1
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Casotto A, Rukin PS, Fresch E, Prezzi D, Freddi S, Sangaletti L, Rozzi CA, Collini E, Pagliara S. Coherent Vibrations Promote Charge-Transfer across a Graphene-Based Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14989-14999. [PMID: 38767025 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Discerning the impact of the coherent motion of the nuclei on the timing and efficiency of charge transfer at the donor-acceptor interface is essential for designing performance-enhanced optoelectronic devices. Here, we employ an experimental approach using photocurrent detection in coherent multidimensional spectroscopy to excite a donor aromatic macrocycle and collect the charge transferred to a 2D acceptor layer. For this purpose, we prepared a cobalt phthalocyanine-graphene (CoPc-Gr) interface. Unlike blends, the well-ordered architecture achieved through the physical separation of the two layers allows us to unambiguously collect the electrical signal from graphene alone and associate it with a microscopic understanding of the whole process. The CoPc-Gr interface exhibits an ultrafast electron-transfer signal, stemming from an interlayer mechanism. Remarkably, the signal presents an oscillating time evolution modulated by coherent vibrations originating from the laser-excited CoPc states. By performing Fourier analysis on the beatings and correlating it with the Raman features, along with a comprehensive first-principles characterization of the vibrational coupling in the CoPc excited states, we successfully identify both the orbitals and molecular vibrations that promote the charge transfer at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Casotto
- I-LAMP and Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via della Garzetta 48, 25133 Brescia, Italy
- Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Pavel S Rukin
- Istituto Nanoscienze─Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-NANO), via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Fresch
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Deborah Prezzi
- Istituto Nanoscienze─Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-NANO), via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sonia Freddi
- I-LAMP and Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via della Garzetta 48, 25133 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Sangaletti
- I-LAMP and Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via della Garzetta 48, 25133 Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo A Rozzi
- Istituto Nanoscienze─Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-NANO), via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Collini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Pagliara
- I-LAMP and Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via della Garzetta 48, 25133 Brescia, Italy
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2
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Zoppellaro G, Medveď M, Hrubý V, Zbořil R, Otyepka M, Lazar P. Solvent Controlled Generation of Spin Active Polarons in Two-Dimensional Material under UV Light Irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15010-15018. [PMID: 38696712 PMCID: PMC11157526 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Polarons belong to a class of extensively studied quasiparticles that have found applications spanning diverse fields, including charge transport, colossal magnetoresistance, thermoelectricity, (multi)ferroism, optoelectronics, and photovoltaics. It is notable, though, that their interaction with the local environment has been overlooked so far. We report an unexpected phenomenon of the solvent-induced generation of polaronic spin active states in a two-dimensional (2D) material fluorographene under UV light. Furthermore, we present compelling evidence of the solvent-specific nature of this phenomenon. The generation of spin-active states is robust in acetone, moderate in benzene, and absent in cyclohexane. Continuous wave X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy experiments revealed a massive increase in the EPR signal for fluorographene dispersed in acetone under UV-light irradiation, while the system did not show any significant signal under dark conditions and without the solvent. The patterns appeared due to the generation of transient magnetic photoexcited states of polaronic character, which encompassed the net 1/2 spin moment detectable by EPR. Advanced ab initio calculations disclosed that polarons are plausibly formed at radical sites in fluorographene which interact strongly with acetone molecules in their vicinity. Additionally, we present a comprehensive scenario for multiplication of polaronic spin active species, highlighting the pivotal role of the photoinduced charge transfer from the solvent to the electrophilic radical centers in fluorographene. We believe that the solvent-tunable polaron formation with the use of UV light and an easily accessible 2D nanomaterial opens up a wide range of future applications, ranging from molecular sensing to magneto-optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zoppellaro
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology
Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies (CEET), VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Medveď
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, Banská Bystrica 974 01, Slovak
Republic
| | - Vítězslav Hrubý
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology
Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies (CEET), VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VŠB − Technical
University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Lazar
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
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3
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Zhang Z, Xu C, Sun Q, Zhu Y, Yan W, Cai G, Li Y, Si W, Lu X, Xu W, Yang Y, Lin Y. Delocalizing Excitation for Highly-Active Organic Photovoltaic Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202402343. [PMID: 38639055 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Localized excitation in traditional organic photocatalysts typically prevents the generation and extraction of photo-induced free charge carriers, limiting their activity enhancement under illumination. Here, we enhance delocalized photoexcitation of small molecular photovoltaic catalysts by weakening their electron-phonon coupling via rational fluoro-substitution. The optimized 2FBP-4F catalyst we develop here exhibits a minimized Huang-Rhys factor of 0.35 in solution, high dielectric constant and strong crystallization in the solid state. As a result, the energy barrier for exciton dissociation is decreased, and more importantly, polarons are unusually observed in 2FBP-4F nanoparticles (NPs). With the increased hole transfer efficiency and prolonged charge carrier lifetime highly related to enhanced exciton delocalization, the PM6 : 2FBP-4F heterojunction NPs at varied concentration exhibit much higher optimized photocatalytic activity (207.6-561.8 mmol h-1 g-1) for hydrogen evolution than the control PM6 : BP-4F and PM6 : 2FBP-6F NPs, as well as other reported photocatalysts under simulated solar light (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaoying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qianlu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yufan Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wenlong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Guilong Cai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yawen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenqin Si
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Weigao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuze Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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4
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Healing G, Nadinov I, Hadmojo WT, Yin J, Thomas S, Bakr OM, Alshareef HN, Anthopoulos TD, Mohammed OF. Ultrafast Coherent Hole Injection at the Interface between CuSCN and Polymer PM6 Using Femtosecond Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38573046 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Tracking the dynamics of ultrafast hole injection into copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) at the interface can be experimentally challenging. These challenges include restrictions in accessing the ultraviolet spectral range through transient electronic spectroscopy, where the absorption spectrum of CuSCN is located. Time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy solves this problem by tracking marker modes at specific frequencies and allowing direct access to dynamical information at the molecular level at donor-acceptor interfaces in real time. This study uses photoabsorber PM6 (poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl-3-fluoro)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione))]) as a model system to explore and decipher the hole transfer dynamics of CuSCN using femtosecond (fs) mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The time-resolved results indicate that excited PM6 exhibits a sharp vibrational mode at 1599 cm-1 attributed to the carbonyl group, matching the predicted frequency position obtained from time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The fs mid-IR spectroscopy demonstrates a fast formation (<168 fs) and blue spectral shift of the CN stretching vibration from 2118 cm-1 for CuSCN alone to 2180 cm-1 for PM6/CuSCN, confirming the hole transfer from PM6 to CuSCN. The short interfacial distance and high frontier orbital delocalization obtained from the interfacial DFT models support a coherent and ultrafast regime for hole transfer. These results provide direct evidence for hole injection at the interface of CuSCN for the first time using femtosecond mid-IR spectroscopy and serve as a new investigative approach for interfacial chemistry and solar cell communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Healing
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Issatay Nadinov
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wisnu Tantyo Hadmojo
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Simil Thomas
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M Bakr
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam N Alshareef
- Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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5
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Sun Z, Li S, Meng Y, An Z. Surface hopping simulations on charge photogeneration in conjugated polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10982-10988. [PMID: 38526436 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06013f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of charge photogeneration in neat conjugated polymers has long been controversial and a unified explanation has not been achieved so far. In this paper, we use a surface hopping method to simulate the excited-state dynamics of a system composed of five π-stacked polymer chains. In this system, polaron pairs (PPs) with large electron-hole distance can be seen as free charges. The surface hopping method is based on the Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) Hamiltonian and the excited states of the system are calculated with configuration interaction singles (CIS) formalism. During the simulations, the yields of PPs and free charges are calculated using a statistical method. By comparison, it is found that impurity and excess energy have significant effects on the yields of PPs and free charges. Free charges are difficult to be generated in neat systems with small excess energy. Free charges come from direct dissociation of high-energy excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sun
