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Kuziel G, Moore BN, Haugstad GP, Xiong Y, Williams AE, Arendt LM. Alterations in the mammary gland and tumor microenvironment of formerly obese mice. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1183. [PMID: 38041006 PMCID: PMC10693119 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer, and women with obesity that develop breast cancer have a worsened prognosis. Within the mammary gland, obesity causes chronic, macrophage-driven inflammation and adipose tissue fibrosis. Weight loss is a recommended intervention to resolve obesity, but the impact of weight loss on the mammary gland microenvironment and in tumors has not been well identified. METHODS To examine the effects of weight loss following obesity, mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce obesity, then switched to a low-fat diet for 6 weeks. We examined changes in immune cells, including fibrocytes, which are myeloid lineage cells that have attributes of both macrophages and myofibroblasts, and collagen deposition within the mammary glands of non-tumor-bearing mice and within the tumors of mice that were transplanted with estrogen receptor alpha positive TC2 tumor cells. RESULTS In formerly obese mice, we observed reduced numbers of crown-like structures and fibrocytes in mammary glands, while collagen deposition was not resolved with weight loss. Following transplant of TC2 tumor cells into the mammary glands of lean, obese, and formerly obese mice, diminished collagen deposition and cancer-associated fibroblasts were observed in tumors from formerly obese mice compared to obese mice. Within tumors of obese mice, increased myeloid-derived suppressor cells and diminished CD8+ T cells were identified, while the microenvironment of tumors of formerly obese mice were more similar to tumors from lean mice. When TC2 tumor cells were mixed with CD11b+CD34+ myeloid progenitor cells, which are the cells of origin for fibrocytes, and transplanted into mammary glands of lean and obese mice, collagen deposition within the tumors of both lean and obese was significantly greater than when tumor cells were mixed with CD11b+CD34- monocytes or total CD45+ immune cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these studies demonstrate that weight loss resolved some of the microenvironmental conditions within the mammary gland that may contribute to tumor progression. Additionally, fibrocytes may contribute to early collagen deposition in mammary tumors of obese mice leading to the growth of desmoplastic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevra Kuziel
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Brittney N Moore
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Grace P Haugstad
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yue Xiong
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Abbey E Williams
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lisa M Arendt
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive Rm 4354A, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Zhao J, Wei K, Shi Y, Jiang P, Xu L, Chang C, Xu L, Zheng Y, Shan Y, Liu J, Li L, Guo S, Schrodi SJ, Wang R, He D. Identification of immunological characterization and Anoikis-related molecular clusters in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1202371. [PMID: 38046810 PMCID: PMC10691379 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1202371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the potential association between Anoikis-related genes, which are responsible for preventing abnormal cellular proliferation, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Datasets GSE89408, GSE198520, and GSE97165 were obtained from the GEO with 282 RA patients and 28 healthy controls. We performed differential analysis of all genes and HLA genes. We performed a protein-protein interaction network analysis and identified hub genes based on STRING and cytoscape. Consistent clustering was performed with subgrouping of the disease. SsGSEA were used to calculate immune cell infiltration. Spearman's correlation analysis was employed to identify correlations. Enrichment scores of the GO and KEGG were calculated with the ssGSEA algorithm. The WGCNA and the DGIdb database were used to mine hub genes' interactions with drugs. Results: There were 26 differentially expressed Anoikis-related genes (FDR = 0.05, log2FC = 1) and HLA genes exhibited differential expression (P < 0.05) between the disease and control groups. Protein-protein interaction was observed among differentially expressed genes, and the correlation between PIM2 and RAC2 was found to be the highest; There were significant differences in the degree of immune cell infiltration between most of the immune cell types in the disease group and normal controls (P < 0.05). Anoikis-related genes were highly correlated with HLA genes. Based on the expression of Anoikis-related genes, RA patients were divided into two disease subtypes (cluster1 and cluster2). There were 59 differentially expressed Anoikis-related genes found, which exhibited significant differences in functional enrichment, immune cell infiltration degree, and HLA gene expression (P < 0.05). Cluster2 had significantly higher levels in all aspects than cluster1 did. The co-expression network analysis showed that cluster1 had 51 hub differentially expressed genes and cluster2 had 72 hub differentially expressed genes. Among them, three hub genes of cluster1 were interconnected with 187 drugs, and five hub genes of cluster2 were interconnected with 57 drugs. Conclusion: Our study identified a link between Anoikis-related genes and RA, and two distinct subtypes of RA were determined based on Anoikis-related gene expression. Notably, cluster2 may represent a more severe state of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhao
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wei
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Shi
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxia Xu
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Chang
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linshuai Xu
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Zheng
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Shan
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Liu
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Arthritis Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Arthritis Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WIUnited States
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Steven J. Schrodi
- Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WIUnited States
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Rongsheng Wang
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyi He
- 1Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Arthritis Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
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Li Z, Liu Y, Guo P, Wei Y. Construction and validation of a novel angiogenesis pattern to predict prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy in colorectal cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:12413-12450. [PMID: 37938164 PMCID: PMC10683615 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that the tumor microenvironment (TME) affects the tumor active response to immunotherapy. Tumor angiogenesis is closely related to the TME. Nonetheless, the effects of angiogenesis on the TME of colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unknown. METHODS We comprehensively assessed the angiogenesis patterns in CRC based on 36 angiogenesis-related genes (ARGs). Subsequently, we evaluated the prognostic values and therapeutic sensitivities of angiogenesis patterns using multiple methods. We then performed the machine learning algorithm and functional experiments to identify the prognostic key ARGs. Ultimately, the regulation of gut microbiota on the expression of ARGs was further investigated by using whole genome sequencing. RESULTS Two angiogenesis clusters were identified and angiogenesis cluster B was characterized by increased stromal and immunity activation with unfavorable odds of survival. Further, an ARG_score including 9 ARGs to predict recurrence-free survival (RFS) was established and its predominant predictive ability was confirmed. The low ARG_score patients were characterized by a high mutation burden, high microsatellite instability, and immune activation with better prognosis. Moreover, patients with high KLK10 expression were associated with a hot tumor immune microenvironment, poorer immune checkpoint blocking treatment, and shorter survival. The in vitro experiments also indicated that Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n) infection significantly induced KLK10 expression in CRC. CONCLUSIONS The quantification of angiogenesis patterns could contribute to predict TME characteristics, prognosis, and individualized immunotherapy strategies. Furthermore, our findings suggest that F.n may influence CRC progression through ARGs, which could serve as a clinical biomarker and therapeutic target for F.n-infected CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Li
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Xicheng, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastrointestinal Surgery Division, Ningbo Second Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Xicheng, Beijing 100044, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking University People’s Hospital, Xicheng, Beijing 100044, China
- Laboratory of Surgery Oncology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Xicheng, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yunwei Wei
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastrointestinal Surgery Division, Ningbo Second Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Intestinal Microecology and Human Major Diseases, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
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Kuziel G, Moore BN, Haugstad GP, Xiong Y, Williams AE, Arendt LM. Alterations in the Mammary Gland and Tumor Microenvironment of Formerly Obese Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.545000. [PMID: 37398468 PMCID: PMC10312750 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.545000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer, and women with obesity that develop breast cancer have a worsened prognosis. Within the mammary gland, obesity causes chronic, macrophage-driven inflammation and adipose tissue fibrosis. To examine the impact of weight loss on the mammary microenvironment, mice were fed high-fat diet to induce obesity, then switched to a low-fat diet. In formerly obese mice, we observed reduced numbers of crown-like structures and fibrocytes in mammary glands, while collagen deposition was not resolved with weight loss. Following transplant of TC2 tumor cells into the mammary glands of lean, obese, and formerly obese mice, diminished collagen deposition and cancer-associated fibroblasts were observed in tumors from formerly obese mice compared to obese mice. When TC2 tumor cells were mixed with CD11b+CD34+ myeloid progenitor cells, collagen deposition within the tumors was significantly greater compared to when tumor cells were mixed with CD11b+CD34- monocytes, suggesting that fibrocytes contribute to early collagen deposition in mammary tumors of obese mice. Overall, these studies show that weight loss resolved some of the microenvironmental conditions within the mammary gland that may contribute to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevra Kuziel
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, U.S.A
| | - Brittney N. Moore
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Grace P. Haugstad
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Yue Xiong
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Abbey E. Williams
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Lisa M. Arendt
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, U.S.A
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
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5
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Ghalehbandi S, Yuzugulen J, Pranjol MZI, Pourgholami MH. The role of VEGF in cancer-induced angiogenesis and research progress of drugs targeting VEGF. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175586. [PMID: 36906141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a double-edged sword; it is a mechanism that defines the boundary between health and disease. In spite of its central role in physiological homeostasis, it provides the oxygen and nutrition needed by tumor cells to proceed from dormancy if pro-angiogenic factors tip the balance in favor of tumor angiogenesis. Among pro-angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prominent target in therapeutic methods due to its strategic involvement in the formation of anomalous tumor vasculature. In addition, VEGF exhibits immune-regulatory properties which suppress immune cell antitumor activity. VEGF signaling through its receptors is an integral part of tumoral angiogenic approaches. A wide variety of medicines have been designed to target the ligands and receptors of this pro-angiogenic superfamily. Herein, we summarize the direct and indirect molecular mechanisms of VEGF to demonstrate its versatile role in the context of cancer angiogenesis and current transformative VEGF-targeted strategies interfering with tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jale Yuzugulen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
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Identification of fibrocyte cluster in tumors reveals the role in antitumor immunity by PD-L1 blockade. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112162. [PMID: 36870329 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials revealed that immune checkpoint inhibitors and antiangiogenic reagent combination therapy improved the prognosis of various cancers. We investigated the roles of fibrocytes, collagen-producing monocyte-derived cells, in combination immunotherapy. Anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) antibody increases tumor-infiltrating fibrocytes and enhances the antitumor effects of anti-PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1) antibody in vivo. Single-cell RNA sequencing of tumor-infiltrating CD45+ cells identifies a distinct "fibrocyte cluster" from "macrophage clusters" in vivo and in lung adenocarcinoma patients. A sub-clustering analysis reveals a fibrocyte sub-cluster that highly expresses co-stimulatory molecules. CD8+ T cell-costimulatory activity of tumor-infiltrating CD45+CD34+ fibrocytes is enhanced by anti-PD-L1 antibody. Peritumoral implantation of fibrocytes enhances the antitumor effect of PD-L1 blockade in vivo; CD86-/- fibrocytes do not. Tumor-infiltrating fibrocytes acquire myofibroblast-like phenotypes through transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD) signaling. Thus, TGF-βR/SMAD inhibitor enhances the antitumor effects of dual VEGF and PD-L1 blockade by regulating fibrocyte differentiation. Fibrocytes are highlighted as regulators of the response to programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 blockade.
