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Pizzi M, Bongiovanni L, Lorenzi L, Righi S, Scarmozzino F, Balzarini P, Santoro L, Mussolin L, Carraro E, Pillon M, Bonaldi L, Vianello F, Agostinelli C, Ponzoni M, Dei Tos AP, Sabattini E. Large B-cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangement: a multi-centric study with focus on potential misleading phenotypes. Virchows Arch 2024; 484:521-526. [PMID: 37962684 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Large B-cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangement (LBCL-IRF4) is a rare lymphoid neoplasm, usually occurring in the pediatric/young-adult age. Despite this, subsets of cases occur in elderly patients and express CD5, possibly entering the differential diagnosis with adult aggressive lymphomas, such as blastoid/pleomorphic mantle cell lymphoma (MCL-B/P). To better characterize the clinical-pathological features and differential diagnosis of LBCL-IRF4, we conducted a multi-centric study on 12 cases, focusing on CD5, Cyclin D1, and SOX11 expression. While most cases had typical presentation, adult-to-elderly age at diagnosis and unusual anatomic locations were reported in 3/12 (25.0%) and 2/12 (16.7%) patients, respectively. Histologically, CD5 was positive in 4/12 (33.3%) cases, Cyclin D1 was invariably negative, and SOX11 was weakly/partially expressed in 1/12 (8.3%) case. In conclusion, LBCL-IRF4 can have unconventional clinical presentations that may challenge its recognition. Although CD5 is frequently expressed, negativity for Cyclin D1 and SOX11 contributes to the differential diagnosis with MCL-B/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pizzi
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, via A. Gabelli, 61, 35121, Padua, PD, Italy.
| | - Lucia Bongiovanni
- Haematopathology Diagnostic Area, Pathology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Lorenzi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia School of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Righi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Hematopathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Scarmozzino
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, via A. Gabelli, 61, 35121, Padua, PD, Italy
| | - Piera Balzarini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia School of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Santoro
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, via A. Gabelli, 61, 35121, Padua, PD, Italy
| | - Lara Mussolin
- Oncohematology Unit, Maternal and Child Health Department, Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Carraro
- Oncohematology Unit, Maternal and Child Health Department, Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Pillon
- Oncohematology Unit, Maternal and Child Health Department, Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Bonaldi
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, IRCSS Istituto Oncologico Veneto, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vianello
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudio Agostinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Hematopathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Haematopathology Diagnostic Area, Pathology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, via A. Gabelli, 61, 35121, Padua, PD, Italy
| | - Elena Sabattini
- Hematopathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Klosowski ML, Hughes KL, Moore AR. MUM1/IRF4 immunolabeling of neoplastic Langerhans histiocytes in a putative case of canine Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:670-675. [PMID: 37528067 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a systemic histiocytic proliferative disease with cutaneous manifestations which is well described in human medical literature and has relatively recently been reclassified as a neoplastic disorder. The diagnosis of canine Langerhans cell histiocytosis has been proposed in the veterinary literature to refer to a histiocytic proliferative disease in the dog with clinical and histopathologic features that mirror the human disease. However, reports that invoke this diagnosis are rare and often lack complete diagnostic characterization. This case report presents an extensive diagnostic investigation of a putative case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a 3-year-old male castrated Golden Retriever dog, including gross, cytologic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings. Furthermore, we document that canine LCH may have positive immunolabeling for the transcription factor multiple myeloma oncogene 1/interferon regulatory factor 4 (MUM1/IRF4), which is classically used for the diagnosis of canine plasma cell neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika L Klosowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelly L Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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3
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Abdelmonem ME, Nooh HA, El Ashry MS. Clinical Relevance of Interferon Regulatory Family-4 (IRF4) Expression in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2023; 39:525-536. [PMID: 37786826 PMCID: PMC10542031 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-023-01628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell neoplasm with complex biology and heterogenous course. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) transcription factor, important key developmental stages of hematopoiesis, represents an excellent potential therapeutic target. The present work aimed to investigate the expression status of IRF4 in the diagnostic bone marrow biopsy (BMB) cores of MM patients. This prospective study included 62 newly diagnosed MM patients. The expression of IRF4 was assessed in the BMB by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The data were correlated to the patients' clinico-pathological features, response to treatment and survival rates. IRF4 expression was observed in 50% of MM patients (31/62). IRF-4 positive patients were more frequently male patients (P = 0.018), have immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) translocations (P = 0.05) and tended to present with a higher platelets count (P = 0.07). Multiple myeloma patients presenting with urine M-protein had worse overall survival (OS) than negative cases (P = 0.012). Normocellular BM aspirate (BMA) was associated with better OS than hypercellular and hypocellular BMA (P = 0.006). Patchy distribution of plasma cells in BMB was associated with better disease-free survival (DFS) while diffuse infiltration had the worst (P = 0.019). Of note, after treatment, MM patients had significantly lower percentage of BMA plasma cells, platelet count, β2 microglobulin and creatinine levels (P = 0.037, < 0.001, 0.022 and 0.026, respectively). Had higher albumin level (P = 0.007), compared to initial investigations. No significant association was found between IRF4 expression and the patients'clinical outcomes. Patterns of plasma cells distribution in BMB, BMA cellularity and urine M-protein are prognostically relevant in MM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12288-023-01628-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hend A. Nooh
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Kasr Al Eini Street, Fom El Khalig, P.O Box 11796, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona S. El Ashry
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Kasr Al Eini Street, Fom El Khalig, P.O Box 11796, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Thouenon R, Kracker S. Human inborn errors of immunity associated with IRF4. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1236889. [PMID: 37809068 PMCID: PMC10556498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) belongs to the IRF family and has several important functions for the adaptive immune response. Mutations affecting IRF family members IRF1, IRF3, IRF7, IRF8, or IRF9 have been described in patients presenting with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) highlighting the importance of these factors for the cellular host defense against mycobacterial and/or viral infections. IRF4 deficiency and haploinsufficiency have been associated with IEI. More recently, two novel IRF4 disease-causing mechanisms have been described due to the characterization of IEI patients presenting with cellular immunodeficiency associated with agammaglobulinemia. Here, we review the phenotypes and physiopathological mechanisms underlying IEI of IRF family members and, in particular, IRF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romane Thouenon
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR, Paris, France
| | - Sven Kracker
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR, Paris, France
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5
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Moore AR. Diagnosing Multiple Myeloma and Related Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:101-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Hughes KL, Rout ED, Avery PR, Pavuk AA, Avery AC, Moore AR. A series of heterogeneous lymphoproliferative diseases with CD3 and MUM1 co-expressed in cats and dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:22-33. [PMID: 36424869 PMCID: PMC9751460 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221139799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma diagnosis in dogs and cats is continually evolving as new subtypes and human correlates are being recognized. In humans, T-cell lymphomas with MUM1 expressed and plasma cell neoplasia or B-cell lymphomas with CD3 expressed aberrantly are reported only rarely. We report here a case series of tumors in dogs and cats with CD3 and MUM1 co-expressed as determined by immunocytochemistry or immunohistochemistry. Lineage was assigned for these tumors by 3 board-certified pathologists and a veterinary immunologist based on review of clinical and cellular features and the results of ancillary testing including PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements, flow cytometry, and serum protein electrophoresis with immunofixation. In cats, 7 of 7 tumors, and in dogs, 3 of 6 tumors with CD3 and MUM1 co-expressed had clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin gene or serum monoclonal immunoglobulin, consistent with a diagnosis of a plasma cell neoplasia or myeloma-related disorder with CD3 expressed aberrantly. Disease was often disseminated; notably, 3 of 7 feline cases had cutaneous and/or subcutaneous involvement in the tarsal area. In dogs, 3 of 6 cases had a clonal T-cell receptor gamma result and no clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and were diagnosed as a T-cell tumor with MUM1 expressed. The use of multiple testing modalities in our series of tumors with plasma-cell and T-cell antigens in dogs and cats aided in the comprehensive identification of the lymphoproliferative disease subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Emily D. Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Paul R. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Anne C. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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7