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
- Zhejiang Institute of Photoelectronics & Zhejiang Institute for Advanced Light Source, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
- Zhejiang Institute of Photoelectronics & Zhejiang Institute for Advanced Light Source, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Physics, Xingtai University, Xingtai 054001, China
| | - Zhong An
- College of Physics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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6
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Dyksik M, Beret D, Baranowski M, Duim H, Moyano S, Posmyk K, Mlayah A, Adjokatse S, Maude DK, Loi MA, Puech P, Plochocka P. Polaron Vibronic Progression Shapes the Optical Response of 2D Perovskites. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305182. [PMID: 38072637 PMCID: PMC10870061 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The optical response of 2D layered perovskites is composed of multiple equally-spaced spectral features, often interpreted as phonon replicas, separated by an energy Δ ≃ 12 - 40 meV, depending upon the compound. Here the authors show that the characteristic energy spacing, seen in both absorption and emission, is correlated with a substantial scattering response above ≃ 200 cm-1 (≃ 25 meV) observed in resonant Raman. This peculiar high-frequency signal, which dominates both Stokes and anti-Stokes regions of the scattering spectra, possesses the characteristic spectral fingerprints of polarons. Notably, its spectral position is shifted away from the Rayleigh line, with a tail on the high energy side. The internal structure of the polaron consists of a series of equidistant signals separated by 25-32 cm-1 (3-4 meV), depending upon the compound, forming a polaron vibronic progression. The observed progression is characterized by a large Huang-Rhys factor (S > 6) for all of the 2D layered perovskites investigated here, indicative of a strong charge carrier - lattice coupling. The polaron binding energy spans a range ≃ 20-35 meV, which is corroborated by the temperature-dependent Raman scattering data. The investigation provides a complete understanding of the optical response of 2D layered perovskites via the direct observation of polaron vibronic progression. The understanding of polaronic effects in perovskites is essential, as it directly influences the suitability of these materials for future opto-electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Dyksik
- Department of Experimental PhysicsFaculty of Fundamental Problems of TechnologyWroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw50370Poland
| | - Dorian Beret
- CEMES‐UPR8011CNRSUniversity of Toulouse29 rue Jeanne MarvigToulouse31500France
| | - Michal Baranowski
- Department of Experimental PhysicsFaculty of Fundamental Problems of TechnologyWroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw50370Poland
| | - Herman Duim
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Moyano
- CEMES‐UPR8011CNRSUniversity of Toulouse29 rue Jeanne MarvigToulouse31500France
| | - Katarzyna Posmyk
- Department of Experimental PhysicsFaculty of Fundamental Problems of TechnologyWroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw50370Poland
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques IntensesEMFL, CNRS UPR 3228University Toulouse, University Toulouse 3, INSA‐T, University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble and ToulouseFrance
| | - Adnen Mlayah
- LAASUniversity of ToulouseCNRS, UPS, 7 Avenue du Colonel RocheToulouse31031France
| | - Sampson Adjokatse
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Duncan K. Maude
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques IntensesEMFL, CNRS UPR 3228University Toulouse, University Toulouse 3, INSA‐T, University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble and ToulouseFrance
| | - Maria Antonietta Loi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Pascal Puech
- CEMES‐UPR8011CNRSUniversity of Toulouse29 rue Jeanne MarvigToulouse31500France
| | - Paulina Plochocka
- Department of Experimental PhysicsFaculty of Fundamental Problems of TechnologyWroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw50370Poland
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques IntensesEMFL, CNRS UPR 3228University Toulouse, University Toulouse 3, INSA‐T, University Grenoble AlpesGrenoble and ToulouseFrance
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7
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LeCroy G, Ghosh R, Untilova V, Guio L, Stone KH, Brinkmann M, Luscombe C, Spano FC, Salleo A. Polaron absorption in aligned conjugated polymer films: breakdown of adiabatic treatments and going beyond the conventional mid-gap state model. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:545-553. [PMID: 37982315 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
This study provides the first experimental polarized intermolecular and intramolecular optical absorption components of field-induced polarons in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), rr-P3HT, a polymer semiconductor. Highly aligned rr-P3HT thin films were prepared by a high temperature shear-alignment process that orients polymer backbones along the shearing direction. rr-P3HT in-plane molecular orientation was measured by electron diffraction, and out-of-plane orientation was measured through series of synchrotron X-ray scattering techniques. Then, with molecular orientation quantified, polarized charge modulation spectroscopy was used to probe mid-IR polaron absorption in the ℏω = 0.075 - 0.75 eV range and unambiguously assign intermolecular and intramolecular optical absorption components of hole polarons in rr-P3HT. This data represents the first experimental quantification of these polarized components and allowed long-standing theoretical predictions to be compared to experimental results. The experimental data is discrepant with predictions of polaron absorption based on an adiabatic framework that works under the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, but the data is entirely consistent with a more recent nonadiabatic treatment of absorption based on a modified Holstein Hamiltonian. This nonadiabatic treatment was used to show that both intermolecular and intramolecular polaron coherence break down at length scales significantly smaller than estimated structural coherence in either direction. This strongly suggests that polaron delocalization is fundamentally limited by energetic disorder in rr-P3HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Lorenzo Guio
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin H Stone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Luscombe
- pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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8
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Zheng Y, Venkatesh R, Rojas-Gatjens E, Reichmanis E, Silva-Acuña C. Exciton Bimolecular Annihilation Dynamics in Push-Pull Semiconductor Polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:272-280. [PMID: 38166236 PMCID: PMC10788955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Exciton-exciton annihilation is a ubiquitous nonlinear dynamic phenomenon in materials hosting Frenkel excitons. In this work, we investigate the nonlinear exciton dynamics of an electron push-pull conjugated polymer by fluence-dependent transient absorption and excitation-correlation photoluminescence spectroscopy, where we can quantitatively show the latter to be a more selective probe of the nonlinear dynamics. Simulations based on a time-independent exciton annihilation model show a decreasing trend for the extracted annihilation rates with excitation fluence. Further investigation of the fluence-dependent transients suggests that the exciton-exciton annihilation bimolecular rates are not constant in time, displaying a t-1/2 time dependence, which we rationalize as reflective of one-dimensional exciton diffusion, with a diffusion length estimated to be 9 ± 2 nm. In addition, exciton annihilation gives rise to a long-lived species that recombines on a nanosecond time scale. Our conclusions shed broad light onto nonlinear exciton dynamics in push-pull conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zheng
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rahul Venkatesh
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Esteban Rojas-Gatjens
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 124 E. Morton Street, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Carlos Silva-Acuña
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Institut
Courtois & Département de physique, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal H2V 0B3, Québec, Canada
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9
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Timmer D, Lünemann DC, Riese S, Sio AD, Lienau C. Full visible range two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy with high time resolution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:835-847. [PMID: 38175103 DOI: 10.1364/oe.511906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) is a powerful method to study coherent and incoherent interactions and dynamics in complex quantum systems by correlating excitation and detection energies in a nonlinear spectroscopy experiment. Such dynamics can be probed with a time resolution limited only by the duration of the employed laser pulses and in a spectral range defined by the pulse spectrum. In the blue spectral range (<500 nm), the generation of sufficiently broadband ultrashort pulses with pulse durations of 10 fs or less has been challenging so far. Here, we present a 2DES setup based on a hollow-core fiber supercontinuum covering the full visible range (400-700 nm). Pulse compression via custom-made chirped mirrors yields a time resolution of <10 fs. The broad spectral coverage, in particular the extension of the pulse spectra into the blue spectral range, unlocks new possibilities for coherent investigations of blue-light absorbing and multichromophoric compounds, as demonstrated by a 2DES measurement of chlorophyll a.
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10
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Garratt D, Matthews M, Marangos J. Toward ultrafast soft x-ray spectroscopy of organic photovoltaic devices. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:010901. [PMID: 38250136 PMCID: PMC10799687 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Novel ultrafast x-ray sources based on high harmonic generation and at x-ray free electron lasers are opening up new opportunities to resolve complex ultrafast processes in condensed phase systems with exceptional temporal resolution and atomic site specificity. In this perspective, we present techniques for resolving charge localization, transfer, and separation processes in organic semiconductors and organic photovoltaic devices with time-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy. We review recent results in ultrafast soft x-ray spectroscopy of these systems and discuss routes to overcome the technical challenges in performing time-resolved x-ray experiments on photosensitive materials with poor thermal conductivity and low pump intensity thresholds for nonlinear effects.
