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SONG YIJIN, CHEN JING, YI ZHUWEN, DANG XIQIANG, CHENG DEHUA, WU XIAOCHUAN, TAN YUEQIU. Genetic analysis of a 12-year-old boy with X-linked ichthyosis in association with sclerosing glomerulonephritis. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1183-7. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Marcos J, Craig WY, Palomaki GE, Kloza EM, Haddow JE, Roberson M, Bradley LA, Shackleton CHL. Maternal urine and serum steroid measurements to identify steroid sulfatase deficiency (STSD) in second trimester pregnancies. Prenat Diagn 2009; 29:771-80. [PMID: 19418464 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document the performance of second trimester maternal urine and serum steroid measurements for detecting fetal steroid sulfatase deficiency (STSD). METHODS We studied detection rate and false positive rate (DR, FPR) of analytes in maternal urine [combinations of 16alpha-OH-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16alpha-OH-DHEAS), 11beta-hydroxyandrosterone, total estriol] and serum [combinations of 16alpha-OH-DHEAS, 11beta-hydroxyandrosterone, total estriol, unconjugated estriol (uE3)]. Samples were obtained from pregnancies which were screen positive for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS). RESULTS Among 1 079 301 pregnancies, 3083 (0.29%) were screen positive for SLOS. Urine and/or serum samples were available from 917 viable pregnancies with known gender. We assigned likelihood ratios (LRs) to steroid measurements from male fetuses with known STSD and unaffected female fetuses. An LR > or = 100 was present in urine from 84 of 86 STSD pregnancies (98% DR, 95% CI 92-99), along with 0 of 198 pregnancies with normal female fetuses (0.0% FPR, CI 0-1.9). LRs were > or = 100 in 4 of 129 female fetuses with major abnormalities (3% FPR). In maternal serum, steroid measurements performed less effectively, achieving a 71% DR for STSD at a 1.6% FPR. CONCLUSION Maternal urine steroid measurements are effective for detecting STSD, including those with point mutations and those with full deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Marcos
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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Cuevas-Covarrubias SA, González-Huerta LM. Analysis of the VCX3A, VCX2 and VCX3B genes shows that VCX3A gene deletion is not sufficient to result in mental retardation in X-linked ichthyosis. Br J Dermatol 2007; 158:483-6. [PMID: 18076704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked ichthyosis (XLI), an inborn error of metabolism, is due to steroid sulphatase (STS) deficiency. Most patients with XLI harbour complete deletion of the STS gene and flanking sequences. The presence of low copy number repeats on either side of the STS gene seems to have a major role in the high frequency of these deletions. Some patients with XLI with terminal deletions of Xp22.3 involving marker DXS1139 and the STS gene show mental retardation (MR); VCX3A is the only gene located on this critical region. OBJECTIVES To analyse the VCX3A, VCX, VCX2 and VCX3B genes in 80 unrelated Mexican patients with XLI with normal intelligence. METHODS STS activity was measured in the leucocytes using 7-[3H]-dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate as a substrate. Amplification of the regions from telomeric DXS89 to centromeric DXS1134 including both extremes of the STS and the VCX3A, VCX, VCX2 and VCX3B genes was performed using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS No STS activity was detected in the patients with XLI (0.00 pmol mg(-1) protein h(-1)). We observed two different deletion patterns: the first group included 62 patients with deletion of VCX3A and VCX genes. The second group included 18 patients with breakpoints at several regions on either side of the STS gene not including the VCX3A gene. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that more complex mechanisms, apart from possible VCX3A gene participation, are occurring in the genesis of MR in XLI, at least in the sample of Mexican patients analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cuevas-Covarrubias
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital General de México, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr Balmis 148, Col. Doctores C.P. 06726, México D.F., Mexico.
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Mochel F, Missirian C, Reynaud R, Moncla A. Normal intelligence and social interactions in a male patient despite the deletion of NLGN4X and the VCX genes. Eur J Med Genet 2007; 51:68-73. [PMID: 18194880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Xp22.3 deletion in males can be associated with short stature (SHOX), chondrodysplasia punctata (ARSE), mental retardation (MRX49 locus), ichthyosis (STS), Kallmann syndrome (KAL1) and ocular albinism (OA1), according to the size of the deletion. Studies of terminal and interstitial deletions in male patients with a partial nullisomy of the X chromosome have led to the identification of the VCX-3A gene at the MRX49 locus on Xp22.3. The NLGN4X gene has then been identified less than 350 kb away from VCX-3A. Nonsense mutations in NLGN4X have been associated with autism and/or moderate mental retardation in males. We report a 17-year old male patient presenting with severe ichthyosis and Kallmann syndrome related to a 3.7 Mb interstitial Xp22.3 deletion, encompassing STS and KAL1 genes, respectively. However, despite the deletion of NLGN4X and all VCX genes, including VCX-3A, our patient did not manifest any learning disabilities or behavioural problems. Therefore, our case argues against a major role of NLGN4X and the VCX genes alone in cognitive development and/or communication processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mochel
- INSERM U679, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Macarov M, Zeigler M, Newman JP, Strich D, Sury V, Tennenbaum A, Meiner V. Deletions of VCX-A and NLGN4: a variable phenotype including normal intellect. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2007; 51:329-33. [PMID: 17391250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Xp22.3 interstitial and terminal deletions have been shown to be affected by intellectual disability (ID) or autism. Previously, VCX-A (variably charged protein X-A), located at Xp22.3, was introduced as a gene for ID and its presence was suggested to be sufficient to maintain normal mental development. Recent reports suggest that mutations in NLGN4 (neuroligin 4), located at that same region, are involved in autistic disorders and ID. METHODS In the current case study, we clinically and molecularly describe a pedigree of three generations affected by contiguous gene syndrome that includes features of X-linked ichthyosis and Kallmann syndrome. RESULTS Molecular analysis revealed the presence of an interstitial deletion spanning approximately 4.5Mb at Xp22.3. The centromeric breakpoint was localized between markers DXS1467 and DXS8051, proximal to KAL-1. The telomeric breakpoint was localized between markers DXS89 and DXS1060, distal to NLGN4. The deletion of VCX-A and NLGN4 in this family prompted us to examine the cognitive functions of our two adult patients using comprehensive intellectual and neurocognitive assessment. Normal intellectual function was found in one patient and mild ID was revealed in the other. Neither patient met any Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition criteria for a pervasive developmental disorder such as autism. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that deletion of VCX-A and NLGN4 can result in variable phenotypic features and that normal mental development can be achieved despite this deletion, emphasizing the importance of environmental factors and possible modifier genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Macarov
- Department of Human Genetics, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School and Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Melichar VO, Guth S, Hellebrand H, Meindl A, von der Hardt K, Kraus C, Trautmann U, Rascher W, Rauch A, Zenker M. A male infant with a 9.6 Mb terminal Xp deletion including theOA1 locus: Limit of viability of Xp deletions in males. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:135-41. [PMID: 17163525 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Males with deletions of or within Xp22.3-pter display variable contiguous gene syndromes including manifestations of Léri-Weill syndrome, chondrodysplasia punctata, mental retardation, ichthyosis, Kallmann syndrome, and ocular albinism. Herein, we report on a male infant with a large, cytogenetically visible, terminal Xp deletion defined by extensive FISH and STS marker analysis to encompass 9.6 Mb, and findings of all of the disorders mentioned above. His deletion approximates the largest Xp terminal deletion ever reported in a male individual. Since the extent of terminal Xp deletions viable in males is limited by the position of male lethal genes in Xp22.2 at about 10-11 Mb from the telomere, this patient falls into the category of the most severe male terminal Xp deletion phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker O Melichar
- Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Chocholska S, Rossier E, Barbi G, Kehrer-Sawatzki H. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of a familial interstitial deletion Xp22.2-22.3 with a highly variable phenotype in female carriers. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:604-10. [PMID: 16470742 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe a familial interstitial deletion of 7.7-Mb involving Xp22.2-22.3. The deletion was transmitted from an asymptomatic mother to her two children with severe developmental delay, no speech development and autistic behavior. Assessment of the deletion boundaries by FISH and PCR analyses indicated that the deletions encompasses 27 genes. Several of these genes are associated with known disorders, like KAL1 (Kallmann syndrome), steroid sulfatase (STS) (X-linked ichtyosis), and arylsulfatase E (ARSE) (chondrodysplasia punctata). The deletion also includes all four VCX genes (VCX-A, VCX-B1, VCX-B, and VCX-C) and the neuroligin 4 (NLGN4) gene. VCX-A deficiency has been shown previously to be associated with mental retardation and NLGN4 mutations lead to mental retardation in conjunction with autism. Functional deficiency of both MRX genes, VCX-A and NLGN4, are most likely associated with the impaired cognitive development of the patients described here. The phenotype associated with the Xp deletion was highly variable in female carriers and might be attributed to unfavorable X inactivation. However, all the 27 genes included in the deleted interval escape X inactivation and are expressed at variable levels from the normal X chromosome. Thus, the overall X inactivation pattern and inter-individual expression variability of the genes in distal Xp might be determinants of the phenotype associated with the deletion.