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Tang YL, Li DD, Duan JY, Sheng LM, Wang X. Resistance to targeted therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: Current status and new developments. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:926-948. [PMID: 36844139 PMCID: PMC9950860 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i6.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal and common malignancies in the world. Chemotherapy has been the conventional treatment for metastatic CRC (mCRC) patients. However, the effects of chemotherapy have been unsatisfactory. With the advent of targeted therapy, the survival of patients with CRC have been prolonged. Over the past 20 years, targeted therapy for CRC has achieved substantial progress. However, targeted therapy has the same challenge of drug resistance as chemotherapy. Consequently, exploring the resistance mechanism and finding strategies to address the resistance to targeted therapy, along with searching for novel effective regimens, is a constant challenge in the mCRC treatment, and it is also a hot research topic. In this review, we focus on the current status on resistance to existing targeted therapies in mCRC and discuss future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ling Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia-Yu Duan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei-Ming Sheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Abdominal Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Kagawa K, Sato S, Koyama K, Imakura T, Murakami K, Yamashita Y, Naito N, Ogawa H, Kawano H, Nishioka Y. The lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase-specific inhibitor A-770041 attenuates lung fibrosis via the suppression of TGF-β production in regulatory T-cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275987. [PMID: 36301948 PMCID: PMC9612470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) is a member of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. The significance of Lck inhibition in lung fibrosis has not yet been fully elucidated, even though lung fibrosis is commonly preceded by inflammation caused by infiltration of T-cells expressing Lck. In this study, we examined the effect of Lck inhibition in an experimental mouse model of lung fibrosis. We also evaluated the effect of Lck inhibition on the expression of TGF-β1, an inhibitory cytokine regulating the immune function, in regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Methods Lung fibrosis was induced in mice by intratracheal administration of bleomycin. A-770041, a Lck-specific inhibitor, was administrated daily by gavage. Tregs were isolated from the lung using a CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T-cell Isolation Kit. The expression of Tgfb on Tregs was examined by flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The concentration of TGF-β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and cell culture supernatant from Tregs was quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results A-770041 inhibited the phosphorylation of Lck in murine lymphocytes to the same degree as nintedanib. A-770041 attenuated lung fibrosis in bleomycin-treated mice and reduced the concentration of TGF-β in BALF. A flow-cytometry analysis showed that A-770041 reduced the number of Tregs producing TGF-β1 in the lung. In isolated Tregs, Lck inhibition by A-770041 decreased the Tgfb mRNA level as well as the concentration of TGF-β in the supernatant. Conclusions These results suggest that Lck inhibition attenuated lung fibrosis by suppressing TGF-β production in Tregs and support the role of Tregs in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Kagawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seidai Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imakura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kojin Murakami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuya Yamashita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Naito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Fibrocytes boost tumor-supportive phenotypic switches in the lung cancer niche via the endothelin system. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6078. [PMID: 36241617 PMCID: PMC9568595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrocytes are bone marrow-derived monocytic cells implicated in wound healing. Here, we identify their role in lung cancer progression/ metastasis. Selective manipulation of fibrocytes in mouse lung tumor models documents the central role of fibrocytes in boosting niche features and enhancing metastasis. Importantly, lung cancer patients show increased number of circulating fibrocytes and marked fibrocyte accumulation in the cancer niche. Using double and triple co-culture systems with human lung cancer cells, fibrocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells, we substantiate the central features of cancer-supporting niche: enhanced cancer cell proliferation and migration, macrophage activation, augmented endothelial cell sprouting and fibrocyte maturation. Upregulation of endothelin and its receptors are noted, and dual endothelin receptor blockade suppresses all cancer-supportive phenotypic alterations via acting on fibrocyte interaction with the cancer niche. We thus provide evidence for a crucial role of fibrocytes in lung cancer progression and metastasis, suggesting targets for treatment strategies.
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Rady HM, Hassan AZ, Abd-Alla HI, Abdel Raouf H, Salem SM. Hemimycale Arabica Induced Non-Cytotoxic Anti-Migratory Activity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:2921-2928. [PMID: 36172653 PMCID: PMC9810293 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.9.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this work, we represented new non-cytotoxic treatments to avoid serious side effects of current used cytotoxic anticancer drugs. These treatments can compensate in finding convenient treatment for each individual case using a single agent from marine sponge Hemimycale arabica. METHODS The ethanol extract was partitioned by cold sequential liquid-liquid extraction to afford petroleum ether, diethyl ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions. Chemical composition of H. arabica was performed by gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Anticancer activity was evaluated by means of cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, tumor cell migration inhibition and expression analysis of proliferation and migration-related genes. RESULTS Our results revealed that all treatments were non-cytotoxic except for dichloromethane fraction which exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity. Caspase-independent apoptosis was induced by total ethanol and dichloromethane fractions while ethyl acetate fraction induces caspase-dependent apoptosis. All treatments inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-independent migration. Petroleum ether and dichloromethane inhibited migration through the down-regulation of FGF and it could be used as anticancer therapy for VEGF-resistance patients. While ethanol inhibited tumor cell migration through down-regulation of all tested genes expression. Ether and ethyl acetate fractions exerted anti-migratory activity without affecting the tested genes. All resuls were statistically significant at p˂0.05. CONCLUSION Total ethanol extract is a promising non-cytotoxic anticancer agent because of its powerful apoptosis induction and capability to block tumor cell migration. Petroleum ether and ether fractions area weak non-cytotoxic anti-migratory agents. Dichloromethane could be a moderate cytotoxic anti-migratory agent induced caspase-independent apoptosis. It could be used in anticancer therapy for VEGF-resistance patients through downregulation of FGF. Ethyl acetate fraction considered a non-cytotoxic agent exerting moderate anti-migratory activity. The new sponge-derived treatments can solve different resistance problems to find a convenient treatment for each individual case using a single agent.
