1
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Liu Z, Wang Y, He H, Zhang C, Pan N, Wang L. Interfacial Dehydration Strategy for Chitosan Film Shape Morphing and Its Application. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6665-6672. [PMID: 38767991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Shape morphing of biopolymer materials, such as chitosan (CS) films, has great potential for applications in many fields. Traditionally, their responsive behavior has been induced by the differential water swelling through the preparation of multicomponent composites or cross-linking as deformation is not controllable in the absence of these processes. Here, we report an interfacial dehydration strategy to trigger the shape morphing of the monocomponent CS film without cross-linking. The release of water molecules is achieved by spraying the surface with a NaOH solution or organic solvents, which results in the interfacial shrinkage and deformation of the entire film. On the basis of this strategy, a range of CS actuators were developed, such as soft grippers, joint actuators, and a light switch. Combined with the geometry effect, edited deformation was also achieved from the planar CS film. This shape-morphing strategy is expected to enable the application of more biopolymers in a wide range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Yuanyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Hailong He
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Chenyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Na Pan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
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2
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Bullard MR, Cervantes JCM, Quaicoe NB, Jin A, Adams DA, Lin JM, Iliadis E, Seidler TM, Cervantes-Sandoval I, He HY. Accelerated protein retention expansion microscopy using microwave radiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.11.593228. [PMID: 38766072 PMCID: PMC11100821 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.11.593228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Protein retention expansion microscopy (ExM) retains genetically encoded fluorescent proteins or antibody-conjugated fluorescent probes in fixed tissue and isotropically expands the tissue through a swellable polymer network to allow nanoscale (<70 nm) resolution on diffraction-limited confocal microscopes. Despite numerous advantages ExM brings to biological studies, the full protocol is time-consuming and can take multiple days to complete. Here, we adapted the ExM protocol to the vibratome-sectioned brain tissue of Xenopus laevis tadpoles and implemented a microwave-assisted protocol to reduce the workflow from days to hours. In addition to the significantly accelerated processing time, our microwave-assisted ExM (M/WExM) protocol maintains the superior resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of the original ExM protocol. Furthermore, the M/WExM protocol yields higher magnitude of expansion, suggesting that in addition to accelerating the process through increased diffusion rate of reagents, microwave radiation may also facilitate the expansion process. To demonstrate the applicability of this method to other specimens and protocols, we adapted the microwave-accelerated protocol to whole mount adult brain tissue of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies, and successfully reduced the total processing time of a widely-used Drosophila IHC-ExM protocol from 6 days to 2 days. Our results demonstrate that with appropriate adjustment of the microwave parameters (wattage, pulse duration, interval, and number of cycles), this protocol can be readily adapted to different model organisms and tissue types to greatly increase the efficiency of ExM experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amanda Jin
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Danya A. Adams
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Jessica M. Lin
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Elena Iliadis
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Tess M. Seidler
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | | | - Hai-yan He
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
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3
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Langner E, Puapatanakul P, Pudlowski R, Alsabbagh DY, Miner JH, Horani A, Dutcher SK, Brody SL, Wang JT, Suleiman HY, Mahjoub MR. Ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) of mouse and human kidneys for analysis of subcellular structures. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38715433 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) involves the physical magnification of specimens embedded in hydrogels, which allows for super-resolution imaging of subcellular structures using a conventional diffraction-limited microscope. Methods for expansion microscopy exist for several organisms, organs, and cell types, and used to analyze cellular organelles and substructures in nanoscale resolution. Here, we describe a simple step-by-step U-ExM protocol for the expansion, immunostaining, imaging, and analysis of cytoskeletal and organellar structures in kidney tissue. We detail the critical modified steps to optimize isotropic kidney tissue expansion, and preservation of the renal cell structures of interest. We demonstrate the utility of the approach using several markers of renal cell types, centrioles, cilia, the extracellular matrix, and other cytoskeletal elements. Finally, we show that the approach works well on mouse and human kidney samples that were preserved using different fixation and embedding conditions. Overall, this protocol provides a simple and cost-effective approach to analyze both preclinical and clinical renal samples in high detail, using conventional lab supplies and standard widefield or confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Langner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pongpratch Puapatanakul
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rachel Pudlowski
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amjad Horani
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susan K Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven L Brody
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer T Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hani Y Suleiman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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4
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Castagnini D, Palma K, Jara-Wilde J, Navarro N, González MJ, Toledo J, Canales-Huerta N, Scavone P, Härtel S. Proteus mirabilis biofilm expansion microscopy yields over 4-fold magnification for super-resolution of biofilm structure and subcellular DNA organization. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 220:106927. [PMID: 38561125 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms form when bacteria attach to surfaces and generate an extracellular matrix that embeds and stabilizes a growing community. Detailed visualization and quantitative analysis of biofilm architecture by optical microscopy are limited by the law of diffraction. Expansion Microscopy (ExM) is a novel Super-Resolution technique where specimens are physically enlarged by a factor of ∼4, prior to observation by conventional fluorescence microscopy. ExM requires homogenization of rigid constituents of biological components by enzymatic digestion. We developed an ExM approach capable of expanding 48-h old Proteus mirabilis biofilms 4.3-fold (termed PmbExM), close to the theoretic maximum expansion factor without gross shape distortions. Our protocol, based on lytic and glycoside-hydrolase enzymatic treatments, degrades rigid components in bacteria and extracellular matrix. Our results prove PmbExM to be a versatile and easy-to-use Super-Resolution approach for enabling studies of P. mirabilis biofilm architecture, assembly, and even intracellular features, such as DNA organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Castagnini
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis SCIAN-Lab, Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Palma
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis SCIAN-Lab, Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Independencia, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Informática Médica y Telemedicina CIMT, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Jara-Wilde
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis SCIAN-Lab, Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Independencia, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Informática Médica y Telemedicina CIMT, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Navarro
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases ACCDiS, Santiago, Chile.; Laboratorio de Biofilms Microbianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María José González
- Laboratorio de Biofilms Microbianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Red de Equipamiento Científico Avanzado REDECA, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Canales-Huerta
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis SCIAN-Lab, Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Scavone
- Laboratorio de Biofilms Microbianos, Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis SCIAN-Lab, Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Independencia, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Informática Médica y Telemedicina CIMT, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; National Center for Health Information Systems CENS, Santiago, Chile.; Red de Equipamiento Científico Avanzado REDECA, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Modelamiento Matemático, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Casilla 170-3, Santiago, Chile.