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Tan YM, Loke KY. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RQ-PCR) for the Rapid Detection of SHOX Haploinsufficiency in Leri-Weill Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 14:247-9. [PMID: 16319696 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000177794.27841.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The short stature homeobox-containing (SHOX) gene, found on the human sex chromosomes, has a role in bone growth and height determination. Haploinsufficiency of the SHOX gene is believed to be responsible for poor growth such as that observed in ther Leri-Weill syndrome (LWS). This is the first report of the study of SHOX gene copy number by the technique of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) in 9 patients with LWS. Only 7 patients (78%) of LWS had one copy of the SHOX gene deleted, but 2 patients (12%) have neither a single copy gene deletion nor point mutation after direct sequencing of all 7 exons. Although the majority of patients with LWS in this study have SHOX gene haploinsufficiency, there are some patients with both copies of the SHOX gene intact with absence of any point mutations in the coding region. This may be due to abnormalities in the upstream promoter, or to the effect of other candidate gene mutations. RQ-PCR is a faster and cheaper method of studying SHOX sing-copy deletions compared with the conventional fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and is recommended for the detection of SHOX gene haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen-Ming Tan
- Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Morleo M, Pramparo T, Perone L, Gregato G, Le Caignec C, Mueller RF, Ogata T, Raas-Rothschild A, de Blois MC, Wilson LC, Zaidman G, Zuffardi O, Ballabio A, Franco B. Microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS) syndrome: Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization of 11 cases. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 137:190-8. [PMID: 16059943 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS) syndrome (MIM 309801) is a severe and rare developmental disorder, which is inherited as an X-linked dominant trait with male lethality. In the vast majority of patients, this syndrome is associated with terminal deletion of the Xp22.3 region. Thirty-five cases have been described to date in the literature since the first description of the syndrome in the early 1990s. We now report on the clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization of 11 patients, 7 of whom have not been described previously. Seven of these patients have chromosomal abnormalities of the short arm of the X-chromosome, which were characterized and defined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Intriguingly, one of the patients displays an interstitial Xp22.3 deletion, which to the best of our knowledge is the first reported for this condition. Finally we report on the identification and molecular characterization of four cases with clinical features of MLS but apparently normal karyotypes, verified by FISH analysis using genomic clones spanning the MLS minimal critical region, and with genome-wide analysis using a 1 Mb resolution BAC microarray. These patients made it possible to undertake mutation screening of candidate genes and may prove critical for the identification of the gene responsible for this challenging and intriguing genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Morleo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Martinez-Garay I, Jablonka S, Sutajova M, Steuernagel P, Gal A, Kutsche K. A new gene family (FAM9) of low-copy repeats in Xp22.3 expressed exclusively in testis: implications for recombinations in this region. Genomics 2002; 80:259-67. [PMID: 12213195 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2002.6834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Illegitimate recombinations between low-copy repetitive elements (LCR) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various chromosomal rearrangements. Two such duplicons have been reported previously on Xp22.3, the CRI-S232 elements, involved in the generation of deletions in the steroidsulfatase gene and five members of the G1.3 (DXF22S) repetitive sequence family. By molecular characterization of an Xp22/10q24 translocation, we identified one duplicon of the G1.3 family in the breakpoint region in Xp22.3. We show that G1.3 elements harbor at least three expressed genes, FAM9A, FAM9B, and FAM9C, and three putative pseudogenes, all mapped to Xp22.33-p22.31. The deduced amino acid sequence of the three novel proteins shows homology to SYCP3, a component of the synaptonemal complex located along the paired chromosomes during meiosis. FAM9A, FAM9B, and FAM9C are expressed exclusively in testis; their proteins are located in the nucleus, and FAM9A localizes to the nucleolus. The presence of genes within duplicons may represent putative recombination-promoting factors for actively transcribed genes in meiotic cells, with the resulting open chromatin structure facilitating unequal crossing-over events and chromosomal rearrangements.
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Oetting WS. New insights into ocular albinism type 1 (OA1): Mutations and polymorphisms of the OA1 gene. Hum Mutat 2002; 19:85-92. [PMID: 11793467 DOI: 10.1002/humu.10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Albinism ocular type 1 (OA1) is an X-linked type of albinism that mainly effects pigment production in the eye, resulting in hypopigmentation of the retina, nystagmus, strabismus, foveal hypoplasia, abnormal crossing of the optic fibers, and reduced visual acuity. The OA1 gene is located on chromosome Xp22.32 and the coding sequence is divided into nine exons. The protein is an integral transmembrane protein that has weak similarities to G protein-coupled receptors. A total of 25 missense, two nonsense, nine frameshift, and five splicing mutations have been reported in the OA1 gene associated with OA1. There are also several deletions of some or all exons of the OA1 gene with deletions of exon 2 resulting from unequal crossing-over, due to flanking Alu repeats. Mutation and polymorphism data on this gene is available from the International Albinism Center - Albinism Database web site (http://www.cbc.umn.edu/tad).
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Oetting
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Bernasconi S, Mariani S, Falcinelli C, Milioli S, Iughetti L, Forabosco A. SHOX gene in Leri-Weill syndrome and in idiopathic short stature. J Endocrinol Invest 2001; 24:737-41. [PMID: 11716161 DOI: 10.1007/bf03343919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Bernasconi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Parma, OORR, Italy.