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11
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Timmer D, Gittinger M, Quenzel T, Stephan S, Zhang Y, Schumacher MF, Lützen A, Silies M, Tretiak S, Zhong JH, De Sio A, Lienau C. Plasmon mediated coherent population oscillations in molecular aggregates. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8035. [PMID: 38052786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The strong coherent coupling of quantum emitters to vacuum fluctuations of the light field offers opportunities for manipulating the optical and transport properties of nanomaterials, with potential applications ranging from ultrasensitive all-optical switching to creating polariton condensates. Often, ubiquitous decoherence processes at ambient conditions limit these couplings to such short time scales that the quantum dynamics of the interacting system remains elusive. Prominent examples are strongly coupled exciton-plasmon systems, which, so far, have mostly been investigated by linear optical spectroscopy. Here, we use ultrafast two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to probe the quantum dynamics of J-aggregate excitons collectively coupled to the spatially structured plasmonic fields of a gold nanoslit array. We observe rich coherent Rabi oscillation dynamics reflecting a plasmon-driven coherent exciton population transfer over mesoscopic distances at room temperature. This opens up new opportunities to manipulate the coherent transport of matter excitations by coupling to vacuum fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Timmer
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Gittinger
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Quenzel
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sven Stephan
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
- Institute for Lasers and Optics, University of Applied Sciences, Emden, Germany
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Marvin F Schumacher
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Silies
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
- Institute for Lasers and Optics, University of Applied Sciences, Emden, Germany
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Jin-Hui Zhong
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Antonietta De Sio
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CeNaD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany.
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CeNaD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany.
- Forschungszentrum Neurosensorik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany.
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12
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Fujita T, Hoshi T. Ab Initio Study of Charge Separation Dynamics and Pump-Probe Spectroscopy in the P3HT/PCBM Blend. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7615-7623. [PMID: 37639551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
We develop a bottom-up computational method for excited-state dynamics and time-resolved spectroscopy signals in molecular aggregates, on the basis of ab initio excited-state calculations. As an application, we consider the charge separation dynamics and pump-probe spectroscopy in the amorphous P3HT/PCBM blend. To simulate quantum dynamics and time-resolved spectroscopy, the model Hamiltonian for single-excitation and double-excitation manifolds was derived on the basis of fragment-based excited-state calculations within the GW approximation and the Bethe-Salpeter equation. After elucidating the energetics of the electron-hole separation and examining linear absorption spectrum, we investigated the quantum dynamics of exciton and charge carriers in comparison with the pump-probe transient absorption spectra. In particular, we introduced the pump-probe excited-state absorption (ESA) anisotropy as a spectroscopic signature of charge carrier dynamics after exciton dissociation. We found that the charge separation dynamics can be probed by the pump-probe ESA anisotropy dynamics after charge-transfer excitations. The present study provides the fundamental information for understanding the experimental spectroscopy signals, by elucidating the relationship between the excited states, the exciton and charge carrier dynamics, and time-resolved spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Fujita
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takeo Hoshi
- Department of Mechanical and Physical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori-shi 680-8552, Tottori, Japan
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13
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Deckert T, Vanderhaegen A, Brida D. Sub-8-fs pulses in the visible to near-infrared by a degenerate optical parametric amplifier. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4496-4499. [PMID: 37656537 DOI: 10.1364/ol.498291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a single-stage optical parametric amplifier (OPA) operating at degeneracy (DOPA) and pumped by the third harmonic of a Yb:KGW laser system. This DOPA exploits the broad amplification bandwidth that occurs with type-I phase-matching in β-barium borate (BBO) when signal and idler overlap in the spectrum. The output pulses span from 590 to 780 nm (1.59-2.10 eV) with 7.75-fs duration after compression. Ultrashort pulses with similar bandwidths in this spectral window complement the existing array of optical parametric amplifiers that cover either the visible or the near-IR spectral regions with sub-10-fs pulses. This source of ultrashort optical pulses will enable the application of sophisticated spectroscopy techniques to the study of electronic coherences and energy migration pathways in biological, chemical, and condensed matter systems.
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14
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Li Q, Wang R, Yu T, Wang X, Zhang ZG, Zhang Y, Xiao M, Zhang C. Long-Range Charge Separation Enabled by Intramoiety Delocalized Excitations in Copolymer Donors in Organic Photovoltaic Blends. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7498-7506. [PMID: 37581453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
For over two decades, most high-performance organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have been made with donor:acceptor bulk heterojunctions with domain sizes limited by exciton diffusion, where charge separation mostly takes place through the dissociation of the interfacial charge-transfer (xCT) excitons. Recently, nonfullerene acceptor (NFA)-based OPVs have shown excellent compatibility to device structures with large domains in active layers. However, it remains elusive how the excitations that are distant from the interfaces are converted into free charges. Here, we report the identification of a new charge separation channel in model copolymer/NFA blends mediated by intra-moiety delocalized excitations in both planar heterojunctions and donor-enriched bulk heterojunctions. The delocalized excitations induced by interchromophore electronic interactions in copolymer donors mediate the long-range charge separation and dissociate into free charges without forming the bound xCT states first, releasing the constraints associated with the short exciton diffusion length in organic materials. The long-range charge separation mechanism uncovered in this work, in cooperation with the short-range xCT-mediated pathway, holds the potential to further optimize OPVs with diverse device structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIIT, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Tao Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic/Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Nanjing University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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15
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Palacino-González E, Jansen TLC. Modeling the Effect of Disorder in the Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy of Poly-3-hexyltiophene in an Organic Photovoltaic Blend: A Combined Quantum/Classical Approach. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:6793-6801. [PMID: 37081993 PMCID: PMC10108354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a first-principles model of the 12-mer poly-3-hexyltiophene (P3HT) polymer system in the realistic description of an organic photovoltaic blend environment. We combine Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of a thin-film blend of P3HT and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to model the interactions with a fluctuating environment with Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculations to parametrize the effect of the torsional flexibility in the polymer and construct an exciton-type Hamiltonian that describes the photoexcitation of the polymer. This allows us to reveal the presence of different flexibility patterns governed by the torsional angles along the polymer chain which, in the interacting fluctuating environment, control the broadening of the spectral observables. We identify the origin of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous line shape of the simulated optical signals. This is paramount to decipher the spectroscopic nature of the ultrafast electron-transfer process occurring in organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials.
