1
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Xu J, Hörner M, Nagel M, Korneck M, Noß M, Hauser S, Schöls L, Admard J, Casadei N, Schüle R. Unraveling Axonal Transcriptional Landscapes: Insights from iPSC-Derived Cortical Neurons and Implications for Motor Neuron Degeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.26.586780. [PMID: 38585749 PMCID: PMC10996649 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.26.586780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal function and pathology are deeply influenced by the distinct molecular profiles of the axon and soma. Traditional studies have often overlooked these differences due to the technical challenges of compartment specific analysis. In this study, we employ a robust RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) approach, using microfluidic devices, to generate high-quality axonal transcriptomes from iPSC-derived cortical neurons (CNs). We achieve high specificity of axonal fractions, ensuring sample purity without contamination. Comparative analysis revealed a unique and specific transcriptional landscape in axonal compartments, characterized by diverse transcript types, including protein-coding mRNAs, ribosomal proteins (RPs), mitochondrial-encoded RNAs, and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Previous works have reported the existence of transcription factors (TFs) in the axon. Here, we detect a subset of previously unreported TFs specific to the axon and indicative of their active participation in transcriptional regulation. To investigate transcripts and pathways essential for central motor neuron (MN) degeneration and maintenance we analyzed KIF1C-knockout (KO) CNs, modeling hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a disorder associated with prominent length-dependent degeneration of central MN axons. We found that several key factors crucial for survival and health were absent in KIF1C-KO axons, highlighting a possible role of these also in other neurodegenerative diseases. Taken together, this study underscores the utility of microfluidic devices in studying compartment-specific transcriptomics in human neuronal models and reveals complex molecular dynamics of axonal biology. The impact of KIF1C on the axonal transcriptome not only deepens our understanding of MN diseases but also presents a promising avenue for exploration of compartment specific disease mechanisms.
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2
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Raffa V. Force: A messenger of axon outgrowth. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:3-12. [PMID: 35817654 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The axon is a sophisticated macromolecular machine composed of interrelated parts that transmit signals like spur gears transfer motion between parallel shafts. The growth cone is a fine sensor that integrates mechanical and chemical cues and transduces these signals through the generation of a traction force that pushes the tip and pulls the axon shaft forward. The axon shaft, in turn, senses this pulling force and transduces this signal in an orchestrated response, coordinating cytoskeleton remodeling and intercalated mass addition to sustain and support the advancing of the tip. Extensive research suggests that the direct application of active force is per se a powerful inducer of axon growth, potentially bypassing the contribution of the growth cone. This review provides a critical perspective on current knowledge of how the force is a messenger of axon growth and its mode of action for controlling navigation, including aspects that remain unclear. It also focuses on novel approaches and tools designed to mechanically manipulate axons, and discusses their implications in terms of potential novel therapies for re-wiring the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero, 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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3
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Yang Z, Yu J, Zhang J, Song H, Ye H, Liu J, Wang N, Che P, Long G, Wang Y, Park J, Ji SJ. Facilitation of axonal transcriptome analysis with quantitative microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2217-2227. [PMID: 37067243 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01183b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic chambers are powerful tools for studying axonal mRNA localization and translation in neurons. In addition to specific manipulation and measurements of axons, microfluidic chambers are used for collecting axonal materials to perform axonal transcriptome analysis. However, traditional bipartite and tripartite chambers have limitations either in purity or quantity of collected axons. Here, we improved the design of traditional chambers. Moreover, we developed two new quantitative chambers, multi-compartmental quantitative bipartite chamber (MQBC) and long quantitative tripartite chamber (LQTC). Compared with the traditional chambers, MQBC and LQTC could dramatically increase the efficiency in collecting axonal RNA. Finally, we applied these chambers to do comparative axon transcriptome analysis of different types of neurons. Thus, our newly designed quantitative chambers significantly improve axon collection efficiency and facilitate axonal transcriptome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jun Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huixue Song
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Haixia Ye
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Nijia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Pengfei Che
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Gaoxin Long
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yunxuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jaewon Park
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- OJeong Resilience Institute (OJERI), Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
| | - Sheng-Jian Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Gu X, Jia C, Wang J. Advances in Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Polarity. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2851-2870. [PMID: 36738353 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03242-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity are important for neural development and function. Abnormal neuronal polarity establishment commonly leads to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Over the past three decades, with the continuous development and improvement of biological research methods and techniques, we have made tremendous progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neuronal polarity establishment. The activity of positive and negative feedback signals and actin waves are both essential in this process. They drive the directional transport and aggregation of key molecules of neuronal polarity, promote the spatiotemporal regulation of ordered and coordinated interactions of actin filaments and microtubules, stimulate the specialization and growth of axons, and inhibit the formation of multiple axons. In this review, we focus on recent advances in these areas, in particular the important findings about neuronal polarity in two classical models, in vitro primary hippocampal/cortical neurons and in vivo cortical pyramidal neurons, and discuss our current understanding of neuronal polarity..
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Chunhong Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Junhao Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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5
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Shao L, Fingerhut JM, Falk BL, Han H, Maldonado G, Qiao Y, Lee V, Hall E, Chen L, Polevoy G, Hernández G, Lasko P, Brill JA. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E-5 is required for spermiogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 2023; 150:286752. [PMID: 36695474 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila sperm development is characterized by extensive post-transcriptional regulation whereby thousands of transcripts are preserved for translation during later stages. A key step in translation initiation is the binding of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) to the 5' mRNA cap. In addition to canonical eIF4E-1, Drosophila has multiple eIF4E paralogs, including four (eIF4E-3, -4, -5, and -7) that are highly expressed in the testis. Among these, only eIF4E-3 has been characterized genetically. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we determined that eIF4E-5 is essential for male fertility. eIF4E-5 protein localizes to the distal ends of elongated spermatid cysts, and eIF4E-5 mutants exhibit defects during post-meiotic stages, including a mild defect in spermatid cyst polarization. eIF4E-5 mutants also have a fully penetrant defect in individualization, resulting in failure to produce mature sperm. Indeed, our data indicate that eIF4E-5 regulates non-apoptotic caspase activity during individualization by promoting local accumulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitor Soti. Our results further extend the diversity of non-canonical eIF4Es that carry out distinct spatiotemporal roles during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Shao
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jaclyn M Fingerhut
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brook L Falk
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Giovanna Maldonado
- Laboratory of Translation and Cancer, Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Av San Fernando 22, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yuemeng Qiao
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Human Biology Program, University of Toronto, 300 Huron Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3J6, Canada
| | - Vincent Lee
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Hall
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Gordon Polevoy
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Greco Hernández
- Laboratory of Translation and Cancer, Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Av San Fernando 22, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Paul Lasko
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL Building, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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6
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Brunner J, Schvartz D, Gouiller A, Hainard A, Borchard G. Impact of peptide permeation enhancer on tight junctions opening cellular mechanisms. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101375. [PMID: 36324528 PMCID: PMC9618981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The myristoylated pentapeptide, L-R5, contains an amino acid sequence of the zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) portion (pseudosubstrate) of protein kinase C zeta (PKC ζ). As PKC ζ is involved in the modulation of epithelial tight junctions (TJs) through the phosphorylation of TJ proteins, L-R5 was suggested to interact with the enzyme resulting in the enhancement of paracellular permeability. This study shows that L-R5 does not bind to the enzyme but interacts directly with TJ proteins. We show here that the binding of PKC ζ to occludin and its successive phosphorylation is prevented by L-R5, which leads to TJ disruption and enhanced epithelial permeability. Although L-R5 did not show any in vitro cytotoxicity, a proteomics study revealed that L-R5 interferes with other regulatory pathways, e.g., apoptosis and immune response. We suggest that structural modification of the peptide may increase the specificity TJ protein-peptide interaction. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) showed robust results for protein bindings. The competitivity of L-R5 peptide for the binding of occludin-PKC zeta was shown. Tight junctions proteins expression was decreased due to L-R5 peptide. Multiple other mechanisms can be explored to use L-R5 for other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Brunner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domitille Schvartz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Gouiller
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Hainard
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Corresponding author.
