1
|
Reimers JR, Li T, Birvé AP, Yang L, Aragonès AC, Fallon T, Kosov DS, Darwish N. Controlling piezoresistance in single molecules through the isomerisation of bullvalenes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6089. [PMID: 37789027 PMCID: PMC10547723 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale electro-mechanical systems (NEMS) displaying piezoresistance offer unique measurement opportunities at the sub-cellular level, in detectors and sensors, and in emerging generations of integrated electronic devices. Here, we show a single-molecule NEMS piezoresistor that operates utilising constitutional and conformational isomerisation of individual diaryl-bullvalene molecules and can be switched at 850 Hz. Observations are made using scanning tunnelling microscopy break junction (STMBJ) techniques to characterise piezoresistance, combined with blinking (current-time) experiments that follow single-molecule reactions in real time. A kinetic Monte Carlo methodology (KMC) is developed to simulate isomerisation on the experimental timescale, parameterised using density-functional theory (DFT) combined with non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) calculations. Results indicate that piezoresistance is controlled by both constitutional and conformational isomerisation, occurring at rates that are either fast (equilibrium) or slow (non-equilibrium) compared to the experimental timescale. Two different types of STMBJ traces are observed, one typical of traditional experiments that are interpreted in terms of intramolecular isomerisation occurring on stable tipped-shaped metal-contact junctions, and another attributed to arise from junction‒interface restructuring induced by bullvalene isomerisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Reimers
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures and the Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Tiexin Li
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - André P Birvé
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Likun Yang
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures and the Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Albert C Aragonès
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Thomas Fallon
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Daniel S Kosov
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao D, Tang Z, Chen X, Wu R, Tian Y, Min Q, Zhang JR, Chen Z, Zhu JJ. Reversible Regulation of Long-Distance Charge Transport in DNA Nanowires by Dynamically Controlling Steric Conformation. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4201-4208. [PMID: 37188354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of DNA-mediated charge transport (CT) is significant for exploring circuits at the molecular scale. However, the fabrication of robust DNA wires remains challenging due to the persistence length and natural flexibility of DNA molecules. Moreover, CT regulation in DNA wires often relies on predesigned sequences, which limit their application and scalability. Here, we addressed these issues by preparing self-assembled DNA nanowires with lengths of 30-120 nm using structural DNA nanotechnology. We employed these nanowires to plug individual gold nanoparticles into a circuit and measured the transport current in nanowires with an optical imaging technique. Contrary to the reported cases with shallow or no length dependence, a fair current attenuation was observed with increasing nanowire length, which experimentally confirmed the prediction of the incoherent hopping model. We also reported a mechanism for the reversible CT regulation in DNA nanowires, which involves dynamic transitions in the steric conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuodong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianhao Min
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang A, Zhuang X, Liu J, Huang J, Lin L, Tang Y, Zhao S, Li R, Wang B, Fang B, Hong W. Catalytic cycle of formate dehydrogenase captured by single-molecule conductance. Nat Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-00928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
|
4
|
Wei Y, Li L, Greenwald JE, Venkataraman L. Voltage-Modulated van der Waals Interaction in Single-Molecule Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:567-572. [PMID: 36602221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how molecular geometry affects the electronic properties of single-molecule junctions experimentally has been challenging. Typically, metal-molecule-metal junctions are measured using a break-junction method where electrode separation is mechanically evolving during measurement. Here, to probe the impact of the junction geometry on conductance, we apply a sinusoidal modulation to the molecular junction electrode position. Simultaneously, we probe the nonlinearity of the current-voltage characteristics of each junction through a modulation in the applied bias at a different frequency. In turn, we show that junctions formed with molecules that have different molecule-electrode interfaces exhibit statistically distinguishable Fourier-transformed conductances. In particular, we find a marked bias dependence for the modulation of junctions where transmission is mediated thorough the van der Waals (vdW) interaction. We attribute our findings to voltage-modulated vdW interactions at the single-molecule level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Julia E Greenwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, United States
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li P, Zhou L, Zhao C, Ju H, Gao Q, Si W, Cheng L, Hao J, Li M, Chen Y, Jia C, Guo X. Single-molecule nano-optoelectronics: insights from physics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:086401. [PMID: 35623319 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac7401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule optoelectronic devices promise a potential solution for miniaturization and functionalization of silicon-based microelectronic circuits in the future. For decades of its fast development, this field has made significant progress in the synthesis of optoelectronic materials, the fabrication of single-molecule devices and the realization of optoelectronic functions. On the other hand, single-molecule optoelectronic devices offer a reliable platform to investigate the intrinsic physical phenomena and regulation rules of matters at the single-molecule level. To further realize and regulate the optoelectronic functions toward practical applications, it is necessary to clarify the intrinsic physical mechanisms of single-molecule optoelectronic nanodevices. Here, we provide a timely review to survey the physical phenomena and laws involved in single-molecule optoelectronic materials and devices, including charge effects, spin effects, exciton effects, vibronic effects, structural and orbital effects. In particular, we will systematically summarize the basics of molecular optoelectronic materials, and the physical effects and manipulations of single-molecule optoelectronic nanodevices. In addition, fundamentals of single-molecule electronics, which are basic of single-molecule optoelectronics, can also be found in this review. At last, we tend to focus the discussion on the opportunities and challenges arising in the field of single-molecule optoelectronics, and propose further potential breakthroughs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peihui Li