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Frontzek F, Hailfinger S, Lenz G. Plasmablastic lymphoma: from genetics to treatment. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 64:799-807. [PMID: 36577021 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2162341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) represents a rare distinct lymphoma entity with plasmablastic morphology and plasmacytic immunophenotype that is characterized by an aggressive clinical course. Standard chemotherapeutic regimens often remain insufficient to cure affected patients. Recently, comprehensive molecular analyses of large cohorts of primary PBL samples have revealed the mutational landscape as well as the pattern of copy number alterations of this rare lymphoma subtype. Identification of recurrent aberrations affecting the JAK-STAT, RAS-RAF, NOTCH, IRF4, and MYC signaling pathways drive the molecular pathogenesis of PBL and hold great potential for novel targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Frontzek
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Hailfinger
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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8
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Maffei R, Fiorcari S, Atene CG, Martinelli S, Mesini N, Pilato F, Lagreca I, Barozzi P, Riva G, Nasillo V, Paolini A, Forghieri F, Potenza L, Trenti T, Tagliafico E, Luppi M, Marasca R. The dynamic functions of IRF4 in B cell malignancies. Clin Exp Med 2022:10.1007/s10238-022-00968-0. [PMID: 36495369 PMCID: PMC10390622 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe trajectory of B cell development goes through subsequent steps governed by complex genetic programs, strictly regulated by multiple transcription factors. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) regulates key points from pre-B cell development and receptor editing to germinal center formation, class-switch recombination and plasma cell differentiation. The pleiotropic ability of IRF4 is mediated by its “kinetic control”, allowing different IRF4 expression levels to activate distinct genetic programs due to modulation of IRF4 DNA-binding affinity. IRF4 is implicated in B cell malignancies, acting both as tumor suppressor and as tumor oncogene in different types of precursors and mature B cell neoplasia. Here, we summarize the complexity of IRF4 functions related to different DNA-binding affinity, multiple IRF4-specific target DNA motif, and interactions with transcriptional partners. Moreover, we describe the unique role of IRF4 in acute leukemias and B cell mature neoplasia, focusing on pathogenetic implications and possible therapeutic strategies in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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9
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Tang TF, Chan YT, Cheong HC, Cheok YY, Anuar NA, Looi CY, Gan GG, Wong WF. Regulatory network of BLIMP1, IRF4, and XBP1 triad in plasmacytic differentiation and multiple myeloma pathogenesis. Cell Immunol 2022; 380:104594. [PMID: 36081178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody secreting plasma cell plays an indispensable role in humoral immunity. As activated B cell undergoes germinal center reaction and develops into plasma cell, it gradually loses B cell characteristics and embraces functional changes associated with immunoglobulins production. Differentiation of B cell into plasma cell involves drastic changes in cell structure, granularity, metabolism, gene expression and epigenetic regulation that couple with the mounting capacity for synthesis of a large quantity of antigen-specific antibodies. The interplay between three hallmark transcriptional regulators IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1, is critical for supporting the cellular reprograming activities during B to plasma cell transition. IRF4 promotes plasma cell generation by directing immunoglobulin class switching, proliferation and survival; BLIMP1 serves as a transcriptional repressor that extinguishes B cell features; whereas XBP1 controls unfolded protein response that relieves endoplasmic reticulum stress and permits antibody release during terminal differentiation. Intriguingly, high expression of IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1 molecules have been reported in myeloma cells derived from multiple myeloma patients, which negatively impact treatment outcome, prognosis, and relapse frequency. Despite the introduction of immunomodulatory drugs in recent years, multiple myeloma is still an incurable disease with poor survival rate. An in-depth review of IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1 triad molecules in plasma cell generation and multiple myeloma tumorigenesis may provide clues to the possibility of targeting these molecules in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Adila Anuar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Bioscience, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gin Gin Gan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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10
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IRF4 as an Oncogenic Master Transcription Factor. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174314. [PMID: 36077849 PMCID: PMC9454692 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Master transcription factors regulate essential developmental processes and cellular maintenance that characterize cell identity. Many of them also serve as oncogenes when aberrantly expressed or activated. IRF4 is one of prime examples of oncogenic master transcription factors that has been implicated in various mature lymphoid neoplasms. IRF4 forms unique regulatory circuits and induces oncogenic transcription programs through the interactions with upstream pathways and binding partners. Abstract IRF4 is a transcription factor in the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family. Since the discovery of this gene, various research fields including immunology and oncology have highlighted the unique characteristics and the importance of IRF4 in several biological processes that distinguish it from other IRF family members. In normal lymphocyte development and immunity, IRF4 mediates critical immune responses via interactions with upstream signaling pathways, such as the T-cell receptor and B-cell receptor pathways, as well as their binding partners, which are uniquely expressed in each cell type. On the other hand, IRF4 acts as an oncogene in various mature lymphoid neoplasms when abnormally expressed. IRF4 induces several oncogenes, such as MYC, as well as genes that characterize each cell type by utilizing its ability as a master regulator of immunity. IRF4 and its upstream factor NF-κB form a transcriptional regulatory circuit, including feedback and feedforward loops, to maintain the oncogenic transcriptional program in malignant lymphoid cells. In this review article, we provide an overview of the molecular functions of IRF4 in mature lymphoid neoplasms and highlight its upstream and downstream pathways, as well as the regulatory circuits mediated by IRF4.
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11
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Ocsenas O, Reimand J. Chromatin accessibility of primary human cancers ties regional mutational processes and signatures with tissues of origin. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010393. [PMID: 35947558 PMCID: PMC9365152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in cancer genomes are associated with DNA replication timing (RT) and chromatin accessibility (CA), however these observations are based on normal tissues and cell lines while primary cancer epigenomes remain uncharacterised. Here we use machine learning to model megabase-scale mutation burden in 2,500 whole cancer genomes and 17 cancer types via a compendium of 900 CA and RT profiles covering primary cancers, normal tissues, and cell lines. CA profiles of primary cancers, rather than those of normal tissues, are most predictive of regional mutagenesis in most cancer types. Feature prioritisation shows that the epigenomes of matching cancer types and organ systems are often the strongest predictors of regional mutation burden, highlighting disease-specific associations of mutational processes. The genomic distributions of mutational signatures are also shaped by the epigenomes of matched cancer and tissue types, with SBS5/40, carcinogenic and unknown signatures most accurately predicted by our models. In contrast, fewer associations of RT and regional mutagenesis are found. Lastly, the models highlight genomic regions with overrepresented mutations that dramatically exceed epigenome-derived expectations and show a pan-cancer convergence to genes and pathways involved in development and oncogenesis, indicating the potential of this approach for coding and non-coding driver discovery. The association of regional mutational processes with the epigenomes of primary cancers suggests that the landscape of passenger mutations is predominantly shaped by the epigenomes of cancer cells after oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ocsenas
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jüri Reimand
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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12
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Amanda S, Tan TK, Iida S, Sanda T. Lineage- and Stage-specific Oncogenicity of IRF4. Exp Hematol 2022; 114:9-17. [PMID: 35908629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.07.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of transcription factor genes represents a unique molecular etiology of hematological malignancies. A number of transcription factors that play a role in hematopoietic cell development, lymphocyte activation or their maintenance have been identified as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Many of them exert oncogenic abilities in a context-dependent manner by governing the key transcriptional program unique to each cell type. IRF4, a member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, acts as an essential regulator of the immune system and is a prime example of a stage-specific oncogene. The expression and oncogenicity of IRF4 are restricted to mature lymphoid neoplasms, while IRF4 potentially serves as a tumor suppressor in other cellular contexts. This is in marked contrast to its immediate downstream target, MYC, which can cause cancers in a variety of tissues. In this review article, we provide an overview of the roles of IRF4 in the development of the normal immune system and lymphoid neoplasms and discuss the potential mechanisms of lineage- and stage-specific oncogenicity of IRF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Amanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Tze King Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601 Japan
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore..