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7
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Lins ÉM, Oliveira NCM, Reis O, Ferrasa A, Herai R, Muotri AR, Massirer KB, Bengtson MH. Genome-wide translation control analysis of developing human neurons. Mol Brain 2022; 15:55. [PMID: 35706057 PMCID: PMC9199153 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During neuronal differentiation, neuroprogenitor cells become polarized, change shape, extend axons, and form complex dendritic trees. While growing, axons are guided by molecular cues to their final destination, where they establish synaptic connections with other neuronal cells. Several layers of regulation are integrated to control neuronal development properly. Although control of mRNA translation plays an essential role in mammalian gene expression, how it contributes temporarily to the modulation of later stages of neuronal differentiation remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how translation control affects pathways and processes essential for neuronal maturation, using H9-derived human neuro progenitor cells differentiated into neurons as a model. Through Ribosome Profiling (Riboseq) combined with RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis, we found that translation control regulates the expression of critical hub genes. Fundamental synaptic vesicle secretion genes belonging to SNARE complex, Rab family members, and vesicle acidification ATPases are strongly translationally regulated in developing neurons. Translational control also participates in neuronal metabolism modulation, particularly affecting genes involved in the TCA cycle and glutamate synthesis/catabolism. Importantly, we found translation regulation of several critical genes with fundamental roles regulating actin and microtubule cytoskeleton pathways, critical to neurite generation, spine formation, axon guidance, and circuit formation. Our results show that translational control dynamically integrates important signals in neurons, regulating several aspects of its development and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érico Moreto Lins
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PGBM), UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Natássia Cristina Martins Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Center of Medicinal Chemistry-CQMED, Structural Genomics Consortium-SGC, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Reis
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Adriano Ferrasa
- School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.,Department of Computer Science, State University of Ponta Grossa-UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto Herai
- School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, Brazil
| | - Katlin Brauer Massirer
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering-CBMEG, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-875, Brazil.,Center of Medicinal Chemistry-CQMED, Structural Genomics Consortium-SGC, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Mário Henrique Bengtson
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil. .,Center of Medicinal Chemistry-CQMED, Structural Genomics Consortium-SGC, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil.
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8
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The Roles of Par3, Par6, and aPKC Polarity Proteins in Normal Neurodevelopment and in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4774-4793. [PMID: 35705493 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0059-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal neural circuits and functions depend on proper neuronal differentiation, migration, synaptic plasticity, and maintenance. Abnormalities in these processes underlie various neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neural development and maintenance are regulated by many proteins. Among them are Par3, Par6 (partitioning defective 3 and 6), and aPKC (atypical protein kinase C) families of evolutionarily conserved polarity proteins. These proteins perform versatile functions by forming tripartite or other combinations of protein complexes, which hereafter are collectively referred to as "Par complexes." In this review, we summarize the major findings on their biophysical and biochemical properties in cell polarization and signaling pathways. We next summarize their expression and localization in the nervous system as well as their versatile functions in various aspects of neurodevelopment, including neuroepithelial polarity, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neurite differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and memory. These versatile functions rely on the fundamental roles of Par complexes in cell polarity in distinct cellular contexts. We also discuss how cell polarization may correlate with subcellular polarization in neurons. Finally, we review the involvement of Par complexes in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. While emerging evidence indicates that Par complexes are essential for proper neural development and maintenance, many questions on their in vivo functions have yet to be answered. Thus, Par3, Par6, and aPKC continue to be important research topics to advance neuroscience.
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9
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A Review on Microfluidic Platforms Applied to Nerve Regeneration. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, microfluidics have significantly advanced nerve regeneration research. Microfluidic devices can provide an accurate simulation of in vivo microenvironment for different research purposes such as analyzing myelin growth inhibitory factors, screening drugs, assessing nerve growth factors, and exploring mechanisms of neural injury and regeneration. The microfluidic platform offers technical supports for nerve regeneration that enable precise spatio-temporal control of cells, such as neuron isolation, single-cell manipulation, neural patterning, and axon guidance. In this paper, we review the development and recent advances of microfluidic platforms for nerve regeneration research.
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10
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Choi S, Kang D, Kang J, Hong DK, Kang BS, Kho AR, Choi BY, Huh SO, Suh SW. The Role of Zinc in Axon Formation via the mTORC1 Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3206-3217. [PMID: 35293604 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient required for proper function during neuronal development because it can modulate neuronal function and structure. A fully functional description of zinc in axonal processing in the central nervous system remains elusive. Here, we define the role of intracellular zinc in axon formation and elongation, involving the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). To investigate the involvement of zinc in axon growth, we performed an ex vivo culture of mouse hippocampal neurons and administrated ZnCl2 as a media supplement. At 2 days in vitro, the administration of zinc induced the formation of multiple and elongated axons in the ex vivo culture system. A similar outcome was witnessed in callosal projection neurons in a developing mouse brain. Treatment with extracellular zinc activated the mTORC1 signaling pathway in mouse hippocampal neuronal cultures. The zinc-dependent enhancement of neuronal processing was inhibited either by the deactivation of mTORC1 with RAPTOR shRNA or by mTOR-insensitive 4EBP1 mutants. Additionally, zinc-dependent mTORC1 activation enhanced the axonal translation of TC10 and Par3 may be responsible for axonal growth. We identified a promising role of zinc in controlling axonogenesis in the developing brain, which, in turn, may indicate a novel structural role of zinc in the cytoskeleton and developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyuk Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeon Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Oh Huh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hallymdaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Koppers M, Holt CE. Receptor-Ribosome Coupling: A Link Between Extrinsic Signals and mRNA Translation in Neuronal Compartments. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022; 45:41-61. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-083021-110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Axons receive extracellular signals that help to guide growth and synapse formation during development and to maintain neuronal function and survival during maturity. These signals relay information via cell surface receptors that can initiate local intracellular signaling at the site of binding, including local messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Direct coupling of translational machinery to receptors provides an attractive way to activate this local mRNA translation and change the local proteome with high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we first discuss the increasing evidence that different external stimuli trigger translation of specific subsets of mRNAs in axons via receptors and thus play a prominent role in various processes in both developing and mature neurons. We then discuss the receptor-mediated molecular mechanisms that regulate local mRNA translational with a focus on direct receptor-ribosome coupling. We advance the idea that receptor-ribosome coupling provides several advantages over other translational regulation mechanisms and is a common mechanism in cell communication. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Koppers
- Department of Biology, Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine E. Holt
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Zhang C, Tian F, Tan Z, Du J, Long X. Altered Expression of Par3, aPKC-λ, and Lgl1 in Hippocampus in Kainic Acid-Induced Status Epilepticus Rat Model. Front Neurol 2021; 12:780042. [PMID: 34956060 PMCID: PMC8692670 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.780042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) is a frequent histopathological finding in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and is involved in the pathology of TLE. However, molecular signals underlying MFS remain unclear. Partitioning defective 3(Par3), atypical protein kinase C-λ(aPKC-λ), and lethal giant larvae 1(Lgl1) were involved in the neuronal polarity and axon growth. The potential roles of those proteins in MFS and epileptogenesis of TLE were investigated.Material and Methods: The epileptic rat models were established by intracerebroventricular injection of kainic acid (KA). The degree of MFS was measured by using Timm staining, Neuronal loss and the expression aPKC-λ, Par3, and Lgl1 in hippocampus were measured by using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis.Results: The neuronal loss in CA3 region was observed from 3 days to 8 weeks, while the neuronal loss in the hilar region was observed from 1 to 8 weeks in experimental group. The Timm score in the CA3 region in experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group from 2 to 8 weeks. Compared with control group, the expressions of Par3 and Lgl1 were upregulated and the expression of aPKC-λ was downregulated in the experimental groups. Positive correlation between the Par3 expression and Timm scores, and the negative correlation between the aPKC-λ expression and Timm scores in CA3 region were discovered in experimental group.Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that aPKC-λ, Par3, and Lgl1 may be involved in MFS and in the epileptogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fafa Tian
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheren Tan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyan Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyan Long ;
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13