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Ju
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Si
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Cheng
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hao
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijian Chen
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li R, Zhou Y, Ge W, Zheng J, Zhu Y, Bai J, Li X, Lin L, Duan H, Shi J, Yang Y, Liu J, Liu Z, Hong W. Strain of Supramolecular Interactions in Single‐Stacking Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200191. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenhui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yixuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jie Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Luchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Huicong Duan
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC) College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li R, Zhou Y, Ge W, Zheng J, Zhu Y, Bai J, Li X, Lin L, Duan H, Shi J, Yang Y, Liu J, Liu Z, Hong W. Strain of supramolecular interactions in single‐stacking junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Li
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Wenhui Ge
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jueting Zheng
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yixuan Zhu
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jie Bai
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Luchun Lin
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Huicong Duan
- Xiamen University Institute of Artifical Intelligence CHINA
| | - Jia Shi
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yang Yang
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Junyang Liu
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zitong Liu
- Lanzhou University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Wenjing Hong
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Siming south road 422 3012 Xiamen CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liao CC, Yau S. The Effects of Potential and pH on the Adsorption of Guanine on the Au(111) Electrode. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2495-2501. [PMID: 35167284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of nucleobase at a gold electrode has been a model system to study the interaction between biomolecule and metal, which is relevant to the development of sensors and molecular electronics. The current study has employed in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and voltammetry to investigate the adsorption configuration and spatial structure of guanine (G) on a well-defined Au(111) electrode in perchloric acid (HClO4) and neutral phosphate buffer solution (PBS) containing 50 μM G. Potential control had a profound effect on the adsorption of the G molecule on the Au(111) electrode. No adsorption of G was observed at a potential more negative than 0 V in HClO4 and -0.2 V (versus Ag/AgCl) in PBS; shifting potential positively triggered a rapid adsorption of G to yield a well-ordered G array. Different spatial structures of G admolecules were imaged with STM in HClO4 and PBS, suggesting that ions in the electrolyte were important in this adsorption event. Shifting potential positively caused a more compact G adlayer with molecules adopting a tilted orientation. Meanwhile, G molecules continued to deposit on the Au(111) electrode leading to a multilayer G film. These processes were reversible to the potential modulation. G admolecules on the Au(111) electrode could be irreversibly oxidized in 0.1 M PBS, which resulted in a prominent peak at 0.74 V in the voltammogram. This oxidation process could be used to analyze the G molecule in a sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Ching Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University Chungli County, Taoyuan City 32001 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shuehlin Yau
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University Chungli County, Taoyuan City 32001 Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Sadar J, Tsao CW, Mukherjee S, Qing Q. Nanopore chip with self-aligned transverse tunneling junction for DNA detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 193:113552. [PMID: 34416434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To achieve better signal quality and resolution in nanopore sequencing, there has been strong interest in quantum tunneling based detection which requires integration of tunneling junctions in nanopores. However, there has been very limited success due to precision and reproducibility issues. Here we report a new strategy based on feedback-controlled electrochemical processes in a confined nanoscale space to construct nanopore devices with self-aligned transverse tunneling junctions, all embedded on a nanofluidic chip. We demonstrate high-yield (>93%) correlated detection of translocating DNAs from both the ionic channel and the tunneling junction with enriched event rate. We also observed events attributed to non-translocating DNA making contact with the transverse electrodes. Existing challenges for precise sequencing are discussed, including fast translocation speed, and interference from transient electrostatic signals from fast-moving DNAs. Our work can serve as a first step to provide an accessible, and reproducible platform enabling further optimizations for tunneling-based DNA detection, and potentially sequencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, United States
| | - Joshua Sadar
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, United States
| | - Ching-Wei Tsao
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, And Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, United States
| | - Sanjana Mukherjee
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, United States
| | - Quan Qing
