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Hirunagi T, Nakatsuji H, Sahashi K, Yamamoto M, Iida M, Tohnai G, Kondo N, Yamada S, Murakami A, Noda S, Adachi H, Sobue G, Katsuno M. Exercise attenuates polyglutamine-mediated neuromuscular degeneration in a mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024; 15:159-172. [PMID: 37937369 PMCID: PMC10834330 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a hereditary neuromuscular disorder caused by the expansion of trinucleotide cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats, which encodes a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. Recent evidence suggests that, in addition to motor neuron degeneration, defective skeletal muscles are also the primary contributors to the pathogenesis in SBMA. While benefits of physical exercise have been suggested in SBMA, underlying mechanism remains elusive. METHODS We investigated the effect of running exercise in a transgenic mouse model of SBMA carrying human AR with 97 expanded CAGs (AR97Q). We assigned AR97Q mice to exercise and sedentary control groups, and mice in the exercise group received 1-h forced running wheel (5 m/min) 5 days a week for 4 weeks during the early stage of the disease. Motor function (grip strength and rotarod performance) and survival of each group were analysed, and histopathological and biological features in skeletal muscles and motor neurons were evaluated. RESULTS AR97Q mice in the exercise group showed improvement in motor function (~40% and ~50% increase in grip strength and rotarod performance, respectively, P < 0.05) and survival (median survival 23.6 vs. 16.7 weeks, P < 0.05) with amelioration of neuronal and muscular histopathology (~1.4-fold and ~2.8-fold increase in motor neuron and muscle fibre size, respectively, P < 0.001) compared to those in the sedentary group. Nuclear accumulation of polyQ-expanded AR in skeletal muscles and motor neurons was suppressed in the mice with exercise compared to the sedentary mice (~50% and ~30% reduction in 1C2-positive cells in skeletal muscles and motor neurons, respectively, P < 0.05). We found that the exercise activated 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling and inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin pathway that regulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscles of SBMA mice. Pharmacological activation of AMPK inhibited protein synthesis and reduced polyQ-expanded AR proteins in C2C12 muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the therapeutic potential of exercise-induced effect via AMPK activation in SBMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Hirunagi
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Hideaki Nakatsuji
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Kentaro Sahashi
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Mikiyasu Yamamoto
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Madoka Iida
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Genki Tohnai
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
- Aichi Medical UniversityNagakuteJapan
| | - Naohide Kondo
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Ayuka Murakami
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Seiya Noda
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
- Department of NeurologyNational Hospital Organization Suzuka HospitalSuzukaJapan
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health School of MedicineKitakyushuJapan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Aichi Medical UniversityNagakuteJapan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of NeurologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
- Department of Clinical Research EducationNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
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Venediktov AA, Bushueva OY, Kudryavtseva VA, Kuzmin EA, Moiseeva AV, Baldycheva A, Meglinski I, Piavchenko GA. Closest horizons of Hsp70 engagement to manage neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1230436. [PMID: 37795273 PMCID: PMC10546621 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1230436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our review seeks to elucidate the current state-of-the-art in studies of 70-kilodalton-weighed heat shock proteins (Hsp70) in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The family has already been shown to play a crucial role in pathological aggregation for a wide spectrum of brain pathologies. However, a slender boundary between a big body of fundamental data and its implementation has only recently been crossed. Currently, we are witnessing an anticipated advancement in the domain with dozens of studies published every month. In this review, we briefly summarize scattered results regarding the role of Hsp70 in the most common NDs including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We also bridge translational studies and clinical trials to portray the output for medical practice. Available options to regulate Hsp70 activity in NDs are outlined, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem A. Venediktov
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Bushueva
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
| | - Varvara A. Kudryavtseva
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor A. Kuzmin
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra V. Moiseeva
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Baldycheva
- STEMM Laboratory, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Meglinski
- Department of Physics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gennadii A. Piavchenko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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3
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Franks H, Wang R, Li M, Wang B, Wildmann A, Ortyl T, O’Brien S, Young D, Liao FF, Sakata K. Heat shock factor HSF1 regulates BDNF gene promoters upon acute stress in the hippocampus, together with pCREB. J Neurochem 2023; 165:131-148. [PMID: 36227087 PMCID: PMC10097844 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a master stress-responsive transcriptional factor, protecting cells from death. However, its gene regulation in vivo in the brain in response to neuronal stimuli remains elusive. Here, we investigated its direct regulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene (Bdnf) in response to acute neuronal stress stimuli in the brain. The results of immunohistochemistry and chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) showed that administration of kainic acid (a glutamate receptor agonist inducing excitotoxity) to young adult mice induced HSF1 nuclear translocation and its binding to multiple Bdnf promoters in the hippocampus. Footshock, a physical stressor used for learning, also induced HSF1 binding to selected Bdnf promoters I and IV. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of HSF1 gene regulation in response to neuronal stimuli in the hippocampus in vivo. HSF1 binding sites (HSEs) in Bdnf promoters I and IV were also detected when immunoprecipitated by an antibody of phosphorylated (p)CREB (cAMP-responsive element-binding protein), suggesting their possible interplay in acute stress-induced Bdnf transcription. Interestingly, their promoter binding patterns differed by KA and footshock, suggesting that HSF1 and pCREB orchestrate to render fine-tuned promoter control depending on the types of stress. Further, HSF1 overexpression increased Bdnf promoter activity in a luciferase assay, while virus infection of constitutively active-form HSF1 increased levels of BDNF mRNA and protein in vitro in primary cultured neurons. These results indicated that HSF1 activation of Bdnf promoter was sufficient to induce BDNF expression. Taken together, these results suggest that HSF1 promoter-specific control of Bdnf gene regulation plays an important role in neuronal protection and plasticity in the hippocampus in response to acute stress, possibly interplaying with pCREB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Franks
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ruishan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mingqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ashton Wildmann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tyler Ortyl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shannon O’Brien
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Deborah Young
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, The
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Francesca-Fang Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kazuko Sakata
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health
Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Kim H, Gomez-Pastor R. HSF1 and Its Role in Huntington's Disease Pathology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1410:35-95. [PMID: 36396925 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the master transcriptional regulator of the heat shock response (HSR) in mammalian cells and is a critical element in maintaining protein homeostasis. HSF1 functions at the center of many physiological processes like embryogenesis, metabolism, immune response, aging, cancer, and neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms that allow HSF1 to control these different biological and pathophysiological processes are not fully understood. This review focuses on Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by severe protein aggregation of the huntingtin (HTT) protein. The aggregation of HTT, in turn, leads to a halt in the function of HSF1. Understanding the pathways that regulate HSF1 in different contexts like HD may hold the key to understanding the pathomechanisms underlying other proteinopathies. We provide the most current information on HSF1 structure, function, and regulation, emphasizing HD, and discussing its potential as a biological target for therapy. DATA SOURCES We performed PubMed search to find established and recent reports in HSF1, heat shock proteins (Hsp), HD, Hsp inhibitors, HSF1 activators, and HSF1 in aging, inflammation, cancer, brain development, mitochondria, synaptic plasticity, polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, and HD. STUDY SELECTIONS Research and review articles that described the mechanisms of action of HSF1 were selected based on terms used in PubMed search. RESULTS HSF1 plays a crucial role in the progression of HD and other protein-misfolding related neurodegenerative diseases. Different animal models of HD, as well as postmortem brains of patients with HD, reveal a connection between the levels of HSF1 and HSF1 dysfunction to mutant HTT (mHTT)-induced toxicity and protein aggregation, dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disruption of the structural and functional integrity of synaptic connections, which eventually leads to neuronal loss. These features are shared with other neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Currently, several inhibitors against negative regulators of HSF1, as well as HSF1 activators, are developed and hold promise to prevent neurodegeneration in HD and other NDs. CONCLUSION Understanding the role of HSF1 during protein aggregation and neurodegeneration in HD may help to develop therapeutic strategies that could be effective across different NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rocio Gomez-Pastor