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Li L, Yu J, Ji SJ. Axonal mRNA localization and translation: local events with broad roles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7379-7395. [PMID: 34698881 PMCID: PMC11072051 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) can be transported and targeted to different subcellular compartments and locally translated. Local translation is an evolutionally conserved mechanism that in mammals, provides an important tool to exquisitely regulate the subcellular proteome in different cell types, including neurons. Local translation in axons is involved in processes such as neuronal development, function, plasticity, and diseases. Here, we summarize the current progress on axonal mRNA transport and translation. We focus on the regulatory mechanisms governing how mRNAs are transported to axons and how they are locally translated in axons. We discuss the roles of axonally synthesized proteins, which either function locally in axons, or are retrogradely trafficked back to soma to achieve neuron-wide gene regulation. We also examine local translation in neurological diseases. Finally, we give a critical perspective on the remaining questions that could be answered to uncover the fundamental rules governing local translation, and discuss how this could lead to new therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng-Jian Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Rust K, Wodarz A. Transcriptional Control of Apical-Basal Polarity Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212340. [PMID: 34830224 PMCID: PMC8624420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is essential for many functions of cells and tissues including the initial establishment and subsequent maintenance of epithelial tissues, asymmetric cell division, and morphogenetic movements. Cell polarity along the apical-basal axis is controlled by three protein complexes that interact with and co-regulate each other: The Par-, Crumbs-, and Scrib-complexes. The localization and activity of the components of these complexes is predominantly controlled by protein-protein interactions and protein phosphorylation status. Increasing evidence accumulates that, besides the regulation at the protein level, the precise expression control of polarity determinants contributes substantially to cell polarity regulation. Here we review how gene expression regulation influences processes that depend on the induction, maintenance, or abolishment of cell polarity with a special focus on epithelial to mesenchymal transition and asymmetric stem cell division. We conclude that gene expression control is an important and often neglected mechanism in the control of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Rust
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps-University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (A.W.)
| | - Andreas Wodarz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence—Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (A.W.)
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15
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Savulescu AF, Brackin R, Bouilhol E, Dartigues B, Warrell JH, Pimentel MR, Beaume N, Fortunato IC, Dallongeville S, Boulle M, Soueidan H, Agou F, Schmoranzer J, Olivo-Marin JC, Franco CA, Gomes ER, Nikolski M, Mhlanga MM. Interrogating RNA and protein spatial subcellular distribution in smFISH data with DypFISH. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100068. [PMID: 35474672 PMCID: PMC9017151 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing have allowed for the identification of cellular subtypes on the basis of quantification of the number of transcripts in each cell. However, cells might also differ in the spatial distribution of molecules, including RNAs. Here, we present DypFISH, an approach to quantitatively investigate the subcellular localization of RNA and protein. We introduce a range of analytical techniques to interrogate single-molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) data in combination with protein immunolabeling. DypFISH is suited to study patterns of clustering of molecules, the association of mRNA-protein subcellular localization with microtubule organizing center orientation, and interdependence of mRNA-protein spatial distributions. We showcase how our analytical tools can achieve biological insights by utilizing cell micropatterning to constrain cellular architecture, which leads to reduction in subcellular mRNA distribution variation, allowing for the characterization of their localization patterns. Furthermore, we show that our method can be applied to physiological systems such as skeletal muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca F. Savulescu
- Division of Chemical, Systems & Synthetic Biology, Institute for Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7295 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robyn Brackin
- Advanced Medical Bioimaging, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, 10-117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Bouilhol
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dartigues
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jonathan H. Warrell
- Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mafalda R. Pimentel
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Beaume
- Division of Chemical, Systems & Synthetic Biology, Institute for Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7295 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Isabela C. Fortunato
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Mikaël Boulle
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hayssam Soueidan
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabrice Agou
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, URA 2185, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Advanced Medical Bioimaging, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, 10-117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Claudio A. Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Edgar R. Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Macha Nikolski
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Musa M. Mhlanga
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Epigenomics & Single Cell Biophysics Group, Department of Cell Biology, FNWI, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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16
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Agrawal M, Welshhans K. Local Translation Across Neural Development: A Focus on Radial Glial Cells, Axons, and Synaptogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:717170. [PMID: 34434089 PMCID: PMC8380849 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.717170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of mRNA localization and translation at distal sites in axons and dendrites. The existing literature shows that local translation is regulated in a temporally and spatially restricted manner and is critical throughout embryonic and post-embryonic life. Here, recent key findings about mRNA localization and local translation across the various stages of neural development, including neurogenesis, axon development, and synaptogenesis, are reviewed. In the early stages of development, mRNAs are localized and locally translated in the endfeet of radial glial cells, but much is still unexplored about their functional significance. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have provided new information about the specific mechanisms regulating local translation during axon development, including growth cone guidance and axon branching. Later in development, localization and translation of mRNAs help mediate the major structural and functional changes that occur in the axon during synaptogenesis. Clinically, changes in local translation across all stages of neural development have important implications for understanding the etiology of several neurological disorders. Herein, local translation and mechanisms regulating this process across developmental stages are compared and discussed in the context of function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Agrawal
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Kristy Welshhans
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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17
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Gamarra M, de la Cruz A, Blanco-Urrejola M, Baleriola J. Local Translation in Nervous System Pathologies. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:689208. [PMID: 34276318 PMCID: PMC8279726 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.689208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrites and axons can extend dozens to hundreds of centimeters away from the cell body so that a single neuron can sense and respond to thousands of stimuli. Thus, for an accurate function of dendrites and axons the neuronal proteome needs to be asymmetrically distributed within neurons. Protein asymmetry can be achieved by the transport of the protein itself or the transport of the mRNA that is then translated at target sites in neuronal processes. The latter transport mechanism implies local translation of localized mRNAs. The role of local translation in nervous system (NS) development and maintenance is well established, but recently there is growing evidence that this mechanism and its deregulation are also relevant in NS pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. For instance, upon pathological signals disease-related proteins can be locally synthesized in dendrites and axons. Locally synthesized proteins can exert their effects at or close to the site of translation, or they can be delivered to distal compartments like the nucleus and induce transcriptional responses that lead to neurodegeneration, nerve regeneration and other cell-wide responses. Relevant key players in the process of local protein synthesis are RNA binding proteins (RBPs), responsible for mRNA transport to neurites. Several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or spinal motor atrophy, are characterized by mutations in genes encoding for RBPs and consequently mRNA localization and local translation are impaired. In other diseases changes in the local mRNA repertoire and altered local protein synthesis have been reported. In this review, we will discuss how deregulation of localized translation at different levels can contribute to the development and progression of nervous system pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gamarra
- Laboratory of Local Translation in Neurons and Glia, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Aida de la Cruz
- Laboratory of Local Translation in Neurons and Glia, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Maite Blanco-Urrejola
- Laboratory of Local Translation in Neurons and Glia, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jimena Baleriola
- Laboratory of Local Translation in Neurons and Glia, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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18
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RNA Localization and Local Translation in Glia in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Lessons from Neurons. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030632. [PMID: 33809142 PMCID: PMC8000831 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is crucial for almost every cell in our body to establish distinct structural and functional domains. Polarized cells have an asymmetrical morphology and therefore their proteins need to be asymmetrically distributed to support their function. Subcellular protein distribution is typically achieved by localization peptides within the protein sequence. However, protein delivery to distinct cellular compartments can rely, not only on the transport of the protein itself but also on the transport of the mRNA that is then translated at target sites. This phenomenon is known as local protein synthesis. Local protein synthesis relies on the transport of mRNAs to subcellular domains and their translation to proteins at target sites by the also localized translation machinery. Neurons and glia specially depend upon the accurate subcellular distribution of their proteome to fulfil their polarized functions. In this sense, local protein synthesis has revealed itself as a crucial mechanism that regulates proper protein homeostasis in subcellular compartments. Thus, deregulation of mRNA transport and/or of localized translation can lead to neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Local translation has been more extensively studied in neurons than in glia. In this review article, we will summarize the state-of-the art research on local protein synthesis in neuronal function and dysfunction, and we will discuss the possibility that local translation in glia and deregulation thereof contributes to neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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19