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MUM1/IRF4 is Highly Expressed in Dermatopathic Lymphadenopathy: Potential Utility in Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:1514-1523. [PMID: 35877199 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy (DL) is a distinctive type of lymph node hyperplasia that typically occurs in the setting of chronic dermatologic diseases. DL generally self-resolves following disappearance of the underlying skin stimulus and does not require any specific therapy. We recently observed multiple myeloma oncogene 1/interferon regulatory factor 4 (MUM1/IRF4) expression in a case of DL using immunohistochemical methods. The goal of this study was to systematically assess DL cases for MUM1/IRF4 expression and to survey other histiocytic and Langerhans cell lesions. We particularly focused on Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) because the differential diagnosis of DL versus LCH in lymph nodes can be challenging. We identified high expression of MUM1/IRF4 in all 22 cases of DL tested. Specifically, MUM1/IRF4+ dendritic cells comprised 50% to 90% (median, 80%) of all dendritic cells in the paracortex of dermatopathic lymph nodes, always showing moderate or strong intensity. Among 10 DL cases stained for MUM1/IRF4 and langerin/CD207 using dual immunohistochemistry, MUM1/IRF4+ and langerin+ Langerhans cells represented 5% to 60% (median, 30%) of paracortical dendritic cells. MUM1/IRF4 was also positive in reactive Langerhans cells in skin biopsy specimens of all cases of spongiotic dermatitis (n=10) and normal skin (n=15), and was negative in all cases of LCH (n=24), Rosai-Dorfman disease (n=10), follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (n=5) and histiocytic sarcoma (n=4). In aggregate, our findings support the utility of MUM1/IRF4 to highlight the dendritic cells of DL and to distinguish DL from other histiocytic and Langerhans cells lesions.
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14
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Amanda S, Tan TK, Ong JZL, Theardy MS, Wong RWJ, Huang XZ, Ali MZ, Li Y, Gong Z, Inagaki H, Foo EY, Pang B, Tan SY, Iida S, Sanda T. IRF4 drives clonal evolution and lineage choice in a zebrafish model of T-cell lymphoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2420. [PMID: 35504924 PMCID: PMC9065160 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IRF4 is a master regulator of immunity and is also frequently overexpressed in mature lymphoid neoplasms. Here, we demonstrate the oncogenicity of IRF4 in vivo, its potential effects on T-cell development and clonal evolution using a zebrafish model. IRF4-transgenic zebrafish develop aggressive tumors with massive infiltration of abnormal lymphocytes that spread to distal organs. Many late-stage tumors are mono- or oligoclonal, and tumor cells can expand in recipient animals after transplantation, demonstrating their malignancy. Mutation of p53 accelerates tumor onset, increases penetrance, and results in tumor heterogeneity. Surprisingly, single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals that the majority of tumor cells are double-negative T-cells, many of which express tcr-γ that became dominant as the tumors progress, whereas double-positive T-cells are largely diminished. Gene expression and epigenetic profiling demonstrates that gata3, mycb, lrrn1, patl1 and psip1 are specifically activated in tumors, while genes responsible for T-cell differentiation including id3 are repressed. IRF4-driven tumors are sensitive to the BRD inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Amanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze King Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jolynn Zu Lin Ong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Regina Wan Ju Wong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Zi Huang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Zulfaqar Ali
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiroshi Inagaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Ee Yong Foo
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brendan Pang
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soo Yong Tan
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore, Singapore.
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15
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Aksenova AY, Zhuk AS, Lada AG, Zotova IV, Stepchenkova EI, Kostroma II, Gritsaev SV, Pavlov YI. Genome Instability in Multiple Myeloma: Facts and Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5949. [PMID: 34885058 PMCID: PMC8656811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm of terminally differentiated immunoglobulin-producing B lymphocytes called plasma cells. MM is the second most common hematologic malignancy, and it poses a heavy economic and social burden because it remains incurable and confers a profound disability to patients. Despite current progress in MM treatment, the disease invariably recurs, even after the transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (ASCT). Biological processes leading to a pathological myeloma clone and the mechanisms of further evolution of the disease are far from complete understanding. Genetically, MM is a complex disease that demonstrates a high level of heterogeneity. Myeloma genomes carry numerous genetic changes, including structural genome variations and chromosomal gains and losses, and these changes occur in combinations with point mutations affecting various cellular pathways, including genome maintenance. MM genome instability in its extreme is manifested in mutation kataegis and complex genomic rearrangements: chromothripsis, templated insertions, and chromoplexy. Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat MM add another level of complexity because many of them exacerbate genome instability. Genome abnormalities are driver events and deciphering their mechanisms will help understand the causes of MM and play a pivotal role in developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y. Aksenova
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna S. Zhuk
- International Laboratory “Computer Technologies”, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Artem G. Lada
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Irina V. Zotova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.Z.); (E.I.S.)
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena I. Stepchenkova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.V.Z.); (E.I.S.)
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan I. Kostroma
- Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, 191024 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.I.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Sergey V. Gritsaev
- Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, 191024 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.I.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Youri I. Pavlov
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Pathology, Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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16
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Molecular and functional profiling identifies therapeutically targetable vulnerabilities in plasmablastic lymphoma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5183. [PMID: 34465776 PMCID: PMC8408158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25405-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) represents a rare and aggressive lymphoma subtype frequently associated with immunosuppression. Clinically, patients with PBL are characterized by poor outcome. The current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis is limited. A hallmark of PBL represents its plasmacytic differentiation with loss of B-cell markers and, in 60% of cases, its association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Roughly 50% of PBLs harbor a MYC translocation. Here, we provide a comprehensive integrated genomic analysis using whole exome sequencing (WES) and genome-wide copy number determination in a large cohort of 96 primary PBL samples. We identify alterations activating the RAS-RAF, JAK-STAT, and NOTCH pathways as well as frequent high-level amplifications in MCL1 and IRF4. The functional impact of these alterations is assessed using an unbiased shRNA screen in a PBL model. These analyses identify the IRF4 and JAK-STAT pathways as promising molecular targets to improve outcome of PBL patients. Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive lymphoma subtype characterized by poor prognosis but the molecular knowledge of the disease is limited. Here, the authors perform whole exome sequencing and copy number determination of primary samples highlighting IRF4 and JAK-STAT pathways as therapeutic targets for PBL.
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17
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Huang X, Ma T, Zhu Y, Jiao B, Yu S, Wang K, Mi JQ, Ren R. IRF4 and IRF8 expression are associated with clinical phenotype and clinico-hematological response to hydroxyurea in essential thrombocythemia. Front Med 2021; 16:403-415. [PMID: 34331664 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are primarily caused by arterial and venous complications, progression to myelofibrosis, and transformation to acute leukemia. However, identifying molecular-based biomarkers for risk stratification of patients with MPNs remains a challenge. We have previously shown that interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF8) and IRF4 serve as tumor suppressors in myeloid cells. In this study, we evaluated the expression of IRF4 and IRF8 and the JAK2V617F mutant allele burden in patients with MPNs. Patients with decreased IRF4 expression were correlated with a more developed MPN phenotype in myelofibrosis (MF) and secondary AML (sAML) transformed from MPNs versus essential thrombocythemia (ET). Negative correlations between the JAK2V617F allele burden and the expression of IRF8 (P < 0.05) and IRF4 (P < 0.001) and between white blood cell (WBC) count and IRF4 expression (P < 0.05) were found in ET patients. IRF8 expression was negatively correlated with the JAK2V617F allele burden (P < 0.05) in polycythemia vera patients. Complete response (CR), partial response (PR), and no response (NR) were observed in 67.5%,10%, and 22.5% of ET patients treated with hydroxyurea (HU), respectively, in 12 months. At 3 months, patients in the CR group showed high IRF4 and IRF8 expression compared with patients in the PR and NR groups. In the 12-month therapy period, low IRF4 and IRF8 expression were independently associated with the unfavorable response to HU and high WBC count. Our data indicate that the expression of IRF4 and IRF8 was associated with the MPN phenotype, which may serve as biomarkers for the response to HU in ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Research Center for translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Tingting Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Research Center for translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yongmei Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Research Center for translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bo Jiao
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Research Center for translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shanhe Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Research Center for translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Kankan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Research Center for translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jian-Qing Mi
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Research Center for translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Ruibao Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, National Research Center for translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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18
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Ikeda S, Tagawa H. Impact of hypoxia on the pathogenesis and therapy resistance in multiple myeloma. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3995-4004. [PMID: 34310776 PMCID: PMC8486179 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a refractory plasma cell tumor. In myeloma cells, the transcription factor IRF4, the master regulator of plasma cells, is aberrantly upregulated and plays an essential role in oncogenesis. IRF4 forms a positive feedback loop with MYC, leading to additional tumorigenic properties. In recent years, molecular targeted therapies have contributed to a significant improvement in the prognosis of MM. Nevertheless, almost all patients experience disease progression, which is thought to be a result of treatment resistance induced by various elements of the bone marrow microenvironment. Among these, the hypoxic response, one of the key processes for cellular homeostasis, induces hypoxia‐adapted traits such as undifferentiation, altered metabolism, and dissemination, leading to drug resistance. These inductions are caused by ectopic gene expression changes mediated by the activation of hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs). By contrast, the expression levels of IRF4 and MYC are markedly reduced by hypoxic stress. Notably, an anti‐apoptotic capability is usually acquired under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, but the mechanism is distinct. This fact strongly suggests that myeloma cells may survive by switching their dependent regulatory factors from IRF4 and MYC (normoxic bone marrow region) to HIF (hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment). Therefore, to achieve deep remission, combination therapeutic agents, which are complementarily effective against both IRF4‐MYC‐dominant and HIF‐dominated fractions, may become an important therapeutic strategy for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Ikeda
