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Abstract
Mitochondria are cytosolic organelles essential for generating energy and maintaining cell homeostasis. Despite their critical function, the handful of proteins expressed by the mitochondrial genome is insufficient to maintain mitochondrial structure or activity. Accordingly, mitochondrial metabolism is fully dependent on factors encoded by the nuclear DNA, including many proteins synthesized in the cytosol and imported into mitochondria via established mechanisms. However, there is growing evidence that mammalian mitochondria can also import cytosolic noncoding RNA via poorly understood processes. Here, we summarize our knowledge of mitochondrial RNA, discuss recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms and functional impact of RNA import into mitochondria, and identify rising challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Mi Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Ji Heon Noh
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Kotb Abdelmohsen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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2
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Abstract
Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) perform protein synthesis inside mitochondria, the organelles responsible for energy conversion and adenosine triphosphate production in eukaryotic cells. Throughout evolution, mitoribosomes have become functionally specialized for synthesizing mitochondrial membrane proteins, and this has been accompanied by large changes to their structure and composition. We review recent high-resolution structural data that have provided unprecedented insight into the structure and function of mitoribosomes in mammals and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil J Greber
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland; .,*Present address: California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3220
| | - Nenad Ban
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
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3
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Architecture of the large subunit of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome. Nature 2013; 505:515-9. [PMID: 24362565 DOI: 10.1038/nature12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial ribosomes synthesize a number of highly hydrophobic proteins encoded on the genome of mitochondria, the organelles in eukaryotic cells that are responsible for energy conversion by oxidative phosphorylation. The ribosomes in mammalian mitochondria have undergone massive structural changes throughout their evolution, including ribosomal RNA shortening and acquisition of mitochondria-specific ribosomal proteins. Here we present the three-dimensional structure of the 39S large subunit of the porcine mitochondrial ribosome determined by cryo-electron microscopy at 4.9 Å resolution. The structure, combined with data from chemical crosslinking and mass spectrometry experiments, reveals the unique features of the 39S subunit at near-atomic resolution and provides detailed insight into the architecture of the polypeptide exit site. This region of the mitochondrial ribosome has been considerably remodelled compared to its bacterial counterpart, providing a specialized platform for the synthesis and membrane insertion of the highly hydrophobic protein components of the respiratory chain.
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Smirnov A, Entelis N, Martin RP, Tarassov I. Biological significance of 5S rRNA import into human mitochondria: role of ribosomal protein MRP-L18. Genes Dev 2011; 25:1289-305. [PMID: 21685364 DOI: 10.1101/gad.624711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
5S rRNA is an essential component of ribosomes of all living organisms, the only known exceptions being mitochondrial ribosomes of fungi, animals, and some protists. An intriguing situation distinguishes mammalian cells: Although the mitochondrial genome contains no 5S rRNA genes, abundant import of the nuclear DNA-encoded 5S rRNA into mitochondria was reported. Neither the detailed mechanism of this pathway nor its rationale was clarified to date. In this study, we describe an elegant molecular conveyor composed of a previously identified human 5S rRNA import factor, rhodanese, and mitochondrial ribosomal protein L18, thanks to which 5S rRNA molecules can be specifically withdrawn from the cytosolic pool and redirected to mitochondria, bypassing the classic nucleolar reimport pathway. Inside mitochondria, the cytosolic 5S rRNA is shown to be associated with mitochondrial ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Smirnov
- "Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie" (GMGM), Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, France
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5
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Moraes CT, Srivastava S, Kirkinezos I, Oca-Cossio J, van Waveren C, Woischnick M, Diaz F. Mitochondrial DNA structure and function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 53:3-23. [PMID: 12512335 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(02)53002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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6
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Abstract
Evidence for the existence of a vertebrate mitochondrial genome first arose over 30 years ago. Application of emerging techniques of molecular biology established the structure of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as a small closed-circular species. The ability to purify these mtDNAs to a high degree facilitated studies on the overall replication and expression pattern of the genome. With the acquisition of the genomic sequences of human and mouse mtDNAs, it was possible to infer the genetic organization and some of the genes contained therein, as well as providing a basis for developing strategies to assign important regulatory elements involved in mtDNA replication and transcription. This, in turn, presented the opportunity to identify nucleus-encoded proteins that target to mtDNA and, in doing so, determine the replication and expression modes of the genome. Vertebrate cells, in general, need mtDNA due to the requirements for maintaining a functional oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Depression of mtDNA content or mutations in mtDNA can result in metabolic dysfunction severe enough, in some cases, to result in human lethality. The emergence of mouse models for human mitochondrial diseases should provide the experimental context to understand the full role of mtDNA in different cells, tissues, and organs; the control of organelle biogenesis; and the development of therapeutic strategies for treatment of mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Clayton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789, USA