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Valdes-Flores M, Kofman-Alfaro SH, Vaca AL, Cuevas-Covarrubias SA. Deletion of exons 1-5 of the STS gene causing X-linked ichthyosis. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:456-8. [PMID: 11231321 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
X-linked ichthyosis is an inherited disorder due to steroid sulfatase deficiency. It is clinically characterized by dark, adhesive, and regular scales of the skin. Most X-linked ichthyosis patients present large deletions of the STS gene and flanking markers; a minority show a point mutation or partial deletion of the STS gene. In this study we analyzed the STS gene in a family with simultaneous occurrence of X-linked ichthyosis and ichthyosis vulgaris. X-linked ichthyosis diagnosis was confirmed through steroid sulfatase assay in leukocytes using 7-[3H]-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate as a substrate. Exons 1, 2, 5, and 6-10, and the 5' flanking markers DXS1130, DXS1139, and DXS996 of the STS gene were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. X-linked ichthyosis patients of the family (n = 4 males) had undetectable levels of STS activity (0.00 pmol per mg protein per h). The DNA analysis showed that only exons 6-10 and the 5' flanking markers of the STS gene were present. We report the first partial deletion of the STS gene spanning exons 1-5 in X-linked ichthyosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valdes-Flores
- Servicio de Genetica, Instituto Nacional de Ortopedia and Servicio de Genetica, Hospital General de Mexico, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico D.F., Mexico
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Amir RE, Van Den Veyver IB, Schultz R, Malicki DM, Tran CQ, Dahle EJ, Philippi A, Timar L, Percy AK, Motil KJ, Lichtarge O, O'Brian Smith E, Glaze DG, Zoghbi HY. Influence of mutation type and X chromosome inactivation on Rett syndrome phenotypes. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(200005)47:5<670::aid-ana20>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jakubiczka S, Mitulla B, Liehr T, Arnemann J, Lehrach H, Sudbrak R, Stumm M, Wieacker PF, Bettecken T. Incidental prenatal detection of an Xp deletion using an anonymous primer pair for fetal sexing. Prenat Diagn 2000; 20:842-6. [PMID: 11038467 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0223(200010)20:10<842::aid-pd915>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on the incidental prenatal detection of an interstitial X-chromosomal deletion in a male fetus and his mother by fetal sexing with a primer pair recognizing an X-Y homologous locus (DXYS19), formerly unassigned on the X chromosome. The proband asked for prenatal diagnosis because of her elevated age and risk of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Prior to molecular genetic testing for DMD, fetal sexing was carried out on DNA prepared from cultured amniocytes. PCR analysis revealed the expected Y-chromosomal product, but did not show the constitutive X-chromosomal fragment. The absence of the X-chromosomal fragment in the fetus and on one X chromosome of the mother was confirmed by Southern hybridization of HindIII restricted DNA with probe pJA1165 (DXYS19). DXYS19X was mapped to Xp22.3 by combining several approaches, including: (1) analysis of somatic cell hybrid lines containing different fragments of the human X chromosome; (2) Southern hybridization of a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)-filter panel provided by the Resource Center/Primary Database (RZPD); (3) FISH analysis; and (4) re-evaluation of two patients with interstitial deletions in Xp22.3. The extent of the deletion in the fetus was estimated by further markers from Xp22.3 and found to include the STS gene. Mental retardation could not be excluded since some mentally retarded patients exhibit overlapping deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jakubiczka
- Institute of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Fukami M, Kirsch S, Schiller S, Richter A, Benes V, Franco B, Muroya K, Rao E, Merker S, Niesler B, Ballabio A, Ansorge W, Ogata T, Rappold GA. A member of a gene family on Xp22.3, VCX-A, is deleted in patients with X-linked nonspecific mental retardation. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:563-73. [PMID: 10903929 PMCID: PMC1287516 DOI: 10.1086/303047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2000] [Accepted: 06/23/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked nonspecific mental retardation (MRX) has a frequency of 0.15% in the male population and is caused by defects in several different genes on the human X chromosome. Genotype-phenotype correlations in male patients with a partial nullisomy of the X chromosome have suggested that at least one locus involved in MRX is on Xp22.3. Previous deletion mapping has shown that this gene resides between markers DXS1060 and DXS1139, a region encompassing approximately 1.5 Mb of DNA. Analyzing the DNA of 15 males with Xp deletions, we were able to narrow this MRX critical interval to approximately 15 kb of DNA. Only one gene, VCX-A (variably charged, X chromosome mRNA on CRI-S232A), was shown to reside in this interval. Because of a variable number of tandem 30-bp repeats in the VCX-A gene, the size of the predicted protein is 186-226 amino acids. VCX-A belongs to a gene family containing at least four nearly identical paralogues on Xp22.3 (VCX-A, -B, -B1, and -C) and two on Yq11.2 (VCY-D, VCY-E), suggesting that the X and Y copies were created by duplication events. We have found that VCX-A is retained in all patients with normal intelligence and is deleted in all patients with mental retardation. There is no correlation between the presence or absence of VCX-B1, -B, and VCX-C and mental status in our patients. These results suggest that VCX-A is sufficient to maintain normal mental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Fukami
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Stefan Kirsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Simone Schiller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Alexandra Richter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Brunella Franco
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Koji Muroya
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Ercole Rao
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Sabine Merker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Beate Niesler
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Wilhelm Ansorge
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Gudrun A. Rappold
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
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Ross JL, Roeltgen D, Kushner H, Wei F, Zinn AR. The Turner syndrome-associated neurocognitive phenotype maps to distal Xp. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:672-81. [PMID: 10931762 PMCID: PMC1287527 DOI: 10.1086/303039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2000] [Accepted: 06/29/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) is associated with a characteristic neurocognitive profile that includes impaired visuospatial/perceptual abilities. We used a molecular approach to identify a critical region of the X chromosome for neurocognitive aspects of TS. Partial deletions of Xp in 34 females were mapped by FISH or by loss of heterozygosity of polymorphic markers. Discriminant function analysis optimally identified the TS-associated neurocognitive phenotype. Only subjects missing approximately 10 Mb of distal Xp manifested the specified neurocognitive profile. The phenotype was seen with either paternally or maternally inherited deletions and with either complete or incomplete skewing of X inactivation. Fine mapping of informative deletions implicated a critical region of <2 Mb within the pseudoautosomal region (PAR1). We conclude that haploinsufficiency of PAR1 gene(s) is the basis for susceptibility to the TS neurocognitive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith L. Ross
- Thomas Jefferson University and Biomedical Computer Research Institute, Philadelphia; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine at Hershey, Neurology Department, Hershey, PA; and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas
| | - David Roeltgen
- Thomas Jefferson University and Biomedical Computer Research Institute, Philadelphia; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine at Hershey, Neurology Department, Hershey, PA; and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas
| | - Harvey Kushner
- Thomas Jefferson University and Biomedical Computer Research Institute, Philadelphia; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine at Hershey, Neurology Department, Hershey, PA; and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas
| | - Fanglin Wei
- Thomas Jefferson University and Biomedical Computer Research Institute, Philadelphia; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine at Hershey, Neurology Department, Hershey, PA; and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas
| | - Andrew R. Zinn
- Thomas Jefferson University and Biomedical Computer Research Institute, Philadelphia; Pennsylvania State College of Medicine at Hershey, Neurology Department, Hershey, PA; and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas
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19
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Buchner G, Orfanelli U, Quaderi N, Bassi MT, Andolfi G, Ballabio A, Franco B. Identification of a new EGF-repeat-containing gene from human Xp22: a candidate for developmental disorders. Genomics 2000; 65:16-23. [PMID: 10777661 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeat-containing proteins constitute an expanding family of proteins involved in several cellular activities such as blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, cell adhesion, and neural and vertebrate development. By using a bioinformatic approach, we have identified a new member of this family named MAEG (MAM- and EGF-containing gene; HGMW-approved gene symbol and gene name). Sequence analysis indicates that MAEG encodes a secreted protein characterized by the presence of five EGF repeats, three of which display a Ca(2+)-binding consensus sequence. In addition, a MAM domain is also present at the C-terminus of the predicted protein product. The human and murine full-length cDNAs were identified and mapped to human Xp22 and to the mouse syntenic region. Northern analysis indicates that MAEG is expressed early during development. Taken together, these data render MAEG a candidate for human and murine developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Buchner
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), San Raffaele Biomedical Science Park, Milan, 20132, Italy
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20
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Aviram-Goldring A, Goldman B, Netanelov-Shapira I, Chen-Shtoyerman R, Zvulunov A, Tal O, Ilan T, Peleg L. Deletion patterns of the STS gene and flanking sequences in Israeli X-linked ichthyosis patients and carriers: analysis by polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. Int J Dermatol 2000; 39:182-7. [PMID: 10759956 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deletion of the entire steroid sulfatase (STS) gene is the most common molecular defect in X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) patients. Usually, additional flanking sequences are also missing. The aim of this study was to estimate the extent of deletions in an ethnically heterogeneous population of Israeli XLI patients. METHODS Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques were applied in the analysis of blood samples of 24 patients and amniotic cells of seven affected fetuses from 22 unrelated families. RESULTS In 19 families, a large deletion of the 2-3 megabase was found. It included the whole STS gene and spanned adjacent areas up- and downstream between the loci DXS 1139 and DXS 1132. Two unrelated families of Iraqi ancestry had a partial deletion of the gene and its centromeric adjacent sequence. In another family, the telomeric end of the extragenic segment was only partially missing. Application of FISH on metaphase blood cells and interphase amniotic cells confirmed the diagnosis of XLI in all patients, except the three with partial intragenic deletion. In those cases, the remaining fraction of the gene was sufficient to provide a false negative result. Diagnosis of carriers and prenatal diagnosis in uncultured cells was applicable only by FISH. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed a remarkable heterogeneity in the deletion pattern among Israeli patients with XLI. This heterogeneity could not be attributed to specific ethnic groups because of the small size of the study group. More studies involving patients of various ancestries should be carried out. In addition, this study demonstrated the usefulness of the FISH technique in the prenatal diagnosis of fetuses with suspected XLI.