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16
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Zhang M, Zhou W, Zhuang B, Zheng Z, Zhang Q, Wang H. Theoretical investigation of electrochromic mechanism in D-A conjugated polymers in visible and infrared bands. RSC Adv 2023; 13:11337-11345. [PMID: 37057261 PMCID: PMC10088488 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01600e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochromic materials have been widely-applied in military camouflage and intelligent materials, in consideration of the multicolor display and infrared absorption. However, most of them have a narrow width of absorption spectra, and the electrochromic mechanism is still not well understood, especially in materials based on a copolymer structure in visible and infrared bands. Therefore, based on the polaron model, in order to enhance polarizability, we designed an "electronic donors-electronic acceptor" (D-A) type π-conjugated electrochromic polymer, which has an abundant color (wavelengths from 450 nm to 750 nm) with voltage range (from -0.2 V to 1.0 V). Employing first-principle calculations, we investigated the electrochromism of the polymer, which has a strong connection with the introduced new molecular orbital in the polaron (or cation), comparing with those in the neutral molecule. This study addressed the underlying mechanism for the electrochromic phenomenon and the behavior of the cation. It indicated the polaron molecular orbitals provide the photon absorption, whose energies are in the visible range and result in the electrochromic abundant color. In this work, we provide a molecular design for the adjustment of visible and infrared band absorption, which could have broad application in multicolor and infrared electrochromic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Zhang
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology Beijing China
| | - Wencai Zhou
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology Beijing China
| | - Biying Zhuang
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology Beijing China
| | - Zilong Zheng
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology Beijing China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology Beijing China
| | - Hao Wang
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology Beijing China
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17
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Uratani H, Nakai H. Nanoscale and Real-Time Nuclear-Electronic Dynamics Simulation Study of Charge Transfer at the Donor-Acceptor Interface in Organic Photovoltaics. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2292-2300. [PMID: 36827224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Charge-transfer (CT) processes in donor-acceptor interfaces of organic photovoltaics have been challenging targets for computational chemistry owing to their nanoscale and ultrafast nature. Herein, we report real-time nuclear-electronic dynamics simulations of CT processes in a nanometer-scale donor-acceptor interface model composed of a donor poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) crystal and an acceptor [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester aggregate. The simulations were realized using our original reduced-scaling computational technique, namely, patchwork-approximation-based Ehrenfest dynamics. The results illustrated the CT pathway with atomic resolution, thereby rationalizing the observed excitation-energy dependence of the quantity of CT. Further, nuclear motion, which is affected by the electronic dynamics, was observed to play a significant role in the CT process by modulating molecular orbital energies. The present study suggests that microscopic CT processes strongly depend on local structures of disordered donor-acceptor interfaces as well as coupling between nuclear and electronic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Uratani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering (WISE), 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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18
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Zhao Y, Gao J, Yang Z, Li L, Cui J, Zhang P, Hu C, Diao C, Choi W. Efficient Exciton Dissociation in Ionically Interacted Methyl Viologen and Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Superior H 2O 2 Photoproduction. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Gao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhenchun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Cui
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Caozheng Diao
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 117603 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wonyong Choi
- KENTECH Institute for Environmental and Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), 58330 Naju, Korea
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19
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Troiani F. Vibrational response functions for multidimensional electronic spectroscopy in nonadiabatic models. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:054110. [PMID: 36754824 DOI: 10.1063/5.0129073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay of nuclear and electronic dynamics characterizes the multidimensional electronic spectra of various molecular and solid-state systems. Theoretically, the observable effect of such interplay can be accounted for by response functions. Here, we report analytical expressions for the response functions corresponding to a class of model systems. These are characterized by coupling between the diabatic electronic states and the vibrational degrees of freedom, resulting in linear displacements of the corresponding harmonic oscillators, and by nonadiabatic couplings between pairs of diabatic states. In order to derive the linear response functions, we first perform the Dyson expansion of the relevant propagators with respect to the nonadiabatic component of the Hamiltonian, then derive and expand with respect to the displacements the propagators at given interaction times, and finally provide analytical expressions for the time integrals that lead to the different contributions to the linear response function. The approach is then applied to the derivation of third-order response functions describing different physical processes: ground state bleaching, stimulated emission, excited state absorption, and double quantum coherence. Comparisons between the results obtained up to sixth order in the Dyson expansion and independent numerical calculation of the response functions provide evidence of the series convergence in a few representative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Troiani
- Centro S3, CNR-Istituto di Nanoscienze, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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20
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Ghosh R, Paesani F. Connecting the dots for fundamental understanding of structure-photophysics-property relationships of COFs, MOFs, and perovskites using a Multiparticle Holstein Formalism. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1040-1064. [PMID: 36756323 PMCID: PMC9891456 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03793a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactive organic and hybrid organic-inorganic materials such as conjugated polymers, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and layered perovskites, display intriguing photophysical signatures upon interaction with light. Elucidating structure-photophysics-property relationships across a broad range of functional materials is nontrivial and requires our fundamental understanding of the intricate interplay among excitons (electron-hole pair), polarons (charges), bipolarons, phonons (vibrations), inter-layer stacking interactions, and different forms of structural and conformational defects. In parallel with electronic structure modeling and data-driven science that are actively pursued to successfully accelerate materials discovery, an accurate, computationally inexpensive, and physically-motivated theoretical model, which consistently makes quantitative connections with conceptually complicated experimental observations, is equally important. Within this context, the first part of this perspective highlights a unified theoretical framework in which the electronic coupling as well as the local coupling between the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom can be efficiently described for a broad range of quasiparticles with similarly structured Holstein-style vibronic Hamiltonians. The second part of this perspective discusses excitonic and polaronic photophysical signatures in polymers, COFs, MOFs, and perovskites, and attempts to bridge the gap between different research fields using a common theoretical construct - the Multiparticle Holstein Formalism. We envision that the synergistic integration of state-of-the-art computational approaches with the Multiparticle Holstein Formalism will help identify and establish new, transformative design strategies that will guide the synthesis and characterization of next-generation energy materials optimized for a broad range of optoelectronic, spintronic, and photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
| | - Francesco Paesani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
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21
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Roy P, Anandan GT, Nayak N, Kumar A, Dasgupta J. Raman Snapshots of Side-Chain Dependent Polaron Dynamics in PolyThiophene Films. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:567-576. [PMID: 36599044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photogenerated polarons in π-conjugated polymers are the precursors to free charges at donor-acceptor interfaces. Unraveling the relationship between film morphology and polaron formation is conjectured to enable efficient charge generation in organic photovoltaic devices. However, it has been challenging to track the ultrafast dynamics of polarons selectively and thus evaluate the molecular coordinates that drive charge generation in films. Using a combination of broadband femtosecond transient absorption and resonance-selective femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy, here, we investigate the polaron generation dynamics exclusively in traditional crystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and its amorphous side-chain variant poly(3-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3EHT) films. The transient Raman data unequivocally provides evidence for an initial delocalization of the polaronic states via thiophene backbone planarization in ∼100 fs while capturing the subsequent morphology-dependent cooling dynamics in a few picoseconds. Our work highlights the structural significance of crystalline morphology in generating hot-charges and thereby emphasizes the importance of side-chain engineering in designing highly efficient conjugated polymer films for hot-carrier photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palas Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Gokul T Anandan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Nagaraj Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyotishman Dasgupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
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22
