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Zimmerman EA, Irani I, Chen P, Gal-Yam A, Schulze S, Perley DA, Sollerman J, Filippenko AV, Shenar T, Yaron O, Shahaf S, Bruch RJ, Ofek EO, De Cia A, Brink TG, Yang Y, Vasylyev SS, Ben Ami S, Aubert M, Badash A, Bloom JS, Brown PJ, De K, Dimitriadis G, Fransson C, Fremling C, Hinds K, Horesh A, Johansson JP, Kasliwal MM, Kulkarni SR, Kushnir D, Martin C, Matuzewski M, McGurk RC, Miller AA, Morag J, Neil JD, Nugent PE, Post RS, Prusinski NZ, Qin Y, Raichoor A, Riddle R, Rowe M, Rusholme B, Sfaradi I, Sjoberg KM, Soumagnac M, Stein RD, Strotjohann NL, Terwel JH, Wasserman T, Wise J, Wold A, Yan L, Zhang K. The complex circumstellar environment of supernova 2023ixf. Nature 2024; 627:759-762. [PMID: 38538936 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The early evolution of a supernova (SN) can reveal information about the environment and the progenitor star. When a star explodes in vacuum, the first photons to escape from its surface appear as a brief, hours-long shock-breakout flare1,2, followed by a cooling phase of emission. However, for stars exploding within a distribution of dense, optically thick circumstellar material (CSM), the first photons escape from the material beyond the stellar edge and the duration of the initial flare can extend to several days, during which the escaping emission indicates photospheric heating3. Early serendipitous observations2,4 that lacked ultraviolet (UV) data were unable to determine whether the early emission is heating or cooling and hence the nature of the early explosion event. Here we report UV spectra of the nearby SN 2023ixf in the galaxy Messier 101 (M101). Using the UV data as well as a comprehensive set of further multiwavelength observations, we temporally resolve the emergence of the explosion shock from a thick medium heated by the SN emission. We derive a reliable bolometric light curve that indicates that the shock breaks out from a dense layer with a radius substantially larger than typical supergiants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Zimmerman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - I Irani
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - P Chen
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Gal-Yam
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Schulze
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D A Perley
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Sollerman
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A V Filippenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T Shenar
- Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - O Yaron
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Shahaf
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R J Bruch
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E O Ofek
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A De Cia
- European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
| | - T G Brink
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Physics Department and Tsinghua Center for Astrophysics (THCA), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - S S Vasylyev
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Ben Ami
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M Aubert
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Badash
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J S Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P J Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - K De
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G Dimitriadis
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C Fransson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Fremling
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K Hinds
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Horesh
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J P Johansson
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M M Kasliwal
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S R Kulkarni
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D Kushnir
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - C Martin
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Matuzewski
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R C McGurk
- W. M. Keck Observatory, Kamuela, HI, USA
| | - A A Miller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - J Morag
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J D Neil
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - P E Nugent
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R S Post
- Post Observatory, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - N Z Prusinski
- Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Y Qin
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A Raichoor
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Riddle
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Rowe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - B Rusholme
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - I Sfaradi
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - K M Sjoberg
- Department of Astronomy, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Isaac Newton Group (ING), Santa Cruz de La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - M Soumagnac
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - R D Stein
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - N L Strotjohann
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J H Terwel
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Isaac Newton Group (ING), Santa Cruz de La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - T Wasserman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - J Wise
- Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Wold
- IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - L Yan
- Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K Zhang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Li G, Hu M, Li W, Yang Y, Wang X, Yan S, Hu L, Zhang J, Mao Y, Riise H, Gao X, Sun T, Liu J, Xiong D, Wang L, Mo J, Iskandar A, Xi G, Xiang D, Wang L, Sun G, Zhang K, Chen J, Lin W, Guo F, Liu Q, Cai G, Zhou W, Zhao J, Chen J, Zheng X, Li K, Zhang M, Xu S, Lyu X, Castro-Tirado AJ, Chufarin V, Potapov N, Ionov I, Korotkiy S, Nazarov S, Sokolovsky K, Hamann N, Herman E. A shock flash breaking out of a dusty red supergiant. Nature 2024; 627:754-758. [PMID: 38093004 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Shock-breakout emission is light that arises when a shockwave, generated by the core-collapse explosion of a massive star, passes through its outer envelope. Hitherto, the earliest detection of such a signal was at several hours after the explosion1, although a few others had been reported2-7. The temporal evolution of early light curves should provide insights into the shock propagation, including explosion asymmetry and environment in the vicinity, but this has been hampered by the lack of multiwavelength observations. Here we report the instant multiband observations of a type II supernova (SN 2023ixf) in the galaxy M101 (at a distance of 6.85 ± 0.15 Mpc; ref. 8), beginning at about 1.4 h after the explosion. The exploding star was a red supergiant with a radius of about 440 solar radii. The light curves evolved rapidly, on timescales of 1-2 h, and appeared unusually fainter and redder than predicted by the models9-11 within the first few hours, which we attribute to an optically thick dust shell before it was disrupted by the shockwave. We infer that the breakout and perhaps the distribution of the surrounding dust were not spherically symmetric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaici Li
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Maokai Hu
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxiong Li
- The School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Planetarium, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Shengyu Yan
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- McWilliams Center for Cosmology, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jujia Zhang
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- International Centre of Supernovae, Yunnan Key Laboratory, Kunming, China
| | - Yiming Mao
- National Astronomical Observatories of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xing Gao
- Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Tianrui Sun
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialian Liu
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dingrong Xiong
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lifan Wang
- Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jun Mo
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Abdusamatjan Iskandar
- Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gaobo Xi
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Danfeng Xiang
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- South America Center for Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Keming Zhang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Weili Lin
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangzhou Guo
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qichun Liu
- Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Jin Chen
- Xingming Observatory, Urumqi, China
| | | | | | - Mi Zhang
- Xingming Observatory, Urumqi, China
| | | | | | - Alberto J Castro-Tirado
- Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC), Granada, Spain
- Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Departamento de Ingenieria de Sistemas y Automatica, Escuela de Ingenierias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Vasilii Chufarin
- G. M. Grechko Nizhny Novgorod Planetarium, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Minin University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Kirill Sokolovsky
- Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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