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21
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Valdes-Flores M, Kofman-Alfaro SH, Vaca AL, Cuevas-Covarrubias SA. Mutation report: a novel partial deletion of exons 2-10 of the STS gene in recessive X-linked ichthyosis. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:591-3. [PMID: 10692123 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
X-linked ichthyosis is an inherited disease due to steroid sulfatase deficiency. Onset is at birth or early after birth with dark, regular, and adherent scales of skin. Approximately 85%-90% of X-linked ichthyosis patients have large deletions of the STS gene and flanking sequences. Three patients have been identified with partial deletions of the gene. Two deletions have been found at the 3' extreme and the other one implicating exons 2-5. This study describes a novel partial deletion of the STS gene in an X-linked ichthyosis patient. The subject was classified through steroid sulfatase assay in leukocytes using 7-[3H]-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate as a substrate. Exons 1, 2, 5, and 7-10, and 3' flanking sequences DXS1131, DXS1133, DXS237, DXS1132, DXF22S1, and DXS278 of the STS gene were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction. The DNA analysis showed that exon 1 and 3' flanking sequences from DXS237 to DXS278 were present. In this study we report the fourth partial deletion of the STS gene and the first spanning exons 2-10 in X-linked ichthyosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valdes-Flores
- Servicio de Genetica, Instituto Nacional de Ortopedia; Servicio de Genetica, Hospital General de Mexico, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico D.F., Mexico
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22
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Bassi MT, Ramesar RS, Caciotti B, Winship IM, De Grandi A, Riboni M, Townes PL, Beighton P, Ballabio A, Borsani G. X-linked late-onset sensorineural deafness caused by a deletion involving OA1 and a novel gene containing WD-40 repeats. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:1604-16. [PMID: 10330347 PMCID: PMC1377903 DOI: 10.1086/302408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified a novel gene, transducin (beta)-like 1 (TBL1), in the Xp22.3 genomic region, that shows high homology with members of the WD-40-repeat protein family. The gene contains 18 exons spanning approximately 150 kb of the genomic region adjacent to the ocular albinism gene (OA1) on the telomeric side. However, unlike OA1, TBL1 is transcribed from telomere to centromere. Northern analysis indicates that TBL1 is ubiquitously expressed, with two transcripts of approximately 2.1 kb and 6.0 kb. The open reading frame encodes a 526-amino acid protein, which shows the presence of six beta-transducin repeats (WD-40 motif) in the C-terminal domain. The homology with known beta-subunits of G proteins and other WD-40-repeat containing proteins is restricted to the WD-40 motif. Genomic analysis revealed that the gene is either partly or entirely deleted in patients carrying Xp22.3 terminal deletions. The complexity of the contiguous gene-syndrome phenotype shared by these patients depends on the number of known disease genes involved in the deletions. Interestingly, one patient carrying a microinterstitial deletion involving the 3' portion of both TBL1 and OA1 shows the OA1 phenotype associated with X-linked late-onset sensorineural deafness. We postulate an involvement of TBL1 in the pathogenesis of the ocular albinism with late-onset sensorineural deafness phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Bassi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan, Italy
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23
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Zinn AR, Tonk VS, Chen Z, Flejter WL, Gardner HA, Guerra R, Kushner H, Schwartz S, Sybert VP, Van Dyke DL, Ross JL. Evidence for a Turner syndrome locus or loci at Xp11.2-p22.1. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:1757-66. [PMID: 9837829 PMCID: PMC1377648 DOI: 10.1086/302152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Turner syndrome is the complex human phenotype associated with complete or partial monosomy X. Principle features of Turner syndrome include short stature, ovarian failure, and a variety of other anatomic and physiological abnormalities, such as webbed neck, lymphedema, cardiovascular and renal anomalies, hypertension, and autoimmune thyroid disease. We studied 28 apparently nonmosaic subjects with partial deletions of Xp, in order to map loci responsible for various components of the Turner syndrome phenotype. Subjects were carefully evaluated for the presence or absence of Turner syndrome features, and their deletions were mapped by FISH with a panel of Xp markers. Using a statistical method to examine genotype/phenotype correlations, we mapped one or more Turner syndrome traits to a critical region in Xp11.2-p22.1. These traits included short stature, ovarian failure, high-arched palate, and autoimmune thyroid disease. The results are useful for genetic counseling of individuals with partial monosomy X. Study of additional subjects should refine the localization of Turner syndrome loci and provide a rational basis for exploration of candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Zinn
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Dallas, USA.