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Timmer D, Zheng F, Gittinger M, Quenzel T, Lünemann DC, Winte K, Zhang Y, Madjet ME, Zablocki J, Lützen A, Zhong JH, De Sio A, Frauenheim T, Tretiak S, Lienau C. Charge Delocalization and Vibronic Couplings in Quadrupolar Squaraine Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19150-19162. [PMID: 36206456 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Squaraines are prototypical quadrupolar charge-transfer chromophores that have recently attracted much attention as building blocks for solution-processed photovoltaics, fluorescent probes with large two-photon absorption cross sections, and aggregates with large circular dichroism. Their optical properties are often rationalized in terms of phenomenological essential state models, considering the coupling of two zwitterionic excited states to a neutral ground state. As a result, optical transitions to the lowest S1 excited state are one-photon allowed, whereas the next higher S2 state can only be accessed by two-photon transitions. A further implication of these models is a substantial reduction of vibronic coupling to the ubiquitous high-frequency vinyl-stretching modes of organic materials. Here, we combine time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy, two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy, and quantum-chemical simulations to test and rationalize these predictions for nonaggregated molecules. We find small Huang-Rhys factors below 0.01 for the high-frequency, 1500 cm-1 modes in particular, as well as a noticeable reduction for those of lower frequency modes in general for the electronic S0 → S1 transition. The two-photon allowed state S2 is well separated energetically from S1 and has weak vibronic signatures as well. Thus, the resulting pronounced concentration of the oscillator strength in a narrow region relevant to the lowest electronic transition makes squaraines and their aggregates exceptionally interesting for strong and ultrastrong coupling of excitons to localized light modes in external resonators with chiral properties that can largely be controlled by the molecular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Timmer
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg26129, Germany
| | - Fulu Zheng
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen28359, Germany
| | - Moritz Gittinger
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg26129, Germany
| | - Thomas Quenzel
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg26129, Germany
| | - Daniel C Lünemann
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg26129, Germany
| | - Katrin Winte
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg26129, Germany
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Mohamed E Madjet
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen28359, Germany
| | - Jennifer Zablocki
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn53121, Germany
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn53121, Germany
| | - Jin-Hui Zhong
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg26129, Germany.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong518055, China
| | - Antonietta De Sio
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg26129, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CeNaD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg26129, Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen28359, Germany.,Beijing Computational Science Research Center (CSRC), Beijing100193, China.,Shenzhen Computational Science and Applied Research (CSAR) Institute, Shenzhen518110, China
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg26129, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CeNaD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg26129, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Neurosensorik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg26129, Germany
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23
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Nüßeler A, Tamascelli D, Smirne A, Lim J, Huelga SF, Plenio MB. Fingerprint and Universal Markovian Closure of Structured Bosonic Environments. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:140604. [PMID: 36240420 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.140604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We exploit the properties of chain mapping transformations of bosonic environments to identify a finite collection of modes able to capture the characteristic features, or fingerprint, of the environment. Moreover we show that the countable infinity of residual bath modes can be replaced by a universal Markovian closure, namely, a small collection of damped modes undergoing a Lindblad-type dynamics whose parametrization is independent of the spectral density under consideration. We show that the Markovian closure provides a quadratic speedup with respect to standard chain mapping techniques and makes the memory requirement independent of the simulation time, while preserving all the information on the fingerprint modes. We illustrate the application of the Markovian closure to the computation of linear spectra but also to nonlinear spectral response, a relevant experimentally accessible many body coherence witness for which efficient numerically exact calculations in realistic environments are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nüßeler
- Institut für Theoretische Physik and IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dario Tamascelli
- Institut für Theoretische Physik and IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli," Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Smirne
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli," Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - James Lim
- Institut für Theoretische Physik and IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Susana F Huelga
- Institut für Theoretische Physik and IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin B Plenio
- Institut für Theoretische Physik and IQST, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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24
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Zhang X, Geng K, Jiang D, Scholes GD. Exciton Diffusion and Annihilation in an sp 2 Carbon-Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16423-16432. [PMID: 35998305 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To optimize the optical and optoelectronic functionalities of two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs), detailed properties of emissive and nonradiative pathways after photoexcitation need to be elucidated and linked to particular structural designs. Here, we use transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy to study the colloidal suspension of the full sp2 carbon-conjugated sp2c-COF and characterize the spatial extent and diffusion dynamics of the emissive excitons generated by impulsive photoexcitation. The ∼3.5 Å stacking distance between 2D layers results in cofacial pyrene excitons that diffuse through the framework, while the state that dominates the emissive spectrum of the polycrystalline solid is assigned to an extended cofacial exciton whose 2D delocalization is promoted by C═C linkages. The subnanosecond kinetics of a photoinduced absorption (PIA) signal in the near-infrared, attributed to a charge-separated exciton, or polaron pair, reflects three-dimensional (3D) exciton diffusion as well as long-range exciton-exciton annihilation driven by resonance interactions. Within our experimental regime, doubling the excitation intensity results in a 10-fold increase in the estimated exciton diffusion length, from ∼3 to ∼30 nm, suggesting that higher lattice temperature may enhance exciton mobility in the COF colloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Keyu Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Donglin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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25
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Quintela Rodriguez FE, Troiani F. Vibrational response functions for multidimensional electronic spectroscopy in the adiabatic regime: A coherent-state approach. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:034107. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-dimensional spectroscopy represents a particularly insightful tool for investigating the interplay of nuclear and electronic dynamics, which plays an important role in a number of photophysical processes and photochemical reactions. Here, we present a coherent state representation of the vibronic dynamics and of the resulting response functions for the widely used linearly displaced harmonic oscillator model. Analytical expressions are initially derived for the case of third-order response functions in an N-level system, with ground state initialization of the oscillator (zero-temperature limit). The results are then generalized to the case of Mth order response functions, with arbitrary M. The formal derivation is translated into a simple recipe, whereby the explicit analytical expressions of the response functions can be derived directly from the Feynman diagrams. We further generalize to the whole set of initial coherent states, which form an overcomplete basis. This allows one, in principle, to derive the dependence of the response functions on arbitrary initial states of the vibrational modes and is here applied to the case of thermal states. Finally, a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian approach is used to include in the above expressions the effect of vibrational relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Troiani
- Centro S3, CNR-Istituto di Nanoscienze, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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26
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Direct observation of ultrafast exciton localization in an organic semiconductor with soft X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3414. [PMID: 35701418 PMCID: PMC9198071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31008-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The localization dynamics of excitons in organic semiconductors influence the efficiency of charge transfer and separation in these materials. Here we apply time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy to track photoinduced dynamics of a paradigmatic crystalline conjugated polymer: poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) commonly used in solar cell devices. The π→π* transition, the first step of solar energy conversion, is pumped with a 15 fs optical pulse and the dynamics are probed by an attosecond soft X-ray pulse at the carbon K-edge. We observe X-ray spectroscopic signatures of the initially hot excitonic state, indicating that it is delocalized over multiple polymer chains. This undergoes a rapid evolution on a sub 50 fs timescale which can be directly associated with cooling and localization to form either a localized exciton or polaron pair. A detailed understanding of ultrafast exciton dynamics is crucial for improving the efficiency of organic light-harvesting-devices. Here, the authors track exciton localization on a sub-50 fs timescale in an organic semiconductor using time resolved soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy.
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27
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Accelerating symmetry-breaking charge separation in a perylenediimide trimer through a vibronically coherent dimer intermediate. Nat Chem 2022; 14:786-793. [PMID: 35469005 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the photophysics and photochemistry of molecular π-stacked chromophores is important for utilizing them as functional photonic materials. However, these investigations have been mostly limited to covalent molecular dimers, which can only approximate the electronic and vibronic interactions present in the higher oligomers typical of functional organic materials. Here we show that a comparison of the excited-state dynamics of a covalent slip-stacked perylenediimide dimer (2) and trimer (3) provides fundamental insights into electronic state mixing and symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS) beyond the dimer limit. We find that coherent vibronic coupling to high-frequency modes facilitates ultrafast state mixing between the Frenkel exciton (FE) and charge-transfer (CT) states. Subsequently, solvent fluctuations and interchromophore low-frequency vibrations promote CT character in the coherent FE/CT mixed state. The coherent FE/CT mixed state persists in 2, but, in 3, low-frequency vibronic coupling collapses the coherence, resulting in ultrafast SB-CS between the distal perylenediimide units.