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Mazaré N, Oudart M, Cohen-Salmon M. Local translation in perisynaptic and perivascular astrocytic processes - a means to ensure astrocyte molecular and functional polarity? J Cell Sci 2021; 134:237323. [PMID: 33483366 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.251629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with the compartmentalization of mRNAs in distal regions of the cytoplasm, local translation constitutes a prominent and evolutionarily conserved mechanism mediating cellular polarization and the regulation of protein delivery in space and time. The translational regulation of gene expression enables a rapid response to stimuli or to a change in the environment, since the use of pre-existing mRNAs can bypass time-consuming nuclear control mechanisms. In the brain, the translation of distally localized mRNAs has been mainly studied in neurons, whose cytoplasmic protrusions may be more than 1000 times longer than the diameter of the cell body. Importantly, alterations in local translation in neurons have been implicated in several neurological diseases. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the brain, are voluminous, highly ramified cells that project long processes to neurons and brain vessels, and dynamically regulate distal synaptic and vascular functions. Recent research has demonstrated the presence of local translation at these astrocytic interfaces that might regulate the functional compartmentalization of astrocytes. In this Review, we summarize our current knowledge about the localization and local translation of mRNAs in the distal perisynaptic and perivascular processes of astrocytes, and discuss their possible contribution to the molecular and functional polarity of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Mazaré
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France.,École doctorale Cerveau Cognition Comportement 'ED3C' No. 158, Pierre and Marie Curie University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Oudart
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France.,École doctorale Cerveau Cognition Comportement 'ED3C' No. 158, Pierre and Marie Curie University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France .,École doctorale Cerveau Cognition Comportement 'ED3C' No. 158, Pierre and Marie Curie University, F-75005 Paris, France
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20
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Abstract
Engineered human mini-brains, made possible by knowledge from the convergence of precision microengineering and cell biology, permit systematic studies of complex neurological processes and of pathogenesis beyond what can be done with animal models. By culturing human brain cells with physiological microenvironmental cues, human mini-brain models reconstitute the arrangement of structural tissues and some of the complex biological functions of the human brain. In this Review, we highlight the most significant developments that have led to microphysiological human mini-brain models. We introduce the history of mini-brain development, review methods for creating mini-brain models in static conditions, and discuss relevant state-of-the-art dynamic cell-culture systems. We also review human mini-brain models that reconstruct aspects of major neurological disorders under static or dynamic conditions. Engineered human mini-brains will contribute to advancing the study of the physiology and aetiology of neurological disorders, and to the development of personalized medicines for them.
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21
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Wnt/Beta-catenin/Esrrb signalling controls the tissue-scale reorganization and maintenance of the pluripotent lineage during murine embryonic diapause. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5499. [PMID: 33127892 PMCID: PMC7603494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epiblast, which provides the foundation of the future body, is actively reshaped during early embryogenesis, but the reshaping mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, using a 3D in vitro model of early epiblast development, we identify the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway and its central downstream factor Esrrb as the key signalling cascade regulating the tissue-scale organization of the murine pluripotent lineage. Although in vivo the Wnt/β-catenin/Esrrb circuit is dispensable for embryonic development before implantation, autocrine Wnt activity controls the morphogenesis and long-term maintenance of the epiblast when development is put on hold during diapause. During this phase, the progressive changes in the epiblast architecture and Wnt signalling response show that diapause is not a stasis but instead is a dynamic process with underlying mechanisms that can appear redundant during transient embryogenesis. Embryonic diapause is a state of dormancy with poorly understood mechanisms of embryo intrinsic regulation. Here, the authors show that murine diapause is a dynamic process, where tissue-scale reorganization of the pluripotent lineage is controlled in an autocrine manner by the Wnt/b-catenin/Esrrb signalling cascade.
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22
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McCurdy EP, Chung KM, Benitez-Agosto CR, Hengst U. Promotion of Axon Growth by the Secreted End of a Transcription Factor. Cell Rep 2020; 29:363-377.e5. [PMID: 31597097 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon growth is regulated externally by attractive and repulsive cues generated in the environment. In addition, intrinsic pathways govern axon development, although the extent to which axons themselves can influence their own growth is unknown. We find that dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons secrete a factor supporting axon growth and identify it as the C terminus of the ER stress-induced transcription factor CREB3L2, which is generated by site 2 protease (S2P) cleavage in sensory neurons. S2P and CREB3L2 knockdown or inhibition of axonal S2P interfere with the growth of axons, and C-terminal CREB3L2 is sufficient to rescue these effects. C-terminal CREB3L2 forms a complex with Shh and stabilizes its association with the Patched-1 receptor on developing axons. Our results reveal a neuron-intrinsic pathway downstream of S2P that promotes axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan P McCurdy
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kyung Min Chung
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carlos R Benitez-Agosto
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ulrich Hengst
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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23
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Gamarra M, Blanco-Urrejola M, Batista AFR, Imaz J, Baleriola J. Object-Based Analyses in FIJI/ImageJ to Measure Local RNA Translation Sites in Neurites in Response to Aβ1-42 Oligomers. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:547. [PMID: 32581689 PMCID: PMC7284234 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular protein delivery is especially important in signal transduction and cell behavior, and is typically achieved by localization signals within the protein. However, protein delivery can also rely on localization of mRNAs that are translated at target sites. Although once considered heretical, RNA localization has proven to be highly conserved in eukaryotes. RNA localization and localized translation are especially relevant in polarized cells like neurons where neurites extend dozens to hundreds of centimeters away from the soma. Local translation confers dendrites and axons the capacity to respond to their environment in an acute manner without fully relying on somatic signals. The relevance of local protein synthesis in neuron development, maintenance and disease has not been fully acknowledged until recent years, partly due to the limited amount of locally produced proteins. For instance, in hippocampal neurons levels of newly synthesized somatic proteins can be more than 20–30 times greater than translation levels of neuritic proteins. Thus local translation events can be easily overlooked under the microscope. Here we describe an object-based analysis used to visualize and quantify local RNA translation sites in neurites. Newly synthesized proteins are tagged with puromycin and endogenous RNAs labeled with SYTO. After imaging, signals corresponding to neuritic RNAs and proteins are filtered with a Laplacian operator to enhance the edges. Resulting pixels are converted into objects and selected by automatic masking followed by signal smoothing. Objects corresponding to RNA or protein and colocalized objects (RNA and protein) are quantified along individual neurites. Colocalization between RNA and protein in neurites correspond to newly synthesized proteins arising from localized RNAs and represent localized translation sites. To test the validity of our analyses we have compared control neurons to Aβ1–42-treated neurons. Aβ is involved in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease and was previously reported to induce local translation in axons and dendrites which in turn contributes to the disease. We have observed that Aβ increases the synthesis of neuritic proteins as well as the fraction of translating RNAs in distal sites of the neurite, suggesting an induction of local protein synthesis. Our results thus confirm previous reports and validate our quantification method.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gamarra
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maite Blanco-Urrejola
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Andreia F R Batista
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Associate Laboratory, Universidade do Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Josune Imaz
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jimena Baleriola
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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24
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Smith TP, Sahoo PK, Kar AN, Twiss JL. Intra-axonal mechanisms driving axon regeneration. Brain Res 2020; 1740:146864. [PMID: 32360100 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the peripheral and central nervous systems very often causes axotomy, where an axon loses connections with its target resulting in loss of function. The axon segments distal to the injury site lose connection with the cell body and degenerate. Axotomized neurons in the periphery can spontaneously mount a regenerative response and reconnect to their denervated target tissues, though this is rarely complete in humans. In contrast, spontaneous regeneration rarely occurs after axotomy in the spinal cord and brain. Here, we concentrate on the mechanisms underlying this spontaneous regeneration in the peripheral nervous system, focusing on events initiated from the axon that support regenerative growth. We contrast this with what is known for axonal injury responses in the central nervous system. Considering the neuropathy focus of this special issue, we further draw parallels and distinctions between the injury-response mechanisms that initiate regenerative gene expression programs and those that are known to trigger axon degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terika P Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Amar N Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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25