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Role of a Heat Shock Transcription Factor and the Major Heat Shock Protein Hsp70 in Memory Formation and Neuroprotection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071638. [PMID: 34210082 PMCID: PMC8305005 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) represent the most evolutionarily ancient, conserved, and universal system for protecting cells and the whole body from various types of stress. Among Hsps, the group of proteins with a molecular weight of 70 kDa (Hsp70) plays a particularly important role. These proteins are molecular chaperones that restore the native conformation of partially denatured proteins after exposure to proteotoxic forms of stress and are critical for the folding and intracellular trafficking of de novo synthesized proteins under normal conditions. Hsp70s are expressed at high levels in the central nervous system (CNS) of various animals and protect neurons from various types of stress, including heat shock, hypoxia, and toxins. Numerous molecular and behavioral studies have indicated that Hsp70s expressed in the CNS are important for memory formation. These proteins contribute to the folding and transport of synaptic proteins, modulate signaling cascades associated with synaptic activation, and participate in mechanisms of neurotransmitter release. In addition, HSF1, a transcription factor that is activated under stress conditions and mediates Hsps transcription, is also involved in the transcription of genes encoding many synaptic proteins, whose levels are increased in neurons under stress and during memory formation. Thus, stress activates the molecular mechanisms of memory formation, thereby allowing animals to better remember and later avoid potentially dangerous stimuli. Finally, Hsp70 has significant protective potential in neurodegenerative diseases. Increasing the level of endogenous Hsp70 synthesis or injecting exogenous Hsp70 reduces neurodegeneration, stimulates neurogenesis, and restores memory in animal models of ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease. These findings allow us to consider recombinant Hsp70 and/or Hsp70 pharmacological inducers as potential drugs for use in the treatment of ischemic injury and neurodegenerative disorders.
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7
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Hetz C. Adapting the proteostasis capacity to sustain brain healthspan. Cell 2021; 184:1545-1560. [PMID: 33691137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sustaining neuronal proteostasis during the course of our life is a central aspect required for brain function. The dynamic nature of synaptic composition and abundance is a requisite to drive cognitive and motor processes involving a tight control of many aspects of protein biosynthesis and degradation. Through the concerted action of specialized stress sensors, the proteostasis network monitors and limits the accumulation of damaged, misfolded, or aggregated proteins. These stress pathways signal to the cytosol and nucleus to reprogram gene expression, enabling adaptive programs to recover cell function. During aging, the activity of the proteostasis network declines, which may increase the risk of accumulating abnormal protein aggregates, a hallmark of most neurodegenerative diseases. Here, I discuss emerging concepts illustrating the functional significance of adaptive signaling pathways to normal brain physiology and their contribution to age-related disorders. Pharmacological and gene therapy strategies to intervene and boost proteostasis are expected to extend brain healthspan and ameliorate disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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8
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Vegeto E, Villa A, Della Torre S, Crippa V, Rusmini P, Cristofani R, Galbiati M, Maggi A, Poletti A. The Role of Sex and Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5572525. [PMID: 31544208 PMCID: PMC7156855 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a wide class of disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Several factors were hypothesized to be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, including genetic and environmental factors. Many of these diseases show a sex prevalence and sex steroids were shown to have a role in the progression of specific forms of neurodegeneration. Estrogens were reported to be neuroprotective through their action on cognate nuclear and membrane receptors, while adverse effects of male hormones have been described on neuronal cells, although some data also suggest neuroprotective activities. The response of the CNS to sex steroids is a complex and integrated process that depends on (i) the type and amount of the cognate steroid receptor and (ii) the target cell type-either neurons, glia, or microglia. Moreover, the levels of sex steroids in the CNS fluctuate due to gonadal activities and to local metabolism and synthesis. Importantly, biochemical processes involved in the pathogenesis of NDs are increasingly being recognized as different between the two sexes and as influenced by sex steroids. The aim of this review is to present current state-of-the-art understanding on the potential role of sex steroids and their receptors on the onset and progression of major neurodegenerative disorders, namely, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the peculiar motoneuron disease spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, in which hormonal therapy is potentially useful as disease modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vegeto
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DiSFarm), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute (DiSS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Della Torre
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DiSFarm), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DiSFarm), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento di Eccellenza di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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9
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Iida M, Sahashi K, Kondo N, Nakatsuji H, Tohnai G, Tsutsumi Y, Noda S, Murakami A, Onodera K, Okada Y, Nakatochi M, Tsukagoshi Okabe Y, Shimizu S, Mizuno M, Adachi H, Okano H, Sobue G, Katsuno M. Src inhibition attenuates polyglutamine-mediated neuromuscular degeneration in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4262. [PMID: 31537808 PMCID: PMC6753158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a neuromuscular disease caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. Here, we perform a comprehensive analysis of signaling pathways in a mouse model of SBMA (AR-97Q mice) utilizing a phosphoprotein assay. We measure the levels of 17 phosphorylated proteins in spinal cord and skeletal muscle of AR-97Q mice at three stages. The level of phosphorylated Src (p-Src) is markedly increased in the spinal cords and skeletal muscles of AR-97Q mice prior to the onset. Intraperitoneal administration of a Src kinase inhibitor improves the behavioral and histopathological phenotypes of the transgenic mice. We identify p130Cas as an effector molecule of Src and show that the phosphorylated p130Cas is elevated in murine and cellular models of SBMA. These results suggest that Src kinase inhibition is a potential therapy for SBMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Iida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sahashi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naohide Kondo
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Genki Tohnai
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Seiya Noda
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Suzuka National Hospital, 3-2-1, Kasado, Suzuka city, Mie, 513-8501, Japan
| | - Ayuka Murakami
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Suzuka National Hospital, 3-2-1, Kasado, Suzuka city, Mie, 513-8501, Japan
| | - Kazunari Onodera
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1, Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute-city, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1, Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute-city, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Department of Nursing, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yuka Tsukagoshi Okabe
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Shinobu Shimizu
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Masaaki Mizuno
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanichi-ku, Kitakyushu-city, Fukuoka, 807-0804, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
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10