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Li C, Kuang K, Du J, Eymin B, Jia T. Far beyond anti-angiogenesis: Benefits for anti-basicFGF therapy in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119253. [PMID: 35259425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Basic FGF (bFGF) was discovered as a typical inducer of angiogenesis and has already been studied for 3 decades. Recent evidence indicates that bFGF plays different roles and controls signaling pathways that participate in the hallmarks of cancer, underscoring bFGF an appealing target for anti-cancer therapy. However, the early clinical trials designed to block bFGF signaling showed safety without satisfiable benefits for cancer patients. In this review, we firstly discuss bFGF's canonical signaling pathways and later review newly identified bFGF's functions that contribute to the cancer hallmarks besides its typical role in angiogenesis. After, we summarize the role of bFGF as a therapeutic target in response to different cancer therapies including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and highlight the difficulties we must solve regarding the design of drugs targeting specifically bFGF. We also emphasize the need, especially for natural bFGF traps, to deepen their molecular mechanisms of action considering the specific context of cancer with different FGFR status, as well as the urgence of stratifying patients for both anti-bFGF first line and second line anti-cancer therapy. Finally, a perspective on potential feed-forward oncogenic signaling pathways mediated by bFGF is made. We discuss the importance of developing additional robust biomarkers to select patients who will benefit from bFGF-targeted therapy, as well as the rationale of developing combinatory therapies targeting either bFGF and/or its intracellular (co)effectors. This would ultimately provide novel therapeutic strategies to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunYan Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - KeLi Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - JunRong Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Beatrice Eymin
- INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Institute For Advanced Biosciences, 38700 La Tronche, France; University Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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12
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Huang M, Lin Y, Wang C, Deng L, Chen M, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Ye W, Zhang D. New insights into antiangiogenic therapy resistance in cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic aspects. Drug Resist Updat 2022; 64:100849. [PMID: 35842983 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer and is required for tumor growth and progression. Antiangiogenic therapy has been revolutionarily developing and was approved for the treatment of various types of cancer for nearly two decades, among which bevacizumab and sorafenib continue to be the two most frequently used antiangiogenic drugs. Although antiangiogenic therapy has brought substantial survival benefits to many cancer patients, resistance to antiangiogenic drugs frequently occurs during clinical treatment, leading to poor outcomes and treatment failure. Cumulative evidence has demonstrated that the intricate interplay among tumor cells, bone marrow-derived cells, and local stromal cells critically allows for tumor escape from antiangiogenic therapy. Currently, drug resistance has become the main challenge that hinders the therapeutic efficacies of antiangiogenic therapy. In this review, we describe and summarize the cellular and molecular mechanisms conferring tumor drug resistance to antiangiogenic therapy, which was predominantly associated with redundancy in angiogenic signaling molecules (e.g., VEGFs, GM-CSF, G-CSF, and IL17), alterations in biological processes of tumor cells (e.g., tumor invasiveness and metastasis, stemness, autophagy, metabolic reprogramming, vessel co-option, and vasculogenic mimicry), increased recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells (e.g., myeloid-derived suppressive cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and tumor-associated neutrophils), and changes in the biological functions and features of local stromal cells (e.g., pericytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and endothelial cells). We also review potential biomarkers to predict the response to antiangiogenic therapy in cancer patients, which mainly consist of imaging biomarkers, cellular and extracellular proteins, a certain type of bone marrow-derived cells, local stromal cell content (e.g., pericyte coverage) as well as serum or plasma biomarkers (e.g., non-coding RNAs). Finally, we highlight the recent advances in combination strategies with the aim of enhancing the response to antiangiogenic therapy in cancer patients and mouse models. This review introduces a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and biomarkers associated with the evasion of antiangiogenic therapy in cancer, providing an outlook for developing more effective approaches to promote the therapeutic efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuning Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chenran Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Minfeng Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Wencai Ye
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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13
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Perryman L, Gray SG. Fibrosis in Mesothelioma: Potential Role of Lysyl Oxidases. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040981. [PMID: 35205728 PMCID: PMC8870010 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies (such as checkpoint inhibitors) and standard chemotherapies (such as cisplatin) have limitations in the successful treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Fibrosis is the accumulation of collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tissues, making them denser than that of healthy tissues and thereby affecting drug delivery and immune cell infiltration. Moreover, fibrosis severely affects the patient's breathing and quality of life. The production of collagen and its assembly is highly regulated by various enzymes such as lysyl oxidases. Many solid tumors aberrantly express the family of lysyl oxidases (LOX/LOXL). This review examines how LOX/LOXLs were found to be dysregulated in noncancerous and cancerous settings, discusses their roles in solid tumor fibrosis and pathogenesis and explores the role of fibrosis in the development and poor clinical outcomes of patients with MPM. We examine the current preclinical status of drugs targeting LOX/LOXLs and how the incorporation of such drugs may have therapeutic benefits in the treatment and management of patients with MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Perryman
- Drug Discovery Department, Pharmaxis Ltd., Sydney, NSW 2086, Australia;
| | - Steven G. Gray
- Thoracic Oncology, Labmed Directorate, St James’s Hospital, D08 RX0X Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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14
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Li XY, Ma WN, Su LX, Shen Y, Zhang L, Shao Y, Wang D, Wang Z, Wen MZ, Yang XT. Association of Angiogenesis Gene Expression With Cancer Prognosis and Immunotherapy Efficacy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:805507. [PMID: 35155426 PMCID: PMC8826089 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.805507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several new blood vessels are formed during the process of tumor development. These new blood vessels provide nutrients and water for tumour growth, while spreading tumour cells to distant areas and forming new metastases in different parts of the body. The available evidence suggests that tumour angiogenesis is closely associated with the tumour microenvironment and is regulated by a variety of pro-angiogenic factors and/or angiogenic inhibitors.Methods: In the present study, a comprehensive characterization of angiogenesis genes expression was performed in a pan-cancer analysis across the 33 human cancer types. Further, genetic data from several public databases were also used in the current study. An angiogenesis score was assigned to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) pan-cancer data, with one angiogenesis score as per sample for each tumour.Results: It was found that angiogenesis genes vary across cancer types, and are associated with a number of genomic and immunological features. Further, it was noted that macrophages and iTreg infiltration were generally higher in tumours with high angiogenesis scores, whereas lymphocytes and B cells showed the opposite trend. Notably, NK cells showed significantly different correlations among cancer types. Furthermore, results of the present study showed that a high angiogenesis score was associated with poor survival and aggressive types of cancer in most of the cancer types.Conclusion: In conclusion, the current study evidently showed that the expression of angiogenesis genes is a key feature of tumour biology that has a major impact on prognosis of patient with cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-yu Li
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Ning Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-xin Su
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Shen
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Deming Wang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Wen
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-tao Yang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xi-tao Yang,
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15
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Suzuki J, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and the tumor microenvironment in non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2022; 22:169-182. [PMID: 34904919 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2019018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a markedly poor prognosis as it progresses, and the prognosis is still unsatisfactory even with modern treatments. Cancer is composed of not only cancer cells, but also stroma consisting of various cell types. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major component of the stroma and the associated tumor microenvironment (TME). Particularly, CAFs are a critical component in elucidating the biological mechanisms of cancer progression and new therapeutic targets. This article outlines the TME formed by CAFs in NSCLC. AREAS COVERED Focusing on the TME in NSCLC, we discuss the mechanisms by which CAFs are involved in cancer progression, drug resistance, and the development of therapies targeting CAFs. EXPERT OPINION In the TME, CAFs profoundly contribute to tumor progression by interacting with cancer cells through direct contact or paracrine cytokine signaling. CAFs also interact with various other stromal components to establish a tumor-promoting immunosuppressive microenvironment and remodel the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, these effects are closely associated with drug resistance. Further elucidation of the stromal microenvironment, including CAFs, could prove to be crucial in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
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16
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Seebacher NA, Krchniakova M, Stacy AE, Skoda J, Jansson PJ. Tumour Microenvironment Stress Promotes the Development of Drug Resistance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1801. [PMID: 34829672 PMCID: PMC8615091 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a leading cause of cancer-related death, and it continues to be a major barrier to cancer treatment. The tumour microenvironment (TME) has proven to play an essential role in not only cancer progression and metastasis, but also the development of resistance to chemotherapy. Despite the significant advances in the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies, the development of drug resistance remains a major impediment to therapeutic success. This review highlights the interplay between various factors within the TME that collectively initiate or propagate MDR. The key TME-mediated mechanisms of MDR regulation that will be discussed herein include (1) altered metabolic processing and the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) axis; (2) changes in stromal cells; (3) increased cancer cell survival via autophagy and failure of apoptosis; (4) altered drug delivery, uptake, or efflux and (5) the induction of a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. The review also discusses thought-provoking ideas that may assist in overcoming the TME-induced MDR. We conclude that stressors from the TME and exposure to chemotherapeutic agents are strongly linked to the development of MDR in cancer cells. Therefore, there remains a vast area for potential research to further elicit the interplay between factors existing both within and outside the TME. Elucidating the mechanisms within this network is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies that are less prone to failure due to the development of resistance in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Krchniakova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra E. Stacy
- Cancer Drug Resistance & Stem Cell Program, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Jan Skoda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Patric J. Jansson
- Cancer Drug Resistance & Stem Cell Program, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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17
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Henrot P, Beaufils F, Thumerel M, Eyraud E, Boudoussier A, Begueret H, Maurat E, Girodet PO, Marthan R, Berger P, Dupin I, Zysman M. Circulating fibrocytes as a new tool to predict lung cancer progression after surgery? Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.01221-2021. [PMID: 34561289 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01221-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Henrot
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Pessac, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045 & CIC 1401, Pessac, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Services des Maladies Respiratoires, Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Anatomopathologie & Chirurgie Thoracique, Pessac, France.,co-first authors
| | - Fabien Beaufils
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Pessac, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045 & CIC 1401, Pessac, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Services des Maladies Respiratoires, Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Anatomopathologie & Chirurgie Thoracique, Pessac, France.,co-first authors
| | - Matthieu Thumerel
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Pessac, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045 & CIC 1401, Pessac, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Services des Maladies Respiratoires, Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Anatomopathologie & Chirurgie Thoracique, Pessac, France.,co-first authors
| | - Edmée Eyraud
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Pessac, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045 & CIC 1401, Pessac, France
| | - Augustin Boudoussier
- CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Services des Maladies Respiratoires, Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Anatomopathologie & Chirurgie Thoracique, Pessac, France
| | - Hugues Begueret
- CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Services des Maladies Respiratoires, Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Anatomopathologie & Chirurgie Thoracique, Pessac, France
| | - Elise Maurat
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Pessac, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045 & CIC 1401, Pessac, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Girodet
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Pessac, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045 & CIC 1401, Pessac, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Services des Maladies Respiratoires, Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Anatomopathologie & Chirurgie Thoracique, Pessac, France
| | - Roger Marthan
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Pessac, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045 & CIC 1401, Pessac, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Services des Maladies Respiratoires, Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Anatomopathologie & Chirurgie Thoracique, Pessac, France
| | - Patrick Berger
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Pessac, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045 & CIC 1401, Pessac, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Services des Maladies Respiratoires, Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Anatomopathologie & Chirurgie Thoracique, Pessac, France
| | - Isabelle Dupin
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Pessac, France.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045 & CIC 1401, Pessac, France
| | - Maéva Zysman
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM U1045, Pessac, France .,Inserm, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U 1045 & CIC 1401, Pessac, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Services des Maladies Respiratoires, Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Anatomopathologie & Chirurgie Thoracique, Pessac, France
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18
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Mehraj U, Ganai RA, Macha MA, Hamid A, Zargar MA, Bhat AA, Nasser MW, Haris M, Batra SK, Alshehri B, Al-Baradie RS, Mir MA, Wani NA. The tumor microenvironment as driver of stemness and therapeutic resistance in breast cancer: New challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:1209-1229. [PMID: 34528143 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC), the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths, remains a significant threat to the health and wellness of women worldwide. The tumor microenvironment (TME), comprising cellular components, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, endothelial cells and adipocytes, and noncellular components such as extracellular matrix (ECM), has been recognized as a critical contributor to the development and progression of BC. The interplay between TME components and cancer cells promotes phenotypic heterogeneity, cell plasticity and cancer cell stemness that impart tumor dormancy, enhanced invasion and metastasis, and the development of therapeutic resistance. While most previous studies have focused on targeting cancer cells with a dismal prognosis, novel therapies targeting stromal components are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies, and are already showing improved efficacies. As such, they may offer better means to eliminate the disease effectively. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we focus on the evolving concept of the TME as a key player regulating tumor growth, metastasis, stemness, and the development of therapeutic resistance. Despite significant advances over the last decade, several clinical trials focusing on the TME have failed to demonstrate promising effectiveness in cancer patients. To expedite clinical efficacy of TME-directed therapies, a deeper understanding of the TME is of utmost importance. Secondly, the efficacy of TME-directed therapies when used alone or in combination with chemo- or radiotherapy, and the tumor stage needs to be studied. Likewise, identifying molecular signatures and biomarkers indicating the type of TME will help in determining precise TME-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Mehraj
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Rais A Ganai
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science & Technology , Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science & Technology , Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Abid Hamid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India
| | - Mohammed A Zargar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohd Wasim Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory of Animal Research, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.,Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Raid Saleem Al-Baradie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzoor A Mir
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
| | - Nissar Ahmad Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India.