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5
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Hofbauer B, Zandawala M, Reinhard N, Rieger D, Werner C, Evers JF, Wegener C. The neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor signals independently of Bruchpilot-labelled active zones in daily remodelled terminals of Drosophila clock neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2665-2685. [PMID: 38414155 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The small ventrolateral neurons (sLNvs) are key components of the central clock in the Drosophila brain. They signal via the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) to align the molecular clockwork of different central clock neurons and to modulate downstream circuits. The dorsal terminals of the sLNvs undergo daily morphological changes that affect presynaptic sites organised by the active zone protein Bruchpilot (BRP), a homolog of mammalian ELKS proteins. However, the role of these presynaptic sites for PDF release is ill-defined. Here, we combined expansion microscopy with labelling of active zones by endogenously tagged BRP to examine the spatial correlation between PDF-containing dense-core vesicles and BRP-labelled active zones. We found that the number of BRP-labelled puncta in the sLNv terminals was similar while their density differed between Zeitgeber time (ZT) 2 and 14. The relative distance between BRP- and PDF-labelled puncta was increased in the morning, around the reported time of PDF release. Spontaneous dense-core vesicle release profiles of sLNvs in a publicly available ssTEM dataset (FAFB) consistently lacked spatial correlation to BRP-organised active zones. RNAi-mediated downregulation of brp and other active zone proteins expressed by the sLNvs did not affect PDF-dependent locomotor rhythmicity. In contrast, down-regulation of genes encoding proteins of the canonical vesicle release machinery, the dense-core vesicle-related protein CADPS, as well as PDF impaired locomotor rhythmicity. Taken together, our study suggests that PDF release from the sLNvs is independent of BRP-organised active zones, while BRP may be redistributed to active zones in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hofbauer
- Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Nils Reinhard
- Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Rieger
- Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Werner
- Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Felix Evers
- Centre for organismal studies COS, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Cairn GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Wegener
- Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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6
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White-Mathieu BM, Baskin JM. Super-Resolution Imaging of Clickable Lipids With Lipid Expansion Microscopy (LExM). Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e1051. [PMID: 38779885 PMCID: PMC11125533 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent imaging of cellular membranes is challenged by the size of lipid bilayers, which are smaller than the diffraction limit of light. Recently, expansion microscopy (ExM) has emerged as an approachable super-resolution method that requires only widely accessible confocal microscopes. In this method, biomolecules of interest are anchored to hydrogel-based, polymeric networks that are expanded through osmosis to physically separate and resolve features smaller than the diffraction limit of light. Whereas ExM has been employed for super-resolution imaging of proteins, DNA, RNA, and glycans, the application of this method to the study of lipids is challenged by the requirement of permeabilization procedures that remove lipids and compromise the integrity of the membrane. Here, we describe our recently developed protocols for lipid expansion microscopy (LExM), a method that enables ExM of membranes without permeabilization. These detailed protocols and accompanying commentary sections aim to make LExM accessible to any experimentalist interested in imaging membranes with super-resolution. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: LExM of alkyne-choline lipids Basic Protocol 2: LExM of IMPACT-labeled lipids Basic Protocol 3: LExM of clickable cholesterol Basic Protocol 4: Determining the expansion factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M. White-Mathieu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Baskin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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7
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Delling JP, Bauer HF, Gerlach-Arbeiter S, Schön M, Jacob C, Wagner J, Pedro MT, Knöll B, Boeckers TM. Combined expansion and STED microscopy reveals altered fingerprints of postsynaptic nanostructure across brain regions in ASD-related SHANK3-deficiency. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02559-9. [PMID: 38649753 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is a key feature of SHANK-associated disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Since detailed knowledge of their effect on synaptic nanostructure remains limited, we aimed to investigate such alterations in ex11|SH3 SHANK3-KO mice combining expansion and STED microscopy. This enabled high-resolution imaging of mosaic-like arrangements formed by synaptic proteins in both human and murine brain tissue. We found distinct shape-profiles as fingerprints of the murine postsynaptic scaffold across brain regions and genotypes, as well as alterations in the spatial and molecular organization of subsynaptic domains under SHANK3-deficient conditions. These results provide insights into synaptic nanostructure in situ and advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Delling
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804, Germany.
| | | | | | - Michael Schön
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Christian Jacob
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Jan Wagner
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Knöll
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
- Ulm Site, DZNE, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
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8
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Lin J, Mehra D, Marin Z, Wang X, Borges HM, Shen Q, Gałecki S, Haug J, Dean KM. Mechanically Sheared Axially Swept Light-Sheet Microscopy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.10.588892. [PMID: 38645073 PMCID: PMC11030395 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
We present a mechanically sheared image acquisition format for upright and open-top light-sheet microscopes that automatically places data in its proper spatial context. This approach, which reduces computational post-processing and eliminates unnecessary interpolation or duplication of the data, is demonstrated on an upright variant of Axially Swept Light-Sheet Microscopy (ASLM) that achieves a field of view, measuring 774 x 435 microns, that is 3.2-fold larger than previous models and a raw and isotropic resolution of ∼420 nm. Combined, we demonstrate the power of this approach by imaging sub-diffraction beads, cleared biological tissues, and expanded specimens.
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9
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Klein T, Grüner J, Breyer M, Schlegel J, Schottmann NM, Hofmann L, Gauss K, Mease R, Erbacher C, Finke L, Klein A, Klug K, Karl-Schöller F, Vignolo B, Reinhard S, Schneider T, Günther K, Fink J, Dudek J, Maack C, Klopocki E, Seibel J, Edenhofer F, Wischmeyer E, Sauer M, Üçeyler N. Small fibre neuropathy in Fabry disease: a human-derived neuronal in vitro disease model and pilot data. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae095. [PMID: 38638148 PMCID: PMC11024803 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Acral burning pain triggered by fever, thermal hyposensitivity and skin denervation are hallmarks of small fibre neuropathy in Fabry disease, a life-threatening X-linked lysosomal storage disorder. Variants in the gene encoding alpha-galactosidase A may lead to impaired enzyme activity with cellular accumulation of globotriaosylceramide. To study the underlying pathomechanism of Fabry-associated small fibre neuropathy, we generated a neuronal in vitro disease model using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells from three Fabry patients and one healthy control. We further generated an isogenic control line via gene editing. We subjected induced pluripotent stem cells to targeted peripheral neuronal differentiation and observed intra-lysosomal globotriaosylceramide accumulations in somas and neurites of Fabry sensory neurons using super-resolution microscopy. At functional level, patch-clamp analysis revealed a hyperpolarizing shift of voltage-gated sodium channel steady-state inactivation kinetics in isogenic control neurons compared with healthy control neurons (P < 0.001). Moreover, we demonstrate a drastic increase in Fabry sensory neuron calcium levels at 39°C mimicking clinical fever (P < 0.001). This pathophysiological phenotype was accompanied by thinning of neurite calibres in sensory neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from Fabry patients compared with healthy control cells (P < 0.001). Linear-nonlinear cascade models fit to spiking responses revealed that Fabry cell lines exhibit altered single neuron encoding properties relative to control. We further observed mitochondrial aggregation at sphingolipid accumulations within Fabry sensory neurites utilizing a click chemistry approach together with mitochondrial dysmorphism compared with healthy control cells. We pioneer pilot insights into the cellular mechanisms contributing to pain, thermal hyposensitivity and denervation in Fabry small fibre neuropathy and pave the way for further mechanistic in vitro studies in Fabry disease and the development of novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Grüner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Breyer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schlegel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Lukas Hofmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Gauss
- Medical Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Mease
- Medical Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Erbacher
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Finke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Klein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Klug
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Vignolo
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reinhard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tamara Schneider
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Günther
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Fink
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Dudek
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center CHFC, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center CHFC, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Klopocki
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Erhard Wischmeyer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nurcan Üçeyler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Würzburg Fabry Center for Interdisciplinary Therapy (FAZIT), University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Delhaye M, LeDue J, Robinson K, Xu Q, Zhang Q, Oku S, Zhang P, Craig AM. Adaptation of Magnified Analysis of the Proteome for Excitatory Synaptic Proteins in Varied Samples and Evaluation of Cell Type-Specific Distributions. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1291232024. [PMID: 38360747 PMCID: PMC10993037 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1291-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests a remarkable diversity and complexity in the molecular composition of synapses, forming the basis for the brain to execute complex behaviors. Hence, there is considerable interest in visualizing the spatial distribution of such molecular diversity at individual synapses within intact brain circuits. Yet this task presents significant technical challenges. Expansion microscopy approaches have revolutionized our view of molecular anatomy. However, their use to study synapse-related questions outside of the labs developing them has been limited. Here we independently adapted a version of Magnified Analysis of the Proteome (MAP) and present a step-by-step protocol for visualizing over 40 synaptic proteins in brain circuits. Surprisingly, our findings show that the advantage of MAP over conventional immunolabeling was primarily due to improved antigen recognition and secondarily physical expansion. Furthermore, we demonstrated the versatile use of MAP in brains perfused with paraformaldehyde or fresh-fixed with formalin and in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. These tests expand the potential applications of MAP to combinations with slice electrophysiology or clinical pathology specimens. Using male and female mice expressing YFP-ChR2 exclusively in interneurons, we revealed a distinct composition of AMPA and NMDA receptors and Shank family members at synapses on hippocampal interneurons versus on pyramidal neurons. Quantitative single synapse analyses yielded comprehensive cell type distributions of synaptic proteins and their relationships. These findings exemplify the value of the versatile adapted MAP procedure presented here as an accessible tool for the broad neuroscience community to unravel the complexity of the "synaptome" across brain circuits and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Delhaye
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey LeDue
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Kaylie Robinson
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Shinichiro Oku
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Peng Zhang
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
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11