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Wang Y, Li B, Xu H, Du S, Liu T, Ren J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Lu L. Growth and elongation of axons through mechanical tension mediated by fluorescent-magnetic bifunctional Fe 3O 4·Rhodamine 6G@PDA superparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:64. [PMID: 32334582 PMCID: PMC7183675 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary strategy to repair peripheral nerve injuries is to bridge the lesions by promoting axon regeneration. Thus, the ability to direct and manipulate neuronal cell axon regeneration has been one of the top priorities in the field of neuroscience. A recent innovative approach for remotely guiding neuronal regeneration is to incorporate magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) into cells and transfer the resulting MNP-loaded cells into a magnetically sensitive environment to respond to an external magnetic field. To realize this intention, the synthesis and preparation of ideal MNPs is an important challenge to overcome. Results In this study, we designed and prepared novel fluorescent-magnetic bifunctional Fe3O4·Rhodamine 6G@polydopamine superparticles (FMSPs) as neural regeneration therapeutics. With the help of their excellent biocompatibility and ability to interact with neural cells, our in-house fabricated FMSPs can be endocytosed into cells, transported along the axons, and then aggregated in the growth cones. As a result, the mechanical forces generated by FMSPs can promote the growth and elongation of axons and stimulate gene expression associated with neuron growth under external magnetic fields. Conclusions Our work demonstrates that FMSPs can be used as a novel stimulator to promote noninvasive neural regeneration through cell magnetic actuation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Binxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- Departments of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Ren
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Laijin Lu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Lucci C, Mesquita-Ribeiro R, Rathbone A, Dajas-Bailador F. Spatiotemporal regulation of GSK3β levels by miRNA-26a controls axon development in cortical neurons. Development 2020; 147:dev.180232. [PMID: 31964775 PMCID: PMC7033742 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both the establishment of neuronal polarity and axonal growth are crucial steps in the development of the nervous system. The local translation of mRNAs in the axon provides precise regulation of protein expression, and is now known to participate in axon development, pathfinding and synaptic formation and function. We have investigated the role of miR-26a in early stage mouse primary cortical neuron development. We show that micro-RNA-26a-5p (miR-26a) is highly expressed in neuronal cultures, and regulates both neuronal polarity and axon growth. Using compartmentalised microfluidic neuronal cultures, we identified a local role for miR-26a in the axon, where the repression of local synthesis of GSK3β controls axon development and growth. Removal of this repression in the axon triggers local translation of GSK3β protein and subsequent transport to the soma, where it can impact axonal growth. These results demonstrate how the axonal miR-26a can regulate local protein translation in the axon to facilitate retrograde communication to the soma and amplify neuronal responses, in a mechanism that influences axon development. Highlighted Article: Axonal miR-26a can regulate GSK3β translation in the axon to promote retrograde communication to the soma in a mechanism that modulates axon development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Lucci
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School Building, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH Nottingham, UK
| | - Raquel Mesquita-Ribeiro
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School Building, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH Nottingham, UK
| | - Alex Rathbone
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School Building, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH Nottingham, UK
| | - Federico Dajas-Bailador
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School Building, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH Nottingham, UK
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Pushpalatha KV, Besse F. Local Translation in Axons: When Membraneless RNP Granules Meet Membrane-Bound Organelles. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:129. [PMID: 31824961 PMCID: PMC6882739 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cell compartmentalization relies on long-known membrane-delimited organelles, as well as on more recently discovered membraneless macromolecular condensates. How these two types of organelles interact to regulate cellular functions is still largely unclear. In this review, we highlight how membraneless ribonucleoprotein (RNP) organelles, enriched in RNAs and associated regulatory proteins, cooperate with membrane-bound organelles for tight spatio-temporal control of gene expression in the axons of neuronal cells. Specifically, we present recent evidence that motile membrane-bound organelles are used as vehicles by RNP cargoes, promoting the long-range transport of mRNA molecules to distal axons. As demonstrated by recent work, membrane-bound organelles also promote local protein synthesis, by serving as platforms for the local translation of mRNAs recruited to their outer surface. Furthermore, dynamic and specific association between RNP cargoes and membrane-bound organelles is mediated by bi-partite adapter molecules that interact with both types of organelles selectively, in a regulated-manner. Maintaining such a dynamic interplay is critical, as alterations in this process are linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Together, emerging studies thus point to the coordination of membrane-bound and membraneless organelles as an organizing principle underlying local cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Besse
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biology Valrose, Nice, France
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28
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Guo S, Perets N, Betzer O, Ben-Shaul S, Sheinin A, Michaelevski I, Popovtzer R, Offen D, Levenberg S. Intranasal Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes Loaded with Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog siRNA Repairs Complete Spinal Cord Injury. ACS NANO 2019; 13:10015-10028. [PMID: 31454225 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) usually suffer from permanent neurological deficits, while spontaneous recovery and therapeutic efficacy are limited. Here, we demonstrate that when given intranasally, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exo) could pass the blood brain barrier and migrate to the injured spinal cord area. Furthermore, MSC-Exo loaded with phosphatase and tensin homolog small interfering RNA (ExoPTEN) could attenuate the expression of PTEN in the injured spinal cord region following intranasal administrations. In addition, the loaded MSC-Exo considerably enhanced axonal growth and neovascularization, while reducing microgliosis and astrogliosis. The intranasal ExoPTEN therapy could also partly improve structural and electrophysiological function and, most importantly, significantly elicited functional recovery in rats with complete SCI. The results imply that intranasal ExoPTEN may be used clinically to promote recovery for SCI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
- The First Affiliated Hospital , Shantou University Medical College , Shantou 515041 , China
| | | | - Oshra Betzer
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Shahar Ben-Shaul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
| | | | - Izhak Michaelevski
- Department of Molecular Biology , Ariel University , Ariel 40700 , Israel
| | - Rachela Popovtzer
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | | | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
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29
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Farias J, Sotelo JR, Sotelo‐Silveira J. Toward Axonal System Biology: Genome Wide Views of Local mRNA Translation. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1900054. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquina Farias
- Departamento de Proteínas y Ácidos NucleicosInstituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo CP 11600 Uruguay
- Departamento de GenómicaInstituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo CP 11600 Uruguay
| | - José Roberto Sotelo
- Departamento de Proteínas y Ácidos NucleicosInstituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo CP 11600 Uruguay
| | - José Sotelo‐Silveira
- Departamento de GenómicaInstituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo CP 11600 Uruguay
- Sección Biología CelularFacultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo CP 11400 Uruguay
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30
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Yu J, Chen M, Huang H, Zhu J, Song H, Zhu J, Park J, Ji SJ. Dynamic m6A modification regulates local translation of mRNA in axons. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:1412-1423. [PMID: 29186567 PMCID: PMC5815124 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a reversible modification in mRNA and has been shown to regulate processing, translation and decay of mRNA. However, the roles of m6A modification in neuronal development are still not known. Here, we found that the m6A eraser FTO is enriched in axons and can be locally translated. Axon-specific inhibition of FTO by rhein, or compartmentalized siRNA knockdown of Fto in axons led to increases of m6A levels. GAP-43 mRNA is modified by m6A and is a substrate of FTO in axons. Loss-of-function of this non-nuclear pool of FTO resulted in increased m6A modification and decreased local translation of axonal GAP-43 mRNA, which eventually repressed axon elongation. Mutation of a predicted m6A site in GAP-43 mRNA eliminated its m6A modification and exempted regulation of its local translation by axonal FTO. This work showed an example of dynamic internal m6A demethylation of non-nuclear localized mRNA by the demethylase FTO. Regulation of m6A modification of axonal mRNA by axonal FTO might be a general mechanism to control their local translation in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,SUSTech-HKU Joint PhD Program, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Mengxian Chen
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Haijiao Huang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Junda Zhu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Huixue Song
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jaewon Park
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Sheng-Jian Ji
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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31
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Fluorescence Imaging Methods to Investigate Translation in Single Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a032722. [PMID: 30082468 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a032722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Translation is the fundamental biological process that converts the genetic information in messenger RNAs (mRNAs) into functional proteins. Translation regulation allows cells to control when, where, and how many proteins are synthesized. Much of what we know about translation comes from ensemble approaches that measure the average of many cells. The cellular and molecular heterogeneity in the regulation of translation remains largely elusive. Fluorescence microscopy allows interrogation of biological problems with single-molecule, single-cell sensitivity. In recent years, improved design of reagents and microscopy tools has led to improved spatial and temporal resolution of translation imaging. It is now possible to track global translation in specific subcellular compartments and follow the translation dynamics of single transcripts. Highlighted here is the recent progress in translation imaging with emphasis on in vivo translation dynamics. These tools will be invaluable to the study of translation regulation.