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19
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Watson N, Al-Samkari H. Thrombotic and bleeding risk of angiogenesis inhibitors in patients with and without malignancy. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1852-1863. [PMID: 33928747 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, therapies targeting angiogenesis have developed into a major class of cancer therapeutics. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of signaling proteins, a group of potent angiogenic growth factors, and their receptors represent the main targets of this therapeutic class. To date, 16 antiangiogenic agents have been approved in the United States for the treatment of cancer and several more are in development. An important consideration with antiangiogenic therapy is toxicity, in particular thrombotic and bleeding risks. These complications have emerged as a major clinical concern that may affect the use of these agents in patients both with and without cancer who may already have an elevated risk of thrombosis and bleeding. Although these agents are frequently considered together as a class when contemplating their bleeding and thrombotic risks, in fact the risks for venous thromboembolism, arterial thrombosis, and bleeding vary significantly between different classes of antiangiogenic agents and even among different agents within a class. In this narrative review, we describe the literature investigating the venous and arterial thrombotic and bleeding risks associated with the currently available antiangiogenic drugs. In addition, we discuss these specific complications in the context of both cancer therapy as well as the management of nonmalignant disorders now managed with antiangiogenic agents, including hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanny Al-Samkari
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Abe S, Sato S, Aono Y, Azuma M, Kishi M, Koyama K, Takahashi N, Kagawa K, Kawano H, Nishioka Y. Functional analysis of human fibrocytes derived from monocytes reveals their profibrotic phenotype through paracrine effects. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2021; 67:102-112. [PMID: 32378592 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.67.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibrocytes, which are bone marrow-derived collagen-producing cells, were reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. However, their function in pulmonary fibrosis is unclear. We analyzed their function compared with that of monocytes and localization in fibrotic tissues in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We compared the gene expression profile of monocyte-derived fibrocytes with that of monocytes by microarray analysis. Proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts were examined by 3H-thymidine incorporation assay and Western blotting. We measured the level of growth factors in the culture supernatant of fibrocytes by ELISA. The localization of fibrocytes in lung tissues of patients with IPF was determined by immunofluorescence staining. Compared with monocytes, fibrocytes had higher expression of extracellular matrix- and growth factor-encoding genes, including PDGF-B, FGF-2 and VEGF-B. Although fibrocytes did not proliferate in response to PDGF, co-culture of fibrocytes stimulated the growth of lung fibroblasts through the production of PDGF-BB. In the lung of IPF patients, CD45+Collagen-I+FSP-1+ cells, which have a similar phenotype to fibrocytes, were detected and co-stained with anti-PDGF antibody. This study suggested that fibrocytes function in pulmonary fibrosis partly by producing PDGF in the lungs of IPF patients. J. Med. Invest. 67 : 102-112, February, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Abe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Seidai Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Aono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Momoyo Azuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masami Kishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuya Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kozo Kagawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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21
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Tanimura K, Yamada T, Omura A, Shiotsu S, Kataoka N, Takeda T, Taniguchi R, Yamada T, Takeuchi M, Chihara Y, Morimoto Y, Iwasaku M, Kaneko Y, Uchino J, Takayama K. The Impact of VEGF Inhibition on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Immunotherapy: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Oncol 2021; 11:663612. [PMID: 34123822 PMCID: PMC8194394 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.663612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in combination with chemotherapy have increased survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis, is an immunological modulator; therefore, it is expected that anti-VEGF therapy in combination with ICIs enhances the antitumor effect of ICIs. In the present study, we investigated the impact of VEGF inhibition on clinical outcomes of NSCLC patients, including the efficacy of ICI treatment. Methods A total of 105 patients with advanced NSCLC who had been treated with ICIs were retrospectively analyzed to examine the relationship between the history of treatment with anti-VEGF agents and the clinical outcomes with ICI monotherapy. Results Patients who had received anti-VEGF therapy prior to ICIs showed shortened progression-free survival of ICI treatment and a decreased overall response rate to ICI treatment. By contrast, anti-VEGF therapy after ICI treatment was associated with increased survival, especially in patients who had also received anti-VEGF therapy prior to ICI therapy. Conclusions These retrospective observations suggest that anti-VEGF therapy prior to ICIs might be a negative predictor of response to ICIs. The sequence of anti-VEGF therapy might play a role in its ability to predict survival in NSCLC patients. Further investigation is warranted to identify the role of VEGF inhibition in altering clinical outcomes after immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Tanimura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Yamada
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayaka Omura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shiotsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kataoka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Taniguchi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamada
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Takeuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Uji-Tokushukai Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Chihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Uji-Tokushukai Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshie Morimoto
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwasaku
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kaneko
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Uchino
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Takayama
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Volz C, Breid S, Selenz C, Zaplatina A, Golfmann K, Meder L, Dietlein F, Borchmann S, Chatterjee S, Siobal M, Schöttle J, Florin A, Koker M, Nill M, Ozretić L, Uhlenbrock N, Smith S, Büttner R, Miao H, Wang B, Reinhardt HC, Rauh D, Hallek M, Acker-Palmer A, Heukamp LC, Ullrich RT. Inhibition of Tumor VEGFR2 Induces Serine 897 EphA2-Dependent Tumor Cell Invasion and Metastasis in NSCLC. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107568. [PMID: 32348765 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic treatment targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-VEGFR2 signaling has shown limited efficacy in lung cancer patients. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of VEGFR2 in tumor cells, expressed in ∼20% of non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, leads to a pro-invasive phenotype. Drug-induced inhibition of tumor VEGFR2 interferes with the formation of the EphA2/VEGFR2 heterocomplex, thereby allowing RSK to interact with Serine 897 of EphA2. Inhibition of RSK decreases phosphorylation of Serine 897 EphA2. Selective genetic modeling of Serine 897 of EphA2 or inhibition of EphA2 abrogates the formation of metastases in vivo upon VEGFR2 inhibition. In summary, these findings demonstrate that VEGFR2-targeted therapy conditions VEGFR2-positive NSCLC to Serine 897 EphA2-dependent aggressive tumor growth and metastasis. These data shed light on the molecular mechanisms explaining the limited efficacy of VEGFR2-targeted anti-angiogenic treatment in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Volz
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara Breid
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolin Selenz
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alina Zaplatina
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Golfmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lydia Meder
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Dietlein
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, US Institute for Pathology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sven Borchmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG), Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Else Kröner Forschungskolleg Clonal Evolution in Cancer, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sampurna Chatterjee
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maike Siobal
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakob Schöttle
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Translational Genomics, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Florin
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mirjam Koker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marieke Nill
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luka Ozretić
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Niklas Uhlenbrock
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Steven Smith
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hui Miao
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - H Christian Reinhardt
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Roland T Ullrich
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
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23