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Taanman JW. The mitochondrial genome: structure, transcription, translation and replication. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1410:103-23. [PMID: 10076021 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(98)00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1053] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in cellular energy provision. The organelles contain their own genome with a modified genetic code. The mammalian mitochondrial genome is transmitted exclusively through the female germ line. The human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a double-stranded, circular molecule of 16569 bp and contains 37 genes coding for two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and 13 polypeptides. The mtDNA-encoded polypeptides are all subunits of enzyme complexes of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Mitochondria are not self-supporting entities but rely heavily for their functions on imported nuclear gene products. The basic mechanisms of mitochondrial gene expression have been solved. Cis-acting mtDNA sequences have been characterised by sequence comparisons, mapping studies and mutation analysis both in vitro and in patients harbouring mtDNA mutations. Characterisation of trans-acting factors has proven more difficult but several key enzymes involved in mtDNA replication, transcription and protein synthesis have now been biochemically identified and some have been cloned. These studies revealed that, although some factors may have an additional function elsewhere in the cell, most are unique to mitochondria. It is expected that cell cultures of patients with mitochondrial diseases will increasingly be used to address fundamental questions about mtDNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Taanman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, University of London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF,
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Enriquez JA, Chomyn A, Attardi G. MtDNA mutation in MERRF syndrome causes defective aminoacylation of tRNA(Lys) and premature translation termination. Nat Genet 1995; 10:47-55. [PMID: 7647790 DOI: 10.1038/ng0595-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the pathogenetic mechanism of the mitochondrial tRNA(Lys) gene mutation (position 8344) associated with MERRF encephalomyopathy in several mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-less cell transformants carrying the mutation and in control cells. A decrease of 50-60% in the specific tRNA(Lys) aminoacylation capacity per cell was found in mutant cells. Furthermore, several lines of evidence reveal that the severe protein synthesis impairment in MERRF mutation-carrying cells is due to premature termination of translation at each or near each lysine codon, with the deficiency of aminoacylated tRNA(Lys) being the most likely cause of this phenomenon.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- DNA, Mitochondrial
- Humans
- Lysine/metabolism
- MERRF Syndrome/genetics
- Methionine/metabolism
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mutation
- NADH Dehydrogenase/biosynthesis
- Oxygen Consumption
- Peptide Chain Termination, Translational
- Protein Biosynthesis
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/metabolism
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Transformation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Enriquez
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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Yoshionari S, Koike T, Yokogawa T, Nishikawa K, Ueda T, Miura K, Watanabe K. Existence of nuclear-encoded 5S-rRNA in bovine mitochondria. FEBS Lett 1994; 338:137-42. [PMID: 7508404 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A number of proteins functioning in mitochondria are synthesized in the cytoplasm and imported into the mitochondria via specific transport systems. In mammals, on the contrary, mitochondrial membranes have generally been considered to be impermeable to nucleic acids. However, here we show that an RNA with 120 nucleotides, the sequence of which is identical to that of the nuclear-encoded 5S RNA, exists in bovine mitochondria, although the mitochondrial genome encodes no 5S RNA gene. This RNA molecule was found to be retained in purified bovine mitochondria as well as in the mitoplasts, even after extensive treatment with an RNase, demonstrating that the 5S RNA is actually located inside the mitochondrial inner membrane. The 5S rRNA molecule was also shown to exist in mitochondria from rabbit and chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshionari
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Abstract
Supercoiled mtDNAs were isolated from tobacco suspension culture cells and three of the smallest size classes (10.1, 20.2 and 30.3 kb) were characterized through denaturation, heteroduplex and restriction mapping. The 20.2 molecule was found to be a head-to-tail dimer of the 10.1 or X size class, while the 30.3 kb size class was found to contain two kinds of molecules, a head-to-tail trimer of X (X3) and a second molecule, ABC. X and ABC had a 118 +/- 35 bp region of homology, and both size classes shared a degree of homology with at least one other size class. Restriction maps of both the X and ABC molecules are presented and the possible origin and role of the many plant mtDNA size classes are discussed.
