants indicated the importance of this signaling pathway for the generation of cushion mesenchymal cells, which ultimately contribute to the valves and septa of the mature heart. Recent advances in mouse genetics have enabled in vivo investigation into the roles of individual ligands, receptors, and coreceptors of this pathway, including investigation of the tissue specificity of these roles in heart development. This work has revealed that (1) cushion mesenchyme can form in the absence of TGFβ signaling, although mesenchymal cell numbers may be misregulated; (2) TGFβ signaling is essential for correct remodeling of the cushions, particularly those of the outflow tract; (3) TGFβ signaling also has a role in ensuring accurate remodeling of the pharyngeal arch arteries to form the mature aortic arch; and (4) mesenchymal cells derived from the epicardium require TGFβ signaling to promote their differentiation to vascular smooth muscle cells to support the coronary arteries. In addition, a mouse genetics approach has also been used to investigate the disease pathogenesis of Loeys-Dietz syndrome, a familial autosomal dominant human disorder characterized by a dilated aortic root, and associated with mutations in the two TGFβ signaling receptor genes, TGFBR1 and TGFBR2. Further important insights are likely as this exciting work progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Arthur
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Members of the TGF-β family act on many, if not all, cell types within the body, producing diverse and complex cellular outcomes. Activation of the endothelial cell-restricted TGF-β type I receptor ALK1 results from the binding of several different ligands of the TGF-β family, including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 9, BMP10, and TGF-β. Mounting genetic, pharmacologic, and histopathologic evidence supports a critical role for ALK1 signaling in regulation of both developmental and pathologic blood vessel formation. However, the precise function of TGF-β family signaling in endothelial cells is difficult to predict and appears highly context dependent because of the multitude of ligands and receptors influencing the final outcome. Pharmacologic inhibitors of ALK1 have recently been developed and will allow for more accurate studies of ALK1 function in vivo, as well as for assessment of ALK1 as a target for suppression of angiogenesis during tumor development. Herein, we will summarize the current view of ALK1 regulation of endothelial cell phenotype in vitro and in vivo as well as provide an outlook for the ongoing clinical trials of ALK1 inhibitors in malignant disease.
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Robson A, Allinson KR, Anderson RH, Henderson DJ, Arthur HM. The TGFβ type II receptor plays a critical role in the endothelial cells during cardiac development. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2435-42. [PMID: 20652948 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ signalling is required for normal cardiac development. To investigate which cell types are involved, we used mice carrying a floxed Type II TGFβ receptor (Tgfbr2fl) allele and Cre-lox genetics to deplete this receptor in different regions of the heart. The three target tissues and corresponding Cre transgenic lines were atrioventricular myocardium (using cGata6-Cre), ventricular myocardium (using Mlc2v-Cre), and vascular endothelium (using tamoxifen-activated Cdh5(PAC)-CreERT2). Spatio-temporal Cre activity in each case was tracked via lacZ activation from the Rosa26R locus. Atrioventricular-myocardial-specific Tgfbr2 knockout (KO) embryos had short septal leaflets of the tricuspid valve, whereas ventricular myocardial-specific KO embryos mainly exhibited a normal cardiac phenotype. Inactivation of Tgfbr2 in endothelial cells from E11.5 resulted in deficient ventricular septation, accompanied by haemorrhage from cerebral blood vessels. We conclude that TGFβ signalling through the Tgfbr2 receptor, in endothelial cells, plays an important role in cardiac development, and is essential for cerebral vascular integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Robson
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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Suwanabol PA, Kent KC, Liu B. TGF-β and restenosis revisited: a Smad link. J Surg Res 2011; 167:287-97. [PMID: 21324395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite novel surgical therapies for the treatment of atherosclerosis, restenosis continues to be a significant impediment to the long-term success of vascular interventions. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), a family of cytokines found to be up-regulated at sites of arterial injury, has long been implicated in restenosis; a role that has largely been attributed to TGF-β-mediated vascular fibrosis. However, emerging data indicate that the role of TGF-β in intimal thickening and arterial remodeling, the critical components of restenosis, is complex and multidirectional. Recent advancements have clarified the basic signaling pathway of TGF-β, making evident the need to redefine the precise role of this family of cytokines and its primary signaling pathway, Smad, in restenosis. Unraveling TGF-β signaling in intimal thickening and arterial remodeling will pave the way for a clearer understanding of restenosis and the development of innovative pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasithorn A Suwanabol