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Pan CF, Zhang X, Wang JW, Yang T, Zhong LLD, Shen KP. Weichang'an Formula Inhibits Tumor Growth in Combination with Bevacizumab in a Murine Model of Colon Cancer-Making up for the Deficiency of Bevacizumab by inhibiting VEGFR-1. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:512598. [PMID: 33746736 PMCID: PMC7970919 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.512598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Angiogenesis plays an important role in the initiation, development, and metastasis of malignant tumors. Antiangiogenic drugs combined with immune therapy are considered to have a synergistic effect on anti-tumor strategy. Weichang’an formula (WCAF) is a prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) based on pharmaceutical screening and clinical experience. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of WCAF and its combined action with Bevacizumab (BEV) in colorectal cancer, and to identify the possible mechanism of action. Methods: A human colon cancer cell (HCT 116) subcutaneous xenograft model was established in BALB/c-nu/nu mice. Tumor-bearing mice were randomized into each of four groups: control, WCAF treated, BEV treated, and WCAF plus BEV treated. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay. Western blot was used to assess the protein levels of Leptin-R, STAT3, p-STAT3, BCL-2, and VEGFR-1. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the micro-vessel density (MVD) and AKT1. Leptin and Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) mRNA expression were detected by Real-time PCR (RT-PCR). A network pharmacology study and validation assay were carried out to find the underlying molecular targets of WCAF related to immune regulation. Results: Compared with the control group, WCAF reduced tumor weight and volume, as well as promoted tumor cell apoptosis. WCAF treatment decreased the mRNA expression of Leptin and VEGF-A, while the protein levels of CD31, LEP-R, VEGFR-1, STAT3, and p-STAT3 were decreased in tumor tissues. In addition, VEGFR-1 protein expression was decreased in the WCAF group and the WCAF plus BEV group but not in the BEV group. The combination of WCAF and BEV demonstrated a partial additive anti-tumor effect in vivo. The pharmacological network also found there are 26 WCAF target proteins related to cancer immune and 12 cancer immune related pathways. The AKT1 protein expression in the WCAF and WCAF + BEV groups were significantly lower than the that in the control group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: WCAF can inhibit tumor growth and promote apoptosis and inhibit tumor angiogenesis in subcutaneous xenografts of human colon cancer HCT-116 in nude mice. WCAF also makes up for the deficiency of BEV by inhibiting VEGFR-1. The VEGFR-1 expression between the combination group and BEV alone achieved statistically significant difference (p < 0.01). Combined with BEV, WCAF showed a partial additive anti-tumor effect. The mechanism may be related to Leptin/STAT3 signal transduction, VEGF-A, VEGFR-1 and WCAF target proteins related to cancer immune such as leptin and AKT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Fang Pan
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Nursing, Shengli College, China University of Petroleum, Dongying, China
| | - Jing-Wen Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ke-Ping Shen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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24
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Afroj T, Mitsuhashi A, Ogino H, Saijo A, Otsuka K, Yoneda H, Tobiume M, Nguyen NT, Goto H, Koyama K, Sugimoto M, Kondoh O, Nokihara H, Nishioka Y. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway Enhances the Antigen-Presenting Capacity of Fibrocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1204-1214. [PMID: 33504617 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrocytes, a distinct population of collagen-producing, monocyte-derived cells, are involved in wound healing as well as fibrotic diseases. Recently, fibrocytes have been revealed to play a role in the tumor microenvironment, particularly under antiangiogenic therapy. In addition, combination cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitor and antiangiogenic agents have been developed for various cancers in the clinical setting, although the immunological background is not clear. In the current study, we aimed to determine the function of fibrocytes in tumor immunity induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Human and murine fibrocytes were generated from PBMCs and lungs, respectively. The expression of costimulatory and inhibitory molecules on fibrocytes was examined by flow cytometry. The stimulation of CD8+ T cells by fibrocytes was examined in MLRs with a 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. Fibrocytes expressed CD80low and CD86high as a costimulatory molecule, and expressed PD-L1high, but not PD-L2, as a coinhibitory molecule. Without any stimulation, fibrocytes strongly enhanced the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in mice and humans. Treatment with anti-CD86 and -CD54 Abs inhibited the growth of CD8+ T cells induced by fibrocytes. Anti-PD-L1 Ab further enhanced the proliferation of CD8+ T cells, even in the OVA-specific MLR with OT-1Rag-/- mice. Importantly, fibrocytes derived from PBMCs of patients with lung adenocarcinoma or murine MC38 tumors augmented the proliferation of CD8+ T cells with PD-L1 blockade. These results suggest that fibrocytes infiltrating tumor sites may play a role in the antitumor immunity mediated by CD8+ T cells when the activity is further enhanced by PD-L1/PD-1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Afroj
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Atsushi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Hirokazu Ogino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Atsuro Saijo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Kenji Otsuka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Hiroto Yoneda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Makoto Tobiume
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Na Thi Nguyen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Hisatsugu Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Kazuya Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Masamichi Sugimoto
- Product Research Department, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Osamu Kondoh
- Product Research Department, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nokihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and
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25
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Liu Y, Ji X, Kang N, Zhou J, Liang X, Li J, Han T, Zhao C, Yang T. Tumor necrosis factor α inhibition overcomes immunosuppressive M2b macrophage-induced bevacizumab resistance in triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:993. [PMID: 33214550 PMCID: PMC7678839 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bevacizumab in neoadjuvant therapy provides a new hope of improved survival for patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor in combination with chemotherapy, but curative effect is limited by bevacizumab’s continuous use while mechanisms remain incompletely understood. More and more researches reported that tumor-associated macrophages mediate resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in various tumors. Here we developed a TNBC model resistant to bevacizumab under bevacizumab continuous administration. It was found that proportion of a specific subset of tumor-associated macrophages characterized as M2b (CD11b+ CD86high IL10high) increased and responsible for acquired resistance to bevacizumab. Then, we showed that RAW264.7 macrophages could be polarized to M2b subtype on simultaneous exposure to bevacizumab and TLR4 ligands as occurs in the context of continuous bevacizumab treatment. Concordantly, in TLR4-deleted C57BL/10ScNJNju (TLR4lps–del) mut/mut mice with bevacizumab treatment model, it was verified that the M2b macrophage could be induced by Fc gamma receptor-TLR4 cross-talk. In MDA-MB-231-resistant tumor-bearing mice, the content of TNFα in serum kept going up consistent with CCL1, a chemokine of M2b macrophage. In vitro neutralizing tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) could inhibit the tumor progression caused by M2b culture medium and tumor IDO1 expression. Therefore, we thought that TNFα is a key tumor-promoting effector molecule secreted by M2b macrophage. Accordingly, the curative effect of bevacizumab was proved to be significantly improved by neutralizing TNFα with anti-TNFα nanobody. This study is expected to provide theoretical and clinical evidence elucidating the drug resistance in patients receiving bevacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xuemei Ji
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Nannan Kang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Junfei Zhou
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xue Liang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tianzhen Han
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tianwu Yang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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26
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Stromal CCL2 Signaling Promotes Mammary Tumor Fibrosis through Recruitment of Myeloid-Lineage Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082083. [PMID: 32731354 PMCID: PMC7465971 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is correlated with breast tumor desmoplasia, leading to diminished chemotherapy response and disease-free survival. Obesity causes chronic, macrophage-driven inflammation within breast tissue, initiated by chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) signaling from adipose stromal cells. To understand how CCL2-induced inflammation alters breast tumor pathology, we transplanted oncogenically transformed human breast epithelial cells with breast stromal cells expressing CCL2 or empty vector into murine mammary glands and examined tumor formation and progression with time. As tumors developed, macrophages were rapidly recruited, followed by the emergence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and collagen deposition. Depletion of CD11b + myeloid lineage cells early in tumor formation reduced tumor growth, CAF numbers, and collagen deposition. CCL2 expression within developing tumors also enhanced recruitment of myeloid progenitor cells from the bone marrow into the tumor site. The myeloid progenitor cell population contained elevated numbers of fibrocytes, which exhibited platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRα)-dependent colony formation and growth in vitro. Together, these results suggest that chronic inflammation induced by CCL2 significantly enhances tumor growth and promotes the formation of a desmoplastic stroma through early recruitment of macrophages and fibrocytes into the tumor microenvironment. Fibrocytes may be a novel target in the tumor microenvironment to reduce tumor fibrosis and enhance treatment responses for obese breast cancer patients.