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Woodworth MA, Lakadamyali M. Toward a comprehensive view of gene architecture during transcription. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 85:102154. [PMID: 38309073 PMCID: PMC10989512 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The activation of genes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is a tightly regulated process, orchestrated by a complex interplay of various physical properties and interacting factors. Studying the multitude of components and features that collectively contribute to gene activation has proven challenging due to the complexities of simultaneously visualizing the dynamic and transiently interacting elements that coalesce within the small space occupied by each individual gene. However, various labeling and imaging advances are now starting to overcome this challenge, enabling visualization of gene activation at different lengths and timescales. In this review, we aim to highlight these microscopy-based advances and suggest how they can be combined to provide a comprehensive view of the mechanisms regulating gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Woodworth
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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12
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Kelley ME, Carlini L, Kornakov N, Aher A, Khodjakov A, Kapoor TM. Spastin regulates anaphase chromosome separation distance and microtubule-containing nuclear tunnels. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar48. [PMID: 38335450 PMCID: PMC11064660 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-01-0031-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear envelope reassembly during the final stages of each mitosis depends on disassembling spindle microtubules without disrupting chromosome separation. This process involves the transient recruitment of the ESCRT-III complex and spastin, a microtubule-severing AAA (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) mechanoenzyme, to late-anaphase chromosomes. However, dissecting mechanisms underlying these rapid processes, which can be completed within minutes, has been difficult. Here, we combine fast-acting chemical inhibitors with live-cell imaging and find that spindle microtubules, along with spastin activity, regulate the number and lifetimes of spastin foci at anaphase chromosomes. Unexpectedly, spastin inhibition impedes chromosome separation, but does not alter the anaphase localization dynamics of CHMP4B, an ESCRT-III protein, or increase γ-H2AX foci, a DNA damage marker. We show spastin inhibition increases the frequency of lamin-lined nuclear microtunnels that can include microtubules penetrating the nucleus. Our findings suggest failure to sever spindle microtubules impedes chromosome separation, yet reforming nuclear envelopes can topologically accommodate persistent microtubules ensuring nuclear DNA is not damaged or exposed to cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Kelley
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lina Carlini
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Nikolay Kornakov
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Amol Aher
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Alexey Khodjakov
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237
| | - Tarun M. Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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13
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Pesce L, Ricci P, Sportelli G, Belcari N, Sancataldo G. Expansion and Light-Sheet Microscopy for Nanoscale 3D Imaging. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301715. [PMID: 38461540 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Expansion Microscopy (ExM) and Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) are forefront imaging techniques that enable high-resolution visualization of biological specimens. ExM enhances nanoscale investigation using conventional fluorescence microscopes, while LSFM offers rapid, minimally invasive imaging over large volumes. This review explores the joint advancements of ExM and LSFM, focusing on the excellent performance of the integrated modality obtained from the combination of the two, which is refer to as ExLSFM. In doing so, the chemical processes required for ExM, the tailored optical setup of LSFM for examining expanded samples, and the adjustments in sample preparation for accurate data collection are emphasized. It is delve into various specimen types studied using this integrated method and assess its potential for future applications. The goal of this literature review is to enrich the comprehension of ExM and LSFM, encouraging their wider use and ongoing development, looking forward to the upcoming challenges, and anticipating innovations in these imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pesce
- Department of Physics - Enrico Fermi, University of Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo, 3, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Pietro Ricci
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Sportelli
- Department of Physics - Enrico Fermi, University of Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo, 3, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Nicola Belcari
- Department of Physics - Enrico Fermi, University of Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo, 3, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sancataldo
- Department of Physics - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 18, Palermo, 90128, Italy
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14
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Langner E, Puapatanakul P, Pudlowski R, Alsabbagh DY, Miner JH, Horani A, Dutcher SK, Brody SL, Wang JT, Suleiman HY, Mahjoub MR. Ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) of mouse and human kidneys for analysis of subcellular structures. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.16.580708. [PMID: 38405695 PMCID: PMC10889020 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.16.580708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) involves the physical magnification of specimens embedded in hydrogels, which allows for super-resolution imaging of subcellular structures using a conventional diffraction-limited microscope. Methods for expansion microscopy exist for several organisms, organs, and cell types, and used to analyze cellular organelles and substructures in nanoscale resolution. Here, we describe a simple step-by-step U-ExM protocol for the expansion, immunostaining, imaging, and analysis of cytoskeletal and organellar structures in kidney tissue. We detail the critical modified steps to optimize isotropic kidney tissue expansion, and preservation of the renal cell structures of interest. We demonstrate the utility of the approach using several markers of renal cell types, centrioles, cilia, the extracellular matrix, and other cytoskeletal elements. Finally, we show that the approach works well on mouse and human kidney samples that were preserved using different fixation and storage conditions. Overall, this protocol provides a simple and cost-effective approach to analyze both pre-clinical and clinical renal samples in high detail, using conventional lab supplies and standard widefield or confocal microscopy.
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15
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Vojnovic I, Caspari OD, Hoşkan MA, Endesfelder U. Combining single-molecule and expansion microscopy in fission yeast to visualize protein structures at the nanostructural level. Open Biol 2024; 14:230414. [PMID: 38320620 PMCID: PMC10846934 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have developed an expansion microscopy (ExM) protocol that combines ExM with photoactivated localization microscopy (ExPALM) for yeast cell imaging, and report a robust protocol for single-molecule and expansion microscopy of fission yeast, abbreviated as SExY. Our optimized SExY protocol retains about 50% of the fluorescent protein signal, doubling the amount obtained compared to the original protein retention ExM (proExM) protocol. It allows for a fivefold, highly isotropic expansion of fission yeast cells, which we carefully controlled while optimizing protein yield. We demonstrate the SExY method on several exemplary molecular targets and explicitly introduce low-abundant protein targets (e.g. nuclear proteins such as cbp1 and mis16, and the centromere-specific histone protein cnp1). The SExY protocol optimizations increasing protein yield could be beneficial for many studies, when targeting low abundance proteins, or for studies that rely on genetic labelling for various reasons (e.g. for proteins that cannot be easily targeted by extrinsic staining or in case artefacts introduced by unspecific staining interfere with data quality).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilijana Vojnovic
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Oliver D. Caspari
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mehmet Ali Hoşkan
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Endesfelder
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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Haak A, Lesslich HM, Dietzel ID. Visualization of the membrane surface and cytoskeleton of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell growth cones using a combination of scanning ion conductance and four times expansion microscopy. Biol Chem 2024; 405:31-41. [PMID: 37950644 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Growth cones of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are challenging to investigate with conventional light microscopy due to their small size. Especially substructures such as filopodia, lamellipodia and their underlying cytoskeleton are difficult to resolve with diffraction limited microscopy. Light microscopy techniques, which surpass the diffraction limit such as stimulated emission depletion microscopy, often require expensive setups and specially trained personnel rendering them inaccessible to smaller research groups. Lately, the invention of expansion microscopy (ExM) has enabled super-resolution imaging with any light microscope without the need for additional equipment. Apart from the necessary resolution, investigating OPC growth cones comes with another challenge: Imaging the topography of membranes, especially label- and contact-free, is only possible with very few microscopy techniques one of them being scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). We here present a new imaging workflow combining SICM and ExM, which enables the visualization of OPC growth cone nanostructures. We correlated SICM recordings and ExM images of OPC growth cones captured with a conventional widefield microscope. This enabled the visualization of the growth cones' membrane topography as well as their underlying actin and tubulin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Haak
- Nanoscopy, RUBION, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko M Lesslich
- Nanoscopy, RUBION, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Irmgard D Dietzel
- Department of Biochemistry II, Electrobiochemistry of Neural Cells, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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17
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Login FH, Dam VS, Nejsum LN. Following the cellular itinerary of renal aquaporin-2 shuttling with 4.5x expansion microscopy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C194-C205. [PMID: 38047301 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00397.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The shuttling of renal collecting duct aquaporin-2 (AQP2) between intracellular vesicles and the apical plasma membrane is paramount for regulation of renal water reabsorption. The binding of the circulating antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) to the basolateral AVP receptor increases intracellular cAMP, which ultimately leads to AQP2 plasma membrane accumulation via a dual effect on AQP2 vesicle fusion with the apical plasma membrane and reduced AQP2 endocytosis. This AQP2 plasma membrane accumulation increases water reabsorption and consequently urine concentration. Conventional fluorescent microscopy provides a lateral resolution of ∼250 nm, which is insufficient to resolve the AQP2-containing endosomes/vesicles. Therefore, detailed information regarding the AQP2 vesicular population is still lacking. Newly established 4.5x Expansion Microscopy (ExM) can increase resolution to 60-70 nm. Using 4.5x ExM, we detected AQP2 vesicles/endosomes as small as 79 nm considering an average expansion factor of 4.3 for endosomes. Using different markers of the endosomal system provided detailed information of the cellular AQP2 itinerary upon changes in endogenous cAMP levels. Before cAMP elevation, AQP2 colocalized with early and recycling, but not late endosomes. Forskolin-induced cAMP increase was characterized by AQP2 insertion into the plasma membrane and AQP2 withdrawal from large perinuclear endosomes as well as some localization to lysosomal compartments. Forskolin washout promoted AQP2 endocytosis where AQP2 localized to not only early and recycling endosomes but also late endosomes and lysosomes indicating increased AQP2 degradation. Thus, our results show that 4.5 ExM is an attractive approach to obtain detailed information regarding AQP2 shuttling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Renal aquaporin-2 (AQP2) imaged by expansion microscopy provides unprecedented 3-D information regarding the AQP2 itinerary in response to changes in cellular cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric H Login
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vibeke S Dam