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tagawa
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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19
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Perini T, Materozzi M, Milan E. The Immunity-malignancy equilibrium in multiple myeloma: lessons from oncogenic events in plasma cells. FEBS J 2021; 289:4383-4397. [PMID: 34117720 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells (PC) that grow within the bone marrow and maintain massive immunoglobulin (Ig) production. Disease evolution is driven by genetic lesions, whose effects on cell biology and fitness underlie addictions and vulnerabilities of myeloma cells. Several genes mutated in myeloma are strictly involved in dictating PC identity and antibody factory function. Here, we evaluate the impact of mutations in IRF4, PRDM1, and XBP1, essential transcription factors driving the B to PC differentiation, on MM cell biology and homeostasis. These factors are highly specialized, with limited overlap in their downstream transcriptional programs. Indeed, IRF4 sustains metabolism, survival, and proliferation, while PRDM1 and XBP1 are mainly responsible for endoplasmic reticulum expansion and sustained Ig secretion. Interestingly, IRF4 undergoes activating mutations and translocations, while PRDM1 and XBP1 are hit by loss-of-function events, raising the hypothesis that containment of the secretory program, but not its complete extinction, may be beneficial to malignant PCs. Finally, recent studies unveiled that also the PRDM1 target, FAM46C/TENT5C, an onco-suppressor uniquely and frequently mutated or deleted in myeloma, is directly and potently involved in orchestrating ER homeostasis and secretory activity. Inactivating mutations found in this gene and its interactors strengthen the notion that reduced secretory capacity confers advantage to myeloma cells. We believe that dissection of the evolutionary pressure on genes driving PC-specific functions in myeloma will disclose the cellular strategies by which myeloma cells maintain an equilibrium between antibody production and survival, thus unveiling novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Perini
- Age related Diseases Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.,Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Materozzi
- Age related Diseases Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Milan
- Age related Diseases Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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20
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Biology of Germinal Center B Cells Relating to Lymphomagenesis. Hemasphere 2021; 5:e582. [PMID: 34095765 PMCID: PMC8171379 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is a key feature of adaptive humoral immunity. GCs represent the site where mature B cells refine their B-cell receptor (BCR) and are selected based on the newly acquired affinity for the antigen. In the GC, B cells undergo multiple cycles of proliferation, BCR remodeling by immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation (SHM), and affinity-based selection before emerging as effector memory B cells or antibody-secreting plasma cells. At least 2 histologically and functionally distinct compartments are identified in the GC: the dark zone (DZ) and the light zone (LZ). The proliferative burst and immunoglobulin remodeling by SHM occur prevalently in the DZ compartment. In the LZ, GC B cells undergo an affinity-based selection process that requires the interaction with the antigen and accessory cells. GC B cells are also targeted by class switch recombination, an additional mechanism of immunoglobulin remodeling that ensures the expression of diverse isotype classes. These processes are regulated by a complex network of transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers, and signaling pathways that act in concert with mechanisms of intra-GC B-cell trafficking. The same mechanisms underlying the unique ability of GC B cells to generate high affinity antibodies and ensure immunological memory are hijacked during lymphomagenesis and become powerful weapons for malignant transformation. This review will summarize the main processes and transcriptional networks that drive GC B-cell development and are relevant for human B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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21
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Jones CL, Degasperi A, Grandi V, Amarante TD, Mitchell TJ, Nik-Zainal S, Whittaker SJ. Spectrum of mutational signatures in T-cell lymphoma reveals a key role for UV radiation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3962. [PMID: 33597573 PMCID: PMC7889847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas develop following transformation of tissue resident T-cells. We performed a meta-analysis of whole exome sequencing data from 403 patients with eight subtypes of T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to identify mutational signatures and associated recurrent gene mutations. Signature 1, indicative of age-related deamination, was prevalent across all T-cell lymphomas, reflecting the derivation of these malignancies from memory T-cells. Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma was specifically associated with signature 17, which was found to correlate with the IRF4 K59R mutation that is exclusive to Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. Signature 7, implicating UV exposure was uniquely identified in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), contributing 52% of the mutational burden in mycosis fungoides and 23% in Sezary syndrome. Importantly this UV signature was observed in CD4 + T-cells isolated from the blood of Sezary syndrome patients suggesting extensive re-circulation of these T-cells through skin and blood. Analysis of non-Hodgkin's T-cell lymphoma cases submitted to the national 100,000 WGS project confirmed that signature 7 was only identified in CTCL strongly implicating UV radiation in the pathogenesis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Databases, Genetic
- Humans
- Interferon Regulatory Factors
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/etiology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Mutation/genetics
- Sezary Syndrome/blood
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Jones
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrea Degasperi
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- Academic Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Lv 6 Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 238, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vieri Grandi
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tauanne D Amarante
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- Academic Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Lv 6 Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 238, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tracey J Mitchell
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- Academic Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Lv 6 Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 238, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sean J Whittaker
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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22
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Yanai H, Negishi H, Taniguchi T. The IRF family of transcription factors: Inception, impact and implications in oncogenesis. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1376-1386. [PMID: 23243601 PMCID: PMC3518510 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) proteins family were originally identified as transcriptional regulators of the Type I interferon system. Thanks to consistent advances made in our understanding of the immunobiology of innate receptors, it is now clear that several IRFs are critical for the elicitation of innate pattern recognition receptors, and—as a consequence—for adaptive immunity. In addition, IRFs have attracted great attentions as they modulate cellular responses that are involved in tumorigenesis. The regulation of oncogenesis by IRFs has important implications for understanding the host susceptibility to several Types of cancers, their progression, as well as the potential for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Molecular Immunology; Institute of Industrial Science; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan ; Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Murugesan A, Lassalle-Claux G, Hogan L, Vaillancourt E, Selka A, Luiker K, Kim MJ, Touaibia M, Reiman T. Antimyeloma Potential of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester and Its Analogues through Sp1 Mediated Downregulation of IKZF1-IRF4-MYC Axis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:3526-3535. [PMID: 33210536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, 2), a natural compound from propolis, is a well-documented antitumor agent with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitory activity. Key transcription factors regulated by NF-κB, namely, interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF4) and octameric binding protein-2 (OCT2), are implicated in the tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma (MM), an incurable bone marrow cancer. Adverse effects and resistance to current chemotherapeutics pose a great challenge for MM treatment. Hence, the structure-activity relationships of CAPE (2) and 21 of its analogues were evaluated for their antimyeloma potential. Preclinical evaluation revealed that CAPE (2) and the 3-phenylpropyl (4), 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid 3-phenylpropyl ester (17), and 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic ether (22) analogues inhibited human myeloma cell growth. Analogue 4 surpassed CAPE (2) and lenalidomide in showing strong apoptotic effects with a remarkable decrease in IRF4 levels. The analogue 17 exhibited the most potent anti-MM activity. The downregulation of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and the IKZF1-IRF4-MYC axis by CAPE (2) analogues 4 and 17 revealed their novel mechanism of action. The analogues showed no adverse cytotoxic effects on normal human cells and exhibited appropriate in silico pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeness. These findings suggest the promising application of CAPE (2) analogues to target Ikaros (IKZF1)/IRF4 addiction, the so-called Achilles heel of myeloma, for better treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alli Murugesan
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Dalhousie Medicine NB, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2, Canada
| | - Grégoire Lassalle-Claux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9 Canada
| | - Lauren Hogan
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2, Canada
| | - Elise Vaillancourt
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2, Canada
| | - Ayyoub Selka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9 Canada
| | - Katie Luiker
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2, Canada
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2, Canada
| | - Mohamed Touaibia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9 Canada
| | - Tony Reiman
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Dalhousie Medicine NB, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L2, Canada
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24
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Feed-forward regulatory loop driven by IRF4 and NF-κB in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2020; 135:934-947. [PMID: 31972002 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a highly aggressive hematological malignancy derived from mature CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate the transcriptional regulatory network driven by 2 oncogenic transcription factors, IRF4 and NF-κB, in ATL cells. Gene expression profiling of primary ATL samples demonstrated that the IRF4 gene was more highly expressed in ATL cells than in normal T cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis revealed that IRF4-bound regions were more frequently found in super-enhancers than in typical enhancers. NF-κB was found to co-occupy IRF4-bound regulatory elements and formed a coherent feed-forward loop to coordinately regulate genes involved in T-cell functions and development. Importantly, IRF4 and NF-κB regulated several cancer genes associated with super-enhancers in ATL cells, including MYC, CCR4, and BIRC3. Genetic inhibition of BIRC3 induced growth inhibition in ATL cells, implicating its role as a critical effector molecule downstream of the IRF4-NF-κB transcriptional network.