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27
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Montemagno C, Pagès G. Resistance to Anti-angiogenic Therapies: A Mechanism Depending on the Time of Exposure to the Drugs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584. [PMID: 32775327 PMCID: PMC7381352 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting one, represents a critical process for oxygen and nutrient supply to proliferating cells, therefore promoting tumor growth and metastasis. The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) pathway is one of the key mediators of angiogenesis in cancer. Therefore, several therapies including monoclonal antibodies or tyrosine kinase inhibitors target this axis. Although preclinical studies demonstrated strong antitumor activity, clinical studies were disappointing. Antiangiogenic drugs, used to treat metastatic patients suffering of different types of cancers, prolonged survival to different extents but are not curative. In this review, we focused on different mechanisms involved in resistance to antiangiogenic therapies from early stage resistance involving mainly tumor cells to late stages related to the adaptation of the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Montemagno
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco.,CNRS UMR 7284, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,INSERM U1081, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco.,CNRS UMR 7284, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,INSERM U1081, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
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Pouliquen DL, Boissard A, Coqueret O, Guette C. Biomarkers of tumor invasiveness in proteomics (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 57:409-432. [PMID: 32468071 PMCID: PMC7307599 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, quantitative proteomics has emerged as an important tool for deciphering the complex molecular events involved in cancers. The number of references involving studies on the cancer metastatic process has doubled since 2010, while the last 5 years have seen the development of novel technologies combining deep proteome coverage capabilities with quantitative consistency and accuracy. To highlight key findings within this huge amount of information, the present review identified a list of tumor invasive biomarkers based on both the literature and data collected on a biocollection of experimental cell lines, tumor models of increasing invasiveness and tumor samples from patients with colorectal or breast cancer. Crossing these different data sources led to 76 proteins of interest out of 1,245 mentioned in the literature. Information on these proteins can potentially be translated into clinical prospects, since they represent potential targets for the development and evaluation of innovative therapies, alone or in combination. Herein, a systematical review of the biology of each of these proteins, including their specific subcellular/extracellular or multiple localizations is presented. Finally, as an important advantage of quantitative proteomics is the ability to provide data on all these molecules simultaneously in cell pellets, body fluids or paraffin‑embedded sections of tumors/invaded tissues, the significance of some of their interconnections is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Boissard
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, F‑44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Catherine Guette
- Paul Papin ICO Cancer Center, CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, F‑44000 Nantes, France
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From CENTRAL to SENTRAL (SErum aNgiogenesis cenTRAL): Circulating Predictive Biomarkers to Anti-VEGFR Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051330. [PMID: 32456056 PMCID: PMC7281010 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the last decade, a series of analyses failed to identify predictive biomarkers of resistance/susceptibility for anti-angiogenic drugs in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). We conducted an exploratory preplanned analysis of serum pro-angiogenic factors (SErum aNgiogenesis-cenTRAL) in 72 mCRC patients enrolled in the phase II CENTRAL (ColorEctalavastiNTRiAlLdh) trial, with the aim to identify potential predictive factors for sensitivity/resistance to first line folinic acid-fluorouracil-irinotecan regimen (FOLFIRI) plus bevacizumab. Methods: First-line FOLFIRI/bevacizumab patients were prospectively assessed for the following circulating pro-angiogenic factors, evaluated with ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)-based technique at baseline and at every cycle: Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1), placental derived growth factor (PlGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3), interleukin-8 (IL-8). Results: Changes in circulating FGF-2 levels among different blood samples seemed to correlate with clinical outcome. Patients who experienced an increase in FGF-2 levels at the second cycle of chemotherapy compared to baseline, had a median Progression Free Survival (mPFS) of 12.85 vs. 7.57 months (Hazard Ratio—HR: 0.73, 95% Confidence Interval—CI: 0.43-1.27, p = 0.23). Similar results were seen when comparing FGF-2 concentrations between baseline and eight-week time point (mPFS 12.98 vs. 8.00 months, HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.46–1.33, p = 0.35). Conclusions: Our pre-planned, prospective analysis suggests that circulating FGF-2 levels’ early increase could be used as a marker to identify patients who are more likely to gain benefit from FOLFIRI/bevacizumab first-line therapy.
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Otsuka K, Mitsuhashi A, Goto H, Hanibuchi M, Koyama K, Ogawa H, Ogino H, Saijo A, Kozai H, Yoneda H, Tobiume M, Kishuku M, Ishizawa K, Nishioka Y. Anti-PD-1 antibody combined with chemotherapy suppresses the growth of mesothelioma by reducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Lung Cancer 2020; 146:86-96. [PMID: 32526602 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody with chemotherapy has been approved for the first-line therapy of lung cancer. However, the effects against malignant mesothelioma (MPM) and the immunological mechanisms by which chemotherapy enhances the effect of targeting PD-1/PD-L1 in MPM are poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS We utilized syngeneic mouse models of MPM and lung cancer and assessed the therapeutic effects of anti-PD-1 antibody and its combination with cisplatin (CDDP) and pemetrexed (PEM). An immunological analysis of tumor-infiltrating cells was performed with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We observed significant therapeutic effects of anti-PD-1 antibody against MPM. Although the effect was associated with CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in tumors, the number of Foxp3+ cells was not reduced but rather increased. Consequently, combination with CDDP/PEM significantly enhanced the antitumor effects of anti-PD-1 antibody by decreasing numbers of intratumoral myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and vessels probably through suppression of VEGF expression by CDDP + PEM. CONCLUSIONS The combination of anti-PD-1 antibody with CDDP + PEM may be a promising therapy for MPM via inhibiting the accumulation of MDSCs and vessels in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Otsuka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hisatsugu Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masaki Hanibuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuya Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ogino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Atsuro Saijo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kozai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroto Yoneda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Tobiume
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kishuku
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
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Xie YH, Chen YX, Fang JY. Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:22. [PMID: 32296018 PMCID: PMC7082344 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 191.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most lethal and prevalent malignancies in the world and was responsible for nearly 881,000 cancer-related deaths in 2018. Surgery and chemotherapy have long been the first choices for cancer patients. However, the prognosis of CRC has never been satisfying, especially for patients with metastatic lesions. Targeted therapy is a new optional approach that has successfully prolonged overall survival for CRC patients. Following successes with the anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) agent cetuximab and the anti-angiogenesis agent bevacizumab, new agents blocking different critical pathways as well as immune checkpoints are emerging at an unprecedented rate. Guidelines worldwide are currently updating the recommended targeted drugs on the basis of the increasing number of high-quality clinical trials. This review provides an overview of existing CRC-targeted agents and their underlying mechanisms, as well as a discussion of their limitations and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hong Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Xuan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 Middle Shandong Road, 200001, Shanghai, China.
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32
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Haibe Y, Kreidieh M, El Hajj H, Khalifeh I, Mukherji D, Temraz S, Shamseddine A. Resistance Mechanisms to Anti-angiogenic Therapies in Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:221. [PMID: 32175278 PMCID: PMC7056882 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth and metastasis rely on tumor vascular network for the adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients. Tumor angiogenesis relies on a highly complex program of growth factor signaling, endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and stromal cell interactions. Numerous pro-angiogenic drivers have been identified, the most important of which is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The importance of pro-angiogenic inducers in tumor growth, invasion and extravasation make them an excellent therapeutic target in several types of cancers. Hence, the number of anti-angiogenic agents developed for cancer treatment has risen over the past decade, with at least eighty drugs being investigated in preclinical studies and phase I-III clinical trials. To date, the most common approaches to the inhibition of the VEGF axis include the blockade of VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) or ligands by neutralizing antibodies, as well as the inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) enzymes. Despite promising preclinical results, anti-angiogenic monotherapies led only to mild clinical benefits. The minimal benefits could be secondary to primary or acquired resistance, through the activation of alternative mechanisms that sustain tumor vascularization and growth. Mechanisms of resistance are categorized into VEGF-dependent alterations, non-VEGF pathways and stromal cell interactions. Thus, complementary approaches such as the combination of these inhibitors with agents targeting alternative mechanisms of blood vessel formation are urgently needed. This review provides an updated overview on the pathophysiology of angiogenesis during tumor growth. It also sheds light on the different pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic agents that have been developed to date. Finally, it highlights the preclinical evidence for mechanisms of angiogenic resistance and suggests novel therapeutic approaches that might be exploited with the ultimate aim of overcoming resistance and improving clinical outcomes for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolla Haibe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Malek Kreidieh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiba El Hajj
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim Khalifeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Deborah Mukherji
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sally Temraz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Shamseddine
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Activated FGF2 signaling pathway in tumor vasculature is essential for acquired resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2939. [PMID: 32076044 PMCID: PMC7031295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy shows antitumor activity against various types of solid cancers. Several resistance mechanisms against anti-VEGF therapy have been elucidated; however, little is known about the mechanisms by which the acquired resistance arises. Here, we developed new anti-VEGF therapy-resistant models driven by chronic expression of the mouse VEGFR2 extracellular domain fused with the human IgG4 fragment crystallizable (Fc) region (VEGFR2-Fc). In the VEGFR2-Fc-expressing resistant tumors, we demonstrated that the FGFR2 signaling pathway was activated, and pericytes expressing high levels of FGF2 were co-localized with endothelial cells. Lenvatinib, a multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor including VEGFR and FGFR inhibition, showed marked antitumor activity against VEGFR2-Fc-expressing resistant tumors accompanied with a decrease in the area of tumor vessels and suppression of phospho-FGFR2 in tumors. Our findings reveal the key role that intercellular FGF2 signaling between pericytes and endothelial cells plays in maintaining the tumor vasculature in anti-VEGF therapy-resistant tumors.