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, United States; Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Forzani ES, He H, Hihath J, Lindsay S, Penner RM, Wang S, Xu B. Moving Electrons Purposefully through Single Molecules and Nanostructures: A Tribute to the Science of Professor Nongjian Tao (1963-2020). ACS NANO 2020; 14:12291-12312. [PMID: 32940998 PMCID: PMC7718722 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry intersected nanoscience 25 years ago when it became possible to control the flow of electrons through single molecules and nanostructures. Many surprises and a wealth of understanding were generated by these experiments. Professor Nongjian Tao was among the pioneering scientists who created the methods and technologies for advancing this new frontier. Achieving a deeper understanding of charge transport in molecules and low-dimensional materials was the first priority of his experiments, but he also succeeded in discovering applications in chemical sensing and biosensing for these novel nanoscopic systems. In parallel with this work, the investigation of a range of phenomena using novel optical microscopic methods was a passion of his and his students. This article is a review and an appreciation of some of his many contributions with a view to the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Forzani
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Huixin He
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Joshua Hihath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Stuart Lindsay
- Biodesign Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Reginald M Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Bingqian Xu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bag S, Maiti PK. Tuning molecular fluctuation to boost the conductance in DNA based molecular wires. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23514-23520. [PMID: 31617554 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03589c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inherent molecular fluctuations are known to have a significant influence on the charge transport properties of biomolecules like DNA, PNA and proteins. In this work, we show ways to control these fluctuations and further demonstrate their use to enhance the conductance of two widely studied molecular wires, namely dsDNA (DNA) and G4 Quadruplex (G4-Quad). We quantify the molecular fluctuation in terms of the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of the molecule. In the case of DNA, we use temperature to control the fluctuations, while in the case of G4-Quad the fluctuations are tuned by the ions inside the pore. The electronic coupling between the bases of dsDNA and G4-Quad, which measures the conductance of these molecular wires, shows a non-monotonic behaviour with the increase in fluctuation. We find values of fluctuation which give rise to maximum electronic coupling and hence high conductivity for both the cases. In the case of DNA, these optimal fluctuations (∼2.5 Å) are achieved at a temperature of 210 K, which gives rise to an electronic coupling of 0.135 eV between the DNA bases. The optimal fluctuations in G4-Quad are achieved (∼7 Å) in a 4 base pair long system with 2 Na+ ions inside the pore, giving rise to an electronic coupling of 0.09 eV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saientan Bag
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Collier TP, Portnoi ME. Double-Gated Nanohelix as a Novel Tunable Binary Superlattice. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:257. [PMID: 31448386 PMCID: PMC6709081 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the problem of an electron confined to a nanohelix between two parallel gates modelled as charged wires. The double-gated nanohelix system is a binary superlattice with properties highly sensitive to the gate voltages. In particular, the band structure exhibits energy band crossings for certain combinations of gate voltages, which could lead to quasi-relativistic Dirac-like phenomena. Our analysis for optical transitions induced by linearly and circularly polarized light suggests that a double-gated nanohelix can be used for versatile optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Collier
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL United Kingdom
| | - Mikhail E. Portnoi
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL United Kingdom
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stefani D, Weiland KJ, Skripnik M, Hsu C, Perrin ML, Mayor M, Pauly F, van der Zant HSJ. Large Conductance Variations in a Mechanosensitive Single-Molecule Junction. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5981-5988. [PMID: 30134105 PMCID: PMC6143316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An appealing feature of molecular electronics is the possibility of inducing changes in the orbital structure through external stimuli. This can provide functionality on the single-molecule level that can be employed for sensing or switching purposes if the associated conductance changes are sizable upon application of the stimuli. Here, we show that the room-temperature conductance of a spring-like molecule can be mechanically controlled up to an order of magnitude by compressing or elongating it. Quantum-chemistry calculations indicate that the large conductance variations are the result of destructive quantum interference effects between the frontier orbitals that can be lifted by applying either compressive or tensile strain to the molecule. When periodically modulating the electrode separation, a conductance modulation at double the driving frequency is observed, providing a direct proof for the presence of quantum interference. Furthermore, oscillations in the conductance occur when the stress built up in the molecule is high enough to allow the anchoring groups to move along the surface in a stick-slip-like fashion. The mechanical control of quantum interference effects results in the largest-gauge factor reported for single-molecule devices up to now, which may open the door for applications in, e.g., a nanoscale mechanosensitive sensing device that is functional at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Stefani
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin J. Weiland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Skripnik
- Okinawa
Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0395, Japan
- Department
of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Chunwei Hsu
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mickael L. Perrin
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
- Transport
at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory, Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box