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Kondo N, Tohnai G, Sahashi K, Iida M, Kataoka M, Nakatsuji H, Tsutsumi Y, Hashizume A, Adachi H, Koike H, Shinjo K, Kondo Y, Sobue G, Katsuno M. DNA methylation inhibitor attenuates polyglutamine-induced neurodegeneration by regulating Hes5. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e8547. [PMID: 30940675 PMCID: PMC6505579 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a polyglutamine-mediated neuromuscular disease caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. While transcriptional dysregulation is known to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of SBMA, the underlying molecular pathomechanisms remain unclear. DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic modification that silences the transcription of various genes that have a CpG-rich promoter. Here, we showed that DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) is highly expressed in the spinal motor neurons of an SBMA mouse model and in patients with SBMA. Both genetic Dnmt1 depletion and treatment with RG108, a DNA methylation inhibitor, ameliorated the viability of SBMA model cells. Furthermore, a continuous intracerebroventricular injection of RG108 mitigated the phenotype of SBMA mice. DNA methylation array analysis identified hairy and enhancer of split 5 (Hes5) as having a CpG island with hyper-methylation in the promoter region, and the Hes5 expression was strongly silenced in SBMA. Moreover, Hes5 over-expression rescued the SBMA cells possibly by inducing Smad2 phosphorylation. Our findings suggest DNA hyper-methylation underlies the neurodegeneration in SBMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Kondo
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Genki Tohnai
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sahashi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Madoka Iida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kataoka
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hashizume
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Haruki Koike
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Shinjo
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kondo
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Research Division of Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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11
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Joutsen J, Sistonen L. Tailoring of Proteostasis Networks with Heat Shock Factors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a034066. [PMID: 30420555 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock factors (HSFs) are the main transcriptional regulators of the heat shock response and indispensable for maintaining cellular proteostasis. HSFs mediate their protective functions through diverse genetic programs, which are composed of genes encoding molecular chaperones and other genes crucial for cell survival. The mechanisms that are used to tailor HSF-driven proteostasis networks are not yet completely understood, but they likely comprise from distinct combinations of both genetic and proteomic determinants. In this review, we highlight the versatile HSF-mediated cellular functions that extend from cellular stress responses to various physiological and pathological processes, and we underline the key advancements that have been achieved in the field of HSF research during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Joutsen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
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12
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Abstract
Polyglutamine diseases are hereditary degenerative disorders of the nervous system that have remained, to this date, untreatable. Promisingly, investigation into their molecular etiology and the development of increasingly perfected tools have contributed to the design of novel strategies with therapeutic potential. Encouraging studies have explored gene therapy as a means to counteract cell demise and loss in this context. The current chapter addresses the two main focuses of research in the area: the characteristics of the systems used to deliver nucleic acids to cells and the molecular and cellular actions of the therapeutic agents. Vectors used in gene therapy have to satisfyingly reach the tissues and cell types of interest, while eliciting the lowest toxicity possible. Both viral and non-viral systems have been developed for the delivery of nucleic acids to the central nervous system, each with its respective advantages and shortcomings. Since each polyglutamine disease is caused by mutation of a single gene, many gene therapy strategies have tried to halt degeneration by silencing the corresponding protein products, usually recurring to RNA interference. The potential of small interfering RNAs, short hairpin RNAs and microRNAs has been investigated. Overexpression of protective genes has also been evaluated as a means of decreasing mutant protein toxicity and operate beneficial alterations. Recent gene editing tools promise yet other ways of interfering with the disease-causing genes, at the most upstream points possible. Results obtained in both cell and animal models encourage further delving into this type of therapeutic strategies and support the future use of gene therapy in the treatment of polyglutamine diseases.
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13
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Qu Z, D'Mello SR. Proteomic analysis identifies NPTX1 and HIP1R as potential targets of histone deacetylase-3-mediated neurodegeneration. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:627-638. [PMID: 29486577 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218761149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A defining feature of neurodegenerative diseases is the abnormal and excessive loss of neurons. One molecule that is particularly important in promoting neuronal death in a variety of cell culture and in vivo models of neurodegeneration is histone deacetylase-3 (HDAC3), a member of the histone deacetylase family of proteins. As a step towards understanding how HDAC3 promotes neuronal death, we conducted a proteomic screen aimed at identifying proteins that were regulated by HDAC3. HDAC3 was overexpressed in cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and protein lysates were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Of over 3000 proteins identified in the screen, only 21 proteins displayed a significant alteration in expression. Of these, 12 proteins were downregulated whereas 9 proteins were upregulated. The altered expression of five of these proteins, TEX10, NPTX1, TFG, TSC1, and NFL, along with another protein that was downregulated in the proteomic screen, HIP1R, was confirmed using Western blots and commercially available antibodies. Because antibodies were not available for some of the proteins and since HDAC3 is a transcriptional regulator of gene expression, we conducted RT-PCR analysis to confirm expression changes. In separate analyses, we also included other proteins that are known to regulate neurodegeneration, including HDAC9, HSF1, huntingtin, GAPDH, FUS, and p65/RELA. Based on our proteomic screen and candidate protein approach, we identify three genes, Nptx1, Hip1r, and Hdac9, all known to regulate neurodegeneration that are robustly regulated by HDAC3. Given their suggested roles in regulating neuronal death, these genes are likely to be involved in regulating HDAC3-mediated neurotoxicity. Impact statement Neurodegenerative diseases are a major medical, social, and economic problem. Recent studies by several laboratories have indicated that histone deacetylase-3 (HDAC3) plays a key role in promoting neuronal death. But the downstream mediators of HDAC3 neurotoxicity have yet to be identified. We conducted a proteomic screen to identify HDAC3 targets the results of which have been described in this report. Briefly, we identify Nptx1, Hip1r, and Hdac9 as genes whose expression is altered by HDAC3. Investigating how these genes are involved in HDAC3 neurotoxicity could shed valuable insight into neurodegenerative disease and identify molecules that can be targeted to treat these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
| | - Santosh R D'Mello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
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14
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X-Linked Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy: From Clinical Genetic Features and Molecular Pathology to Mechanisms Underlying Disease Toxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1049:103-133. [PMID: 29427100 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by a CAG-polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat expansion in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. Unlike other polyQ diseases, where the function of the native causative protein is unknown, the biology of AR is well understood, and this knowledge has informed our understanding of how native AR function interfaces with polyQ-AR dysfunction. Furthermore, ligand-dependent activation of AR has been linked to SBMA disease pathogenesis, and has led to a thorough study of androgen-mediated effects on polyQ-AR stability, degradation, and post-translational modifications, as well as their roles in the disease process. Transcriptional dysregulation, proteostasis dysfunction, and mitochondrial abnormalities are central to polyQ-AR neurotoxicity, most likely via a 'change-of-function' mechanism. Intriguingly, recent work has demonstrated a principal role for skeletal muscle in SBMA disease pathogenesis, indicating that polyQ-AR toxicity initiates in skeletal muscle and results in secondary motor neuron demise. The existence of robust animal models for SBMA has permitted a variety of preclinical trials, driven by recent discoveries of altered cellular processes, and some of this preclinical work has led to human clinical trials. In this chapter, we review SBMA clinical features and disease biology, discuss our current understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of SBMA pathogenesis, and highlight ongoing efforts toward therapy development.