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lene N Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Park S, Shi X. Expansion Microscopy of Ciliary Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2725:79-88. [PMID: 37856018 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3507-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Label-retention expansion microscopy (LR-ExM) is a sample preparation technique, which embeds the cells or tissues in a swellable hydrogel and expands the sample so that one can achieve a high resolution with any conventional fluorescence microscopes. Fluorescence loss during polymerization and protein denaturation have been a major limitation of standard expansion microscopy. To minimize fluorescence loss, LR-ExM uses trifunctional anchors, which can survive from polymerization and denaturation, and then introduce fluorophores after expansion. By using LR-ExM, one can study the structure of primary cilia at molecular-scale resolution with a much higher signal-to-noise ratio, compared with previously introduced expansion microscopy methods. In this chapter, we describe a detailed procedure showing how LR-ExM is used to study ciliary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyeon Park
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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19
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Zhuang Y, Shi X. Label-Retention Expansion Microscopy (LR-ExM) for Enhanced Fluorescent Signals using Trifunctional Probes. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e973. [PMID: 38265180 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a super-resolution imaging technique that bypasses the diffraction limit of conventional optical microscopy (∼250 nm) by enlarging samples with a swellable hydrogel. Combined with various light microscopes, ExM enables an effective resolution ranging from 5 to 70 nm. ExM has now been successfully applied to cell, tissue, and whole-organism samples, providing biologists with a low-cost strategy to visualize samples at the molecular level. However, fluorescence signal loss easily happens for beginners and with early versions of ExM protocols. Here, we describe a protocol called label-retention expansion microscopy (LR-ExM), which can preserve and enhance the signal of ExM imaging via a series of trifunctional probes. These trifunctional probes are antibody-based and easy to prepare, and thus suit the needs of most laboratories. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: LR-ExM using trifunctional probes for enhanced fluorescent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Zhuang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
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20
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Veneruso V, Petillo E, Pizzetti F, Orro A, Comolli D, De Paola M, Verrillo A, Baggiolini A, Votano S, Castiglione F, Sponchioni M, Forloni G, Rossi F, Veglianese P. Synergistic Pharmacological Therapy to Modulate Glial Cells in Spinal Cord Injury. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307747. [PMID: 37990971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Current treatments for modulating the glial-mediated inflammatory response after spinal cord injury (SCI) have limited ability to improve recovery. This is quite likely due to the lack of a selective therapeutic approach acting on microgliosis and astrocytosis, the glia components most involved after trauma, while maximizing efficacy and minimizing side effects. A new nanogel that can selectively release active compounds in microglial cells and astrocytes is developed and characterized. The degree of selectivity and subcellular distribution of the nanogel is evaluated by applying an innovative super-resolution microscopy technique, expansion microscopy. Two different administration schemes are then tested in a SCI mouse model: in an early phase, the nanogel loaded with Rolipram, an anti-inflammatory drug, achieves significant improvement in the animal's motor performance due to the increased recruitment of microglia and macrophages that are able to localize the lesion. Treatment in the late phase, however, gives opposite results, with worse motor recovery because of the widespread degeneration. These findings demonstrate that the nanovector can be selective and functional in the treatment of the glial component in different phases of SCI. They also open a new therapeutic scenario for tackling glia-mediated inflammation after neurodegenerative events in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Veneruso
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Buffi 13, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Emilia Petillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizzetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences National Research Council, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20054, Italy
| | - Davide Comolli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Massimiliano De Paola
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Antonietta Verrillo
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Buffi 13, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), BIOS+, Via Francesco Chiesa 5, Bellinzona, 6500, Switzerland
| | - Arianna Baggiolini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Buffi 13, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), BIOS+, Via Francesco Chiesa 5, Bellinzona, 6500, Switzerland
| | - Simona Votano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Mattia Sponchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, via Buffi 13, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
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21
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Wang UTT, Tian X, Liou YH, Lee SP, Hu HT, Lu CH, Lin PT, Cheng YJ, Chen P, Chen BC. Protein and lipid expansion microscopy with trypsin and tyramide signal amplification for 3D imaging. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21922. [PMID: 38081848 PMCID: PMC10713663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion microscopy, whereby the relative positions of biomolecules are physically increased via hydrogel expansion, can be used to reveal ultrafine structures of cells under a conventional microscope. Despite its utility for achieving super-resolution imaging, expansion microscopy suffers a major drawback, namely reduced fluorescence signals caused by excessive proteolysis and swelling effects. This caveat results in a lower photon budget and disfavors fluorescence imaging over a large field of view that can cover an entire expanded cell, especially in 3D. In addition, the complex procedures and specialized reagents of expansion microscopy hinder its popularization. Here, we modify expansion microscopy by deploying trypsin digestion to reduce protein loss and tyramide signal amplification to enhance fluorescence signal for point-scanning-based imaging. We name our new methodology TT-ExM to indicate dual trypsin and tyramide treatments. TT-ExM may be applied for both antibody and lipid staining. TT-ExM displayed enhanced protein retention for endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial markers in COS-7 cell cultures. Importantly, TT-ExM-based lipid staining clearly revealed the complex 3D membrane structures in entire expanded cells. Through combined lipid and DNA staining, our TT-ExM methodology highlighted mitochondria by revealing their DNA and membrane structures in cytoplasm, as well as the lipid-rich structures formed via phase separation in nuclei at interphase. We also observed lipid-rich chromosome matrices in the mitotic cells. These high-quality 3D images demonstrate the practicality of TT-ExM. Thus, readily available reagents can be deployed in TT-ExM to significantly enhance fluorescence signals and generate high-quality and ultrafine-resolution images under confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueh-Ting Tim Wang
- Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 106348, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Xuejiao Tian
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Tsing Hua University, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yae-Huei Liou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sue-Ping Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Tang Hu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Han Lu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Institute and Undergraduate Program of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ting Lin
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Program, NPAS, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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22
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Valdivieso González D, Jara J, Almendro-Vedia VG, Orgaz B, López-Montero I. Expansion microscopy applied to mono- and dual-species biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:92. [PMID: 38049404 PMCID: PMC10696089 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a new super-resolution technique based on embedding the biological sample within a hydrogel and its physical expansion after swelling. This allows increasing its size by several times while preserving its structural details. Applied to prokaryotic cells, ExM requires digestion steps for efficient expansion as bacteria are surrounded by a rigid cell wall. Furthermore, bacteria can live in social groups forming biofilms, where cells are protected from environmental stresses by a self-produced matrix. The extracellular matrix represents an additional impenetrable barrier for ExM. Here we optimize the current protocols of ExM and apply them to mono- and dual-species biofilms formed by clinical isolates of Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus. Using scanning electron microscopy for comparison, our results demonstrate that embedded bacteria expanded 3-fold. Moreover, ExM allowed visualizing the three-dimensional architecture of the biofilm and identifying the distribution of different microbial species and their interactions. We also detected the presence of the extracellular matrix after expansion with a specific stain of the polysaccharide component. The potential applications of ExM in biofilms will improve our understanding of these complex communities and have far-reaching implications for industrial and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Valdivieso González
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ps. Juan XXIII 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josué Jara
- Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor G Almendro-Vedia
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ps. Juan XXIII 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Orgaz
- Sección Departamental de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván López-Montero
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ps. Juan XXIII 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Atchou K, Berger BM, Heussler V, Ochsenreiter T. Pre-gelation staining expansion microscopy for visualisation of the Plasmodium liver stage. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261377. [PMID: 37942994 PMCID: PMC10729816 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence and light microscopy are important tools in the history of natural science. However, the resolution of microscopes is limited by the diffraction of light. One possible method to circumvent this physical restriction is the recently developed expansion microscopy (ExM). However, the original ultrastructure ExM (U-ExM) protocol is very time-consuming, and some epitopes are lost during the process. In this study, we developed a shortened pre-gelation staining ExM (PS-ExM) protocol and tested it to investigate the Plasmodium liver stage. The protocol presented in this study allows expanding of pre-stained samples, which results in shorter incubation times, better preservation of some epitopes and the advantage that non-expanded controls can be performed alongside using the same staining protocol. The protocol applicability was accessed throughout the Plasmodium liver stage, showing isotropic five-fold expansion. Furthermore, we used PS-ExM to visualise parasite mitochondria as well as the association of lysosomes to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) as an example of visualising host-pathogen interaction. We are convinced that this new tool will be helpful for a deeper understanding of the biology of the Plasmodium liver stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodzo Atchou
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Manuela Berger
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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24
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Park S, Wang X, Li X, Huang X, Fong KC, Yu C, Tran AA, Scipioni L, Dai Z, Huang L, Shi X. Proximity Labeling Expansion Microscopy (PL-ExM) resolves structure of the interactome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.09.566477. [PMID: 38014020 PMCID: PMC10680661 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.09.566477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the spatial relationships within the protein interactome is pivotal to understanding the organization and regulation of protein-protein interactions. However, capturing the 3D architecture of the interactome presents a dual challenge: precise interactome labeling and super-resolution imaging. To bridge this gap, we present the Proximity Labeling Expansion Microscopy (PL-ExM). This innovation combines proximity labeling (PL) to spatially biotinylate interacting proteins with expansion microscopy (ExM) to increase imaging resolution by physically enlarging cells. PL-ExM unveils intricate details of the 3D interactome's spatial layout in cells using standard microscopes, including confocal and Airyscan. Multiplexing PL-ExM imaging was achieved by pairing the PL with immunofluorescence staining. These multicolor images directly visualize how interactome structures position specific proteins in the protein-protein interaction network. Furthermore, PL-ExM stands out as an assessment method to gauge the labeling radius and efficiency of different PL techniques. The accuracy of PL-ExM is validated by our proteomic results from PL mass spectrometry. Thus, PL-ExM is an accessible solution for 3D mapping of the interactome structure and an accurate tool to access PL quality.