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28
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Quenzel T, Timmer D, Gittinger M, Zablocki J, Zheng F, Schiek M, Lützen A, Frauenheim T, Tretiak S, Silies M, Zhong JH, De Sio A, Lienau C. Plasmon-Enhanced Exciton Delocalization in Squaraine-Type Molecular Aggregates. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4693-4704. [PMID: 35188735 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enlarging exciton coherence lengths in molecular aggregates is critical for enhancing the collective optical and transport properties of molecular thin film nanostructures or devices. We demonstrate that the exciton coherence length of squaraine aggregates can be increased from 10 to 24 molecular units at room temperature when preparing the aggregated thin film on a metallic rather than a dielectric substrate. Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy measurements reveal a much lower degree of inhomogeneous line broadening for aggregates on a gold film, pointing to a reduced disorder. The result is corroborated by simulations based on a Frenkel exciton model including exciton-plasmon coupling effects. The simulation shows that localized, energetically nearly resonant excitons on spatially well separated segments can be radiatively coupled via delocalized surface plasmon polariton modes at a planar molecule-gold interface. Such plasmon-enhanced delocalization of the exciton wave function is of high importance for improving the coherent transport properties of molecular aggregates on the nanoscale. Additionally, it may help tailor the collective optical response of organic materials for quantum optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Quenzel
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Daniel Timmer
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Moritz Gittinger
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Jennifer Zablocki
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Fulu Zheng
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Manuela Schiek
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Neurosensorik, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center (CSRC), Beijing 100193, China
- Shenzhen Computational Science and Applied Research (CSAR) Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Martin Silies
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Institute for Lasers and Optics, University of Applied Sciences, Emden 26723, Germany
| | - Jin-Hui Zhong
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Antonietta De Sio
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Neurosensorik, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26111, Germany
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29
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Biswas S, Kim J, Zhang X, Scholes GD. Coherent Two-Dimensional and Broadband Electronic Spectroscopies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4257-4321. [PMID: 35037757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, coherent broadband spectroscopy has been widely used to improve our understanding of ultrafast processes (e.g., photoinduced electron transfer, proton transfer, and proton-coupled electron transfer reactions) at femtosecond resolution. The advances in femtosecond laser technology along with the development of nonlinear multidimensional spectroscopy enabled further insights into ultrafast energy transfer and carrier relaxation processes in complex biological and material systems. New discoveries and interpretations have led to improved design principles for optimizing the photophysical properties of various artificial systems. In this review, we first provide a detailed theoretical framework of both coherent broadband and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES). We then discuss a selection of experimental approaches and considerations of 2DES along with best practices for data processing and analysis. Finally, we review several examples where coherent broadband and 2DES were employed to reveal mechanisms of photoinitiated ultrafast processes in molecular, biological, and material systems. We end the review with a brief perspective on the future of the experimental techniques themselves and their potential to answer an even greater range of scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08 544, United States
| | - JunWoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08 544, United States
| | - Xinzi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08 544, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08 544, United States
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30
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Andermann AM, Rego LGC. Energetics of the charge generation in organic donor-acceptor interfaces. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:024104. [PMID: 35032994 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-fullerene acceptor materials have posed new paradigms for the design of organic solar cells , whereby efficient carrier generation is obtained with small driving forces, in order to maximize the open-circuit voltage (VOC). In this paper, we use a coarse-grained mixed quantum-classical method, which combines Ehrenfest and Redfield theories, to shed light on the charge generation process in small energy offset interfaces. We have investigated the influence of the energetic driving force as well as the vibronic effects on the charge generation and photovoltaic energy conversion. By analyzing the effects of the Holstein and Peierls vibrational couplings, we find that vibrational couplings produce an overall effect of improving the charge generation. However, the two vibronic mechanisms play different roles: the Holstein relaxation mechanism decreases the charge generation, whereas the Peierls mechanism always assists the charge generation. Moreover, by examining the electron-hole binding energy as a function of time, we evince two distinct regimes for the charge separation: the temperature independent excitonic spread on a sub-100 fs timescale and the complete dissociation of the charge-transfer state that occurs on the timescale of tens to hundreds of picoseconds, depending on the temperature. The quantum dynamics of the system exhibits the three regimes of the Marcus electron transfer kinetics as the energy offset of the interface is varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur M Andermann
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luis G C Rego
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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31
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Brey D, Binder R, Martinazzo R, Burghardt I. Signatures of coherent vibronic exciton dynamics and conformational control in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of conjugated polymers. Faraday Discuss 2022; 237:148-167. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00014h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) signals for homo-oligomer J-aggregates are computed, with a focus on the role of structural change induced by low-frequency torsional modes along with quasi-stationary trapping effects induced...
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32
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Iwai S, Kawakami Y, Itoh H, Yonemitsu K. Petahertz charge dynamics in a correlated organic superconductor. Faraday Discuss 2022; 237:353-367. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report an observation of stimulated emission induced by a nearly single-cycle 6 fs near infrared electric field of 10 MV/cm in an organic superconductor (κ-(h-ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br). The stimulated emission is...
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33
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Nho HW, Park WW, Lee B, Kim S, Yang C, Kwon OH. Intrachain photophysics of a donor-acceptor copolymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:1982-1992. [PMID: 34897314 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04093f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By taking advantage of bulk-heterojunction structures formed by blending conjugated donor polymers and non-fullerene acceptors, organic photovoltaic devices have recently attained promising power conversion efficiencies of above 18%. For optimizing organic photovoltaic devices, it is essential to understand the elementary processes that constitute light harvesters. Utilising femtosecond-resolved spectroscopic techniques that can access the timescales of locally excited (LE) state and charge-transfer (CT)/-separated (CS) states, herein we explored their photophysics in single chains of the top-notch performance donor-acceptor polymer, PM6, which has been widely used as a donor in state-of-the-art non-fullerene organic photovoltaic devices, in a single LE state per chain regime. Our observations revealed the ultrafast formation of a CT state and its equilibrium with the parent LE state. From the chain-length dependence of their lifetimes, the equilibrated states were found to idle until they reach a chain folding. At the chain folding, the CT state transforms into an interchain CT state that bifurcates into forming a CS state or annihilation within a picosecond. The observation of prevalent nonexponential behaviour in the relaxation of the transient species is attributed to the wide chain-length distribution that determines the emergence of the chain foldings in a single chain, thus, the lifetime of a LE and equilibrated CT states. Our findings indicate that the abundance of chain folding, where the generation of the "reactive" CS state is initiated from the interchain CT state, is essential for maximising charge carriers in organic photovoltaic devices based on PM6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Won Nho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Room 415, Advanced Material Research Building (103), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Woo Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Room 415, Advanced Material Research Building (103), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byongkyu Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Room 701-4, 2nd Engineering Building (104), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seoyoung Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Room 701-4, 2nd Engineering Building (104), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Room 701-4, 2nd Engineering Building (104), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Room 415, Advanced Material Research Building (103), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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34
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Wang GD, Liu ZX, Qiu BB, Zhang ZG, Wang R, Wang XY, Ma J, Li YF, Xiao M, Zhang CF. Ultrafast electron transfer in all-small-molecule photovoltaic blends promoted by intermolecular interactions in cyanided donors. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2109179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-dong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhi-xing Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bei-bei Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhi-guo Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- State key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiao-yong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yong-fang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Chun-feng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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35
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Herperger KR, Krumland J, Cocchi C. Laser-Induced Electronic and Vibronic Dynamics in the Pyrene Molecule and Its Cation. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9619-9631. [PMID: 34714646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pyrene is widely used as an optical probe thanks to its peculiar ultraviolet absorption and infrared emission features. Interestingly, this molecule is also an abundant component of the interstellar medium, where it is detected via its unique spectral fingerprints. In this work, we present a comprehensive first-principles study on the electronic and vibrational response of pyrene and its cation to ultrafast, coherent pulses in resonance with their optically active excitations in the ultraviolet region. The analysis of molecular symmetries, electronic structure, and linear optical spectra is used to interpret transient absorption spectra and kinetic energy spectral densities computed for the systems excited by ultrashort laser fields. By disentangling the effects of the electronic and vibrational dynamics via ad hoc simulations with stationary and moving ions, and, in specific cases, with the aid of auxiliary model systems, we rationalize that the nuclear motion is mainly harmonic in the neutral species, while strong anharmonic oscillations emerge in the cation, driven by electronic coherence. Our results provide additional insights into the ultrafast vibronic dynamics of pyrene and related compounds and set the stage for future investigations on more complex carbon-conjugated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Herperger
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jannis Krumland
- Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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36
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Piercy V, Saeed KH, Prentice AW, Neri G, Li C, Gardner AM, Bai Y, Sprick RS, Sazanovich IV, Cooper AI, Rosseinsky MJ, Zwijnenburg MA, Cowan AJ. Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy of Polaron Formation in a Polymer Photocatalyst. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10899-10905. [PMID: 34730969 PMCID: PMC8591663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymer photocatalysts are a synthetically diverse class of materials that can be used for the production of solar fuels such as H2, but the underlying mechanisms by which they operate are poorly understood. Time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy provides a powerful structure-specific probe of photogenerated species. Here we report the use of time-resolved resonance Raman (TR3) spectroscopy to study the formation of polaron pairs and electron polarons in one of the most active linear polymer photocatalysts for H2 production, poly(dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone), P10. We identify that polaron-pair formation prior to thermalization of the initially generated excited states is an important pathway for the generation of long-lived photoelectrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity
L. Piercy
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
| | - Khezar H. Saeed
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
| | - Andrew W. Prentice
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Gaia Neri
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
| | - Chao Li
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Adrian M. Gardner
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
| | - Yang Bai
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Igor V. Sazanovich
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Rosseinsky
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Martijn A. Zwijnenburg
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Alexander J. Cowan
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K.