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Apte RS, Chen DS, Ferrara N. VEGF in Signaling and Disease: Beyond Discovery and Development. Cell 2020; 176:1248-1264. [PMID: 30849371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1312] [Impact Index Per Article: 328.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) has revolutionized our understanding of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during development and physiological homeostasis. Over a short span of two decades, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which VEGF coordinates neurovascular homeostasis has become more sophisticated. The central role of VEGF in the pathogenesis of diverse cancers and blinding eye diseases has also become evident. Elucidation of the molecular regulation of VEGF and the transformative development of multiple therapeutic pathways targeting VEGF directly or indirectly is a powerful case study of how fundamental research can guide innovation and translation. It is also an elegant example of how agnostic discovery and can transform our understanding of human disease. This review will highlight critical nodal points in VEGF biology, including recent developments in immunotherapy for cancer and multitarget approaches in neovascular eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - Napoleone Ferrara
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; The Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Roife D, Fleming JB, Gomer RH. Fibrocytes in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1224:79-85. [PMID: 32036606 PMCID: PMC7212529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35723-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumors have long been compared to chronic wounds that do not heal, since they share many of the same molecular and cellular processes. In normal wounds, healing processes lead to restoration of cellular architecture, while in malignant tumors, these healing processes become dysregulated and contribute to growth and invasion of neoplastic cells into the surrounding tissues. Fibrocytes are fibroblast-like cells that differentiate from bone marrow-derived CD14+ circulating monocytes and aid wound healing. Although most monocytes will differentiate into macrophages after extravasating into a tissue, signals present in a wound environment can cause some monocytes to differentiate into fibrocytes. The fibrocytes secrete matrix proteins and inflammatory cytokines, activate local fibroblasts to proliferate and increase extracellular matrix production, and promote angiogenesis, and because fibrocytes are contractile, they also help wound contraction. There is now emerging evidence that fibrocytes are present in the tumor microenvironment, attracted by the chronic tissue damage and cytokines from both cancer cells and other immune cells. Fibrocytes may aid in the survival and spread of neoplastic cells, so these wound-healing cells may be a promising target for anticancer research in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Roife
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology/ILSB, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Koyama K, Goto H, Morizumi S, Kagawa K, Nishimura H, Sato S, Kawano H, Toyoda Y, Ogawa H, Homma S, Nishioka Y. The Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor TAS-115 Attenuates Bleomycin-induced Lung Fibrosis in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:478-487. [PMID: 30540913 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0098oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways of growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor, can be considered specific targets for overcoming the poor prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib, the recently approved multiple kinase inhibitor, has shown promising antifibrotic effects in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; however, its efficacy is still limited, and in some cases, treatment discontinuation is necessary owing to toxicities such as gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, more effective agents with less toxicity are still needed. TAS-115 is a novel multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor that preferably targets platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and c-FMS in addition to other molecules. In this study, we evaluated the antifibrotic effect of TAS-115 on pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. TAS-115 inhibited the phosphorylation of PDGFR on human lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5 cells and suppressed their platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation and migration. Furthermore, TAS-115 inhibited the phosphorylation of c-FMS, a receptor of macrophage colony-stimulating factor, in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and decreased the production of CCL2, another key molecule for inducing pulmonary fibrosis, under the stimulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of TAS-115 on both PDGFR and c-FMS were 3- to 10-fold higher than those of nintedanib. In a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, TAS-115 significantly inhibited the development of pulmonary fibrosis and the collagen deposition in bleomycin-treated lungs. These data suggest that strong inhibition of PDGFR and c-FMS by TAS-115 may be a promising strategy for overcoming the intractable pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Koyama
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and.,2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisatsugu Goto
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and
| | - Shun Morizumi
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and
| | - Kozo Kagawa
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and
| | | | - Seidai Sato
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and
| | - Hiroshi Kawano
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and
| | - Yuko Toyoda
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and
| | - Hirohisa Ogawa
- 3 Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan; and
| | - Sakae Homma
- 2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Chu GJ, van Zandwijk N, Rasko JEJ. The Immune Microenvironment in Mesothelioma: Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1366. [PMID: 31867277 PMCID: PMC6908501 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mesothelioma is the consequence of a protracted immune response to asbestos fibers and characterized by a clear immune infiltrate, novel immunotherapy approaches show less convincing results as compared to those seen in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. The immune suppressive microenvironment in mesothelioma is likely contributing to this therapy resistance. Therefore, it is important to explore the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment for explanations for this recalcitrant behavior. This review describes the stromal, cytokine, metabolic, and cellular milieu of mesothelioma, and attempts to make connection with the outcome of immunotherapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J. Chu
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Department of Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nico van Zandwijk
- Sydney Medical School, Sydney Local Health District (Concord Repatriation General Hospital), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John E. J. Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Pezzella F. Mechanisms of resistance to anti-angiogenic treatments. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:595-607. [PMID: 35582580 PMCID: PMC8992538 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hailed as the cancer treatment to end all the resistance to treatment, anti-angiogenic therapy turned out to be not quite what was promised. The hope that this therapeutic approach would not have suffered by the phenomenon of resistance was based on the fact that was targeting normal vessels rather than tumour cells prone to mutation and subject to drug induced selection. However, reality turned out to be more complex and since 1997, several mechanisms of resistance have been described to the point that the study of resistance to these drugs is now a very large field. Far from being exhaustive, this paper presents the main mechanisms discovered trough some examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pezzella
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Chandler C, Liu T, Buckanovich R, Coffman LG. The double edge sword of fibrosis in cancer. Transl Res 2019; 209:55-67. [PMID: 30871956 PMCID: PMC6545239 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibrosis is a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) which significantly impacts cancer behavior. However, there is significant controversy regarding fibrosis as a predominantly tumor promoting or tumor suppressing factor. Cells essential to the generation of tissue fibrosis such as fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have dual phenotypes dependent upon their independence or association with cancer cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and cancer-associated MSCs have unique molecular profiles which facilitate cancer cell cross talk, influence extracellular matrix deposition, and direct the immune system to generate a protumorigenic environment. In contrast, normal tissue fibroblasts and MSCs are important in restraining cancer initiation, influencing epithelial cell differentiation, and limiting cancer cell invasion. We propose this apparent dichotomy of function is due to (1) cancer mediated stromal reprogramming; (2) tissue stromal source; (3) unique subtypes of fibrosis; and (4) the impact of fibrosis on other TME elements. First, as cancer progresses, tumor cells influence their surrounding stroma to move from a cancer restraining phenotype into a cancer supportive role. Second, cancer has specific organ tropism, thus stroma derived from preferred metastatic organs support growth while less preferred metastatic tissues do not. Third, there are subtypes of fibrosis which have unique function to support or inhibit cancer growth. Fourth, depleting fibrosis influences other TME components which drive the cancer response. Collectively, this review highlights the complexity of cancer-associated fibrosis and supports a dual function of fibrosis which evolves during the continuum of cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Chandler
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tianshi Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ronald Buckanovich
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lan G Coffman
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Dupin I, Thumerel M, Maurat E, Coste F, Eyraud E, Begueret H, Trian T, Montaudon M, Marthan R, Girodet PO, Berger P. Fibrocyte accumulation in the airway walls of COPD patients. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.02173-2018. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02173-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The remodelling mechanism and cellular players causing persistent airflow limitation in COPD remain largely elusive. We have recently demonstrated that circulating fibrocytes, a rare population of fibroblast-like cells produced by the bone marrow stroma, are increased in COPD patients during an exacerbation. We aimed to quantify fibrocyte density in situ in bronchial specimens from both control subjects and COPD patients, to define associations with relevant clinical, functional and computed tomography (CT) parameters, and to investigate the effect of the epithelial microenvironment on fibrocyte survival in vitro (“Fibrochir” study).A total of 17 COPD patients and 25 control subjects, all requiring thoracic surgery, were recruited. Using co-immunostaining and image analysis, we identified CD45+ FSP1+ cells as tissue fibrocytes, and quantified their density in distal and proximal bronchial specimens. Fibrocytes, cultured from the blood samples of six COPD patients, were exposed to primary bronchial epithelial cell secretions from control subjects or COPD patients.We demonstrate that fibrocytes are increased in both distal and proximal tissue specimens of COPD patients. The density of fibrocytes is negatively correlated with lung function parameters and positively correlated with bronchial wall thickness as assessed by CT scan. A high density of distal bronchial fibrocytes predicts the presence of COPD with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 70%. Exposure of fibrocytes to COPD epithelial cell supernatant favours cell survival.Our results thus demonstrate an increased density of fibrocytes within the bronchi of COPD patients, which may be promoted by epithelial-derived survival-mediating factors.
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Wang JC, Li GY, Wang B, Han SX, Sun X, Jiang YN, Shen YW, Zhou C, Feng J, Lu SY, Liu JL, Wang MD, Liu PJ. Metformin inhibits metastatic breast cancer progression and improves chemosensitivity by inducing vessel normalization via PDGF-B downregulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:235. [PMID: 31164151 PMCID: PMC6549289 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Vascular maturity and functionality are closely associated with tumor progression and chemosensitivity. The antidiabetic agent metformin has shown its ability to inhibit tumor angiogenesis in metastatic breast cancer models. However, it remains unclear if or how metformin remodels the abnormal vasculature of metastatic breast cancer, while inhibiting angiogenesis. Methods Metastatic breast cancer models were constructed to compare microvessel density (MVD), vascular maturity and function, lung metastasis and chemosensitivity in metformin-treated or untreated mice. Protein array assay and transcriptome sequencing were performed for genetic screening. Lentiviral shRNA-PDGF-B transfection was used for observing the contribution of PDGF-B knockdown to metformin’s vascular effects. Results Metastatic breast cancers were characterized by an excessively angiogenic, immature and morphologically abnormal vasculature. Compared to control, metformin significantly reduced MVD, leakage and hypoxia, and increased vascular mural cells coverage and perfusion, namely, “vessel normalization”. Metformin at human blood concentrations had no direct effect on the migration and proliferation of cancer cells. Based on that, reduced lung metastasis of the primary tumor and improved chemosensitization by metformin were assumed to be mediated via metformin’s vascular effects. Further results of genetic screening and in vivo experiments showed that the downregulation of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) greatly contributed to the metformin-induced vessel normalization. Conclusions These findings provide pre-clinical evidences for the vascular mechanism of metformin-induced metastasis inhibition and the chemosensitization of metastatic breast cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1211-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Chang Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 of the Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guang-Yue Li
- Department of Science and Technology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 of the Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Su-Xia Han
- Department of Oncological Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Na Jiang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan-Wei Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Can Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shao-Ying Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jian-Lin Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mao-De Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 of the Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Pei-Jun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 of the Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 of the Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Abstract
Cancers are not composed merely of cancer cells alone; instead, they are complex 'ecosystems' comprising many different cell types and noncellular factors. The tumour stroma is a critical component of the tumour microenvironment, where it has crucial roles in tumour initiation, progression, and metastasis. Most anticancer therapies target cancer cells specifically, but the tumour stroma can promote the resistance of cancer cells to such therapies, eventually resulting in fatal disease. Therefore, novel treatment strategies should combine anticancer and antistromal agents. Herein, we provide an overview of the advances in understanding the complex cancer cell-tumour stroma interactions and discuss how this knowledge can result in more effective therapeutic strategies, which might ultimately improve patient outcomes.