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15
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Ethanol Stimulates Locomotion via a G αs-Signaling Pathway in IL2 Neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2017; 207:1023-1039. [PMID: 28951527 PMCID: PMC5676223 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is among the top causes of preventable death, generating considerable financial, health, and societal burdens. Paradoxically, alcohol... Alcohol is a potent pharmacological agent when consumed acutely at sufficient quantities and repeated overuse can lead to addiction and deleterious effects on health. Alcohol is thought to modulate neuronal function through low-affinity interactions with proteins, in particular with membrane channels and receptors. Paradoxically, alcohol acts as both a stimulant and a sedative. The exact molecular mechanisms for the acute effects of ethanol on neurons, as either a stimulant or a sedative, however remain unclear. We investigated the role that the heat shock transcription factor HSF-1 played in determining a stimulatory phenotype of Caenorhabditis elegans in response to physiologically relevant concentrations of ethanol (17 mM; 0.1% v/v). Using genetic techniques, we demonstrate that either RNA interference of hsf-1 or use of an hsf-1(sy441) mutant lacked the enhancement of locomotion in response to acute ethanol exposure evident in wild-type animals. We identify that the requirement for HSF-1 in this phenotype was IL2 neuron-specific and required the downstream expression of the α-crystallin ortholog HSP-16.48. Using a combination of pharmacology, optogenetics, and phenotypic analyses we determine that ethanol activates a Gαs-cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway in IL2 neurons to stimulate nematode locomotion. We further implicate the phosphorylation of a specific serine residue (Ser322) on the synaptic protein UNC-18 as an end point for the Gαs-dependent signaling pathway. These findings establish and characterize a distinct neurosensory cell signaling pathway that determines the stimulatory action of ethanol and identifies HSP-16.48 and HSF-1 as novel regulators of this pathway.
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16
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Gomez-Pastor R, Burchfiel ET, Thiele DJ. Regulation of heat shock transcription factors and their roles in physiology and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 19:4-19. [PMID: 28852220 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) were discovered over 30 years ago as direct transcriptional activators of genes regulated by thermal stress, encoding heat shock proteins. The accepted paradigm posited that HSFs exclusively activate the expression of protein chaperones in response to conditions that cause protein misfolding by recognizing a simple promoter binding site referred to as a heat shock element. However, we now realize that the mammalian family of HSFs comprises proteins that independently or in concert drive combinatorial gene regulation events that activate or repress transcription in different contexts. Advances in our understanding of HSF structure, post-translational modifications and the breadth of HSF-regulated target genes have revealed exciting new mechanisms that modulate HSFs and shed new light on their roles in physiology and pathology. For example, the ability of HSF1 to protect cells from proteotoxicity and cell death is impaired in neurodegenerative diseases but can be exploited by cancer cells to support their growth, survival and metastasis. These new insights into HSF structure, function and regulation should facilitate the development tof new disease therapeutics to manipulate this transcription factor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Gomez-Pastor
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine
| | | | - Dennis J Thiele
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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17
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Wang P, Wander CM, Yuan CX, Bereman MS, Cohen TJ. Acetylation-induced TDP-43 pathology is suppressed by an HSF1-dependent chaperone program. Nat Commun 2017; 8:82. [PMID: 28724966 PMCID: PMC5517419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 pathology marks a spectrum of multisystem proteinopathies including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and sporadic inclusion body myositis. Surprisingly, it has been challenging to recapitulate this pathology, highlighting an incomplete understanding of TDP-43 regulatory mechanisms. Here we provide evidence supporting TDP-43 acetylation as a trigger for disease pathology. Using cultured cells and mouse skeletal muscle, we show that TDP-43 acetylation-mimics promote TDP-43 phosphorylation and ubiquitination, perturb mitochondria, and initiate degenerative inflammatory responses that resemble sporadic inclusion body myositis pathology. Analysis of functionally linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis proteins revealed recruitment of p62, ubiquilin-2, and optineurin to TDP-43 aggregates. We demonstrate that TDP-43 acetylation-mimic pathology is potently suppressed by an HSF1-dependent mechanism that disaggregates TDP-43. Our study illustrates bidirectional TDP-43 processing in which TDP-43 aggregation is targeted by a coordinated chaperone response. Thus, activation or restoration of refolding mechanisms may alleviate TDP-43 aggregation in tissues that are uniquely susceptible to TDP-43 proteinopathies. TDP-43 aggregation is linked to various diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here the authors show that acetylation of the protein triggers TDP-43 pathology in cultured cells and mouse skeletal muscle, which can be cleared through an HSF1-dependent chaperone mechanism that disaggregates the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Connor M Wander
- Department of Neurology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | - Michael S Bereman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Todd J Cohen
- Department of Neurology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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18
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Sahashi K, Hashizume A, Sobue G, Katsuno M. Progress toward the development of treatment of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1329088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Sahashi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hashizume
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Research Division of Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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19
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Dayalan Naidu S, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Regulation of the mammalian heat shock factor 1. FEBS J 2017; 284:1606-1627. [PMID: 28052564 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms are endowed with the capability to tackle various forms of cellular stress due to the presence of molecular chaperone machinery complexes that are ubiquitous throughout the cell. During conditions of proteotoxic stress, the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) mediates the elevation of heat shock proteins, which are crucial components of the chaperone complex machinery and function to ameliorate protein misfolding and aggregation and restore protein homeostasis. In addition, HSF1 orchestrates a versatile transcriptional programme that includes genes involved in repair and clearance of damaged macromolecules and maintenance of cell structure and metabolism, and provides protection against a broad range of cellular stress mediators, beyond heat shock. Here, we discuss the structure and function of the mammalian HSF1 and its regulation by post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, sumoylation and acetylation), proteasomal degradation, and small-molecule activators and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharadha Dayalan Naidu