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Pardali E, Goumans MJ, ten Dijke P. Signaling by members of the TGF-β family in vascular morphogenesis and disease. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:556-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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López-Novoa JM, Bernabeu C. The physiological role of endoglin in the cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H959-74. [PMID: 20656886 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01251.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endoglin (CD105) is an integral membrane glycoprotein that serves as a coreceptor for members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily of proteins. A major role for endoglin in regulating transforming growth factor-β-dependent vascular remodeling and angiogenesis has been postulated based on the following: 1) endoglin is the gene mutated in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1, a disease characterized by vascular malformations; 2) endoglin knockout mice die at midgestation because of defective angiogenesis; 3) endoglin is overexpressed in neoangiogenic vessels, during inflammation, and in solid tumors; and 4) endoglin regulates the expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, which is involved in angiogenesis and vascular tone. Besides the predominant form of the endoglin receptor (long endoglin isoform), two additional forms of endoglin have been recently reported to play a role in the vascular pathology and homeostasis: the alternatively spliced short endoglin isoform and a soluble endoglin form that is proteolytically cleaved from membrane-bound endoglin. The purpose of this review is to underline the role that the different forms of endoglin play in regulating angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and vascular tone, as well as to analyze the molecular and cellular mechanisms supporting these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M López-Novoa
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiologia y Farmacologia, Universidad de Salamanca, and Red de Investigación Renal, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Salamanca, Spain.
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Sounni NE, Dehne K, van Kempen L, Egeblad M, Affara NI, Cuevas I, Wiesen J, Junankar S, Korets L, Lee J, Shen J, Morrison CJ, Overall CM, Krane SM, Werb Z, Boudreau N, Coussens LM. Stromal regulation of vessel stability by MMP14 and TGFbeta. Dis Model Mech 2010; 3:317-32. [PMID: 20223936 PMCID: PMC2860851 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.003863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate regulatory networks within organs maintain tissue homeostasis and facilitate rapid responses to damage. We identified a novel pathway regulating vessel stability in tissues that involves matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta(1)). Whereas plasma proteins rapidly extravasate out of vasculature in wild-type mice following acute damage, short-term treatment of mice in vivo with a broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor, neutralizing antibodies to TGFbeta(1), or an activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitor significantly enhanced vessel leakage. By contrast, in a mouse model of age-related dermal fibrosis, where MMP14 activity and TGFbeta bioavailability are chronically elevated, or in mice that ectopically express TGFbeta in the epidermis, cutaneous vessels are resistant to acute leakage. Characteristic responses to tissue damage are reinstated if the fibrotic mice are pretreated with metalloproteinase inhibitors or TGFbeta signaling antagonists. Neoplastic tissues, however, are in a constant state of tissue damage and exhibit altered hemodynamics owing to hyperleaky angiogenic vasculature. In two distinct transgenic mouse tumor models, inhibition of ALK5 further enhanced vascular leakage into the interstitium and facilitated increased delivery of high molecular weight compounds into premalignant tissue and tumors. Taken together, these data define a central pathway involving MMP14 and TGFbeta that mediates vessel stability and vascular response to tissue injury. Antagonists of this pathway could be therapeutically exploited to improve the delivery of therapeutics or molecular contrast agents into tissues where chronic damage or neoplastic disease limits their efficient delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leon van Kempen
- Cancer Research Institute
- Present address: Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Department of Anatomy
- Present address: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charlotte J. Morrison
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nancy Boudreau
- Department of Surgery
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Pathology
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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A role for age-related changes in TGFbeta signaling in aberrant chondrocyte differentiation and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:201. [PMID: 20156325 PMCID: PMC2875624 DOI: 10.1186/ar2896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a growth factor with many faces. In our osteoarthritis (OA) research we have found that TGFβ can be protective as well as deleterious for articular cartilage. We postulate that the dual effects of TGFβ on chondrocytes can be explained by the fact that TGFβ can signal via different receptors and related Smad signaling routes. On chondrocytes, TGFβ not only signals via the canonical type I receptor ALK5 but also via the ALK1 receptor. Notably, signaling via ALK5 (Smad2/3 route) results in markedly different chondrocyte responses than ALK1 signaling (Smad1/5/8), and we postulate that the balance between ALK5 and ALK1 expression on chondrocytes will determine the overall effect of TGFβ on these cells. Importantly, signaling via ALK1, but not ALK5, stimulates MMP-13 expression by chondrocytes. In cartilage of ageing mice and in experimental OA models we have found that the ALK1/ALK5 ratio is significantly increased, favoring TGFβ signaling via the Smad1/5/8 route, changes in chondrocyte differentiation and MMP-13 expression. Moreover, human OA cartilage showed a significant correlation between ALK1 and MMP-13 expression. In this paper we summarize concepts in OA, its link with ageing and disturbed growth factor responses, and a potential role of TGFβ signaling in OA development.