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Abstract
The tumour microenvironment, also termed the tumour stroma or tumour mesenchyme, includes fibroblasts, immune cells, blood vessels and the extracellular matrix and substantially influences the initiation, growth and dissemination of gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the critical components of the tumour mesenchyme and not only provide physical support for epithelial cells but also are key functional regulators in cancer, promoting and retarding tumorigenesis in a context-dependent manner. In this Review, we outline the emerging understanding of gastrointestinal CAFs with a particular emphasis on their origin and heterogeneity, as well as their function in cancer cell proliferation, tumour immunity, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodelling and drug resistance. Moreover, we discuss the clinical implications of CAFs as biomarkers and potential targets for prevention and treatment of patients with gastrointestinal cancer.
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Itatani Y, Kawada K, Yamamoto T, Sakai Y. Resistance to Anti-Angiogenic Therapy in Cancer-Alterations to Anti-VEGF Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041232. [PMID: 29670046 PMCID: PMC5979390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapy is one of the promising strategies for many types of solid cancers. Bevacizumab (Avastin), a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A, was approved for the first time as an anti-angiogenic drug for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004. In addition, the other VEGF pathway inhibitors including small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (sunitinib, sorafenib, and pazopanib), a soluble VEGF decoy receptor (aflibercept), and a humanized monoclonal antibody of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) (ramucirumab) have been approved for cancer therapy. Although many types of VEGF pathway inhibitors can improve survival in most cancer patients, some patients have little or no beneficial effect from them. The primary or acquired resistance towards many oncological drugs, including anti-VEGF inhibitors, is a common problem in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the proposed alternative mechanisms of angiogenesis other than the VEGF pathway. These mechanisms are involved in the development of resistance to anti-VEGF therapies in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Itatani
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kawada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Takamasa Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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45
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Ma S, Pradeep S, Hu W, Zhang D, Coleman R, Sood A. The role of tumor microenvironment in resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. F1000Res 2018; 7:326. [PMID: 29560266 PMCID: PMC5854986 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11771.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapy has been demonstrated to increase progression-free survival in patients with many different solid cancers. Unfortunately, the benefit in overall survival is modest and the rapid emergence of drug resistance is a significant clinical problem. Over the last decade, several mechanisms have been identified to decipher the emergence of resistance. There is a multitude of changes within the tumor microenvironment (TME) in response to anti-angiogenic therapy that offers new therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we compile results from contemporary studies related to adaptive changes in the TME in the development of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. These include preclinical models of emerging resistance, dynamic changes in hypoxia signaling and stromal cells during treatment, and novel strategies to overcome resistance by targeting the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Ma
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Reproductive Medicine Research Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dikai Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Research Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China
| | - Robert Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Goodwin J, Choi H, Hsieh MH, Neugent ML, Ahn JM, Hayenga HN, Singh PK, Shackelford DB, Lee IK, Shulaev V, Dhar S, Takeda N, Kim JW. Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α/Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 1 Axis by Dichloroacetate Suppresses Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:216-231. [PMID: 28915065 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0186oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. Aberrantly activated myofibroblasts are the primary pathological driver of fibrotic progression, yet how various microenvironmental influences, such as hypoxia, contribute to their sustained activation and differentiation is poorly understood. As a defining feature of hypoxia is its impact on cellular metabolism, we sought to investigate how hypoxia-induced metabolic reprogramming affects myofibroblast differentiation and fibrotic progression, and to test the preclinical efficacy of targeting glycolytic metabolism for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrotic progression was evaluated in two independent, fibroblast-specific, promoter-driven, hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif) 1A knockout mouse models and in glycolytic inhibitor, dichloroacetate-treated mice. Genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to explicate the role of metabolic reprogramming in myofibroblast differentiation. Hypoxia significantly enhanced transforming growth factor-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation through HIF-1α, whereas overexpression of the critical HIF-1α-mediated glycolytic switch, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) was sufficient to activate glycolysis and potentiate myofibroblast differentiation, even in the absence of HIF-1α. Inhibition of the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis by genomic deletion of Hif1A or pharmacological inhibition of PDK1 significantly attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Our findings suggest that HIF-1α/PDK1-mediated glycolytic reprogramming is a critical metabolic alteration that acts to promote myofibroblast differentiation and fibrotic progression, and demonstrate that targeting glycolytic metabolism may prove to be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jung-Mo Ahn
- 2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and
| | - Heather N Hayenga
- 3 Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- 4 Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - David B Shackelford
- 5 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- 6 Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- 7 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Shanta Dhar
- 8 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,9 Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; and
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- 10 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Bone marrow-derived fibrocytes promote stem cell-like properties of lung cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2018; 421:17-27. [PMID: 29448000 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a minor population that have clonal tumor initiation and self-renewal capacity and are responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. CSCs reside in niches, which are composed of diverse types of stromal cells and extracellular matrix components. These stromal cells regulate CSC-like properties by providing secreted factors or by physical contact. Fibrocytes are differentiated from bone marrow-derived CD14+ monocytes and have features of both macrophages and fibroblasts. Accumulating evidence has suggested that stromal fibrocytes might promote cancer progression. However, the role of fibrocytes in the CSC niches has not been revealed. We herein report that human fibrocytes enhanced the CSC-like properties of lung cancer cells through secreted factors, including osteopontin, CC-chemokine ligand 18, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. The PIK3K/AKT pathway was critical for fibrocytes to mediate the CSC-like functions of lung cancer cells. In human lung cancer specimens, the number of tumor-infiltrated fibrocytes was correlated with high expression of CSC-associated protein in cancer cells. These results suggest that fibrocytes may be a novel cell population that regulates the CSC-like properties of lung cancer cells in the CSC niches.
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48
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Goto H, Nishioka Y. Fibrocytes: A Novel Stromal Cells to Regulate Resistance to Anti-Angiogenic Therapy and Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E98. [PMID: 29286323 PMCID: PMC5796048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An adequate blood supply is essential for cancer cells to survive and grow; thus, the concept of inhibiting tumor angiogenesis has been applied to cancer therapy, and several drugs are already in clinical use. It has been shown that treatment with those anti-angiogenic drugs improved the response rate and prolonged the survival of patients with various types of cancer; however, it is also true that the effect was mostly limited. Currently, the disappointing clinical results are explained by the existence of intrinsic or acquired resistance to the therapy mediated by both tumor cells and stromal cells. This article reviews the mechanisms of resistance mediated by stromal cells such as endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts and myeloid cells, with an emphasis on fibrocytes, which were recently identified as the cell type responsible for regulating acquired resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. In addition, the other emerging role of fibrocytes as mediator-producing cells in tumor progression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatsugu Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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49
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Comunanza V, Bussolino F. Therapy for Cancer: Strategy of Combining Anti-Angiogenic and Target Therapies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:101. [PMID: 29270405 PMCID: PMC5725406 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that blood supply is required and necessary for cancer growth and spreading is intuitive and was firstly formalized by Judah Folkman in 1971, when he demonstrated that cancer cells release molecules able to promote the proliferation of endothelial cells and the formation of new vessels. This seminal result has initiated one of the most fascinating story of the medicine, which is offering a window of opportunity for cancer treatment based on the use of molecules inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and in particular vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is the master gene in vasculature formation and is the commonest target of anti-angiogenic regimens. However, the clinical results are far from the remarkable successes obtained in pre-clinical models. The reasons of this discrepancy have been partially understood and well addressed in many reviews (Bergers and Hanahan, 2008; Bottsford-Miller et al., 2012; El-Kenawi and El-Remessy, 2013; Wang et al., 2015; Jayson et al., 2016). At present anti-angiogenic regimens are not used as single treatments but associated with standard chemotherapies. Based on emerging knowledge of the biology of VEGF, here we sustain the hypothesis of the efficacy of a dual approach based on targeting pro-angiogenic pathways and other druggable targets such as mutated oncogenes or the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Comunanza
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
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Arya K, Nair AS, Sudhakaran P. Identification of genes responsible for anti-VEGF resistance in tumor cells. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.24870/cjb.2017-a49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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