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Sweeney P, Park H, Baumann M, Dunlop J, Frydman J, Kopito R, McCampbell A, Leblanc G, Venkateswaran A, Nurmi A, Hodgson R. Protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases: implications and strategies. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:6. [PMID: 28293421 PMCID: PMC5348787 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of neurodegenerative proteinopathies is the formation of misfolded protein aggregates that cause cellular toxicity and contribute to cellular proteostatic collapse. Therapeutic options are currently being explored that target different steps in the production and processing of proteins implicated in neurodegenerative disease, including synthesis, chaperone-assisted folding and trafficking, and degradation via the proteasome and autophagy pathways. Other therapies, like mTOR inhibitors and activators of the heat shock response, can rebalance the entire proteostatic network. However, there are major challenges that impact the development of novel therapies, including incomplete knowledge of druggable disease targets and their mechanism of action as well as a lack of biomarkers to monitor disease progression and therapeutic response. A notable development is the creation of collaborative ecosystems that include patients, clinicians, basic and translational researchers, foundations and regulatory agencies to promote scientific rigor and clinical data to accelerate the development of therapies that prevent, reverse or delay the progression of neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sweeney
- Discovery Services, Charles Rivers Laboratories, Wilmington, MA USA
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Hyunsun Park
- Health & Life Science Consulting, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Marc Baumann
- Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John Dunlop
- Neuroscience Innovation Medicines, Astra Zeneca, Cambridge, MA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antti Nurmi
- Discovery Services, Charles Rivers Laboratories, Wilmington, MA USA
| | - Robert Hodgson
- Discovery Services, Charles Rivers Laboratories, Wilmington, MA USA
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21
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Gomez-Pastor R, Burchfiel ET, Neef DW, Jaeger AM, Cabiscol E, McKinstry SU, Doss A, Aballay A, Lo DC, Akimov SS, Ross CA, Eroglu C, Thiele DJ. Abnormal degradation of the neuronal stress-protective transcription factor HSF1 in Huntington's disease. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14405. [PMID: 28194040 PMCID: PMC5316841 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by poly-glutamine expansion in the Htt protein, resulting in Htt misfolding and cell death. Expression of the cellular protein folding and pro-survival machinery by heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) ameliorates biochemical and neurobiological defects caused by protein misfolding. We report that HSF1 is degraded in cells and mice expressing mutant Htt, in medium spiny neurons derived from human HD iPSCs and in brain samples from patients with HD. Mutant Htt increases CK2α' kinase and Fbxw7 E3 ligase levels, phosphorylating HSF1 and promoting its proteasomal degradation. An HD mouse model heterozygous for CK2α' shows increased HSF1 and chaperone levels, maintenance of striatal excitatory synapses, clearance of Htt aggregates and preserves body mass compared with HD mice homozygous for CK2α'. These results reveal a pathway that could be modulated to prevent neuronal dysfunction and muscle wasting caused by protein misfolding in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Gomez-Pastor
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Eileen T. Burchfiel
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Daniel W. Neef
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Alex M. Jaeger
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Elisa Cabiscol
- Departament de Ciencies Mediques Basiques, IRB Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida 25008, Spain
| | - Spencer U. McKinstry
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Argenia Doss
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Alejandro Aballay
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Donald C. Lo
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Sergey S. Akimov
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Christopher A. Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Dennis J. Thiele
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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22
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Su KH, Dai C. Metabolic control of the proteotoxic stress response: implications in diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4231-4248. [PMID: 27289378 PMCID: PMC5599143 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteome homeostasis, or proteostasis, is essential to maintain cellular fitness and its disturbance is associated with a broad range of human health conditions and diseases. Cells are constantly challenged by various extrinsic and intrinsic insults, which perturb cellular proteostasis and provoke proteotoxic stress. To counter proteomic perturbations and preserve proteostasis, cells mobilize the proteotoxic stress response (PSR), an evolutionarily conserved transcriptional program mediated by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). The HSF1-mediated PSR guards the proteome against misfolding and aggregation. In addition to proteotoxic stress, emerging studies reveal that this proteostatic mechanism also responds to cellular energy state. This regulation is mediated by the key cellular metabolic sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In this review, we present an overview of the maintenance of proteostasis by HSF1, the metabolic regulation of the PSR, particularly focusing on AMPK, and their implications in the two major age-related diseases-diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hui Su
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Chengkai Dai
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
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23
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Differential roles of NF-Y transcription factor in ER chaperone expression and neuronal maintenance in the CNS. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34575. [PMID: 27687130 PMCID: PMC5043352 DOI: 10.1038/srep34575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains various types of neurons with different neuronal functions. In contrast to established roles of cell type-specific transcription factors on neuronal specification and maintenance, whether ubiquitous transcription factors have conserved or differential neuronal function remains uncertain. Here, we revealed that inactivation of a ubiquitous factor NF-Y in different sets of neurons resulted in cell type-specific neuropathologies and gene downregulation in mouse CNS. In striatal and cerebellar neurons, NF-Y inactivation led to ubiquitin/p62 pathologies with downregulation of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone Grp94, as we previously observed by NF-Y deletion in cortical neurons. In contrast, NF-Y inactivation in motor neurons induced neuronal loss without obvious protein deposition. Detailed analysis clarified downregulation of another ER chaperone Grp78 in addition to Grp94 in motor neurons, and knockdown of both ER chaperones in motor neurons recapitulated the pathology observed after NF-Y inactivation. Finally, additional downregulation of Grp78 in striatal neurons suppressed ubiquitin accumulation induced by NF-Y inactivation, implying that selective ER chaperone downregulation mediates different neuropathologies. Our data suggest distinct roles of NF-Y in protein homeostasis and neuronal maintenance in the CNS by differential regulation of ER chaperone expression.