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12
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Wiseman A, Attardi G. Cytoplasmically determined human cell mutants defective in mitochondrial ribosome assembly. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1982; 186:364-71. [PMID: 6181374 DOI: 10.1007/bf00729455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Eperon IC, Anderson S, Nierlich DP. Distinctive sequence of human mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes. Nature 1980; 286:460-7. [PMID: 6157106 DOI: 10.1038/286460a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence spanning the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of cloned human mitochondrial DNA reveals an extremely compact genome organization wherein the putative tRNA genes are probably 'butt-jointed' around the two rRNA genes. The sequences of the rRNA genes are significantly homologous in some regions to eukaryotic and prokaryotic sequences, but distinctive; the tRNA genes also have unusual nucleotide sequences. It seems that human mitochondria did not originate from recognizable relatives of present day organisms.
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Attardi G, Costantino P, Lynch D, Mitchel C, Murphy W, Ojala D. Molecular and genetic approaches to the analysis of the informational content of the mitochondrial genome in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1977; 14:151-64. [PMID: 854029 DOI: 10.1007/bf01734179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory has been involved in the last few years in investigations aiming at analysing by molecular approaches the informational content of the mitochondrial genome in mammalian cells and the mechanisms and control of its expression, H eLa cells and other mammalian cell lines have been utilized for these studies. These investigations, as well as work carried out in other laboratories, have yielded a considerable amount of information concerning the mechanism, products and regulation of transcription of mitochondrial DNA (mit-DNA), the apparatus and products of mitochondria-specific protein synthesis in animal cells, and the number and topology of the sites on mit-DNA which code for the primary gene products identified so far. It is the purpose of the present report to summarize the latest observations in this area, as well as some recent results on the isolation and characterization of chloramphenicol-resistant variants of a human cell line. Reference is made to previous review articles 1,2,3 for the earlier work.
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17
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Ibrahim NG, Burke JP, Beattie DS. The Sensitivity of Rat Liver and Yeast Mitochondrial Ribosomes to Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Nilsson MO, Hultin T. Characteristics and intracellular distribution of messengerlike RNA in encysted embryos of Artemia salina. Dev Biol 1974; 38:138-49. [PMID: 4596871 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(74)90264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Ojala D, Attardi G. Expression of the mitochondrial genome in HeLa cells. XIX. Occurrence in mitochondria of polyadenylic acid sequences, "free" and covalently linked to mitochondrial DNA-coded RNA. J Mol Biol 1974; 82:151-74. [PMID: 4816652 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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de Vries H, Koogh-Schuuring RVD. Physicochemical characteristics of isolated 55-S mitochondrial ribosomes from rat-liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 54:308-14. [PMID: 4741570 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Brownlee GG, Cartwright EM, Cowan NJ, Jarvis JM, Milstein C. Purification and sequence of messenger RNA for immunoglobulin light chains. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 244:236-40. [PMID: 4516600 DOI: 10.1038/newbio244236a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Keyhani E. Ribosomal granules associated with outer mitochondrial membrane in aerobic yeast cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1973; 58:480-4. [PMID: 4729509 PMCID: PMC2109043 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.58.2.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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24
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25
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Towers NR, Kellerman GM, Linnane AW. Competition between non-inhibitory antibiotics and inhibitory antibiotics for binding by rat liver mitochondrial ribosomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 155:159-66. [PMID: 4712444 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(73)80018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Perlman S, Abelson HT, Penman S. Mitochondrial protein synthesis: RNA with the properties of Eukaryotic messenger RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:350-3. [PMID: 4510280 PMCID: PMC433256 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.2.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A heterogeneous RNA fraction with properties resembling those of messenger RNA was identified in mammalian mitochondria. Synthesis of contaminating RNA of nuclear origin was suppressed by treatment with camptothecin. Labeling of the messenger-like RNA is completely inhibited by ethidium bromide, a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial functions.Although mitochondrial protein synthesis resembles that of prokaryotes in several regards, the messenger-like RNA is covalently linked to poly(adenylic acid) [poly(A)]. Poly(A) has thus far been found only in eukaryotic cells. The poly(A) segment has a gel electrophoretic mobility of about 4 S, corresponding to a length of 50-80 nucleotides, and thus resembles in size the poly(A) found in some mammalian viral RNAs. The messenger RNA can be released from the mitochondrial protein-synthesizing structure by treatment with puromycin.