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25
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Anand A, Mazur AC, Rosell-Arevalo P, Franzkoch R, Breitsprecher L, Listian SA, Hüttel SV, Müller D, Schäfer DG, Vormittag S, Hilbi H, Maniak M, Gutierrez MG, Barisch C. ER-dependent membrane repair of mycobacteria-induced vacuole damage. mBio 2023; 14:e0094323. [PMID: 37676004 PMCID: PMC10653851 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00943-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis still remains a global burden and is one of the top infectious diseases from a single pathogen. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent, has perfected many ways to replicate and persist within its host. While mycobacteria induce vacuole damage to evade the toxic environment and eventually escape into the cytosol, the host recruits repair machineries to restore the MCV membrane. However, how lipids are delivered for membrane repair is poorly understood. Using advanced fluorescence imaging and volumetric correlative approaches, we demonstrate that this involves the recruitment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi lipid transfer protein OSBP8 in the Dictyostelium discoideum/Mycobacterium marinum system. Strikingly, depletion of OSBP8 affects lysosomal function accelerating mycobacterial growth. This indicates that an ER-dependent repair pathway constitutes a host defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens such as M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aby Anand
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Department of Biology & Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Anna-Carina Mazur
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Department of Biology & Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Patricia Rosell-Arevalo
- Host–Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rico Franzkoch
- Integrated Bioimaging Facility, Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Leonhard Breitsprecher
- Integrated Bioimaging Facility, Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Stevanus A. Listian
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Department of Biology & Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sylvana V. Hüttel
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Department of Biology & Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Danica Müller
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Department of Biology & Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Deise G. Schäfer
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Department of Biology & Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Simone Vormittag
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Maniak
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Maximiliano G. Gutierrez
- Host–Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Barisch
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Department of Biology & Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Host-Microbe Interactome, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
- Biology Department, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Wen G, Lycas MD, Jia Y, Leen V, Sauer M, Hofkens J. Trifunctional Linkers Enable Improved Visualization of Actin by Expansion Microscopy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20589-20600. [PMID: 37787755 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) revolutionized the field of super-resolution microscopy by allowing for subdiffraction resolution fluorescence imaging on standard fluorescence microscopes. However, it has been found that it is hard to visualize actin filaments efficiently using ExM. To improve actin imaging, multifunctional molecules have been designed with moderate success. Here, we present optimized methods for phalloidin conjugate grafting that have a high efficiency for both cellular and tissue samples. Our optimized strategy improves anchoring and signal retention by ∼10 times. We demonstrate the potential of optimized trifunctional linkers (TRITON) for actin imaging in combination with immunolabeling using different ExM protocols. 10X ExM of actin labeled with optimized TRITON enabled us to visualize the periodicity of actin rings in cultured hippocampal neurons and brain slices by Airyscan confocal microscopy. Thus, TRITON linkers provide an efficient grafting method, especially in cases in which the concentration of target-bound monomers is insufficient for high-quality ExM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Domenic Lycas
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yuqing Jia
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Volker Leen
- Chrometra Scientific, Kortenaken 3470, Belgium
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Research Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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27
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Quedan D, Singh R, Akel A, Bernardino AL, Thang C, Bhaskaruni M, Haldankar A, Tanner BCW, Root DD. Cooperative & competitive binding of anti-myosin tail antibodies revealed by super-resolution microscopy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 747:109753. [PMID: 37714251 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The MF30 monoclonal antibody, which binds to the myosin subfragment-2 (S2), was found to increase the extent of myofibril shortening. Yet, previous observations found no effect of this antibody on actin sliding over myosin during in vitro motility assays with purified proteins in which myosin binding protein C (MyBPC) was absent. MF30 is hypothesized to enhance the availability of myosin heads (subfragment-1 or S1) to bind actin by destabilizing the myosin S2 coiled-coil and sterically blocking S2 from binding S1. The mechanism of action likely includes MF30's substantial size, thereby inhibiting S1 heads and MyBPC from binding S2. Hypothetically, MF30 should enhance the ON state of myosin, thereby increasing muscle contraction. Our findings indicate that MF30 binds preferentially to the unfolded heavy chains of S2, displaying positive cooperativity. However, the dose-response curve of MF30's enhancement of myofibril shortening did not suggest complex interactions with S2. Single, double, and triple-stained myofibrils with increasing amounts of antibodies against myosin rods indicate a possible competition with MyBPC. Additional assays revealed decreased fluorescence intensity at the C-zone (central zone in the sarcomere, where MyBPC is located), where MyBPC may inhibit MF30 binding. Another monoclonal antibody named MF20, which binds to the light meromyosin (LMM) without affecting myofibril contraction, showed less reduction in fluorescence intensity at the C-zone in expansion microscopy than MF30. Expansion microscopy images of myofibrils labeled with MF20 revealed labeling of the A-band (anisotropic band) and a slight reduction in the labeling at the C-zone. The staining pattern obtained from the expansion microscopy image was consistent with images from photolocalization microscopy which required the synthesis of unique photoactivatable quantum dots, and Zeiss Airyscan imaging as well as alternative expansion microscopy digestion methods. Consistent with the hypothesis that MF30 competes with MyBPC binding to S2, cardiac tissue from MyBPC knockout mice was stained more intensely, especially in the C-zone, by MF30 compared to the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dua'a Quedan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Rohit Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Amal Akel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Andrea L Bernardino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Christopher Thang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Mithilesh Bhaskaruni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Anushka Haldankar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Bertrand C W Tanner
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Douglas D Root
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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28
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Cui Y, Yang G, Goodwin DR, O’Flanagan CH, Sinha A, Zhang C, Kitko KE, Shin TW, Park D, Aparicio S, Boyden ES. Expansion microscopy using a single anchor molecule for high-yield multiplexed imaging of proteins and RNAs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291506. [PMID: 37729182 PMCID: PMC10511132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM), by physically enlarging specimens in an isotropic fashion, enables nanoimaging on standard light microscopes. Key to existing ExM protocols is the equipping of different kinds of molecules, with different kinds of anchoring moieties, so they can all be pulled apart from each other by polymer swelling. Here we present a multifunctional anchor, an acrylate epoxide, that enables proteins and RNAs to be equipped with anchors in a single experimental step. This reagent simplifies ExM protocols and reduces cost (by 2-10-fold for a typical multiplexed ExM experiment) compared to previous strategies for equipping RNAs with anchors. We show that this united ExM (uniExM) protocol can be used to preserve and visualize RNA transcripts, proteins in biologically relevant ultrastructures, and sets of RNA transcripts in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cancer tissues and may support the visualization of other kinds of biomolecular species as well. uniExM may find many uses in the simple, multimodal nanoscale analysis of cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cui
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gaojie Yang
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Goodwin
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ciara H. O’Flanagan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anubhav Sinha
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chi Zhang
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kristina E. Kitko
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tay Won Shin
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Demian Park
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Edward S. Boyden
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Media Arts & Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Koch Institute for Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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29