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24
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Hooper PL, Durham HD, Török Z, Hooper PL, Crul T, Vígh L. The central role of heat shock factor 1 in synaptic fidelity and memory consolidation. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:745-53. [PMID: 27283588 PMCID: PMC5003801 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Networks of neuronal synapses are the fundamental basis for making and retaining memory. Reduced synapse number and quality correlates with loss of memory in dementia. Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), the major transcription factor regulating expression of heat shock genes, plays a central role in proteostasis, in establishing and sustaining synaptic fidelity and function, and in memory consolidation. Support for this thesis is based on these observations: (1) heat shock induces improvements in synapse integrity and memory consolidation; (2) synaptic depolarization activates HSF1; (3) activation of HSF1 alone (independent of the canonical heat shock response) augments formation of essential synaptic elements-neuroligands, vesicle transport, synaptic scaffolding proteins, lipid rafts, synaptic spines, and axodendritic synapses; (4) HSF1 coalesces and activates memory receptors in the post-synaptic dendritic spine; (5) huntingtin or α-synuclein accumulation lowers HSF1 while HSF1 lowers huntingtin and α-synuclein aggregation-a potential vicious cycle; and (6) HSF1 agonists (including physical activity) can improve cognitive function in dementia models. Thus, via direct gene expression of synaptic elements, production of HSPs that assure high protein fidelity, and activation of other neuroprotective signaling pathways, HSF1 agonists could provide breakthrough therapy for dementia-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Hooper
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Heather D Durham
- Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zsolt Török
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Paul L Hooper
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tim Crul
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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25
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Ding Y, Adachi H, Katsuno M, Sahashi K, Kondo N, Iida M, Tohnai G, Nakatsuji H, Sobue G. BIIB021, a synthetic Hsp90 inhibitor, induces mutant ataxin-1 degradation through the activation of heat shock factor 1. Neuroscience 2016; 327:20-31. [PMID: 27058144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in ataxin-1 (ATXN1). The pathological hallmarks of SCA1 are the loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells and neurons in the brainstem and the presence of nuclear aggregates containing the polyQ-expanded ATXN1 protein. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors have been shown to reduce polyQ-induced toxicity. This study was designed to examine the therapeutic effects of BIIB021, a purine-scaffold Hsp90 inhibitor, on the protein homeostasis of polyQ-expanded mutant ATXN1 in a cell culture model of SCA1. Our results demonstrated that BIIB021 activated heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and suppressed the abnormal accumulation of ATXN1 and its toxicity. The pharmacological degradation of mutant ATXN1 via activated HSF1 was dependent on both the proteasome and autophagy systems. These findings indicate that HSF1 is a key molecule in the regulation of the protein homeostasis of the polyQ-expanded mutant ATXN1 and that Hsp90 has potential as a novel therapeutic target in patients with SCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sahashi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naohide Kondo
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Madoka Iida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Genki Tohnai
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Research Division of Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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26
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Bott LC, Badders NM, Chen KL, Harmison GG, Bautista E, Shih CCY, Katsuno M, Sobue G, Taylor JP, Dantuma NP, Fischbeck KH, Rinaldi C. A small-molecule Nrf1 and Nrf2 activator mitigates polyglutamine toxicity in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1979-1989. [PMID: 26962150 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, also known as Kennedy's disease) is one of nine neurodegenerative disorders that are caused by expansion of polyglutamine-encoding CAG repeats. Intracellular accumulation of abnormal proteins in these diseases, a pathological hallmark, is associated with defects in protein homeostasis. Enhancement of the cellular proteostasis capacity with small molecules has therefore emerged as a promising approach to treatment. Here, we characterize a novel curcumin analog, ASC-JM17, as an activator of central pathways controlling protein folding, degradation and oxidative stress resistance. ASC-JM17 acts on Nrf1, Nrf2 and Hsf1 to increase the expression of proteasome subunits, antioxidant enzymes and molecular chaperones. We show that ASC-JM17 ameliorates toxicity of the mutant androgen receptor (AR) responsible for SBMA in cell, fly and mouse models. Knockdown of the Drosophila Nrf1 and Nrf2 ortholog cap 'n' collar isoform-C, but not Hsf1, blocks the protective effect of ASC-JM17 on mutant AR-induced eye degeneration in flies. Our observations indicate that activation of the Nrf1/Nrf2 pathway is a viable option for pharmacological intervention in SBMA and potentially other polyglutamine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Bott
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Nisha M Badders
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ke-Lian Chen
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George G Harmison
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elaine Bautista
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nico P Dantuma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth H Fischbeck
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carlo Rinaldi
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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The Role of the Protein Quality Control System in SBMA. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 58:348-64. [PMID: 26572535 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) or Kennedy's disease is an X-linked disease associated with the expansion of the CAG triplet repeat present in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene. This results in the production of a mutant AR containing an elongated polyglutamine tract (polyQ) in its N-terminus. Interestingly, the ARpolyQ becomes toxic only after its activation by the natural androgenic ligands, possibly because of aberrant androgen-induced conformational changes of the ARpolyQ, which generate misfolded species. These misfolded ARpolyQ species must be cleared from motoneurons and muscle cells, and this process is mediated by the protein quality control (PQC) system. Experimental evidence suggested that failure of the PQC pathways occurs in disease, leading to ARpolyQ accumulation and toxicity in the target cells. In this review, we summarized the overall impact of mutant and misfolded ARpolyQ on the PQC system and described how molecular chaperones and the degradative pathways (ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP), and the unfolded protein response (UPR), which activates the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD)) are differentially affected in SBMA. We also extensively and critically reviewed several molecular and pharmacological approaches proposed to restore a global intracellular activity of the PQC system. Collectively, these data suggest that the fine and delicate equilibrium existing among the different players of the PQC system could be restored in a therapeutic perspective by the synergic/additive activities of compounds designed to tackle sequential or alternative steps of the intracellular defense mechanisms triggered against proteotoxic misfolded species.
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28
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Kim E, Wang B, Sastry N, Masliah E, Nelson PT, Cai H, Liao FF. NEDD4-mediated HSF1 degradation underlies α-synucleinopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:211-22. [PMID: 26503960 PMCID: PMC4706110 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular protein homeostasis is achieved by a delicate network of molecular chaperones and various proteolytic processes such as ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) to avoid a build-up of misfolded protein aggregates. The latter is a common denominator of neurodegeneration. Neurons are found to be particularly vulnerable to toxic stress from aggregation-prone proteins such as α-synuclein. Induction of heat-shock proteins (HSPs), such as through activated heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) via Hsp90 inhibition, is being investigated as a therapeutic option for proteinopathic diseases. HSF1 is a master stress-protective transcription factor which activates genes encoding protein chaperones (e.g. iHsp70) and anti-apoptotic proteins. However, whether and how HSF1 is dysregulated during neurodegeneration has not been studied. Here, we discover aberrant HSF1 degradation by aggregated α-synuclein (or α-synuclein-induced proteotoxic stress) in transfected neuroblastoma cells. HSF1 dysregulation via α-synuclein was confirmed by in vivo assessment of mouse and in situ studies of human specimens with α-synucleinopathy. We demonstrate that elevated NEDD4 is implicated as the responsible ubiquitin E3 ligase for HSF1 degradation through UPS. Furthermore, pharmacologically induced SIRT1-mediated deacetylation can attenuate aberrant NEDD4-mediated HSF1 degradation. Indeed, we define the acetylation status of the Lys 80 residue located in the DNA-binding domain of HSF1 as a critical factor in modulating HSF1 protein stability in addition to its previously identified role in the transcriptional activity. Together with the finding that preserving HSF1 can alleviate α-synuclein toxicity, this study strongly suggests that aberrant HSF1 degradation is a key neurodegenerative mechanism underlying α-synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Namratha Sastry
- Transgenics Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Department of Neurology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, 800 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA and
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenics Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francesca-Fang Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,