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24
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Van den Veyver IB, Cormier TA, Jurecic V, Baldini A, Zoghbi HY. Characterization and physical mapping in human and mouse of a novel RING finger gene in Xp22. Genomics 1998; 51:251-61. [PMID: 9722948 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS) is an X-linked dominant male-lethal syndrome caused by different deletions of chromosome Xp22. Through the screening of cDNA libraries with the cross-species conserved marker 61B3-R (DXS1141), we identified a new gene at the telomeric breakpoint of the MLS critical region, which encodes a transcript containing a RING finger domain. This novel gene was independently cloned by another group and found to be mutated in Opitz syndrome. In this study we characterized the expression pattern of this gene, identified various splice variants, delineated its exon-intron boundaries, and determined that it is not mutated in either Aicardi or Goltz syndrome, two X-linked dominant conditions with phenotypes that overlap with that of MLS syndrome. This novel RING finger gene is expressed throughout mouse embryonic development, with the highest levels of expression in E7-E11. FISH and hybridization to mouse YACs confirmed human and mouse synteny in the order of this gene and other genes in the MLS critical region; however, this gene spans the boundary of the pseudoautosomal region in mouse but not in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Van den Veyver
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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25
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de Conciliis L, Marchitiello A, Wapenaar MC, Borsani G, Giglio S, Mariani M, Consalez GG, Zuffardi O, Franco B, Ballabio A, Banfi S. Characterization of Cxorf5 (71-7A), a novel human cDNA mapping to Xp22 and encoding a protein containing coiled-coil alpha-helical domains. Genomics 1998; 51:243-50. [PMID: 9722947 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human X chromosome is known to contain several disease genes yet to be cloned. In the course of a project aimed at the construction of a transcription map of the Xp22 region, we fully characterized a novel cDNA, Cxorf5 (HGMW-approved symbol, alias 71-7A), previously mapped to this region but for which no sequence information was available. We isolated and sequenced the full-length transcript, which encodes a predicted protein of unknown function containing a large number of coiled-coild domains, typically presented in a variety of different molecules, from fibrous proteins to transcription factors. We showed that the Cxorf5 cDNA is ubiquitously expressed, undergoes alternative splicing, and escapes X inactivation. Furthermore, we precisely mapped two additional Cxorf5-related loci on the Y chromosome and on chromosome 5. By virtue of its mapping assignment to the Xp22 region, Cxorf5 represents a candidate gene for at least four human diseases, namely spondyloepiphiseal dysplasia late, oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1, craniofrontonasal syndrome, and a nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Conciliis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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26
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Saeki H, Kuwata S, Nakagawa H, Shimada S, Tamaki K, Ishibashi Y. Deletion pattern of the steroid sulphatase gene in Japanese patients with X-linked ichthyosis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139:96-8. [PMID: 9764155 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most caucasian patients with X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) reportedly display large genomic deletions involving the entire steroid sulphatase (STS) gene and flanking regions. In this study, we investigated the deletion patterns of the STS gene and flanking regions in 12 unrelated Japanese patients with XLI using the polymerase chain reaction method with 10 markers, including the 5' and 3' ends of the STS gene. Eleven of the 12 patients exhibited deletion of this entire gene, whereas the twelfth patient showed no evidence of deletion. In 10 of the 12 patients, the entire region from DXS1139 to DXF22S1 was deleted, the most common deletion pattern observed in caucasian patients, indicating that there are no racial or ethnic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saeki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Narayanan V, Olinsky S, Dahle E, Naidu S, Zoghbi HY. Mutation analysis of the M6b gene in patients with Rett syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 78:165-8. [PMID: 9674909 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980630)78:2<165::aid-ajmg13>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human Xp22.2 has been proposed as a candidate region for the Rett syndrome (RTT) gene. M6b, a member of the proteolipid protein gene family, was mapped to Xp22.2 within one of the RTT candidate regions. In this article we describe the structure of the M6b gene, refine the physical mapping of M6b between markers DXS69E and DXS414, and present the results of mutation analysis of the M6b gene in patients with RTT. The data from mutation analysis on 55 RTT patients make it very unlikely that M6b is involved in RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Narayanan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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28
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Schaefer L, Prakash S, Zoghbi HY. Cloning and characterization of a novel rho-type GTPase-activating protein gene (ARHGAP6) from the critical region for microphthalmia with linear skin defects. Genomics 1997; 46:268-77. [PMID: 9417914 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmia with linear skin defects syndrome (MLS) is an X-linked dominant, male-lethal disorder associated with chromosomal rearrangements that result in deletions of the distal short arm of the X chromosome. In an effort to isolate expressed sequences from the 500-kb MLS critical region in Xp22.3, exons were trapped from 14 overlapping cosmids. Using exon connection followed by cDNA library screening, we identified a 2.4-kb contig of cDNA library screening 170 kb of genomic sequence in the MLS deletion region. Northern analysis of this cDNA detected a prominent approximately 4.2-kb transcript and a less abundant approximately 6-kb transcript in all tissues examined, with additional transcripts in skeletal muscle. Sequence analysis revealed a coding region of 601 amino acids contained in 12 exons, with a splice variant isoform of 495 amino acids. The predicted protein sequence of the gene, named ARHGAP6, contains homology to the GTPase-activating (GAP) domain of the rhoGAP family of proteins, which has been implicated in the regulation of actin polymerization at the plasma membrane in several cellular processes. The possible role of the ARHGAP6 protein in the pathogenesis of MLS is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schaefer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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29
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Lam BL, Fingert JH, Shutt BC, Singleton EM, Merin LM, Brown HH, Sheffield VC, Stone EM. Clinical and molecular characterization of a family affected with X-linked ocular albinism (OA1). Ophthalmic Genet 1997; 18:175-84. [PMID: 9457748 DOI: 10.3109/13816819709041432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-one members of a family affected with X-linked ocular albinism (OA1) were studied to characterize the clinical phenotype and identify the disease-causing mutation. The family members were examined with ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography, and Goldmann perimetry. Linkage analysis was performed with markers from the OA1 locus. Exons 2 and 8 of the OA1 gene were assayed with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The six affected males had visual acuities ranging from 20/40 to 20/200. All had nystagmus, iris transillumination, and foveal hypoplasia. The eldest affected male had 20/40 vision and was asymptomatic. The level of the visual acuity of the affected males was not related to the degree of retinal pigmentation. All seven female carriers had normal visual function but were found to have iris transillumination defects and variable retinal pigmentary appearance ranging from minimal pigmentary disturbance, patchy and diffuse hypopigmentation, to classic 'mud-splattered' appearance. Linkage analysis was consistent with a disease-causing mutation at the OA1 locus. PCR analysis revealed a deletion which includes at least the portion of the OA1 gene between exons 2 and 8. Affected males with X-linked ocular albinism can have a visual disability that ranges from almost none to legal blindness, and the female carriers can have variable retinal pigmentary appearance. Mutation screening of the OA1 gene can be used to confirm the diagnosis in isolated males of some families, and genetic linkage analysis can be used to accurately identify carriers even when the specific mutation cannot be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Lam
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Florida, USA
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30
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Quaderi NA, Schweiger S, Gaudenz K, Franco B, Rugarli EI, Berger W, Feldman GJ, Volta M, Andolfi G, Gilgenkrantz S, Marion RW, Hennekam RC, Opitz JM, Muenke M, Ropers HH, Ballabio A. Opitz G/BBB syndrome, a defect of midline development, is due to mutations in a new RING finger gene on Xp22. Nat Genet 1997; 17:285-91. [PMID: 9354791 DOI: 10.1038/ng1197-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Opitz syndrome (OS) is an inherited disorder characterized by midline defects including hypertelorism, hypospadias, lip-palate-laryngotracheal clefts and imperforate anus. We have identified a new gene on Xp22, MID1 (Midline 1), which is disrupted in an OS patient carrying an X-chromosome inversion and is also mutated in several OS families. MID1 encodes a member of the B-box family of proteins, which contain protein-protein interaction domains, including a RING finger, and are implicated in fundamental processes such as body axis patterning and control of cell proliferation. The association of MID1 with OS suggests an important role for this gene in midline development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Quaderi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Milan, Italy