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Park SO, Wankhede M, Lee YJ, Choi EJ, Fliess N, Choe SW, Oh SH, Walter G, Raizada MK, Sorg BS, Oh SP. Real-time imaging of de novo arteriovenous malformation in a mouse model of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:3487-96. [PMID: 19805914 DOI: 10.1172/jci39482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular anomalies where arteries and veins are directly connected through a complex, tangled web of abnormal arteries and veins instead of a normal capillary network. AVMs in the brain, lung, and visceral organs, including the liver and gastrointestinal tract, result in considerable morbidity and mortality. AVMs are the underlying cause of three major clinical symptoms of a genetic vascular dysplasia termed hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), which is characterized by recurrent nosebleeds, mucocutaneous telangiectases, and visceral AVMs and caused by mutations in one of several genes, including activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1). It remains unknown why and how selective blood vessels form AVMs, and there have been technical limitations to observing the initial stages of AVM formation. Here we present in vivo evidence that physiological or environmental factors such as wounds in addition to the genetic ablation are required for Alk1-deficient vessels to develop to AVMs in adult mice. Using the dorsal skinfold window chamber system, we have demonstrated for what we believe to be the first time the entire course of AVM formation in subdermal blood vessels by using intravital bright-field images, hyperspectral imaging, fluorescence recordings of direct arterial flow through the AV shunts, and vascular casting techniques. We believe our data provide novel insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms of HHT and potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ok Park
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1376 Mowry Road, Room 456, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Blaney Davidson EN, Remst DFG, Vitters EL, van Beuningen HM, Blom AB, Goumans MJ, van den Berg WB, van der Kraan PM. Increase in ALK1/ALK5 ratio as a cause for elevated MMP-13 expression in osteoarthritis in humans and mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7937-45. [PMID: 19494318 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes show deviant behavior resembling terminal differentiation of growth-plate chondrocytes, characterized by elevated MMP-13 expression. The latter is also a hallmark for OA. TGF-beta is generally thought to be a protective factor for cartilage, but it has also displayed deleterious effects in some studies. Recently, it was shown that besides signaling via the ALK5 (activin-like kinase 5) receptor, TGF-beta can also signal via ALK1, thereby activating Smad1/5/8 instead of Smad2/3. The Smad1/5/8 route can induce chondrocyte terminal differentiation. Murine chondrocytes stimulated with TGF-beta activated the ALK5 receptor/Smad2/3 route as well as the ALK1/Smad1/5/8 route. In cartilage of mouse models for aging and OA, ALK5 expression decreased much more than ALK1. Thus, the ALK1/ALK5 ratio increased, which was associated with changes in the respective downstream markers: an increased Id-1 (inhibitor of DNA binding-1)/PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) ratio. Transfection of chondrocytes with adenovirus overexpressing constitutive active ALK1 increased MMP-13 expression, while small interfering RNA against ALK1 decreased MMP-13 expression to nondetectable levels. Adenovirus overexpressing constitutive active ALK5 transfection increased aggrecan expression, whereas small interfering RNA against ALK5 resulted in increased MMP-13 expression. Moreover, in human OA cartilage ALK1 was highly correlated with MMP-13 expression, whereas ALK5 correlated with aggrecan and collagen type II expression, important for healthy cartilage. Collectively, we show an age-related shift in ALK1/ALK5 ratio in murine cartilage and a strong correlation between ALK1 and MMP-13 expression in human cartilage. A change in balance between ALK5 and ALK1 receptors in chondrocytes caused changes in MMP-13 expression, thereby causing an OA-like phenotype. Our data suggest that dominant ALK1 signaling results in deviant chondrocyte behavior, thereby contributing to age-related cartilage destruction and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda N Blaney Davidson
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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