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32
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Ryu JR, Kim JH, Cho HM, Jo Y, Lee B, Joo S, Chae U, Nam Y, Cho IJ, Sun W. A monitoring system for axonal growth dynamics using micropatterns of permissive and Semaphorin 3F chemorepulsive signals. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:291-305. [PMID: 30539180 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00845k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurons reach their correct targets by directional outgrowth of axons, which is mediated by attractive or repulsive cues. Growing axons occasionally cross a field of repulsive cues and stop at intermediate targets on the journey to their final destination. However, it is not well-understood how individual growth cones make decisions, and pass through repulsive territory to reach their permissive target regions. We developed a microcontact printing culture system that could trap individual axonal tips in a permissive dot area surrounded by the repulsive signal, semaphorin 3F (Sema3F). Axons of rat hippocampal neurons on the Sema3F/PLL dot array extended in the checkboard pattern with a significantly slow growth rate. The detailed analysis of the behaviors of axonal growth cones revealed the saccadic dynamics in the dot array system. The trapped axonal tips in the permissive area underwent growth cone enlargement with remarkably spiky filopodia, promoting their escape from the Sema3F constraints with straight extension of axons. This structured axonal growth on the dot pattern was disrupted by increased inter-dot distance, or perturbing intracellular signaling machineries. These data indicate that axons grow against repulsive signals by jumping over the repulsive cues, depending on contact signals and intracellular milieu. Our study suggests that our dot array culture system can be used as a screening system to easily and efficiently evaluate ECM or small molecule inhibitors interfering growth cone dynamics leading to controlling axonal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ryun Ryu
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Alam MK, Koomson E, Zou H, Yi C, Li CW, Xu T, Yang M. Recent advances in microfluidic technology for manipulation and analysis of biological cells (2007–2017). Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1044:29-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Nagendran T, Poole V, Harris J, Taylor AM. Use of Pre-Assembled Plastic Microfluidic Chips for Compartmentalizing Primary Murine Neurons. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30451222 PMCID: PMC6420830 DOI: 10.3791/58421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfabricated methods to compartmentalize neurons have become essential tools for many neuroscientists. This protocol describes the use of a commercially available pre-assembled plastic chip for compartmentalizing cultured primary rat hippocampal neurons. These plastic chips, contained within the footprint of a standard microscope slide, are compatible with high-resolution, live, and fluorescence imaging. This protocol demonstrates how to retrograde label neurons via isolated axons using a modified rabies virus encoding a fluorescent protein, create isolated microenvironments within one compartment, and perform axotomy and immunocytochemistry on-chip. Neurons are cultured for >3 weeks within the plastic chips, illustrating the compatibility of these chips for long-term neuronal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharkika Nagendran
- UNC Neuroscience Center; UNC/NC State Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC
| | | | | | - Anne Marion Taylor
- UNC Neuroscience Center; UNC/NC State Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC; Xona Microfluidics, LLC;
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35
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Polarized Organization of the Cytoskeleton: Regulation by Cell Polarity Proteins. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3565-3584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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36
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Khalil B, Morderer D, Price PL, Liu F, Rossoll W. mRNP assembly, axonal transport, and local translation in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2018; 1693:75-91. [PMID: 29462608 PMCID: PMC5997521 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development, maturation, and maintenance of the mammalian nervous system rely on complex spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression. In neurons, this is achieved by the expression of differentially localized isoforms and specific sets of mRNA-binding proteins (mRBPs) that regulate RNA processing, mRNA trafficking, and local protein synthesis at remote sites within dendrites and axons. There is growing evidence that axons contain a specialized transcriptome and are endowed with the machinery that allows them to rapidly alter their local proteome via local translation and protein degradation. This enables axons to quickly respond to changes in their environment during development, and to facilitate axon regeneration and maintenance in adult organisms. Aside from providing autonomy to neuronal processes, local translation allows axons to send retrograde injury signals to the cell soma. In this review, we discuss evidence that disturbances in mRNP transport, granule assembly, axonal localization, and local translation contribute to pathology in various neurodegenerative diseases, including spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Khalil
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Dmytro Morderer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Phillip L Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Feilin Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA; Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Wilfried Rossoll
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA.