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25
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B-cell-specific IRF4 deletion accelerates chronic lymphocytic leukemia development by enhanced tumor immune evasion. Blood 2020; 134:1717-1729. [PMID: 31537531 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a heterogenous disease that is highly dependent on a cross talk of CLL cells with the microenvironment, in particular with T cells. T cells derived from CLL patients or murine CLL models are skewed to an antigen-experienced T-cell subset, indicating a certain degree of antitumor recognition, but they are also exhausted, preventing an effective antitumor immune response. Here we describe a novel mechanism of CLL tumor immune evasion that is independent of T-cell exhaustion, using B-cell-specific deletion of the transcription factor IRF4 (interferon regulatory factor 4) in Tcl-1 transgenic mice developing a murine CLL highly similar to the human disease. We show enhanced CLL disease progression in IRF4-deficient Tcl-1 tg mice, associated with a severe downregulation of genes involved in T-cell activation, including genes involved in antigen processing/presentation and T-cell costimulation, which massively reduced T-cell subset skewing and exhaustion. We found a strong analogy in the human disease, with inferior prognosis of CLL patients with low IRF4 expression in independent CLL patient cohorts, failed T-cell skewing to antigen-experienced subsets, decreased costimulation capacity, and downregulation of genes involved in T-cell activation. These results have therapeutic relevance because our findings on molecular mechanisms of immune privilege may be responsible for the failure of immune-therapeutic strategies in CLL and may lead to improved targeting in the future.
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26
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Shanmugam V, Kim AS. Lymphomas. Genomic Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22922-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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27
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Large B-cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangement: a special tonsillar lymphoma in children. PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phoj.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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28
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Nasim MM, Chalif DJ, Demopoulos AM, Brody J, Lee-Huang R, Spitzer SG, Kolitz JE, Zhang X. Primary Low-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma of Skull With Translocation Between Immunoglobulin and Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 Genes. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 28:330-335. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896919883013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade B-cell lymphoma with immunoglobulin ( IG) and interferon regulatory factor 4 ( IRF4) gene rearrangement is extremely rare, with only 4 cases being previously reported. In this article, we report one additional case that arises from the skull and review the literature. The patient was a 69-year-old man who presented with recurrent and disabling vertigo and was found to have a 5.0 × 1.7 cm lesion within the left posterior parietal bone. Histological examination revealed a bone lesion with diffuse lymphoid infiltrate comprising of mostly small lymphocytes with scant cytoplasm, slightly irregular nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli, and scattered larger cells resembling prolymphocytes and paraimmunoblasts. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the neoplastic cells were positive for CD20, CD79a, PAX5, CD23, CD43, BCL-2, BCL-6, MUM-1, LEF-1, and IgM and negative for CD5, CD10, cyclinD1, SOX11, and IgD. Flow cytometric analysis identified CD5 negative and CD10 negative monoclonal B cells with lambda light chain restriction. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed del(13q) abnormality, but was negative for IGH/BCL2, IGH/CCND1, and BIRC3/MALT1 translocations. Next-generation sequencing identified IGK-IRF4 rearrangement and BRD4 E1113 del abnormalities. Given a low clinical stage (IE) of the disease, the patient did not receive additional treatments and was free of disease at 1 year after the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor M. Nasim
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - David J. Chalif
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Alexis M. Demopoulos
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Judith Brody
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Rova Lee-Huang
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Silvia G. Spitzer
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Kolitz
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Xinmin Zhang
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
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29
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Shih T, De S, Barnes BJ. RNAi Transfection Optimized in Primary Naïve B Cells for the Targeted Analysis of Human Plasma Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1652. [PMID: 31396212 PMCID: PMC6664017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon antigen recognition, naïve B cells undergo rapid proliferation followed by differentiation to specialized antibody secreting cells (ASCs), called plasma cells. Increased circulating plasma cells are reported in patients with B cell-associated malignancies, chronic graft-vs.-host disease, and autoimmune disorders. Our aim was to optimize an RNAi-based method that efficiently and reproducibly knocks-down genes of interest in human primary peripheral B cells for the targeted analysis of ASC differentiation. The unique contributions of transcriptional diversity in species-specific regulatory networks and the mechanisms of gene function need to be approached directly in human B cells with tools to hone our basic inferences from animal models to human biology. To date, methods for gene knockdown in human primary B cells, which tend to be more refractory to transfection than immortalized B cell lines, have been limited by losses in cell viability and ineffective penetrance. Our single-step siRNA nucleofector-based approach for human primary naïve B cells demonstrates reproducible knockdown efficiency (~40–60%). We focused on genes already known to play key roles in murine ASC differentiation, such as interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and AID. This study reports a validated non-viral method of siRNA delivery into human primary B cells that can be applied to study gene regulatory networks that control human ASC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Shih
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, Northwell Health, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Saurav De
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, Northwell Health, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, Northwell Health, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, United States
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30
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Huo J, Xu S, Lam KP. FAIM: An Antagonist of Fas-Killing and Beyond. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060541. [PMID: 31167518 PMCID: PMC6628066 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas Apoptosis Inhibitory Molecule (FAIM) is an anti-apoptotic protein that is up-regulated in B cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells and confers upon them resistance to Fas-mediated cell death. Faim has two alternatively spliced isoforms, with the short isoform ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and the long isoform mainly found in the nervous tissues. FAIM is evolutionarily conserved but does not share any significant primary sequence homology with any known protein. The function of FAIM has been extensively studied in the past 20 years, with its primary role being ascribed to be anti-apoptotic. In addition, several other functions of FAIM were also discovered in different physiological and pathological conditions, such as cell growth, metabolism, Alzheimer’s disease and tumorigenesis. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying FAIM’s role in these conditions remain unknown. In this review, we summarize comprehensively the functions of FAIM in these different contexts and discuss its potential as a diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Huo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
| | - Shengli Xu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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31
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Janz S, Zhan F, Sun F, Cheng Y, Pisano M, Yang Y, Goldschmidt H, Hari P. Germline Risk Contribution to Genomic Instability in Multiple Myeloma. Front Genet 2019; 10:424. [PMID: 31139207 PMCID: PMC6518313 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability, a well-established hallmark of human cancer, is also a driving force in the natural history of multiple myeloma (MM) - a difficult to treat and in most cases fatal neoplasm of immunoglobulin producing plasma cells that reside in the hematopoietic bone marrow. Long recognized manifestations of genomic instability in myeloma at the cytogenetic level include abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy) caused by trisomy of odd-numbered chromosomes; recurrent oncogene-activating chromosomal translocations that involve immunoglobulin loci; and large-scale amplifications, inversions, and insertions/deletions (indels) of genetic material. Catastrophic genetic rearrangements that either shatter and illegitimately reassemble a single chromosome (chromotripsis) or lead to disordered segmental rearrangements of multiple chromosomes (chromoplexy) also occur. Genomic instability at the nucleotide level results in base substitution mutations and small indels that affect both the coding and non-coding genome. Sometimes this generates a distinctive signature of somatic mutations that can be attributed to defects in DNA repair pathways, the DNA damage response (DDR) or aberrant activity of mutator genes including members of the APOBEC family. In addition to myeloma development and progression, genomic instability promotes acquisition of drug resistance in patients with myeloma. Here we review recent findings on the genetic predisposition to myeloma, including newly identified candidate genes suggesting linkage of germline risk and compromised genomic stability control. The role of ethnic and familial risk factors for myeloma is highlighted. We address current research gaps that concern the lack of studies on the mechanism by which germline risk alleles promote genomic instability in myeloma, including the open question whether genetic modifiers of myeloma development act in tumor cells, the tumor microenvironment (TME), or in both. We conclude with a brief proposition for future research directions, which concentrate on the biological function of myeloma risk and genetic instability alleles, the potential links between the germline genome and somatic changes in myeloma, and the need to elucidate genetic modifiers in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Janz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Fumou Sun
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Yan Cheng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael Pisano
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ye Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Ministry of Education's Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Medizinische Klinik V, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Parameswaran Hari