3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Lehn
Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- E-mail: (chemistry
matters)
| | - Fabian Pauly
- Okinawa
Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0395, Japan
- Department
of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- E-mail: (theoretical calculations)
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
- E-mail: (experiments)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
On possible role of DNA electrodynamics in chromatin regulation. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 134:50-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
15
|
Isshiki Y, Matsuzawa Y, Fujii S, Kiguchi M. Investigation on Single-Molecule Junctions Based on Current⁻Voltage Characteristics. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9020067. [PMID: 30393343 PMCID: PMC6187306 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the current through an electronic device and the voltage across its terminals is a current–voltage characteristic (I–V) that determine basic device performance. Currently, I–V measurement on a single-molecule scale can be performed using break junction technique, where a single molecule junction can be prepared by trapping a single molecule into a nanogap between metal electrodes. The single-molecule I–Vs provide not only the device performance, but also reflect information on energy dispersion of the electronic state and the electron-molecular vibration coupling in the junction. This mini review focuses on recent representative studies on I–Vs of the single molecule junctions that cover investigation on the single-molecule diode property, the molecular vibration, and the electronic structure as a form of transmission probability, and electronic density of states, including the spin state of the single-molecule junctions. In addition, thermoelectronic measurements based on I–Vs and identification of the charged carriers (i.e., electrons or holes) are presented. The analysis in the single-molecule I–Vs provides fundamental and essential information for a better understanding of the single-molecule science, and puts the single molecule junction to more practical use in molecular devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Isshiki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Yuya Matsuzawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Manabu Kiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang K. DNA-Based Single-Molecule Electronics: From Concept to Function. J Funct Biomater 2018; 9:jfb9010008. [PMID: 29342091 PMCID: PMC5872094 DOI: 10.3390/jfb9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond being the repository of genetic information, DNA is playing an increasingly important role as a building block for molecular electronics. Its inherent structural and molecular recognition properties render it a leading candidate for molecular electronics applications. The structural stability, diversity and programmability of DNA provide overwhelming freedom for the design and fabrication of molecular-scale devices. In the past two decades DNA has therefore attracted inordinate amounts of attention in molecular electronics. This review gives a brief survey of recent experimental progress in DNA-based single-molecule electronics with special focus on single-molecule conductance and I–V characteristics of individual DNA molecules. Existing challenges and exciting future opportunities are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Extensive evidence has shown that long-range charge transport can occur along double helical DNA, but active control (switching) of single-DNA conductance with an external field has not yet been demonstrated. Here we demonstrate conductance switching in DNA by replacing a DNA base with a redox group. By applying an electrochemical (EC) gate voltage to the molecule, we switch the redox group between the oxidized and reduced states, leading to reversible switching of the DNA conductance between two discrete levels. We further show that monitoring the individual conductance switching allows the study of redox reaction kinetics and thermodynamics at single molecular level using DNA as a probe. Our theoretical calculations suggest that the switch is due to the change in the energy level alignment of the redox states relative to the Fermi level of the electrodes. Thanks to its base stacking structure, DNA can behave as an electric wire, but external control of its electronic properties has not been achieved yet. Here, the authors show that DNA conductance can be switched electrochemically when a DNA base is replaced by the redox molecule anthraquinone.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang K, Xu B. Modulation and Control of Charge Transport Through Single-Molecule Junctions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:17. [PMID: 28120303 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability to modulate and control charge transport though single-molecule junction devices is crucial to achieving the ultimate goal of molecular electronics: constructing real-world-applicable electronic components from single molecules. This review aims to highlight the progress made in single-molecule electronics, emphasizing the development of molecular junction electronics in recent years. Among many techniques that attempt to wire a molecule to metallic electrodes, the single-molecule break junction (SMBJ) technique is one of the most reliable and tunable experimental platforms for achieving metal-molecule-metal configurations. It also provides great freedom to tune charge transport through the junction. Soon after the SMBJ technique was introduced, it was extensively used to measure the conductances of individual molecules; however, different conductances were obtained for the same molecule, and it proved difficult to interpret this wide distribution of experimental data. This phenomenon was later found to be mainly due to a lack of precise experimental control and advanced data analysis methods. In recent years, researchers have directed considerable effort into advancing the SMBJ technique by gaining a deeper physical understanding of charge transport through single molecules and thus enhancing its potential applicability in functional molecular-scale electronic devices, such as molecular diodes and molecular transistors. In parallel with that research, novel data analysis methods and approaches that enable the discovery of hidden yet important features in the data are being developed. This review discusses various aspects of molecular junction electronics, from the initial goal of molecular electronics, the development of experimental techniques for creating single-molecule junctions and determining single-molecule conductance, to the characterization of functional current-voltage features and the investigation of physical properties other than charge transport. In addition, the development of advanced data analysis methods is considered, as they are critical to gaining detailed physical insight into the underlying transport mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and NanoSEC, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Bingqian Xu