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37
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Díaz FR, Duan HG, Miller RJD, Thorwart M. Ultrafast Charge Transfer and Relaxation at a Donor-Acceptor Interface. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8869-8875. [PMID: 34319718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of charge separation in organic photovoltaic materials is crucially determined by the underlying dynamics of the charge transfer (CT) excitons and their dissociation into free electrons and holes. To unravel the main principles of the underlying mechanism on a molecular level, we construct a toy model of electronically coupled donors interacting with a manifold of CT exciton states. In particular, we set up a ladder of CT site energies to model the exciton dissociation. To mimic the complexity of the exciton dynamics at the donor-acceptor interface, the electronic CT manifold is designed to include two vibrational modes that are vibronically coupled to the excitons. We examine the impact of the electronic and vibrational coherences and the structure of the vibronic manifold on the transfer efficiency and charge recombination. Optimal configurations of the vibronic CT manifold are revealed. In particular, the rate of charge recombination can be minimized when the transient dynamics are carefully explored. Such a toy model can be used as a guide for the design of organic materials for efficient photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rodríguez Díaz
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Nanosystems Institute, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Av.ËIJ 25 de Mayo 1021, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hong-Guang Duan
- I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestraße 9, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R J Dwayne Miller
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Michael Thorwart
- I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestraße 9, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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38
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Lünemann DC, Thomas AR, Xu J, Bartölke R, Mouritsen H, De Sio A, Lienau C. Distinguishing between coherent and incoherent signals in excitation-emission spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:24326-24337. [PMID: 34614680 DOI: 10.1364/oe.428850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The separation of incoherent emission signals from coherent light scattering often poses a challenge in (time-resolved) microscopy or excitation-emission spectroscopy. While in spectro-microscopy with narrowband excitation this is commonly overcome using spectral filtering, it is less straightforward when using broadband Fourier-transform techniques that are now becoming commonplace in, e.g., single molecule or ultrafast nonlinear spectroscopy. Here we show that such a separation is readily achieved using highly stable common-path interferometers for both excitation and detection. The approach is demonstrated for suppression of scattering from flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and weakly emissive cryptochrome 4 (Cry4) protein samples. We expect that the approach will be beneficial, e.g., for fluorescence lifetime or Raman-based imaging and spectroscopy of various samples, including single quantum emitters.
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39
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Wang K, Chen H, Li S, Zhang J, Zou Y, Yang Y. Interplay between Intrachain and Interchain Excited States in Donor-Acceptor Copolymers. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7470-7476. [PMID: 34219460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, rapid progress in the power conversion efficiency for organic solar cells (OSCs) is achieved due to the phenomenal development of the nonfullerene electron acceptors. In addition to the pairing electron donors, conjugated donor-acceptor copolymers are another key player in the high-efficiency OSCs. Here, the temporal evolution of excited states in a typical copolymer, PM6, was traced by transient absorption spectroscopy. The spectroscopic result implies the formation of two kinetically correlated intrachain species, polaron excitons and intrachain polaron pairs. In the presence of the interchain interaction, these intrachain species quickly convert into interchain polaron pairs on a time scale of few picoseconds. Our findings reveal that the electron transfer mechanisms in PM6-based OSCs substantially depend on the PM6 environment in the bulk heterojunction blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Honggang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shuangyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yingping Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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40
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Xu Z, Zhou Y, Yam CY, Groß L, De Sio A, Frauenheim T, Lienau C, Chen G. Revealing generation, migration, and dissociation of electron-hole pairs and current emergence in an organic photovoltaic cell. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf7672. [PMID: 34144986 PMCID: PMC8213226 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf7672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Using an innovative quantum mechanical method for an open quantum system, we observe in real time and space the generation, migration, and dissociation of electron-hole pairs, transport of electrons and holes, and current emergence in an organic photovoltaic cell. Ehrenfest dynamics is used to study photoexcitation of thiophene:fullerene stacks coupled with a time-dependent density functional tight-binding method. Our results display the generation of an electron-hole pair in the donor and its subsequent migration to the donor-acceptor interface. At the interface, electrons transfer from the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) of thiophenes to the second LUMOs of fullerene. Further migration of electrons and holes leads to the emergence of current. These findings support previous experimental evidence of coherent couplings between electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom and are expected to stimulate further work toward exploring the interplay between electron-hole pair (exciton) binding and vibronic coupling for charge separation and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Yung Yam
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lynn Groß
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Antonietta De Sio
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Guanhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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41
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Excitonic structure and charge separation in the heliobacterial reaction center probed by multispectral multidimensional spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2801. [PMID: 33990569 PMCID: PMC8121816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemical reaction centers are the engines that drive photosynthesis. The reaction center from heliobacteria (HbRC) has been proposed to most closely resemble the common ancestor of photosynthetic reaction centers, motivating a detailed understanding of its structure-function relationship. The recent elucidation of the HbRC crystal structure motivates advanced spectroscopic studies of its excitonic structure and charge separation mechanism. We perform multispectral two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of the HbRC and corresponding numerical simulations, resolving the electronic structure and testing and refining recent excitonic models. Through extensive examination of the kinetic data by lifetime density analysis and global target analysis, we reveal that charge separation proceeds via a single pathway in which the distinct A0 chlorophyll a pigment is the primary electron acceptor. In addition, we find strong delocalization of the charge separation intermediate. Our findings have general implications for the understanding of photosynthetic charge separation mechanisms, and how they might be tuned to achieve different functional goals. The primary energy conversion step in photosynthesis, charge separation, takes place in the reaction center. Here the authors investigate the heliobacterial reaction center using multispectral two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy, identifying the primary electron acceptor and revealing the charge separation mechanism.
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42
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Bach N, Schäfer S. Ultrafast strain propagation and acoustic resonances in nanoscale bilayer systems. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:035101. [PMID: 34169119 PMCID: PMC8214470 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast structural probing has greatly enhanced our understanding of the coupling of atomic motion to electronic and phononic degrees-of-freedom in quasi-bulk materials. In bi- and multilayer model systems, additionally, spatially inhomogeneous relaxation channels are accessible, often governed by pronounced interfacial couplings and local excitations in confined geometries. Here, we systematically explore the key dependencies of the low-frequency acoustic phonon spectrum in an elastically mismatched metal/semiconductor bilayer system optically excited by femtosecond laser pulses. We track the spatiotemporal strain wave propagation in the heterostructure employing a discrete numerical linear chain simulation and access acoustic wave reflections and interfacial couplings with a phonon mode description based on a continuum mechanics model. Due to the interplay of elastic properties and mass densities of the two materials, acoustic resonance frequencies of the heterostructure significantly differ from breathing modes in monolayer films. For large acoustic mismatch, the spatial localization of phonon eigenmodes is derived from analytical approximations and can be interpreted as harmonic oscillations in decoupled mechanical resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Bach
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - S. Schäfer
- Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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43
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Hu Z, Xu Z, Chen G. Vibration-mediated resonant charge separation across the donor-acceptor interface in an organic photovoltaic device. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:154703. [PMID: 33887946 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Examination of a recent open-system Ehrenfest dynamics simulation suggests that a vibration-mediate resonance may play a pivotal role in the charge transfer across a donor-acceptor interface in an organic solar cell. Based on this, a concise dissipative two-level electronic system coupled to a molecular vibrational mode is proposed and solved quantum mechanically. It is found that the charge transfer is enhanced substantially when the vibrational energy quanta is equal to the electronic energy loss across the interface. This vibration-mediate resonant charge transfer process is ultrafast, occurring within 100 fs, comparable to experimental findings. The open-system Ehrenfest dynamics simulation of the two-level model is carried out, and similar results are obtained, which confirms further that the earlier open-system Ehrenfest dynamics simulation indeed correctly predicted the occurrence of the resonant charge transfer across the donor-acceptor interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ziyao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - GuanHua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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44
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Domínguez-Castro A, Lien-Medrano CR, Maghrebi K, Messaoudi S, Frauenheim T, Fihey A. Photoinduced charge-transfer in chromophore-labeled gold nanoclusters: quantum evidence of the critical role of ligands and vibronic couplings. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:6786-6797. [PMID: 33690747 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The electron flow between a metallic aggregate and an organic molecule after excitation with light is a crucial step on which hybrid photovoltaic nanomaterials are based. So far, designing such devices with the help of theoretical approaches has been heavily limited by the computational cost of quantum dynamics models able to track the evolution of the excited states over time. In this article, we present the first application of the time-dependent density functional tight-binding (TD-DFTB) method for an experimental nanometer-sized gold-organic system consisting of a hexyl-protected Au25 cluster labelled with a pyrene fluorophore, in which the fluorescence quenching of the pyrene is attributed to the electron transfer from the metallic cluster to the dye. The full quantum rationalization of the electron transfer is attained through quantum dynamics simulations, highlighting the crucial role of the protecting ligand shell in electron transfer, as well as the coupling with nuclear movement. This work paves the way towards the fast and accurate theoretical design of optoelectronic nanodevices.