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31
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Scozzari R, Cruciani F, Malaspina P, Santolamazza P, Ciminelli BM, Torroni A, Modiano D, Wallace DC, Kidd KK, Olckers A, Moral P, Terrenato L, Akar N, Qamar R, Mansoor A, Mehdi SQ, Meloni G, Vona G, Cole DE, Cai W, Novelletto A. Differential structuring of human populations for homologous X and Y microsatellite loci. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 61:719-33. [PMID: 9326337 PMCID: PMC1715969 DOI: 10.1086/515500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pattern of variation at the homologous microsatellite loci DYS413 (Yq11) and DXS8174 and DXS8175 (Xp22) was analyzed by examination of 30 world populations from four continents, accounting for more than 1,100 chromosomes per locus. The data showed discordant patterns of among- and within-population gene diversity for the Y-linked and the X-linked microsatellites. For the Y-linked polymorphism, all groups of populations displayed high FST values (the correlation between random haplotypes within subpopulations, relative to haplotypes of the total population) and showed a general trend for the haplotypes to cluster in a population-specific way. This was especially true for sub-Saharan African populations. The data also indicated that a large fraction of the variation among populations was due to the accumulation of new variants associated with the radiation process. Europeans exhibited the highest level of within-population haplotype diversity, whereas sub-Saharan Africans showed the lowest. In contrast, data for the two X-linked polymorphisms were concordant in showing lower FST values, as compared with those for DYS413, but higher within-population variances, for African versus non-African populations. Whereas the results for the X-linked loci agreed with a model of greater antiquity for the African populations, those for DYS413 showed a confounding pattern that is apparently at odds with such a model. Possible factors involved in this differential structuring for homologous X and Y microsatellite polymorphisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scozzari
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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32
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Toutain A, Ayrault AD, Moraine C. Mental retardation in Nance-Horan syndrome: clinical and neuropsychological assessment in four families. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 71:305-14. [PMID: 9268101 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970822)71:3<305::aid-ajmg11>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nance-Horan syndrome (NHS) is a rare X-linked condition comprising congenital cataract with microcornea, distinctive dental, and evocative facial anomalies. Intellectual handicap was mentioned in seven published NHS patients. We performed a clinical study focused on psychomotor development, intellectual abilities, and behavior in 13 affected males in four NHS families, and present the results of a neuropsychological evaluation in 7 of them. Our study confirms that mental retardation (MR) can be a major component of the NHS. Combining our data with those from the literature leads to a frequency of MR in NHS of around 30%. In most cases, MR is mild or moderate (80%) and not associated with motor delay. Conversely, a profound mental handicap associated with autistic traits may be observed. MR has intra- and inter-familial variability but does not appear to be expressed in carriers. Awareness of MR in NHS may be of importance in the management of the patients, especially in terms of education. Cloning and characterization of the gene and analysis of mutations will be an important step towards understanding the molecular basis of mental deficiency in NHS, and in delineation from the other XLMR conditions at Xp22.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Toutain
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bretonneau, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Tours, France
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33
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Van de Vosse E, Van der Bent P, Heus JJ, Van Ommen GJ, Den Dunnen JT. High-resolution mapping by YAC fragmentation of a 2.5-Mb Xp22 region containing the human RS, KFSD and CLS disease genes. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:497-501. [PMID: 9195994 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The disease loci for X-linked Retinoschisis (RS), Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (KFSD), and Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) have been localized to the same, small region in Xp22 on the human X Chromosome (Chr). To generate a high-resolution map of the available contig in this area, we have used the YAC fragmentation vectors pBP108/ADE2 and pBP109/ADE2 and generated fragmented YACs from a 2.5-Mb YAC (y939H7) spanning the mentioned disease gene candidate regions. Forty-seven fragmented YACs were generated and analyzed, ranging in size from 170 kb to over 2400 kb. The resulting YAC fragmentation panel was used to construct a detailed restriction map of the region and has been used to bin clones and markers. As a deletion panel, it will present a valuable resource for further mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van de Vosse
- MGC-Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
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34
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Rebbeck TR, Jordan HA, Schnur RE, Rogatko A. Utility of linked markers in genetic counseling: estimation of carrier risks in X-linked ocular albinism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 70:58-66. [PMID: 9129743 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970502)70:1<58::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We apply a method proposed by Rogatko et al. [1995: Am J Med Genet 59:24-32] to estimate carrier risks using genetic linkage data. The method is illustrated for X-linked ocular albinism. Linkage data from pedigrees were combined with genome mapping data to compute carrier risks for individuals with unknown carrier status based on pedigree data alone. We considered two situations. First, a linkage map with some ambiguity in the gene order was considered. This analysis allows us to examine the effect of incomplete genetic map information on risk computations. Second, published physical and meiotic mapping information was used to derive a linkage map that could be assumed known without ambiguity. In both situations, the mean and median estimate of carrier risk differed significantly from that obtained using pedigree relationships only, in that the computed risk was significantly different from the a priori value of 0.5. The 95% CI's associated with point estimates of risk made using the known map or an map with ambiguity did not overlap in some cases. These results suggest that the risk estimate and the confidence with which a risk estimate can be imparted may depend on the genetic map and marker data used in the risk estimation procedure. We conclude that the method presented here can be used to estimate genetic risk under a variety of analytical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Rebbeck
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Zoghbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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36
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Spranger S, Kirsch S, Mertz A, Schiebel K, Tariverdian G, Rappold GA. Molecular studies of an X;Y translocation chromosome in a woman with deletion of the pseudoautosomal region but normal height. Clin Genet 1997; 51:346-50. [PMID: 9212185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1997.tb02486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A translocation chromosome in a woman with the karyotype 46,X,der(X)t(X;Y)(p22.3; q11.2) was investigated by FISH and STS analysis with molecular probes derived from the sex chromosomes. Due to the partial deletion of the short arm pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) from DXYS14 to DXYS147 in the translocation chromosome, the proband is hemizygous for the gene responsible for growth control (SS) located in this region, yet does not show growth retardation. Molecular analysis of the Yq arm of the translocation chromosome revealed the presence of markers DYS273 to DYS246 harboring the hypothesized growth control gene critical region (GCY) on Yq, thereby placing the deletion breakpoint between markers DYS11 and DYS273. These results suggest that the Y-specific growth gene GCY on Yq compensates for the missing growth gene SS on Xp22.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Spranger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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37
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Rao E, Weiss B, Fukami M, Rump A, Niesler B, Mertz A, Muroya K, Binder G, Kirsch S, Winkelmann M, Nordsiek G, Heinrich U, Breuning MH, Ranke MB, Rosenthal A, Ogata T, Rappold GA. Pseudoautosomal deletions encompassing a novel homeobox gene cause growth failure in idiopathic short stature and Turner syndrome. Nat Genet 1997; 16:54-63. [PMID: 9140395 DOI: 10.1038/ng0597-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth retardation resulting in short stature is a major concern for parents and due to its great variety of causes, a complex diagnostic challenge for clinicians. A major locus involved in linear growth has been implicated within the pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) of the human sex chromosomes. We have determined an interval of 170 kb of DNA within PAR1 which was deleted in 36 individuals with short stature and different rearrangements on Xp22 or Yp11.3. This deletion was not detected in any of the relatives with normal stature or in a further 30 individuals with rearrangements on Xp22 or Yp11.3 with normal height. We have isolated a homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) from this region, which has at least two alternatively spliced forms, encoding proteins with different patterns of expression. We also identified one functionally significant SHOX mutation by screening 91 individuals with idiopathic short stature. Our data suggest an involvement of SHOX in idiopathic growth retardation and in the short stature phenotype of Turner syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rao