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29
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Qureshi IA, Mehler MF. Epigenetics and therapeutic targets mediating neuroprotection. Brain Res 2015; 1628:265-272. [PMID: 26236020 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly evolving science of epigenetics is transforming our understanding of the nervous system in health and disease and holds great promise for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches targeting neurological diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic factors and mechanisms serve as important mediators of the pathogenic processes that lead to irrevocable neural injury and of countervailing homeostatic and regenerative responses. Epigenetics is, therefore, of considerable translational significance to the field of neuroprotection. In this brief review, we provide an overview of epigenetic mechanisms and highlight the emerging roles played by epigenetic processes in neural cell dysfunction and death and in resultant neuroprotective responses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan A Qureshi
- Roslyn and Leslie Goldstein Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Mark F Mehler
- Roslyn and Leslie Goldstein Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Stem Cell Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Center for Epigenomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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30
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Sahashi K, Katsuno M, Hung G, Adachi H, Kondo N, Nakatsuji H, Tohnai G, Iida M, Bennett CF, Sobue G. Silencing neuronal mutant androgen receptor in a mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5985-94. [PMID: 26231218 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease that affects males, results from a CAG triplet repeat/polyglutamine expansions in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. Patients develop progressive muscular weakness and atrophy, and no effective therapy is currently available. The tissue-specific pathogenesis, especially relative pathological contributions between degenerative motor neurons and muscles, remains inconclusive. Though peripheral pathology in skeletal muscle caused by toxic AR protein has been recently reported to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of SBMA using mouse models, the role of motor neuron degeneration in SBMA has not been rigorously investigated. Here, we exploited synthetic antisense oligonucleotides to inhibit the RNA levels of mutant AR in the central nervous system (CNS) and explore its therapeutic effects in our SBMA mouse model that harbors a mutant AR gene with 97 CAG expansions and characteristic SBMA-like neurogenic phenotypes. A single intracerebroventricular administration of the antisense oligonucleotides in the presymptomatic phase efficiently suppressed the mutant gene expression in the CNS, and delayed the onset and progression of motor dysfunction, improved body weight gain and survival with the amelioration of neuronal histopathology in motor units such as spinal motor neurons, neuromuscular junctions and skeletal muscle. These findings highlight the importance of the neurotoxicity of mutant AR protein in motor neurons as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Sahashi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,
| | - Gene Hung
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA and
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Department of Neurology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Naohide Kondo
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Genki Tohnai
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Madoka Iida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | | | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,
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31
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Nagano S, Takahashi Y, Yamamoto K, Masutani H, Fujiwara N, Urushitani M, Araki T. A cysteine residue affects the conformational state and neuronal toxicity of mutant SOD1 in mice: relevance to the pathogenesis of ALS. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3427-39. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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32
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Semenyuk PI, Moiseeva EV, Stroylova YY, Lotti M, Izumrudov VA, Muronetz VI. Sulfated and sulfonated polymers are able to solubilize efficiently the protein aggregates of different nature. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 567:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Dai S, Tang Z, Cao J, Zhou W, Li H, Sampson S, Dai C. Suppression of the HSF1-mediated proteotoxic stress response by the metabolic stress sensor AMPK. EMBO J 2014; 34:275-93. [PMID: 25425574 PMCID: PMC4339117 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous extrinsic and intrinsic insults trigger the HSF1-mediated proteotoxic stress response (PSR), an ancient transcriptional program that is essential to proteostasis and survival under such conditions. In contrast to its well-recognized mobilization by proteotoxic stress, little is known about how this powerful adaptive mechanism reacts to other stresses. Surprisingly, we discovered that metabolic stress suppresses the PSR. This suppression is largely mediated through the central metabolic sensor AMPK, which physically interacts with and phosphorylates HSF1 at Ser121. Through AMPK activation, metabolic stress represses HSF1, rendering cells vulnerable to proteotoxic stress. Conversely, proteotoxic stress inactivates AMPK and thereby interferes with the metabolic stress response. Importantly, metformin, a metabolic stressor and popular anti-diabetic drug, inactivates HSF1 and provokes proteotoxic stress within tumor cells, thereby impeding tumor growth. Thus, these findings uncover a novel interplay between the metabolic stress sensor AMPK and the proteotoxic stress sensor HSF1 that profoundly impacts stress resistance, proteostasis, and malignant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Dai
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Zijian Tang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA Graduate Programs, Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Junyue Cao
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Huawen Li
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
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Nakamura Y, Fujimoto M, Fukushima S, Nakamura A, Hayashida N, Takii R, Takaki E, Nakai A, Muto M. Heat shock factor 1 is required for migration and invasion of human melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:329-35. [PMID: 25194503 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a major transactivator of the heat shock response. Recent studies have demonstrated that HSF1 is involved in tumor initiation, maintenance, and progression by regulating the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and other molecular targets. Furthermore, HSF1 was identified as a potent proinvasion oncogene in human melanomas. However, the biological functions of HSF1 in human melanoma remain poorly understood. To determine the functional role of HSF1 in melanoma, we used short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to silence HSF1 in human melanoma cell lines and investigated its effect on cell migration and invasive ability in vitro. We found that HSF1 knockdown led to a marked reduction in migration and invasive ability, and these functions were restored by overexpression of wild-type HSF1. To confirm the in vitro results, we performed subcutaneous xenograft experiments in athymic nude mice. We found that HSF1 was required for melanoma invasion and metastasis, as well as tumorigenic potential in vivo. Overall, these results show that HSF1 is indispensable for melanoma progression and metastasis, and suggests that HSF1 could be a promising therapeutic target for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.
| | - Mitsuaki Fujimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Sonoko Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Eiichi Takaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Akira Nakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Masahiko Muto
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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35
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Iida M, Katsuno M, Nakatsuji H, Adachi H, Kondo N, Miyazaki Y, Tohnai G, Ikenaka K, Watanabe H, Yamamoto M, Kishida K, Sobue G. Pioglitazone suppresses neuronal and muscular degeneration caused by polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptors. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:314-29. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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36
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Abstract
Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) protects neurons from death caused by the accumulation of misfolded proteins. It is believed that this protective effect is mediated by the transcriptional stimulation of genes encoding heat shock proteins (HSPs), a family of chaperones that refold or degrade misfolded proteins. Whether HSF1 is protective when neuronal death is not caused by protein misfolding has not been studied. Here, we report that HSF1 expression is necessary for the survival of rat neurons and that HSF1 mRNA and protein expression is reduced in neurons primed to die. Knock-down of HSF1 induces death of otherwise healthy neurons, whereas reestablishment of elevated levels of HSF1 protects neurons even when death is not due to accumulation of misfolded proteins. Neuroprotection by HSF1 does not require its trimerization, an event obligatory for the binding of HSF1 to heat shock elements within HSP gene promoters. Moreover, knock-down of HSP70 or blockade of HSP90 signaling does not reduce neuroprotection by HSF1. Although several neuroprotective molecules and signaling pathways, including CaMK, PKA, Casein kinase-II, and the Raf-MEK-ERK and PI-3K-Akt pathways, are not required for HSF1-mediated neuroprotection, protection is abrogated by inhibition of classical histone deacetylases (HDACs). We report that the novel mechanism of neuroprotection by HSF1 involves cooperation with SIRT1, an HDAC with well documented neuroprotective effects. Using a cell culture model of Huntington's disease, we show that HSF1 trimerization is not required for protection against mutant huntingtin-induced neurotoxicity, suggesting that HSF1 can protect neurons against both proteinopathic and nonproteinopathic death through a noncanonical pathway.