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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32
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Janker L, Mayer RL, Bileck A, Kreutz D, Mader JC, Utpatel K, Heudobler D, Agis H, Gerner C, Slany A. Metabolic, Anti-apoptotic and Immune Evasion Strategies of Primary Human Myeloma Cells Indicate Adaptations to Hypoxia. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:936-953. [PMID: 30792264 PMCID: PMC6495257 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy primarily localized within the bone marrow (BM). It develops from a premalignant stage, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), often via an intermediate stage, smoldering MM (SMM). The mechanisms of MM progression have not yet been fully understood, all the more because patients with MGUS and SMM already carry similar initial mutations as found in MM cells. Over the last years, increased importance has been attributed to the tumor microenvironment and its role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Adaptations of MM cells to hypoxic conditions in the BM have been shown to contribute significantly to MM progression, independently from the genetic predispositions of the tumor cells. Searching for consequences of hypoxia-induced adaptations in primary human MM cells, CD138-positive plasma cells freshly isolated from BM of patients with different disease stages, comprising MGUS, SMM, and MM, were analyzed by proteome profiling, which resulted in the identification of 6218 proteins. Results have been made fully accessible via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010600. Data previously obtained from normal primary B cells were included for comparative purposes. A principle component analysis revealed three clusters, differentiating B cells as well as MM cells corresponding to less and more advanced disease stages. Comparing these three clusters pointed to the alteration of pathways indicating adaptations to hypoxic stress in MM cells on disease progression. Protein regulations indicating immune evasion strategies of MM cells were determined, supported by immunohistochemical staining, as well as transcription factors involved in MM development and progression. Protein regulatory networks related to metabolic adaptations of the cells became apparent. Results were strengthened by targeted analyses of a selected panel of metabolites in MM cells and MM-associated fibroblasts. Based on our data, new opportunities may arise for developing therapeutic strategies targeting myeloma disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Janker
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert L Mayer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominique Kreutz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna C Mader
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kirsten Utpatel
- Department of Pathology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Heudobler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hermine Agis
- Department of Oncology, University Clinic for Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Slany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;.
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33
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Li S, Vallet S, Sacco A, Roccaro A, Lentzsch S, Podar K. Targeting transcription factors in multiple myeloma: evolving therapeutic strategies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:445-462. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1605354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sonia Vallet
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Antonio Sacco
- Clinical Research Development and Phase I Unit, CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Aldo Roccaro
- Clinical Research Development and Phase I Unit, CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Suzanne Lentzsch
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Klaus Podar
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
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34
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Högstrand K, Lindvall JM, Sundblad A, Grandien A. Transformation of mature mouse B cells into malignant plasma cells in vitro via introduction of defined genetic elements. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:454-461. [PMID: 30664244 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An experimental system where defined alterations in gene function or gene expression levels in primary B cells would result in the development of transformed plasma cells in vitro would be useful in order to facilitate studies of the underlying molecular mechanisms of plasma cell malignancies. Here, such a system is described in which primary murine B cells rapidly become transformed into surface CD138+ , IgM-/low , CD19- IgM-secreting plasma cells as a result of expression of the transcription factors IRF4 and MYC together with simultaneous expression of BMI1, mutated p53 or silencing of p19Arf , and suppression of intrinsic apoptosis through expression of BCLXL. Analysis of gene expression patterns revealed that this combination of transforming genes resulted in expression of a number of genes previously associated with terminally differentiated B cells (plasma cells) and myeloma cells, whereas many genes associated with mature B cells and B-cell lymphomas were not expressed. Upon transplantation, the transformed cells preferentially localized to the bone marrow, presenting features of a plasma cell malignancy of the IgM isotype. The present findings may also be applicable in the development of novel methods for production of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Högstrand
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica M Lindvall
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Sundblad
- Hematology Center, CMM, Bioclinicum, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital - Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alf Grandien
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Agnarelli A, Chevassut T, Mancini EJ. IRF4 in multiple myeloma—Biology, disease and therapeutic target. Leuk Res 2018; 72:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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36
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Interferon regulatory factor 1 inactivation in human cancer. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171672. [PMID: 29599126 PMCID: PMC5938431 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a group of closely related proteins collectively referred to as the IRF family. Members of this family were originally recognized for their roles in inflammatory responses; however, recent research has suggested that they are also involved in tumor biology. This review focusses on current knowledge of the roles of IRF-1 and IRF-2 in human cancer, with particular attention paid to the impact of IRF-1 inactivation. The different mechanisms underlying IRF-1 inactivation and their implications for human cancers and the potential importance of IRF-1 in immunotherapy are also summarized.
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37
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Cherian MA, Olson S, Sundaramoorthi H, Cates K, Cheng X, Harding J, Martens A, Challen GA, Tyagi M, Ratner L, Rauch D. An activating mutation of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) in adult T-cell leukemia. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29540473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) oncoprotein Tax drives cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis early in the pathogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Subsequently, probably as a result of specific immunoediting, Tax expression is down-regulated and functionally replaced by somatic driver mutations of the host genome. Both amplification and point mutations of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) have been previously detected in ATL., K59R is the most common single-nucleotide variation of IRF4 and is found exclusively in ATL. High-throughput whole-exome sequencing revealed recurrent activating genetic alterations in the T-cell receptor, CD28, and NF-κB pathways. We found that IRF4, which is transcriptionally activated downstream of these pathways, is frequently mutated in ATL. IRF4 RNA, protein, and IRF4 transcriptional targets are uniformly elevated in HTLV-1-transformed cells and ATL cell lines, and IRF4 was bound to genomic regulatory DNA of many of these transcriptional targets in HTLV-1-transformed cell lines. We further noted that the K59R IRF4 mutant is expressed at higher levels in the nucleus than WT IRF4 and is transcriptionally more active. Expression of both WT and the K59R mutant of IRF4 from a constitutive promoter in retrovirally transduced murine bone marrow cells increased the abundance of T lymphocytes but not myeloid cells or B lymphocytes in mice. IRF4 may represent a therapeutic target in ATL because ATL cells select for a mutant of IRF4 with higher nuclear expression and transcriptional activity, and overexpression of IRF4 induces the expansion of T lymphocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A Cherian
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Sydney Olson
- the Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and
| | - Hemalatha Sundaramoorthi
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Kitra Cates
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - John Harding
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Andrew Martens
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Grant A Challen
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Manoj Tyagi
- the Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Lee Ratner
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110,
| | - Daniel Rauch
- From the Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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38
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DNMTi/HDACi combined epigenetic targeted treatment induces reprogramming of myeloma cells in the direction of normal plasma cells. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:1062-1073. [PMID: 29500406 PMCID: PMC5931098 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy. Aberrant epigenetic modifications have been reported in MM and could be promising therapeutic targets. As response rates are overall limited but deep responses occur, it is important to identify those patients who could indeed benefit from epigenetic-targeted therapy. Methods Since HDACi and DNMTi combination have potential therapeutic value in MM, we aimed to build a GEP-based score that could be useful to design future epigenetic-targeted combination trials. In addition, we investigated the changes in GEP upon HDACi/DNMTi treatment. Results We report a new gene expression-based score to predict MM cell sensitivity to the combination of DNMTi/HDACi. A high Combo score in MM patients identified a group with a worse overall survival but a higher sensitivity of their MM cells to DNMTi/HDACi therapy compared to a low Combo score. In addition, treatment with DNMTi/HDACi downregulated IRF4 and MYC expression and appeared to induce a mature BMPC plasma cell gene expression profile in myeloma cell lines. Conclusion In conclusion, we developed a score for the prediction of primary MM cell sensitivity to DNMTi/HDACi and found that this combination could be beneficial in high-risk patients by targeting proliferation and inducing maturation.