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27
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28
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Vignais PV, Stevens BJ, Huet J, André J. Mitoribosomes from Candida utilis. Morphological, physical, and chemical characterization of the monomer form and of its subunits. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1972; 54:468-92. [PMID: 5044756 PMCID: PMC2200280 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.54.3.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly purified mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) have been obtained from the yeast Candida utilis. Sedimentation analysis in sucrose gradients made in 5 mM MgCl(2), 1 mM Tris, pH 7.4 and 50 mM KCl clearly distinguishes mitoribosomes (72S) from cytoplasmic ribosomes (cytoribosomes) (78S). Mitoribosomes are completely dissociated into 50S and 36S subunits at 10(-4)M MgCl(2) whereas complete dissociation of cytoribosomes into 61S and 37S subunits occurs only at 10(-6)M MgCl(2) Electron microscopy of negatively stained mitoribosomes (72S peak) shows bipartite profiles, about 265 x 210 x 200 A Characteristic views are interpreted as frontal, dorsal, and lateral projections of the particles, the latter is observed in two enantiomorphic forms Mitoribosome 50S subunits display rounded profiles bearing a conspicuous knoblike projection, reminiscent of the large bacterial subunit. The 36S subunits show a variety of angular profiles. Mitoribosomal subunits are subject to artifactual dimerization at high Mg(2+) concentration Under these conditions, a supplementary 80S peak arises. Electron microscopic observation of the 80S peak reveals closely paired particles of the 50S type Buoyant density determinations after glutaraldehyde fixation show a single peak at rho = 1.48 for mitoribosomes and 1.53 for cytoribosomes In the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), two species of RNA, 21S and 16S, are obtained from mitoribosomes, while 25S and 17S RNA are obtained from cytoribosomes It is established that the small and large RNA species are derived from the 36S and 50S subunits, respectively, by extraction of the RNA from each subunit The G + C content of the RNA is lower for mitoribosomes (33%) than for cytoribosomes (50%). Incubation of C utilis mitochondria with leucine-(14)C results in the labeling of 72S mitoribosomes. The leucine-(14)C incorporation is inhibited by chloramphenicol and resistant to cycloheximide Puromycin strips the incorporated radioactivity from the 72S mitoribosomes, which is consistent with the view that leucine-(14)C is incorporated into nascent polypeptide chains at the level of mitoribosomes
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30
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Williams KL, Birt LM. Sensitivity to erythromycin of mitochondrial protein synthesis in isolated flight muscle mitochondria of the blowfly lucilia. FEBS Lett 1972; 22:327-329. [PMID: 11946629 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K L. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, School of General Studies, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, 2600, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia
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31
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O'Brien TW. Occurrence of active 80 S ribosomes in subcellular particles in the mitochondrial fraction of fetal bovine liver. J Cell Biol 1972; 53:590-4. [PMID: 5025114 PMCID: PMC2108728 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.53.2.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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32
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Wengler G, Scherrer K. Ribonucleoprotein particles in HeLa cells. The contamination of the postmitochondrial-cytoplasmic fraction from HeLa cells with ribonucleoprotein particles of mitochondrial origin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 24:477-84. [PMID: 5058596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb19709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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33
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Brega A, Baglioni C. A study of mitochondrial protein synthesis in intact HeLa cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 22:415-22. [PMID: 5132192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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34
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Kleinow W, Neupert W. The mitochondrial ribosome from Locusta migratoria: Dissociation into subunits. FEBS Lett 1971; 15:359-364. [PMID: 11945883 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(71)80334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Kleinow
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie und Physikalische Biochemie der Universität München, Germany
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35
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Baglioni C, Bleiberg I, Zauderer M. Assembly of membrane-bound polyribosomes. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 232:8-12. [PMID: 5284428 DOI: 10.1038/newbio232008a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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36
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Coote JL, Rabbitts TH, Work TS. The mitochondrial ribosome of baby-hamster kidney cells. Biochem J 1971; 123:279-81. [PMID: 5166685 PMCID: PMC1176934 DOI: 10.1042/bj1230279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- T H. Rabbitts
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, NW7 1AA, London, England
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