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Michalska JM, Lyudchik J, Velicky P, Štefaničková H, Watson JF, Cenameri A, Sommer C, Amberg N, Venturino A, Roessler K, Czech T, Höftberger R, Siegert S, Novarino G, Jonas P, Danzl JG. Imaging brain tissue architecture across millimeter to nanometer scales. Nat Biotechnol 2023:10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8. [PMID: 37653226 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Mapping the complex and dense arrangement of cells and their connectivity in brain tissue demands nanoscale spatial resolution imaging. Super-resolution optical microscopy excels at visualizing specific molecules and individual cells but fails to provide tissue context. Here we developed Comprehensive Analysis of Tissues across Scales (CATS), a technology to densely map brain tissue architecture from millimeter regional to nanometer synaptic scales in diverse chemically fixed brain preparations, including rodent and human. CATS uses fixation-compatible extracellular labeling and optical imaging, including stimulated emission depletion or expansion microscopy, to comprehensively delineate cellular structures. It enables three-dimensional reconstruction of single synapses and mapping of synaptic connectivity by identification and analysis of putative synaptic cleft regions. Applying CATS to the mouse hippocampal mossy fiber circuitry, we reconstructed and quantified the synaptic input and output structure of identified neurons. We furthermore demonstrate applicability to clinically derived human tissue samples, including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded routine diagnostic specimens, for visualizing the cellular architecture of brain tissue in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Michalska
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Julia Lyudchik
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Philipp Velicky
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Core Facility Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hana Štefaničková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jake F Watson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alban Cenameri
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Sommer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nicole Amberg
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karl Roessler
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czech
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Siegert
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Gaia Novarino
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peter Jonas
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Johann G Danzl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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30
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Xie J, Han D, Xu S, Zhang H, Li Y, Zhang M, Deng Z, Tian J, Ye Q. An Image-Based High-Throughput and High-Content Drug Screening Method Based on Microarray and Expansion Microscopy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15516-15528. [PMID: 37548636 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A high-efficiency drug screening method is urgently needed due to the expanding number of potential targets and the extremely long time required to assess them. To date, high throughput and high content have not been successfully combined in image-based drug screening, which is the main obstacle to improve the efficiency. Here, we establish a high-throughput and high-content drug screening method by preparing a superhydrophobic microwell array plate (SMAP) and combining it with protein-retention expansion microscopy (proExM). Primarily, we described a flexible method to prepare the SMAP based on photolithography. Cells were cultured in the SMAP and treated with different drugs using a microcolumn-microwell sandwiching technology. After drug treatment, proExM was applied to realize super-resolution imaging. As a demonstration, a 7 × 7 image array of microtubules was successfully collected within 3 h with 68 nm resolution using this method. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of microtubule and mitochondria morphological changes after drug treatment suggested that more details were revealed after applying proExM, demonstrating the successful combination of high throughput and high content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Daobo Han
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haitong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yonghe Li
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingshan Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhichao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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31
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Zhuang Y, Shi X. Expansion microscopy: A chemical approach for super-resolution microscopy. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 81:102614. [PMID: 37253290 PMCID: PMC11103276 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy is a series of imaging techniques that bypass the diffraction limit of resolution. Since the 1990s, optical approaches, such as single-molecular localization microscopy, have allowed us to visualize biological samples from the sub-organelle to the molecular level. Recently, a chemical approach called expansion microscopy emerged as a new trend in super-resolution microscopy. It physically enlarges cells and tissues, which leads to an increase in the effective resolution of any microscope by the length expansion factor. Compared with optical approaches, expansion microscopy has a lower cost and higher imaging depth but requires a more complex procedure. The integration of expansion microscopy and advanced microscopes significantly pushed forward the boundary of super-resolution microscopy. This review covers the current state of the art in expansion microscopy, including the latest methods and their applications, as well as challenges and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Zhuang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. https://twitter.com/YinyinZhuang
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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32
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Klimas A, Gallagher BR, DiBernardo E, Cheng Z, Zhao Y. 11-fold Expansion Microscopy with Universal Molecular Retention Using Magnify. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:999-1001. [PMID: 37613623 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Klimas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brendan R Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Emma DiBernardo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Zhangyu Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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33
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Bai Y, Zhu B, Oliveria JP, Cannon BJ, Feyaerts D, Bosse M, Vijayaragavan K, Greenwald NF, Phillips D, Schürch CM, Naik SM, Ganio EA, Gaudilliere B, Rodig SJ, Miller MB, Angelo M, Bendall SC, Rovira-Clavé X, Nolan GP, Jiang S. Expanded vacuum-stable gels for multiplexed high-resolution spatial histopathology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4013. [PMID: 37419873 PMCID: PMC10329015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular organization and functions encompass multiple scales in vivo. Emerging high-plex imaging technologies are limited in resolving subcellular biomolecular features. Expansion Microscopy (ExM) and related techniques physically expand samples for enhanced spatial resolution, but are challenging to be combined with high-plex imaging technologies to enable integrative multiscaled tissue biology insights. Here, we introduce Expand and comPRESS hydrOgels (ExPRESSO), an ExM framework that allows high-plex protein staining, physical expansion, and removal of water, while retaining the lateral tissue expansion. We demonstrate ExPRESSO imaging of archival clinical tissue samples on Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging and Imaging Mass Cytometry platforms, with detection capabilities of > 40 markers. Application of ExPRESSO on archival human lymphoid and brain tissues resolved tissue architecture at the subcellular level, particularly that of the blood-brain barrier. ExPRESSO hence provides a platform for extending the analysis compatibility of hydrogel-expanded biospecimens to mass spectrometry, with minimal modifications to protocols and instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Bai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John-Paul Oliveria
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan J Cannon
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dorien Feyaerts
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marc Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Darci Phillips
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samuel M Naik
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward A Ganio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brice Gaudilliere
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott J Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael B Miller
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xavier Rovira-Clavé
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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34
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Glaser A, Chandrashekar J, Vasquez J, Arshadi C, Ouellette N, Jiang X, Baka J, Kovacs G, Woodard M, Seshamani S, Cao K, Clack N, Recknagel A, Grim A, Balaram P, Turschak E, Liddell A, Rohde J, Hellevik A, Takasaki K, Barner LE, Logsdon M, Chronopoulos C, de Vries S, Ting J, Perlmutter S, Kalmbach B, Dembrow N, Reid RC, Feng D, Svoboda K. Expansion-assisted selective plane illumination microscopy for nanoscale imaging of centimeter-scale tissues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.08.544277. [PMID: 37425699 PMCID: PMC10327101 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in tissue processing, labeling, and fluorescence microscopy are providing unprecedented views of the structure of cells and tissues at sub-diffraction resolutions and near single molecule sensitivity, driving discoveries in diverse fields of biology, including neuroscience. Biological tissue is organized over scales of nanometers to centimeters. Harnessing molecular imaging across three-dimensional samples on this scale requires new types of microscopes with larger fields of view and working distance, as well as higher imaging throughput. We present a new expansion-assisted selective plane illumination microscope (ExA-SPIM) with diffraction-limited and aberration-free performance over a large field of view (85 mm 2 ) and working distance (35 mm). Combined with new tissue clearing and expansion methods, the microscope allows nanoscale imaging of centimeter-scale samples, including entire mouse brains, with diffraction-limited resolutions and high contrast without sectioning. We illustrate ExA-SPIM by reconstructing individual neurons across the mouse brain, imaging cortico-spinal neurons in the macaque motor cortex, and tracing axons in human white matter.