- College of Engineering and NanoSEC, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shen MJ, Liang TL, Song YQ, Xu LJ, Hao X, Gong HY. Substrate-induced adjustment of “slipped” π– π stacking: en route to obtain 1D sandwich chain and higher order self-assembly supramolecular structures in solid state. Supramol Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2016.1161196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jie Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tong-Ling Liang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Qiang Song
- Department of Information Engineering, Qingdao Harbour Vacational & Technical College, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Hao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Han-Yuan Gong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bag S, Mogurampelly S, Goddard WA, Maiti PK. Dramatic changes in DNA conductance with stretching: structural polymorphism at a critical extension. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:16044-16052. [PMID: 27545499 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03418g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to interpret recent experimental studies of the dependence of conductance of ds-DNA as the DNA is pulled from the 3'end1-3'end2 ends, which find a sharp conductance jump for a very short (4.5%) stretching length, we carried out multiscale modeling to predict the conductance of dsDNA as it is mechanically stretched to promote various structural polymorphisms. We calculate the current along the stretched DNA using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations, non-equilibrium pulling simulations, quantum mechanics calculations, and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. For 5'end1-5'end2 attachments we find an abrupt jump in the current within a very short stretching length (6 Å or 17%) leading to a melted DNA state. In contrast, for 3'end1-3'end2 pulling it takes almost 32 Å (84%) of stretching to cause a similar jump in the current. Thus, we demonstrate that charge transport in DNA can occur over stretching lengths of several nanometers. We find that this unexpected behaviour in the B to S conformational DNA transition arises from highly inclined base pair geometries that result from this pulling protocol. We found that the dramatically different conductance behaviors for two different pulling protocols arise from how the hydrogen bonds of DNA base pairs break.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saientan Bag
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu K, Varghese J, Gerasimov JY, Polyakov AO, Shuai M, Su J, Chen D, Zajaczkowski W, Marcozzi A, Pisula W, Noheda B, Palstra TTM, Clark NA, Herrmann A. Controlling the volatility of the written optical state in electrochromic DNA liquid crystals. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11476. [PMID: 27157494 PMCID: PMC4865822 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystals are widely used in displays for portable electronic information display. To broaden their scope for other applications like smart windows and tags, new material properties such as polarizer-free operation and tunable memory of a written state become important. Here, we describe an anhydrous nanoDNA–surfactant thermotropic liquid crystal system, which exhibits distinctive electrically controlled optical absorption, and temperature-dependent memory. In the liquid crystal isotropic phase, electric field-induced colouration and bleaching have a switching time of seconds. Upon transition to the smectic liquid crystal phase, optical memory of the written state is observed for many hours without applied voltage. The reorientation of the DNA–surfactant lamellar layers plays an important role in preventing colour decay. Thereby, the volatility of optoelectronic state can be controlled simply by changing the phase of the material. This research may pave the way for developing a new generation of DNA-based, phase-modulated, photoelectronic devices. Electrochromism, the dependence of light absorption upon electronic control, finds a wide range of applications in smart materials. Here, Liu et al. show an electrochromic DNA–surfactant liquid crystal system that exhibits electrically tunable optical absorption and thermally tunable memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justin Varghese
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Y Gerasimov
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey O Polyakov
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Min Shuai
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Juanjuan Su
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.,Institute of Process Equipment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | | | - Alessio Marcozzi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beatriz Noheda
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas T M Palstra
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Noel A Clark
- Department of Physics and Soft Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bruot C, Xiang L, Palma JL, Li Y, Tao N. Tuning the Electromechanical Properties of Single DNA Molecular Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13933-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bruot
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute School of Electrical,
Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5801, United States
| | - Limin Xiang
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute School of Electrical,
Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5801, United States
| | - Julio L. Palma
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute School of Electrical,
Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5801, United States
| | - Yueqi Li
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute School of Electrical,
Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5801, United States
| | - Nongjian Tao
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute School of Electrical,
Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5801, United States
| |
Collapse
|