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39
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Mélard P, Idrissi Y, Andrique L, Poglio S, Prochazkova-Carlotti M, Berhouet S, Boucher C, Laharanne E, Chevret E, Pham-Ledard A, De Souza Góes AC, Guyonnet-Duperat V, Bibeyran A, Moreau-Gaudry F, Vergier B, Beylot-Barry M, Merlio JP, Cappellen D. Molecular alterations and tumor suppressive function of the DUSP22 (Dual Specificity Phosphatase 22) gene in peripheral T-cell lymphoma subtypes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68734-68748. [PMID: 27626696 PMCID: PMC5356586 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoallelic 6p25.3 rearrangements associated with DUSP22 (Dual Specificity Phosphatase 22) gene silencing have been reported in CD30+ peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL), mostly with anaplastic morphology and of cutaneous origin. However, the mechanism of second allele silencing and the putative tumor suppressor function of DUSP22 have not been investigated so far. Here, we show that the presence, in most individuals, of an inactive paralog hampers genetic and epigenetic evaluation of the DUSP22 gene. Identification of DUSP22-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms haplotypes and fluorescence in situ hybridization and epigenetic characterization of the paralog status led us to develop a comprehensive strategy enabling reliable identification of DUSP22 alterations. We showed that one cutaneous anaplastic large T-cell lymphomas (cALCL) case with monoallelic 6p25.3 rearrangement and DUSP22 silencing harbored exon 1 somatic mutations associated with second allele inactivation. Another cALCL case carried an intron 1 somatic splice site mutation with predicted deleterious exon skipping effect. Other tested PTCL cases with 6p25.3 rearrangement exhibited neither mutation nor deletion nor methylation accounting for silencing of the non-rearranged DUSP22 allele, thus inactivated by a so far unknown mechanism. We also characterized the expression status of four DUSP22 splice variants and found that they are all silenced in cALCL cases with 6p25.3 breakpoints. We finally showed that restoring expression of the physiologically predominant isoform in DUSP22-deficient malignant T cells inhibits cellular expansion by stimulating apoptosis and impairs soft agar clonogenicity and tumorigenicity. This study therefore shows that DUSP22 behaves as a tumor suppressor gene in PTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mélard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Yamina Idrissi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laetitia Andrique
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Biologie des Tumeurs-Tumorothèque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Sandrine Poglio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Martina Prochazkova-Carlotti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sabine Berhouet
- Service de Biologie des Tumeurs-Tumorothèque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Cécile Boucher
- Service de Biologie des Tumeurs-Tumorothèque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Elodie Laharanne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Biologie des Tumeurs-Tumorothèque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Edith Chevret
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Pham-Ledard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Saint-André, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Andréa Carla De Souza Góes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Véronique Guyonnet-Duperat
- Plateforme de Vectorologie, Unité Mixte de Services (UMS TBM-Core), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm)-Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alice Bibeyran
- Plateforme de Vectorologie, Unité Mixte de Services (UMS TBM-Core), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm)-Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - François Moreau-Gaudry
- Plateforme de Vectorologie, Unité Mixte de Services (UMS TBM-Core), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm)-Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Biothérapies des Maladies Génétiques et Cancers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1035, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Béatrice Vergier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Marie Beylot-Barry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Saint-André, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Merlio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Biologie des Tumeurs-Tumorothèque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - David Cappellen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Biologie des Tumeurs-Tumorothèque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
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IRF4 Mediates the Oncogenic Effects of STAT3 in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10010021. [PMID: 29346274 PMCID: PMC5789371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are a category of T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas which can be divided into anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive and ALK negative subgroups, based on ALK gene rearrangements. Among several pathways aberrantly activated in ALCL, the constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is shared by all ALK positive ALCL and has been detected in a subgroup of ALK negative ALCL. To discover essential mediators of STAT3 oncogenic activity that may represent feasible targets for ALCL therapies, we combined gene expression profiling analysis and RNA interference functional approaches. A shRNA screening of STAT3-modulated genes identified interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) as a key driver of ALCL cell survival. Accordingly, ectopic IRF4 expression partially rescued STAT3 knock-down effects. Treatment with immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) induced IRF4 down regulation and resulted in cell death, a phenotype rescued by IRF4 overexpression. However, the majority of ALCL cell lines were poorly responsive to IMiDs treatment. Combination with JQ1, a bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family antagonist known to inhibit MYC and IRF4, increased sensitivity to IMiDs. Overall, these results show that IRF4 is involved in STAT3-oncogenic signaling and its inhibition provides alternative avenues for the design of novel/combination therapies of ALCL.
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41
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Epari S, Verma A, Gujral S, Shet T. An unusual presentation of large B-cell lymphoma with interferon regulatory factor 4 gene rearrangement. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2018; 61:271-274. [DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_194_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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42
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Manojlovic Z, Christofferson A, Liang WS, Aldrich J, Washington M, Wong S, Rohrer D, Jewell S, Kittles RA, Derome M, Auclair D, Craig DW, Keats J, Carpten JD. Comprehensive molecular profiling of 718 Multiple Myelomas reveals significant differences in mutation frequencies between African and European descent cases. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007087. [PMID: 29166413 PMCID: PMC5699827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy with significantly greater incidence and mortality rates among African Americans (AA) compared to Caucasians (CA). The overall goal of this study is to elucidate differences in molecular alterations in MM as a function of self-reported race and genetic ancestry. Our study utilized somatic whole exome, RNA-sequencing, and correlated clinical data from 718 MM patients from the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation CoMMpass study Interim Analysis 9. Somatic mutational analyses based upon self-reported race corrected for ancestry revealed significant differences in mutation frequency between groups. Of interest, BCL7A, BRWD3, and AUTS2 demonstrate significantly higher mutation frequencies among AA cases. These genes are all involved in translocations in B-cell malignancies. Moreover, we detected a significant difference in mutation frequency of TP53 and IRF4 with frequencies higher among CA cases. Our study provides rationale for interrogating diverse tumor cohorts to best understand tumor genomics across populations. This study represents the largest comprehensive molecular analysis of ethnically defined newly diagnosed treatment naïve Multiple Myeloma (MM). We revealed significant differences in mutation frequencies for important cancer genes between AA and CA MM. This study provides support for interrogating diverse tumor cohorts to best understand tumor genomics across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarko Manojlovic
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Winnie S. Liang
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Jessica Aldrich
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Megan Washington
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Shukmei Wong
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Daniel Rohrer
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Scott Jewell
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Rick A. Kittles
- Department of Surgery, Division of Population Genetics, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, United States of America
| | - Mary Derome
- Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, Norwalk, CT, United States of America
| | - Daniel Auclair
- Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, Norwalk, CT, United States of America
| | - David Wesley Craig
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Keats
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - John D. Carpten
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
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43
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Chhabra Y, Yong HXL, Fane ME, Soogrim A, Lim W, Mahiuddin DN, Kim RSQ, Ashcroft M, Beatson SA, Ainger SA, Smit DJ, Jagirdar K, Walker GJ, Sturm RA, Smith AG. Genetic variation in IRF4 expression modulates growth characteristics, tyrosinase expression and interferon-gamma response in melanocytic cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 31:51-63. [PMID: 28755520 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A SNP within intron4 of the interferon regulatory factor4 (IRF4) gene, rs12203592*C/T, has been independently associated with pigmentation and age-specific effects on naevus count in European-derived populations. We have characterized the cis-regulatory activity of this intronic region and using human foreskin-derived melanoblast strains, we have explored the correlation between IRF4 rs12203592 homozygous C/C and T/T genotypes with TYR enzyme activity, supporting its association with pigmentation traits. Further, higher IRF4 protein levels directed by the rs12203592*C allele were associated with increased basal proliferation but decreased cell viability following UVR, an etiological factor in melanoma development. Since UVR, and accompanying IFNγ-mediated inflammatory response, is associated with melanomagenesis, we evaluated its effects in the context of IRF4 status. Manipulation of IRF4 levels followed by IFNγ treatment revealed a subset of chemokines and immuno-evasive molecules that are sensitive to IRF4 expression level and genotype including CTLA4 and PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hilary X L Yong
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mitchell E Fane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arish Soogrim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wen Lim
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dayana Nur Mahiuddin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Reuben S Q Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Melinda Ashcroft
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen A Ainger
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren J Smit
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kasturee Jagirdar