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37
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Hapak SM, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S. PAR3-PAR6-atypical PKC polarity complex proteins in neuronal polarization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2735-2761. [PMID: 29696344 PMCID: PMC11105418 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is a fundamental feature of cells. Protein complexes, including the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC complex, have conserved roles in establishing polarity across a number of eukaryotic cell types. In neurons, polarity is evident as distinct axonal versus dendritic domains. The PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC proteins also play important roles in neuronal polarization. During this process, either aPKC kinase activity, the assembly of the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC complex or the localization of these proteins is regulated downstream of a number of signaling pathways. In turn, the PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC proteins control various effector molecules to establish neuronal polarity. Herein, we discuss the many signaling mechanisms and effector functions that have been linked to PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC during the establishment of neuronal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Hapak
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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38
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Walker CA, Randolph LK, Matute C, Alberdi E, Baleriola J, Hengst U. Aβ 1-42 triggers the generation of a retrograde signaling complex from sentinel mRNAs in axons. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e45435. [PMID: 29759981 PMCID: PMC6030698 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons frequently encounter neurodegenerative signals first in their periphery. For example, exposure of axons to oligomeric Aβ1-42 is sufficient to induce changes in the neuronal cell body that ultimately lead to degeneration. Currently, it is unclear how the information about the neurodegenerative insult is transmitted to the soma. Here, we find that the translation of pre-localized but normally silenced sentinel mRNAs in axons is induced within minutes of Aβ1-42 addition in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This immediate protein synthesis following Aβ1-42 exposure generates a retrograde signaling complex including vimentin. Inhibition of the immediate protein synthesis, knock-down of axonal vimentin synthesis, or inhibition of dynein-dependent transport to the soma prevented the normal cell body response to Aβ1-42 These results establish that CNS axons react to neurodegenerative insults via the local translation of sentinel mRNAs encoding components of a retrograde signaling complex that transmit the information about the event to the neuronal soma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler A Walker
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa K Randolph
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Matute
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Elena Alberdi
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jimena Baleriola
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ulrich Hengst
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Cagnetta R, Frese CK, Shigeoka T, Krijgsveld J, Holt CE. Rapid Cue-Specific Remodeling of the Nascent Axonal Proteome. Neuron 2018; 99:29-46.e4. [PMID: 30008298 PMCID: PMC6048689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Axonal protein synthesis and degradation are rapidly regulated by extrinsic signals during neural wiring, but the full landscape of proteomic changes remains unknown due to limitations in axon sampling and sensitivity. By combining pulsed stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture with single-pot solid-phase-enhanced sample preparation, we characterized the nascent proteome of isolated retinal axons on an unparalleled rapid timescale (5 min). Our analysis detects 350 basally translated axonal proteins on average, including several linked to neurological disease. Axons stimulated by different cues (Netrin-1, BDNF, Sema3A) show distinct signatures with more than 100 different nascent protein species up- or downregulated within the first 5 min followed by further dynamic remodeling. Switching repulsion to attraction triggers opposite regulation of a subset of common nascent proteins. Our findings thus reveal the rapid remodeling of the axonal proteomic landscape by extrinsic cues and uncover a logic underlying attraction versus repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cagnetta
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Christian K Frese
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Toshiaki Shigeoka
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstr. 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Excellence Cluster CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Christine E Holt
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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Batista AFR, Martínez JC, Hengst U. Intra-axonal Synthesis of SNAP25 Is Required for the Formation of Presynaptic Terminals. Cell Rep 2018; 20:3085-3098. [PMID: 28954226 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized protein synthesis is a mechanism for developing axons to react acutely and in a spatially restricted manner to extracellular signals. As such, it is important for many aspects of axonal development, but its role in the formation of presynapses remains poorly understood. We found that the induced assembly of presynaptic terminals required local protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins were detectable at nascent presynapses within 15 min of inducing synapse formation in isolated axons. The transcript for the t-SNARE protein SNAP25, which is required for the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane, was recruited to presynaptic sites and locally translated. Inhibition of intra-axonal SNAP25 synthesis affected the clustering of SNAP25 and other presynaptic proteins and interfered with the release of synaptic vesicles from presynaptic sites. This study reveals a critical role for the axonal synthesis of SNAP25 in the assembly of presynaptic terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia F R Batista
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - José C Martínez
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ulrich Hengst
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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41
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Laumonnerie C, Solecki DJ. Regulation of Polarity Protein Levels in the Developing Central Nervous System. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3472-3480. [PMID: 29864442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the course of their development from neuroepithelial cells to mature neurons, neuronal progenitors proliferate, delaminate, differentiate, migrate, and extend processes to form a complex neuronal network. In addition to supporting the morphology of the neuroepithelium and radial glia, polarity proteins contribute to the remodeling of processes and support the architectural reorganizations that result in axon extension and dendrite formation. While a good amount of evidence highlights a rheostat-like regulation by signaling events leading to local activation and/or redistribution of polarity proteins, recent studies demonstrate a new paradigm involving a switch-like regulation directly controlling the availability of polarity protein at specific stage by transcriptional regulation and/or targeted ubiquitin proteasome degradation. During the process of differentiation, most neurons will adopt a morphology with reduced polarity which suggests that polarity complex proteins are strongly repressed during key step of development. Here we review the different mechanisms that directly impact the levels of polarity complex proteins in neurons in relation to the polarization context and discuss why this transient loss of polarity is essential to understand neural development and how this knowledge could be relevant for some neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Laumonnerie
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David J Solecki
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Sahoo PK, Smith DS, Perrone-Bizzozero N, Twiss JL. Axonal mRNA transport and translation at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs196808. [PMID: 29654160 PMCID: PMC6518334 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization and translation of mRNAs within different subcellular domains provides an important mechanism to spatially and temporally introduce new proteins in polarized cells. Neurons make use of this localized protein synthesis during initial growth, regeneration and functional maintenance of their axons. Although the first evidence for protein synthesis in axons dates back to 1960s, improved methodologies, including the ability to isolate axons to purity, highly sensitive RNA detection methods and imaging approaches, have shed new light on the complexity of the transcriptome of the axon and how it is regulated. Moreover, these efforts are now uncovering new roles for locally synthesized proteins in neurological diseases and injury responses. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of how axonal mRNA transport and translation are regulated, and discuss their emerging links to neurological disorders and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., CLS 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Deanna S Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., CLS 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nora Perrone-Bizzozero
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC08 4740, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., CLS 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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43
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Cioni JM, Koppers M, Holt CE. Molecular control of local translation in axon development and maintenance. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 51:86-94. [PMID: 29549711 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The tips of axons are often far away from the cell soma where most proteins are synthesized. Recent work has revealed that axonal mRNA transport and localised translation are key regulatory mechanisms that allow these distant outposts of the cell to respond rapidly to extrinsic factors and maintain axonal homeostasis. Here, we review recent evidence pointing to an increasingly broad role for local protein synthesis in controlling axon shape, synaptogenesis and axon survival by regulating diverse cellular processes such as vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal remodelling and mitochondrial integrity. We further highlight current research on the regulatory mechanisms that coordinate the localization and translation of functionally linked mRNAs in axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Cioni
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Max Koppers
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Christine E Holt
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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44
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Tóth EN, Lohith A, Mondal M, Guo J, Fukamizu A, Pourmand N. Single-cell nanobiopsy reveals compartmentalization of mRNAs within neuronal cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4940-4951. [PMID: 29378846 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.800763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In highly polarized cells such as neurons, compartmentalization of mRNA and of local protein synthesis enables remarkably fast, precise, and local responses to external stimuli. These responses are highly important for neuron growth cone guidance, synapse formation, and regeneration following injury. Because an altered spatial distribution of mRNA can result in mental retardation or neurodegenerative diseases, subcellular transcriptome analysis of neurons could be a useful tool for studying these conditions, but current techniques, such as in situ hybridization, bulk microarray, and RNA-Seq, impose tradeoffs between spatial resolution and multiplexing. To obtain a comprehensive analysis of the cell body versus neurite transcriptome from the same neuron, we have recently developed a label-free, single-cell nanobiopsy platform based on scanning ion conductance microscopy that uses electrowetting within a quartz nanopipette to extract cellular material from living cells with minimal disruption of the cellular membrane and milieu. In this study, we used this platform to collect samples from the cell bodies and neurites of human neurons and analyzed the mRNA pool with multiplex RNA sequencing. The minute volume of a nanobiopsy sample allowed us to extract samples from several locations in the same cell and to map the various mRNA species to specific subcellular locations. In addition to previously identified transcripts, we discovered new sets of mRNAs localizing to neurites, including nuclear genes such as Eomes and Hmgb3 In summary, our single-neuron nanobiopsy analysis provides opportunities to improve our understanding of intracellular mRNA transport and local protein composition in neuronal growth, connectivity, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter N Tóth
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Jack Baskin School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Akshar Lohith
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Jack Baskin School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Manas Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Akiyoshi Fukamizu
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Nader Pourmand
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Jack Baskin School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064.