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35
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Liu JTC, Glaser AK, Poudel C, Vaughan JC. Nondestructive 3D Pathology with Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy for Translational Research and Clinical Assays. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:231-252. [PMID: 36854208 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091222-092734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a revived appreciation for the importance of spatial context and morphological phenotypes for both understanding disease progression and guiding treatment decisions. Compared with conventional 2D histopathology, which is the current gold standard of medical diagnostics, nondestructive 3D pathology offers researchers and clinicians the ability to visualize orders of magnitude more tissue within their natural volumetric context. This has been enabled by rapid advances in tissue-preparation methods, high-throughput 3D microscopy instrumentation, and computational tools for processing these massive feature-rich data sets. Here, we provide a brief overview of many of these technical advances along with remaining challenges to be overcome. We also speculate on the future of 3D pathology as applied in translational investigations, preclinical drug development, and clinical decision-support assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T C Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam K Glaser
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chetan Poudel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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36
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Rathi P, Gupta P, Debnath A, Baldi H, Wang Y, Gupta R, Raman B, Singamaneni S. Plasmon-Enhanced Expansion Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37307329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a rapidly emerging super-resolution microscopy technique that involves isotropic expansion of biological samples to improve spatial resolution. However, fluorescence signal dilution due to volumetric expansion is a hindrance to the widespread application of ExM. Here, we introduce plasmon-enhanced expansion microscopy (p-ExM) by harnessing an ultrabright fluorescent nanoconstruct, called plasmonic-fluor (PF), as a nanolabel. The unique structure of PFs renders nearly 15000-fold brighter fluorescence signal intensity and higher fluorescence retention following the ExM protocol (nearly 76%) compared to their conventional counterparts (<16% for IR-650). Individual PFs can be easily imaged using conventional fluorescence microscopes, making them excellent "digital" labels for ExM. We demonstrate that p-ExM enables improved tracing and decrypting of neural networks labeled with PFs, as evidenced by improved quantification of morphological markers (nearly a 2.5-fold increase in number of neurite terminal points). Overall, p-ExM complements the existing ExM techniques for probing structure-function relationships of various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Prashant Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Avishek Debnath
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Harsh Baldi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Rohit Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Baranidharan Raman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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37
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Tang M, Han Y, Jia D, Yang Q, Cheng JX. Far-field super-resolution chemical microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:137. [PMID: 37277396 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Far-field chemical microscopy providing molecular electronic or vibrational fingerprint information opens a new window for the study of three-dimensional biological, material, and chemical systems. Chemical microscopy provides a nondestructive way of chemical identification without exterior labels. However, the diffraction limit of optics hindered it from discovering more details under the resolution limit. Recent development of super-resolution techniques gives enlightenment to open this door behind far-field chemical microscopy. Here, we review recent advances that have pushed the boundary of far-field chemical microscopy in terms of spatial resolution. We further highlight applications in biomedical research, material characterization, environmental study, cultural heritage conservation, and integrated chip inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Yubing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Danchen Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02459, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02459, USA.
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38
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Klimas A, Gallagher BR, Wijesekara P, Fekir S, DiBernardo EF, Cheng Z, Stolz DB, Cambi F, Watkins SC, Brody SL, Horani A, Barth AL, Moore CI, Ren X, Zhao Y. Magnify is a universal molecular anchoring strategy for expansion microscopy. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:858-869. [PMID: 36593399 PMCID: PMC10264239 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy enables nanoimaging with conventional microscopes by physically and isotropically magnifying preserved biological specimens embedded in a crosslinked water-swellable hydrogel. Current expansion microscopy protocols require prior treatment with reactive anchoring chemicals to link specific labels and biomolecule classes to the gel. We describe a strategy called Magnify, which uses a mechanically sturdy gel that retains nucleic acids, proteins and lipids without the need for a separate anchoring step. Magnify expands biological specimens up to 11 times and facilitates imaging of cells and tissues with effectively around 25-nm resolution using a diffraction-limited objective lens of about 280 nm on conventional optical microscopes or with around 15 nm effective resolution if combined with super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging. We demonstrate Magnify on a broad range of biological specimens, providing insight into nanoscopic subcellular structures, including synaptic proteins from mouse brain, podocyte foot processes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human kidney and defects in cilia and basal bodies in drug-treated human lung organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Klimas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brendan R Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Piyumi Wijesekara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sinda Fekir
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Emma F DiBernardo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhangyu Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Franca Cambi
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology/PIND, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven L Brody
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amjad Horani
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alison L Barth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher I Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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39
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Günay KA, Chang TL, Skillin NP, Rao VV, Macdougall LJ, Cutler AA, Silver JS, Brown TE, Zhang C, Yu CCJ, Olwin BB, Boyden ES, Anseth KS. Photo-expansion microscopy enables super-resolution imaging of cells embedded in 3D hydrogels. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:777-785. [PMID: 37217701 PMCID: PMC10590656 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are extensively used as tunable, biomimetic three-dimensional cell culture matrices, but optically deep, high-resolution images are often difficult to obtain, limiting nanoscale quantification of cell-matrix interactions and outside-in signalling. Here we present photopolymerized hydrogels for expansion microscopy that enable optical clearance and tunable ×4.6-6.7 homogeneous expansion of not only monolayer cell cultures and tissue sections, but cells embedded within hydrogels. The photopolymerized hydrogels for expansion microscopy formulation relies on a rapid photoinitiated thiol/acrylate mixed-mode polymerization that is not inhibited by oxygen and decouples monomer diffusion from polymerization, which is particularly beneficial when expanding cells embedded within hydrogels. Using this technology, we visualize human mesenchymal stem cells and their interactions with nascently deposited proteins at <120 nm resolution when cultured in proteolytically degradable synthetic polyethylene glycol hydrogels. Results support the notion that focal adhesion maturation requires cellular fibronectin deposition; nuclear deformation precedes cellular spreading; and human mesenchymal stem cells display cell-surface metalloproteinases for matrix remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Arda Günay
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tze-Ling Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nathaniel P Skillin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Varsha V Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Laura J Macdougall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alicia A Cutler
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jason S Silver
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tobin E Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- McGovern Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- HHMI, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Media Arts and Sciences, and Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chih-Chieh Jay Yu
- McGovern Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- HHMI, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Media Arts and Sciences, and Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bradley B Olwin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- McGovern Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- HHMI, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Media Arts and Sciences, and Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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40
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Parveen S, Jones NW, Millerschultz I, Paré AC. Using Expansion Microscopy to Physically Enlarge Whole-Mount Drosophila Embryos for Super-Resolution Imaging. J Vis Exp 2023:10.3791/64662. [PMID: 37184263 PMCID: PMC11081397 DOI: 10.3791/64662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The workhorse of developmental biology is the confocal microscope, which allows researchers to determine the three-dimensional localization of tagged molecules within complex biological samples. While traditional confocal microscopes allow one to resolve two adjacent fluorescent point sources located a few hundred nanometers apart, observing the finer details of subcellular biology requires the ability to resolve signals in the order of tens of nanometers. Numerous hardware-based methods for super-resolution microscopy have been developed to allow researchers to sidestep such resolution limits, although these methods require specialized microscopes that are not available to all researchers. An alternative method for increasing resolving power is to isotropically enlarge the sample itself through a process known as expansion microscopy (ExM), which was first described by the Boyden group in 2015. ExM is not a type of microscopy per se but is rather a method for swelling a sample while preserving the relative spatial organization of its constituent molecules. The expanded sample can then be observed at an effectively increased resolution using a traditional confocal microscope. Here, we describe a protocol for implementing ExM in whole-mount Drosophila embryos, which is used to examine the localization of Par-3, myosin II, and mitochondria within the surface epithelial cells. This protocol yields an approximately four-fold increase in sample size, allowing for the detection of subcellular details that are not visible with conventional confocal microscopy. As proof of principle, an anti-GFP antibody is used to distinguish distinct pools of myosin-GFP between adjacent cell cortices, and fluorescently labeled streptavidin is used to detect endogenous biotinylated molecules to reveal the fine details of the mitochondrial network architecture. This protocol utilizes common antibodies and reagents for fluorescence labeling, and it should be compatible with many existing immunofluorescence protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Parveen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas
| | | | | | - Adam C Paré
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas;
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41