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Germany
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38
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George ND, Payne SJ, Bill RM, Barton DE, Moore AT, Yates JR. Improved genetic mapping of X linked retinoschisis. J Med Genet 1996; 33:919-22. [PMID: 8950671 PMCID: PMC1050785 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.33.11.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
X linked retinoschisis (RS) causes poor vision in affected males owing to radial cystic changes at the macula. Genetic linkage analysis was carried out in 16 British families with X linked retinoschisis using markers from the Xp22 region. Linkage was confirmed between the RS locus and the markers DXS207 (lod score, Zmax = 17.9 at recombination fraction theta = 0.03; confidence interval for theta = 0.007-0.09), DXS1053 (Zmax = 18.0 at theta = 0.01, CI = 0.001-0.06), DXS43 (Zmax = 12.9 at theta = 0.03, CI = 0.004-0.09), DXS1195 (Zmax = 6.4 at theta = 0.00), DXS418 (Zmax = 8.2 at theta = 0.00), DXS999 (Zmax = 21.2 at theta = 0.01, CI = 0.001-0.05), DXS443 (Zmax = 14.2 at theta = 0.03, CI = 0.004-0.09), DXS365 (Zmax = 24.5 at theta = 0.008, CI = 0.001-0.04). Key recombinants placed RS between DXS43 distally and DXS999 proximally. Multipoint linkage analysis gave odds of 344:1 in favour of this location for RS and supported the map Xpter-(DXS207, DXS1053)-DXS43-1 cM-RS-1 cM-DXS999-DXS443-DXS365-DXS1052-Xcen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D George
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Addembrooke's NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
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39
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MacKenzie JJ, Fitzpatrick J, Babyn P, Ferrero GB, Ballabio A, Billingsley G, Bulman DE, Strasberg P, Ray PN, Costa T. X linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia: a clinical, radiological, and molecular study of a large kindred. J Med Genet 1996; 33:823-8. [PMID: 8933334 PMCID: PMC1050760 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.33.10.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
X linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SEDT) is a rare disorder characterised by disproportionate short stature and degenerative changes in the spine and hips. We report a large kindred with 11 affected males and 17 obligate carrier females. We examined clinically and radiographically the seven living affected males and obtained detailed historical information on the four dead. The natural history was characterised by normal growth until late childhood. Decreased growth velocity was the earliest detectable abnormality. In adulthood, four subjects required hip replacements but disability was minimal. Clinical examinations showed a characteristic habitus with short stature (> 2 SD below the mean) and a decreased upper segment to lower segment ratio (> 1 SD below the mean) in all affected subjects. Also noted were scoliosis (6/7), and decreased range of hip rotation (6/7), and decreased range of movement of the lumbar spine (4/7). Radiographic evaluations were available on nine subjects. Radiographic changes were evident in two patients in childhood; findings in adulthood included narrow disc spaces (8/9), platyspondyly (7/9), the characteristic central and posterior hump of the vertebral bodies (6/9), bony spurs (7/ 8), and pelvic abnormalities (7/9). We also systematically evaluated eight obligate carrier females. They could not be distinguished from the general population on clinical and radiographic findings. Linkage analysis showed significant linkage with markers on Xp22, as previously reported. A recombinant event between DXS43 and DXS207 places the locus distal to DXS43.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J MacKenzie
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Muroya K, Ogata T, Matsuo N, Nagai T, Franco B, Ballabio A, Rappold G, Sakura N, Fukushima Y. Mental retardation in a boy with an interstitial deletion at Xp22.3 involving STS, KAL1, and OA1: implication for the MRX locus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 64:583-7. [PMID: 8870926 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960906)64:4<583::aid-ajmg11>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although genotype-phenotype correlations in male patients with various types of nullisomy for Xp22.3 have assigned a locus for X-linked mental retardation (MRX) to an approximately 3-Mb region between DXS31 and STS, the precise location has not been determined. In this paper, we describe a 14 7/12 year old Japanese boy with mental retardation and an interstitial deletion at Xp22.3 involving STS, KAL1, and OA1, and compare the deletion map with that of previously reported three familial male patients with low-normal intelligence and a similar interstitial deletion at Xp22.3. The results suggest that the MRX gene is further localized to the roughly 1.5-Mb region between DXS1060 and DXS1139.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muroya
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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des Portes V, Bachner L, Brüls T, Beldjord C, Billuart P, Soufir N, Bienvenu T, Vinet MC, Malaspina E, Marchiani V, Bertini E, Kahn A, Franzoni E, Chelly J. X-linked neurodegenerative syndrome with congenital ataxia, late-onset progressive myoclonic encephalopathy and selective macular degeneration, linked to Xp22.33-pter. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 64:69-72. [PMID: 8826451 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<69::aid-ajmg10>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Linkage analysis was performed in a previously described family segregating for an X-linked progressive neurological disorder [Bertini et al., 1992]. In three generations, the disease was inherited from the mothers in seven affected males (Fig. 1). Five had severe congenital hypotonia and died during the first year of life. Two other boys (maternal cousins) were found to have severe congenital ataxia, late-onset progressive myoclonic encephalopathy, and selective macular degeneration; brain CT-scan showed moderate cerebellar vermis hypoplasia. Linkage analysis was carried out in 12 informative relatives using 35 microsatellite markers (Généthon) evenly distributed on the X chromosome. A multipoint analysis showed a significant linkage (Z > 2) between the disease and three markers in the Xp22.33 region: DYS403 (Z = 2.37, theta = 0) which maps in the pseudoautosomal region, DXS7099 (Z = 2.45, theta = 0), and DXS7100 (Z = 2.48, theta = 0). Further linkage analysis with more telomeric markers will refine the location of this severe X-linked encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V des Portes
- Unité INSERM 129 de Recherche en Génétique et Pathologie Moléculaires, Faculté de Médecine Cochin, Paris, France
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42
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Abstract
A current list of all known forms of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) and a slightly revised classification are presented. The number of known disorders has not increased because 6 disorders have been combined based on new molecular data or on clinical grounds and only 6 newly described XLMR disorders have been reported. Of the current 105 XLMR disorders, 34 have been mapped, and 18 disorders and 1 nonspecific XLMR (FRAXE) have been cloned. The number of families with nonspecific XLMR with a LOD score of > or = 2.0 has more than doubled, with 42 (including FRAXE) now being known. a summary of the localization of presumed nonspecific mental retardation (MR) genes from well-studied X-chromosomal translocations and deletions is also included. Only 10-12 nonoverlapping loci are required to explain all localizations of nonspecific MR from both approaches. These new trends mark the beginning of a significantly improved understanding of the role of genes on the X chromosome in producing MR. Continued close collaboration between clinical and molecular investigators will be required to complete the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Lubs
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Tromsø, Norway
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43
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Schwinger E, Kirschstein M, Greiwe M, Konermann T, Orth U, Gal A. Short stature in a mother and daughter with terminal deletion of Xp22.3. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 63:239-42. [PMID: 8723116 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960503)63:1<239::aid-ajmg41>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Short stature in females is often caused by hemizygosity for the terminal portion of Xp due to monosomy X or a deletion. We report on a mother and daughter with short stature as sole phenotypic abnormality and deletion of bands Xp22.32-p22.33 demonstrated by classic and molecular cytogenetic analysis. In both individuals, the deleted X chromosome was late replicating. Molecular analysis suggested that the deletion is terminal and the breakpoint was localized between the STS and DXS7470 loci in Xp22.32. Chromosome analysis is often done on females with short stature to exclude Ullrich-Turner syndrome. Small deletions, terminal or interstitial, are easily missed by conventional cytogenetic investigation; thus molecular analyses are useful to detect those cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schwinger
- Institut für Humangenetik, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Germany
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44