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45
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Tréfier A, Pellissier LP, Musnier A, Reiter E, Guillou F, Crépieux P. G Protein-Coupled Receptors As Regulators of Localized Translation: The Forgotten Pathway? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:17. [PMID: 29456523 PMCID: PMC5801404 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) exert their physiological function by transducing a complex signaling network that coordinates gene expression and dictates the phenotype of highly differentiated cells. Much is known about the gene networks they transcriptionally regulate upon ligand exposure in a process that takes hours before a new protein is synthesized. However, far less is known about GPCR impact on the translational machinery and subsequent mRNA translation, although this gene regulation level alters the cell phenotype in a strikingly different timescale. In fact, mRNA translation is an early response kinetically connected to signaling events, hence it leads to the synthesis of a new protein within minutes following receptor activation. By these means, mRNA translation is responsive to subtle variations of the extracellular environment. In addition, when restricted to cell subcellular compartments, local mRNA translation contributes to cell micro-specialization, as observed in synaptic plasticity or in cell migration. The mechanisms that control where in the cell an mRNA is translated are starting to be deciphered. But how an extracellular signal triggers such local translation still deserves extensive investigations. With the advent of high-throughput data acquisition, it now becomes possible to review the current knowledge on the translatome that some GPCRs regulate, and how this information can be used to explore GPCR-controlled local translation of mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Tréfier
- Biologie et Bioinformatique des Systèmes de Signalisation, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Lucie P. Pellissier
- Déficit de Récompense, GPCR et sociabilité, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Astrid Musnier
- Biologie et Bioinformatique des Systèmes de Signalisation, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Eric Reiter
- Biologie et Bioinformatique des Systèmes de Signalisation, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Florian Guillou
- Plasticité Génomique et Expression Phénotypique, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- Biologie et Bioinformatique des Systèmes de Signalisation, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Pascale Crépieux,
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46
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Kim JY, Deglincerti A, Jaffrey SR. A Staufen1-mediated decay pathway influences the local transcriptome in axons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 5:e1414016. [PMID: 29416957 DOI: 10.1080/21690731.2017.1414016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Local translation is critical for diverse aspects of neuronal function, including mediating responses of elongating axons to guidance cues and other signaling molecules. A major determinant of the protein synthetic capacity of axons and growth cones is the specific set of mRNAs that are trafficked to these sites. However, recently it has become clear that the axonal transcriptome can also be shaped by local RNA degradation mechanisms, such as nonsense-mediated decay. Here we show that Staufen1-mediated decay can also occur within axons and mediate degradation of specific axonal transcripts. We show that Staufen1 and Upf1, which function together in Staufen1-mediated decay, are localized in growth cones. Selective depletion of Staufen1 from neurons results in a complex pattern of transcriptional alterations, with a subset of transcripts showing increased expression and increased RNA half-life consistent with their regulation by Staufen1-mediated decay. Additionally, we show certain transcripts, such as Rac1, are regulated by Staufen1 within axons and growth cones. The functional significance of Staufen1 in growth cones is supported by morphological alterations in growth cones following Staufen1 knockdown. Together these data point to Staufen1-mediated decay as a novel mechanism to control mRNA expression levels in axons and growth cones through local RNA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Youn Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessia Deglincerti
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samie R Jaffrey
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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47
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Mitochondrial health maintenance in axons. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1045-1052. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are post-mitotic cells that must function throughout the life of an organism. The high energetic requirements and Ca2+ spikes of synaptic transmission place a burden on neuronal mitochondria. The removal of older mitochondria and the replenishment of the functional mitochondrial pool in axons with freshly synthesized components are therefore important parts of neuronal maintenance. Although the mechanism of mitochondrial protein import and dynamics is studied in great detail, the length of neurons poses additional challenges to those processes. In this mini-review, I briefly cover the basics of mitochondrial biogenesis and proceed to explain the interdependence of mitochondrial transport and mitochondrial health. I then extrapolate recent findings in yeast and mammalian cultured cells to neurons, making a case for axonal translation as a contributor to mitochondrial biogenesis in neurons.
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48
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Das S, Parker JM, Guven C, Wang W, Kriebel PW, Losert W, Larson DR, Parent CA. Adenylyl cyclase mRNA localizes to the posterior of polarized DICTYOSTELIUM cells during chemotaxis. BMC Cell Biol 2017; 18:23. [PMID: 28545392 PMCID: PMC5445419 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-017-0139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Dictyostelium discoideum, vesicular transport of the adenylyl cyclase A (ACA) to the posterior of polarized cells is essential to relay exogenous 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signals during chemotaxis and for the collective migration of cells in head-to-tail arrangements called streams. RESULTS Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we discovered that the ACA mRNA is asymmetrically distributed at the posterior of polarized cells. Using both standard estimators and Monte Carlo simulation methods, we found that the ACA mRNA enrichment depends on the position of the cell within a stream, with the posterior localization of ACA mRNA being strongest for cells at the end of a stream. By monitoring the recovery of ACA-YFP after cycloheximide (CHX) treatment, we observed that ACA mRNA and newly synthesized ACA-YFP first emerge as fluorescent punctae that later accumulate to the posterior of cells. We also found that the ACA mRNA localization requires 3' ACA cis-acting elements. CONCLUSIONS Together, our findings suggest that the asymmetric distribution of ACA mRNA allows the local translation and accumulation of ACA protein at the posterior of cells. These data represent a novel functional role for localized translation in the relay of chemotactic signal during chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarupa Das
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, 37 Convent Drive, Bldg.37/Rm2066, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4256, USA.,Institute for Physical Science and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Joshua M Parker
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Can Guven
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Weiye Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, 37 Convent Drive, Bldg.37/Rm2066, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4256, USA
| | - Paul W Kriebel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, 37 Convent Drive, Bldg.37/Rm2066, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4256, USA
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Daniel R Larson
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Carole A Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, 37 Convent Drive, Bldg.37/Rm2066, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4256, USA. .,Institute for Physical Science and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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49
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Mazel T. Crosstalk of cell polarity signaling pathways. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1241-1258. [PMID: 28293820 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity, the asymmetric organization of cellular components along one or multiple axes, is present in most cells. From budding yeast cell polarization induced by pheromone signaling, oocyte polarization at fertilization to polarized epithelia and neuronal cells in multicellular organisms, similar mechanisms are used to determine cell polarity. Crucial role in this process is played by signaling lipid molecules, small Rho family GTPases and Par proteins. All these signaling circuits finally govern the cytoskeleton, which is responsible for oriented cell migration, cell shape changes, and polarized membrane and organelle trafficking. Thus, typically in the process of cell polarization, most cellular constituents become polarized, including plasma membrane lipid composition, ion concentrations, membrane receptors, and proteins in general, mRNA, vesicle trafficking, or intracellular organelles. This review gives a brief overview how these systems talk to each other both during initial symmetry breaking and within the signaling feedback loop mechanisms used to preserve the polarized state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Mazel
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- State Institute for Drug Control, Šrobárova 48, 100 41, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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50
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Rangaraju V, Tom Dieck S, Schuman EM. Local translation in neuronal compartments: how local is local? EMBO Rep 2017; 18:693-711. [PMID: 28404606 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient neuronal function depends on the continued modulation of the local neuronal proteome. Local protein synthesis plays a central role in tuning the neuronal proteome at specific neuronal regions. Various aspects of translation such as the localization of translational machinery, spatial spread of the newly translated proteins, and their site of action are carried out in specialized neuronal subcompartments to result in a localized functional outcome. In this review, we focus on the various aspects of these local translation compartments such as size, biochemical and organelle composition, structural boundaries, and temporal dynamics. We also discuss the apparent absence of definitive components of translation in these local compartments and the emerging state-of-the-art tools that could help dissecting these conundrums in greater detail in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Rangaraju
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Erin M Schuman
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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