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Graeme J Walker
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Sawada L, Nagano Y, Hasegawa A, Kanai H, Nogami K, Ito S, Sato T, Yamano Y, Tanaka Y, Masuda T, Kannagi M. IL-10-mediated signals act as a switch for lymphoproliferation in Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 infection by activating the STAT3 and IRF4 pathways. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006597. [PMID: 28910419 PMCID: PMC5614654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes two distinct diseases, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Since there are no disease-specific differences among HTLV-1 strains, the etiological mechanisms separating these respective lymphoproliferative and inflammatory diseases are not well understood. In this study, by using IL-2-dependent HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines (ILTs) established from patients with ATL and HAM/TSP, we demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and its downstream signals potentially act as a switch for proliferation in HTLV-1-infected cells. Among six ILTs used, ILTs derived from all three ATL patients grew much faster than those from three HAM/TSP patients. Although most of the ILTs tested produced IFN-γ and IL-6, the production of IL-10 was preferentially observed in the rapid-growing ILTs. Interestingly, treatment with exogenous IL-10 markedly enhanced proliferation of the slow-growing HAM/TSP-derived ILTs. The IL-10-mediated proliferation of these ILTs was associated with phosphorylation of STAT3 and induction of survivin and IRF4, all of which are characteristics of ATL cells. Knockdown of STAT3 reduced expression of IL-10, implying a positive-feedback regulation between STAT3 and IL-10. STAT3 knockdown also reduced survivin and IRF4 in the IL-10- producing or IL-10- treated ILTs. IRF4 knockdown further suppressed survivin expression and the cell growth in these ILTs. These findings indicate that the IL-10-mediated signals promote cell proliferation in HTLV-1-infected cells through the STAT3 and IRF4 pathways. Our results imply that, although HTLV-1 infection alone may not be sufficient for cell proliferation, IL-10 and its signaling pathways within the infected cell itself and/or its surrounding microenvironment may play a critical role in pushing HTLV-1-infected cells towards proliferation at the early stages of HTLV-1 leukemogenesis. This study provides useful information for understanding of disease mechanisms and disease-prophylactic strategies in HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sawada
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nagano
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikari Kanai
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kai Nogami
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ito
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Disease Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Disease Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate school of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takao Masuda
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Kannagi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Qian Y, Du Z, Xing Y, Zhou T, Chen T, Shi M. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is overexpressed in human non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and activates the Notch signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6034-6040. [PMID: 28849037 PMCID: PMC5865806 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor, interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), serves an essential role in the regulation of immune responses, and has been reported to act as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for various hematological malignancies. The present study aimed to investigate whether IRF4 could exert effects on human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to explore the underlying mechanism. The mRNA and protein expression of IRF4 was detected in NSCLC tissues using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. In the in vitro experiment, IRF4 expression was knocked down or overexpressed using lentivirus in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and lung squamous cell carcinoma LC-AI cell lines. Cell proliferation and colony number were analyzed using MTT and colony formation assays, respectively. The expression levels of IRF4 mRNA and protein were significantly higher in NSCLC tissues (n=54) compared with that in adjacent non-tumor tissues. Similarly, the expression levels of Notch1 and Notch2 mRNA were significantly higher in NSCLC tissues. Furthermore, the expression level of IRF4 mRNA was positively correlated with the levels of Notch1 and Notch2 mRNA in NSCLC tissues. Consequently, using NSCLC cell lines, it was demonstrated that the knockdown of IRF4 expression significantly reduced the cell proliferation rate and colony formation, whereas IRF4-overexpression significantly increased them. Notably, the IRF4 knockdown significantly decreased the expression levels of Notch1 and Notch2 mRNA, and phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT), whereas IRF4 overexpression resulted in the opposite. The results of the present study indicate that IRF4 is overexpressed and serves as a tumor promoter in human NSCLC, at least partially, through activating the Notch-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Qian
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Ziyan Du
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Yufei Xing
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Minhua Shi
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
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46
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Bai H, Wu S, Wang R, Xu J, Chen L. Bone marrow IRF4 level in multiple myeloma: an indicator of peripheral blood Th17 and disease. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85392-85400. [PMID: 29156727 PMCID: PMC5689617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulator factor 4 (IRF4) is characterized to be a member of interferon regulatory family, which is predominantly expressed in bone marrow plasma cells of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Recent studies indicated IRF4 is critical for T-help cells (Th17) differentiation and interleukin-17 (IL-17) secretion. Here, a total of 58 MM patients were enrolled in this study, the proportions of Th17 cells and T regulatory (Treg) cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were determined by flow cytometric analysis. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the IRF4 expression in bone marrow. Herein, we observed a significant increase of IRF4 in bone marrow accompanied with a notable up-regulation of Th17 cells in PBMC within MM patients compared with healthy donors. Furthermore, the proportions of Th17 cells and serum IL-17 levels were higher in patients with stage III than stage I & II MM patients, and those parameters were positively correlated with the expression of IRF4 in these cases. These results for the first time indicate that a crosstalk between IRF4 and Th17 cells is associated with MM prognosis, and IRF4 may be served an important target for MM immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Bai
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Xu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
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47
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Interferon regulatory factors: A key to tumour immunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 49:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Kondo S, Endo K, Wakisaka N, Aga M, Kano M, Seishima N, Imoto T, Kobayashi E, Moriyama-Kita M, Nakanishi Y, Murono S, Pagano JS, Yoshizaki T. Expression of interferon regulatory factor 7 correlates with the expression of Epstein-Barr Virus latent membrane protein 1 and cervical lymph node metastasis in nasopharyngeal cancer. Pathol Int 2017; 67:461-466. [PMID: 28712115 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) has oncogenic properties in several malignancies such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoma. However, there is no evidence whether IRF7 is associated with the oncogenesis of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), the pathogenesis of which is closely associated with EBV. Herein, we report that expression of IRF7 was increased in normal nasopharyngeal cells that expressed the EBV principal oncoprotein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). In addition, IRF7 was mainly expressed in the nucleus in both normal nasopharyngeal cells and nasopharyngeal cancer cells that expresses LMP1. On immunohistochemical analysis, IRF7 was predominantly localized in the nucleus in biopsy samples of NPC tissues. In total, IRF7 expression was detected with 36 of 49 specimens of these tissues. Furthermore, the expression score of IRF7 correlated with the expression score of LMP1. Moreover, the expression score of IRF7 is associated with cervical lymph-node metastasis, which reflects the highly metastatic nature of this cancer. Taken together, our results suggest that expression of IRF7 is one of the metastatic effectors of LMP1 signalling in EBV-associated NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhira Endo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Naohiro Wakisaka
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Aga
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Kano
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Noriko Seishima
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imoto
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Moriyama-Kita
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakanishi
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Murono
- Department of Otolaryngology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Joseph S Pagano
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Ikeda S, Kitadate A, Abe F, Saitoh H, Michishita Y, Hatano Y, Kawabata Y, Kitabayashi A, Teshima K, Kume M, Takahashi N, Tagawa H. Hypoxia-inducible microRNA-210 regulates the DIMT1-IRF4 oncogenic axis in multiple myeloma. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:641-652. [PMID: 28164410 PMCID: PMC5406542 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the accumulation of a population of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow and its microenvironment. A hypoxic niche is located within the microenvironment, which causes myeloma cells to become quiescent, anti‐apoptotic, glycolytic, and immature. Cell heterogeneity may be related to distinct gene expression profiles under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. During hypoxia, myeloma cells acquire these phenotypes by downregulating interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), an essential transcription factor in myeloma oncogenesis. To identify essential microRNAs and their targets regulated under hypoxic conditions, we undertook microRNA and cDNA microarray analyses using hypoxia‐exposed primary MM samples and myeloma cell lines. Under hypoxia, only miR‐210 was highly upregulated and was accompanied by direct downregulation of an 18S rRNA base methyltransferase, DIMT1. This inverse expression correlation was validated by quantitative RT‐PCR for primary MM samples. We further determined that DIMT1 has an oncogenic potential as its knockdown reduced tumorigenicity of myeloma cells through regulation of IRF4 expression. Notably, by analyzing gene expression omnibus datasets in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, we found that DIMT1 expression increased gradually with MM progression. In summary, by screening for targets of hypoxia‐inducible microRNA‐210, we identified DIMT1 as a novel diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for all molecular subtypes of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Ikeda
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kitadate
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Fumito Abe
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tagawa
- Department of Hematology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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