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Renieri A, Galli L, Grillo A, Bruttini M, Neri T, Zanelli P, Rizzoni G, Massella L, Sessa A, Meroni M, Peratoner L, Riegler P, Scolari F, Mileti M, Giani M, Cossu M, Savi M, Ballabio A, De Marchi M. Major COL4A5 gene rearrangements in patients with juvenile type Alport syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 59:380-5. [PMID: 8599366 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320590320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the COL4A5 gene, which encodes the a5 chain of type IV collagen, are found in a large fraction of patients with X-linked Alport syndrome. The recently discovered COL4A6, tightly linked and highly homologous to COL4A5, represents a second candidate gene for Alport syndrome. We analyzed 177 Italian Alport syndrome families by Southern blotting using cDNA probes from both COL4A5 and COL4A6. Nine unrelated families, accounting for 5% of the cases, were found to have a rearrangement in COL4A5. No rearrangements were found in COL4A6, with the exception of a deletion encompassing the 5' ends of both COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes in a patient with Alport syndrome and leiomyomatosis. COL4A5 rearrangements were all intragenic and included 1 duplication and 7 deletions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was carried out to characterize deletion and duplication boundaries and to predict the resulting protein abnormality. The two smallest deletions involved a single exon (exons 17 and 40, respectively), while the largest ones spanned exons 1 to 36. The clinical phenotype of patients in whom a rearrangement in COL4A5 was detected was severe, with progression to end-stage renal failure in juvenile age and hypoacusis occurring in most cases. These data have some important implications in the diagnosis of patients with Alport syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Renieri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy
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45
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Palka G, Calabrese G, Mingarelli R, Guanciali Franchi P, Stuppia L, Morizio E, Peila R, Antonucci A. Duplication Xp22.2 and pseudoisodicentric Yq detected by FISH and PCR in a sterile male. Clin Genet 1995; 48:213-6. [PMID: 8591674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1995.tb04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A chromosome mosaicism with two cell lines was diagnosed in a sterile man. One cell line had a 45, -Y, dup (X) (p22.2) karyotype and accounted for 83% of lymphocytes analyzed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with specific X and Y probes excluded a translocation between the short arms of the X and Y chromosomes and showed that Xp duplication involved a region containing the DXS85 locus, distal to the ZFX and DSS sites. The other cell line consisted of a diploid karyotype with a rearranged Y chromosome, which was shown to be a pseudoisodicentric Yq by FISH. Moreover, FISH with a specific probe for the AZF locus and polymerase chain reaction using Yq SY108 and SY121 primers showed no signals for this region, possibly accounting for the azoospermia in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Palka
- Istituti di Biologia e Genetica, CNR Chieti, Italy
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46
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Oosterwijk JC, van der Wielen MJ, van de Vosse E, Voorhoeve E, Bakker E. Refinement of the localisation of the X linked keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (KFSD) gene in Xp22.13-p22.2. J Med Genet 1995; 32:736-9. [PMID: 8544196 PMCID: PMC1051677 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.9.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
X-linked keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (KFSD) is a rare disorder affecting the skin and eyes. The disease was previously mapped in an extended Dutch family to Xp21.2-p22.2 between DXS16 and DXS269. Using five DNA probes and 14 CA repeat polymorphisms spanning this region an extensive linkage study was performed in the same pedigree. The highest lod scores were 12.07 for DXS365 (pRX-314) at 0 = 0, 11.72 for DXS418 (P122) at 0 = 0.015, and 10.93 for DXS989 (AFM135xe7) at 0 = 0.045. Analysis of recombination events locates the gene for KFSD between AFM291wf5 and DXS1226 (AFM316yf5). This is region Xp22.13-p22.2, an area covering approximately 1 Mb. These data confirm and greatly refine the regional localisation of KFSD and greatly improve reliability of carrier detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Oosterwijk
- Clinical Genetics Centre, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands
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47
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Dumur V, Trivier E, Puech B, Peugnet F, Zanlonghi X, Hache JC, Hanauer A. Genetic analysis of new French X-linked juvenile retinoschisis kindreds using microsatellite markers closely linked to the RS locus: further narrowing of the RS candidate region. Hum Genet 1995; 96:79-82. [PMID: 7607659 DOI: 10.1007/bf00214190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The gene involved in juvenile retinoschisis (RS) has previously been localized, by genetic linkage analyses, to Xp22.1-p22.2, between DXS274 and DXS43/DXS207; it is closely linked to the latter markers. From our recent data, this interval represents a genetic distance of approximately 10 cM. In the present study, we have studied 14 French families with X-linked juvenile RS by using four CA polymorphisms that are closely linked to the RS locus and that have recently been included in an Xp22.1-p22.2 high-resolution map. Complete cosegregation with the disease locus was observed for three of them, DXS207, DXS418, and DXS999, which further confirms the locus homogeneity for RS and the close linkage to this region. One recombinant was found with the most proximal marker, AFM291wf5, thereby defining this marker as the new proximal boundary of the candidate region for RS. Under the assumption that DXS207 and DXS43 constitute the distal boundary, the present study further reduces the region containing the disease gene to a interval of 3-4 cM. The results reported here should facilitate the eventual cloning of the RS gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dumur
- Department de Biochimie et d'Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, France
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48
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Bassi MT, Schiaffino MV, Renieri A, De Nigris F, Galli L, Bruttini M, Gebbia M, Bergen AA, Lewis RA, Ballabio A. Cloning of the gene for ocular albinism type 1 from the distal short arm of the X chromosome. Nat Genet 1995; 10:13-9. [PMID: 7647783 DOI: 10.1038/ng0595-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ocular albinism type 1 (OA1) is an X-linked disorder characterized by severe impairment of visual acuity, retinal hypopigmentation and the presence of macromelanosomes. We isolated a novel transcript from the OA1 critical region in Xp22.3-22.2 which is expressed at high levels in RNA samples from retina, including the retinal pigment epithelium, and from melanoma. This gene encodes a protein of 424 amino acids displaying several putative transmembrane domains and sharing no similarities with previously identified molecules. Five intragenic deletions and a 2 bp insertion resulting in a premature stop codon were identified from DNA analysis of patients with OA1, indicating that we have identified the OA1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Bassi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Italy
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49
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Franco B, Meroni G, Parenti G, Levilliers J, Bernard L, Gebbia M, Cox L, Maroteaux P, Sheffield L, Rappold GA, Andria G, Petit C, Ballabio A. A cluster of sulfatase genes on Xp22.3: mutations in chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX) and implications for warfarin embryopathy. Cell 1995; 81:15-25. [PMID: 7720070 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX) is a congenital defect of bone and cartilage development characterized by aberrant bone mineralization, severe underdevelopment of nasal cartilage, and distal phalangeal hypoplasia. A virtually identical phenotype is observed in the warfarin embryopathy, which is due to the teratogenic effects of coumarin derivatives during pregnancy. We have cloned the genomic region within Xp22.3 where the CDPX gene has been assigned and isolated three adjacent genes showing highly significant homology to the sulfatase gene family. Point mutations in one of these genes were identified in five patients with CDPX. Expression of this gene in COS cells resulted in a heat-labile arylsulfatase activity that is inhibited by warfarin. A deficiency of a heat-labile arylsulfatase activity was demonstrated in patients with deletions spanning the CDPX region. These data indicate that CDPX is caused by an inherited deficiency of a novel sulfatase and suggest that warfarin embryopathy might involve drug-induced inhibition of the same enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Franco
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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50
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Wang I, Franco B, Ferrero GB, Chinault AC, Weissenbach J, Chumakov I, Le Paslier D, Levilliers J, Klink A, Rappold GA, Ballabio A, Petit C. High-density physical mapping of a 3-Mb region in Xp22.3 and refined localization of the gene for X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX1). Genomics 1995; 26:229-38. [PMID: 7601447 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of patients with chromosomal rearrangements has led to the mapping of the gene responsible for X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX1; MIM 302950) to the distal part of the Xp22.3 region, between the loci PABX and DXS31. To refine this mapping, a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig map spanning this region has been constructed. Together with the YAC contig of the pseudo-autosomal region that we previously established, this map covers the terminal 6 Mb of Xp, with an average density of 1 probe every 100 kb. Newly isolated probes that detect segmental X-Y homologies on Yp and Yq suggest multiple complex rearrangements of the ancestral pseudoautosomal region during evolution. Compilation of the data obtained from the study of individuals carrying various Xp22.3 deletions led us to conclude that the CDPX disease displays incomplete penetrance and, consequently, to refine the localization of CDPX1 to a 600-kb interval immediately adjacent to the pseudoautosomal boundary. This interval, in which 12 probes are ordered, provides the starting point for the isolation of CDPX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wang
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Humaine (CNRS UA 1445), Paris, France
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