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45
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Song Y, Liu X, Li Y, Nguyen HH, Duan R, Kubarych KJ, Forrest SR, Ogilvie JP. Mechanistic Study of Charge Separation in a Nonfullerene Organic Donor-Acceptor Blend Using Multispectral Multidimensional Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3410-3416. [PMID: 33788566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) based on nonfullerene acceptors are now approaching commercially viable efficiencies. One key to their success is efficient charge separation with low potential loss at the donor-acceptor heterojunction. Due to the lack of spectroscopic probes, open questions remain about the mechanisms of charge separation. Here, we study charge separation of a model system composed of the donor, poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione) (PBDB-T), and the nonfullerene acceptor, 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (ITIC), using multidimensional spectroscopy spanning the visible to the mid-infrared. We find that bound polaron pairs (BPPs) generated within ITIC domains play a dominant role in efficient hole transfer, transitioning to delocalized polarons within 100 fs. The weak electron-hole binding within the BPPs and the resulting polaron delocalization are key factors for efficient charge separation at nearly zero driving force. Our work provides useful insight into how to further improve the power conversion efficiency in OPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Song
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yongxi Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hoang Huy Nguyen
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rong Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kevin J Kubarych
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen R Forrest
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jennifer P Ogilvie
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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46
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Deng GH, Qian Y, Li X, Zhang T, Jiang W, Harutyunyan AR, Chen G, Chen H, Rao Y. Singlet Fission Driven by Anisotropic Vibronic Coupling in Single-Crystalline Pentacene. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3142-3150. [PMID: 33755478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vibronic coupling is believed to play an important role in siglet fission, wherein a photoexcited singlet exciton is converted into two triplet excitons. In the present study, we examine the role of vibronic coupling in singlet fission using polarized transient absorption microscopy and ab initio simulations on single-crystalline pentacene. It was found that singlet fission in pentacene is greatly facilitated by the vibrational coherence of a 35.0 cm-1 phonon, where anisotropic coherence persists extensively for a few picoseconds. This coherence-preserving phonon that drives the anisotropic singlet fission is made possible by a unique cross-axial charge-transfer intermediate state. In the same fashion, this phonon was also found to predominantly drive the quantum decohence of a correlated triplet pair to form a decoupled triplet dimer. Moreover, our transient kinetic experimental data illustrates notable directional anisotropicity of the singlet fission rate in single-crystalline pentacene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Hua Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Yuqin Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Gugang Chen
- Honda Research Institute, USA, Inc., San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Hanning Chen
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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47
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Guido CA, Rotunno E, Zanfrognini M, Corni S, Grillo V. Exploring the Spatial Features of Electronic Transitions in Molecular and Biomolecular Systems by Swift Electrons. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:2364-2373. [PMID: 33646769 PMCID: PMC8047794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
devise a new kind of experiment that extends the technology
of electron energy loss spectroscopy to probe (supra-)molecular systems: by using
an electron beam in a configuration that avoids
molecular damage and a very recently introduced electron optics setup
for the analysis of the outcoming electrons, one can obtain information
on the spatial features of the investigated excitations. Physical
insight into the proposed experiment is provided by means of a simple
but rigorous model to obtain the transition rate and selection rule.
Numerical simulations of DNA G-quadruplexes and other biomolecular
systems, based on time dependent density functional theory calculations,
point out that the conceived new technique can probe the multipolar
components and even the chirality of molecular transitions, superseding
the usual optical spectroscopies for those cases that are problematic,
such as dipole-forbidden transitions, at a very high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro A Guido
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Enzo Rotunno
- CNR-NANO, Institute of Nanoscience, via Campi 213/A, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Corni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.,CNR-NANO, Institute of Nanoscience, via Campi 213/A, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Grillo
- CNR-NANO, Institute of Nanoscience, via Campi 213/A, Modena, Italy
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48
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Popp W, Brey D, Binder R, Burghardt I. Quantum Dynamics of Exciton Transport and Dissociation in Multichromophoric Systems. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:591-616. [PMID: 33636997 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090419-040306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Due to the subtle interplay of site-to-site electronic couplings, exciton delocalization, nonadiabatic effects, and vibronic couplings, quantum dynamical studies are needed to elucidate the details of ultrafast photoinduced energy and charge transfer events in organic multichromophoric systems. In this vein, we review an approach that combines first-principles parameterized lattice Hamiltonians with accurate quantum dynamical simulations using advanced multiconfigurational methods. Focusing on the elementary transfer steps in organic functional materials, we address coherent exciton migration and creation of charge transfer excitons in homopolymers, notably representative of the poly(3-hexylthiophene) material, as well as exciton dissociation at polymer:fullerene heterojunctions. We emphasize the role of coherent transfer, trapping effects due to high-frequency phonon modes, and thermal activation due to low-frequency soft modes that drive a diffusive dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wjatscheslaw Popp
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Dominik Brey
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Robert Binder
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Irene Burghardt
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany;
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49
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De Sio A, Sommer E, Nguyen XT, Groß L, Popović D, Nebgen BT, Fernandez-Alberti S, Pittalis S, Rozzi CA, Molinari E, Mena-Osteritz E, Bäuerle P, Frauenheim T, Tretiak S, Lienau C. Intermolecular conical intersections in molecular aggregates. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:63-68. [PMID: 33199882 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conical intersections (CoIns) of multidimensional potential energy surfaces are ubiquitous in nature and control pathways and yields of many photo-initiated intramolecular processes. Such topologies can be potentially involved in the energy transport in aggregated molecules or polymers but are yet to be uncovered. Here, using ultrafast two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES), we reveal the existence of intermolecular CoIns in molecular aggregates relevant for photovoltaics. Ultrafast, sub-10-fs 2DES tracks the coherent motion of a vibrational wave packet on an optically bright state and its abrupt transition into a dark state via a CoIn after only 40 fs. Non-adiabatic dynamics simulations identify an intermolecular CoIn as the source of these unusual dynamics. Our results indicate that intermolecular CoIns may effectively steer energy pathways in functional nanostructures for optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta De Sio
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Ephraim Sommer
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Xuan Trung Nguyen
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lynn Groß
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Duško Popović
- Institut für Organische Chemie II und Neue Materialien, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Fernandez-Alberti
- National University of Quilmes/CONICET, Department of Science and Technology, Bernal (B1876BXD), Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
| | | | | | - Elisa Molinari
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Modena, Italy
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Mena-Osteritz
- Institut für Organische Chemie II und Neue Materialien, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institut für Organische Chemie II und Neue Materialien, Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Computational Science Research Center, Beijing and Computational Science and Applied Research Institute Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
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50
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Balooch Qarai M, Chang X, Spano FC. Vibronic exciton model for low bandgap donor–acceptor polymers. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0029193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - F. C. Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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