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37
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Kakkar V, Meister-Broekema M, Minoia M, Carra S, Kampinga HH. Barcoding heat shock proteins to human diseases: looking beyond the heat shock response. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:421-34. [PMID: 24719117 PMCID: PMC3974453 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.014563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous human diseases that are associated with protein misfolding and the formation of toxic protein aggregates. Activating the heat shock response (HSR)--and thus generally restoring the disturbed protein homeostasis associated with such diseases--has often been suggested as a therapeutic strategy. However, most data on activating the HSR or its downstream targets in mouse models of diseases associated with aggregate formation have been rather disappointing. The human chaperonome consists of many more heat shock proteins (HSPs) that are not regulated by the HSR, however, and researchers are now focusing on these as potential therapeutic targets. In this Review, we summarize the existing literature on a set of aggregation diseases and propose that each of them can be characterized or 'barcoded' by a different set of HSPs that can rescue specific types of aggregation. Some of these 'non-canonical' HSPs have demonstrated effectiveness in vivo, in mouse models of protein-aggregation disease. Interestingly, several of these HSPs also cause diseases when mutated--so-called chaperonopathies--which are also discussed in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Kakkar
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Meister-Broekema
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melania Minoia
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Serena Carra
- Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Harm H. Kampinga
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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38
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Tohnai G, Adachi H, Katsuno M, Doi H, Matsumoto S, Kondo N, Miyazaki Y, Iida M, Nakatsuji H, Qiang Q, Ding Y, Watanabe H, Yamamoto M, Ohtsuka K, Sobue G. Paeoniflorin eliminates a mutant AR via NF-YA-dependent proteolysis in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3552-65. [PMID: 24549037 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of abnormal proteins is a common characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. This accumulation reflects a severe disturbance of cellular homeostasis in pathogenic protein clearance. Here, we demonstrated that the activation of the two major proteolytic machineries, the molecular chaperone-ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy system, were simultaneously enhanced by paeoniflorin (PF), a major component of Paeonia plants, and exerted therapeutic effects in models of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). PF significantly increased the expression of nuclear factor-YA (NF-YA), which strongly upregulated the molecules involved in the proteolytic machinery [molecular chaperones, carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein and transcription factor EB], which thus mitigated the behavioral and pathological impairments in an SBMA mouse model through the upregulation of pathogenic androgen receptor protein clearance in motor neurons and muscles. These findings demonstrated that PF is able to enhance both the UPS and autophagy systems by upregulating the expression of NF-YA, which promotes therapeutic effects in an SBMA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Tohnai
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideki Doi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Matsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naohide Kondo
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Miyazaki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Madoka Iida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Qiang Qiang
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamamoto
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Health Science, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin 470-0195, Japan
| | - Kenzo Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Cell and Stress Biology, Department of Environmental Biology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Paul S, Mahanta S. Association of heat-shock proteins in various neurodegenerative disorders: is it a master key to open the therapeutic door? Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 386:45-61. [PMID: 24096700 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders are caused due to misfolding and aggregation of many intra- and extracellular proteins. Protein misfolding and aggregation processes in cells are strongly regulated by cellular molecular chaperones known as heat-shock proteins (Hsps) that include Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp40, and Hsp90. Recent studies have shown the evidences that Hsps are colocalized in protein aggregates in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Polyglutamine disease (PGD), Prion disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. This fact indicates that Hsps might have attempted to prevent aggregate formation in cells and thus to suppress disease conditions. Experimental findings have already established in many cases that selective overexpression of Hsps like Hsp70 and Hsp40 prevented the disease progression in various animal models and cellular models. However, recently, various Hsp modulators like geldanamycin, 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, and celastrol have shown to up-regulate the expression level of Hsp70 and Hsp40, which in turn triggers the solubilization of diseased protein aggregates. Hsps are, therefore, if appropriately selected, an attractive choice for therapeutic targeting in various kinds of neurodegeneration and hence are expected to have strong potential as therapeutic agents in suppressing or curing AD, PD, PGD, and other devastative neurodegenerative disorders. In the present review, we report the experimental findings that describe the implication of Hsps in the development of neurodegeneration and explore the possibility of how Hsps can be used directly or as a target by other agents to prevent various neurodegeneration through preventing aggregation process and thus reducing the toxicity of the oligomers based on the previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Paul
- Structural Biology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India,
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Todd TW, Lim J. Aggregation formation in the polyglutamine diseases: protection at a cost? Mol Cells 2013; 36:185-94. [PMID: 23794019 PMCID: PMC3800151 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant protein aggregation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including the polyglutamine disorders. Although the correlation between aggregation formation and disease pathology originally suggested that the visible inclusions seen in patient tissue might directly contribute to pathology, additional studies failed to confirm this hypothesis. Current opinion in the field of polyglutamine disease research now favors a model in which large inclusions are cytoprotective and smaller oligomers or misfolded monomers underlie pathogenesis. Nonetheless, therapies aimed at reducing or preventing aggregation show promise. This review outlines the debate about the role of aggregation in the polyglutamine diseases as it has unfolded in the literature and concludes with a brief discussion on the manipulation of aggregation formation and clearance mechanisms as a means of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany W. Todd
- Department of Genetics, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Janghoo Lim
- Department of Genetics, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Rusmini P, Crippa V, Giorgetti E, Boncoraglio A, Cristofani R, Carra S, Poletti A. Clearance of the mutant androgen receptor in motoneuronal models of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2585-603. [PMID: 23810450 PMCID: PMC3748343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked motoneuron disease caused by an abnormal expansion of a tandem CAG repeat in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene that results in an abnormally long polyglutamine tract (polyQ) in the AR protein. As a result, the mutant AR (ARpolyQ) misfolds, forming cytoplasmic and nuclear aggregates in the affected neurons. Neurotoxicity only appears to be associated with the formation of nuclear aggregates. Thus, improved ARpolyQ cytoplasmic clearance, which indirectly decreases ARpolyQ nuclear accumulation, has beneficial effects on affected motoneurons. In addition, increased ARpolyQ clearance contributes to maintenance of motoneuron proteostasis and viability, preventing the blockage of the proteasome and autophagy pathways that might play a role in the neuropathy in SBMA. The expression of heat shock protein B8 (HspB8), a member of the small heat shock protein family, is highly induced in surviving motoneurons of patients affected by motoneuron diseases, where it seems to participate in the stress response aimed at cell protection. We report here that HspB8 facilitates the autophagic removal of misfolded aggregating species of ARpolyQ. In addition, though HspB8 does not influence p62 and LC3 (two key autophagic molecules) expression, it does prevent p62 bodies formation, and restores the normal autophagic flux in these cells. Interestingly, trehalose, a well-known autophagy stimulator, induces HspB8 expression, suggesting that HspB8 might act as one of the molecular mediators of the proautophagic activity of trehalose. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that treatments aimed at restoring a normal autophagic flux that result in the more efficient clearance of mutant ARpolyQ might produce beneficial effects in SBMA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rusmini
- Sezione di Biomedicina e Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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