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Kim S, Phan S, Shaw TR, Ellisman MH, Veatch SL, Barmada SJ, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. TorsinA is essential for the timing and localization of neuronal nuclear pore complex biogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.26.538491. [PMID: 37162852 PMCID: PMC10168336 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.538491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) regulate information transfer between the nucleus and cytoplasm. NPC defects are linked to several neurological diseases, but the processes governing NPC biogenesis and spatial organization are poorly understood. Here, we identify a temporal window of strongly upregulated NPC biogenesis during neuronal maturation. We demonstrate that the AAA+ protein torsinA, whose loss of function causes the neurodevelopmental movement disorder DYT-TOR1A (DYT1) dystonia, coordinates NPC spatial organization during this period without impacting total NPC density. Using a new mouse line in which endogenous Nup107 is Halo-Tagged, we find that torsinA is essential for correct localization of NPC formation. In the absence of torsinA, the inner nuclear membrane buds excessively at sites of mislocalized, nascent NPCs, and NPC assembly completion is delayed. Our work implies that NPC spatial organization and number are independently regulated and suggests that torsinA is critical for the normal localization and assembly kinetics of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Kim
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sébastien Phan
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research on Biological Systems, Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Thomas R. Shaw
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research on Biological Systems, Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sarah L. Veatch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sami J. Barmada
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Samuel S. Pappas
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX
| | - William T. Dauer
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX
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42
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Laporte MH, Bertiaux É, Hamel V, Guichard P. [Closer to the native architecture of the cell using Cryo-ExM]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:351-358. [PMID: 37094268 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cellular imaging techniques, such as light or electron microscopy, require that the biological sample is first fixed by chemical cross-linking agents. This necessary step is also known to damage molecular nanostructures or even sub-cellular organization. To overcome this problem, another fixation approach was invented more than 40 years ago, which consists in cryo-fixing biological samples, thus allowing to preserve their native state. However, this method has been scarcely used in light microscopy due to the complexity of its implementation. In this review, we present a recently developed super-resolution method called expansion microscopy, which, when coupled with cryo-fixation, allows to visualize at a nanometric resolution the cell architecture as close as possible to its native state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine H Laporte
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Université de Genève, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Genève, Suisse
| | - Éloïse Bertiaux
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Université de Genève, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Genève, Suisse
| | - Virginie Hamel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Université de Genève, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Genève, Suisse
| | - Paul Guichard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Université de Genève, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Genève, Suisse
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43
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Yudhistira T, Da Silva EC, Combes A, Lehmann M, Reisch A, Klymchenko AS. Biotinylated Fluorescent Polymeric Nanoparticles for Enhanced Immunostaining. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201452. [PMID: 36808832 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The performance of fluorescence immunostaining is physically limited by the brightness of organic dyes, whereas fluorescence labeling with multiple dyes per antibody can lead to dye self-quenching. The present work reports a methodology of antibody labeling by biotinylated zwitterionic dye-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). A rationally designed hydrophobic polymer, poly(ethyl methacrylate) bearing charged, zwitterionic and biotin groups (PEMA-ZI-biotin), enables preparation of small (14 nm) and bright fluorescent biotinylated NPs loaded with large quantities of cationic rhodamine dye with bulky hydrophobic counterion (fluorinated tetraphenylborate). The biotin exposure at the particle surface is confirmed by Förster resonance energy transfer with dye-streptavidin conjugate. Single-particle microscopy validates specific binding to biotinylated surfaces, with particle brightness 21-fold higher than quantum dot-585 (QD-585) at 550 nm excitation. The nanoimmunostaining method, which couples biotinylated antibody (cetuximab) with bright biotinylated zwitterionic NPs through streptavidin, significantly improves fluorescence imaging of target epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) on the cell surface compared to a dye-based labeling. Importantly, cetuximab labeled with PEMA-ZI-biotin NPs can differentiate cells with distinct expression levels of EGFR cancer marker. The developed nanoprobes can greatly amplify the signal from labeled antibodies, and thus become a useful tool in the high-sensitivity detection of disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesla Yudhistira
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, Illkirch, 67401, France
| | - Elisabete Cruz Da Silva
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, Illkirch, 67401, France
| | - Antoine Combes
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, Illkirch, 67401, France
| | - Maxime Lehmann
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, Illkirch, 67401, France
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, Illkirch, 67401, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, Illkirch, 67401, France
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44
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Ghosh S, Sapkota BS, Rao RS, Patil S, Rajkumar C, Lakshminarayan S. Expansion microscopy: A revolution in diagnostic pathology. J Microsc 2023; 290:3-9. [PMID: 36641735 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a recent discovery in diagnostic pathology and microbiology that promotes a physical magnification of the tissue specimen instead of optical magnification. It not only improves the resolution of the specimen but also enhances the diagnostic precision, and permits nanoscale imaging of the specimen. Optical microscopy is routinely used in histopathology and microbiology for ages. Due to its simplicity, compatibility with different types of specimens, and ease of operation it is accepted by pathologists. ExM and its variants have been widely tested in different types of tissue specimens and microbiological specimens and yielded brilliant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehashish Ghosh
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | | | - Roopa S Rao
- Faculty of Dental Sciences, Department of Oral Pathology, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Chandini Rajkumar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Surendra Lakshminarayan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, India
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45
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Chang TJB, Hsu JCC, Yang TT. Single-molecule localization microscopy reveals the ultrastructural constitution of distal appendages in expanded mammalian centrioles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1688. [PMID: 36973278 PMCID: PMC10043031 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal appendages (DAPs) are vital in cilia formation, mediating vesicular and ciliary docking to the plasma membrane during early ciliogenesis. Although numerous DAP proteins arranging a nine-fold symmetry have been studied using superresolution microscopy analyses, the extensive ultrastructural understanding of the DAP structure developing from the centriole wall remains elusive owing to insufficient resolution. Here, we proposed a pragmatic imaging strategy for two-color single-molecule localization microscopy of expanded mammalian DAP. Importantly, our imaging workflow enables us to push the resolution limit of a light microscope well close to a molecular level, thus achieving an unprecedented mapping resolution inside intact cells. Upon this workflow, we unravel the ultra-resolved higher-order protein complexes of the DAP and its associated proteins. Intriguingly, our images show that C2CD3, microtubule triplet, MNR, CEP90, OFD1, and ODF2 jointly constitute a unique molecular configuration at the DAP base. Moreover, our finding suggests that ODF2 plays an auxiliary role in coordinating and maintaining DAP nine-fold symmetry. Together, we develop an organelle-based drift correction protocol and a two-color solution with minimum crosstalk, allowing a robust localization microscopy imaging of expanded DAP structures deep into the gel-specimen composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jui Ben Chang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - T Tony Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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46
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Wen G, Leen V, Rohand T, Sauer M, Hofkens J. Current Progress in Expansion Microscopy: Chemical Strategies and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3299-3323. [PMID: 36881995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a newly developed super-resolution technique, allowing visualization of biological targets at nanoscale resolution on conventional fluorescence microscopes. Since its introduction in 2015, many efforts have been dedicated to broaden its application range or increase the resolution that can be achieved. As a consequence, recent years have witnessed remarkable advances in ExM. This review summarizes recent progress in ExM, with the focus on the chemical aspects of the method, from chemistries for biomolecule grafting to polymer synthesis and the impact on biological analysis. The combination of ExM with other microscopy techniques, in search of additional resolution improvement, is also discussed. In addition, we compare pre- and postexpansion labeling strategies and discuss the impact of fixation methods on ultrastructure preservation. We conclude this review with a perspective on existing challenges and future directions. We believe that this review will provide a comprehensive understanding of ExM and facilitate its usage and further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Volker Leen
- Chrometra Scientific, Kortenaken 3470, Belgium
| | - Taoufik Rohand
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry, Faculty Polydisciplinaire of Safi, University Cadi Ayyad Marrakech, BP 4162, 46000 Safi, Morocco
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology & Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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47
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Wu J, Larreategui-Aparicio A, Lambers MLA, Bodor DL, Klaasen SJ, Tollenaar E, de Ruijter-Villani M, Kops GJPL. Microtubule nucleation from the fibrous corona by LIC1-pericentrin promotes chromosome congression. Curr Biol 2023; 33:912-925.e6. [PMID: 36720222 PMCID: PMC10017265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Error-free chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis relies on the assembly of a microtubule-based spindle that interacts with kinetochores to guide chromosomes to the cell equator before segregation in anaphase. Microtubules sprout from nucleation sites such as centrosomes, but kinetochores can also promote microtubule formation. It is unclear, however, how kinetochore-derived microtubules are generated and what their role is in chromosome segregation. Here, we show that the transient outer-kinetochore meshwork known as the fibrous corona serves as an autonomous microtubule nucleation platform. The fibrous corona is essential for the nucleation of kinetochore-derived microtubules, and when dissociated from the core kinetochore, it retains microtubule nucleation capacity. Nucleation relies on a fibrous-corona-bound pool of the LIC1 subunit of the dynein motor complex, which interacts with the γ-tubulin-tethering protein pericentrin (PCNT). PCNT is essential for microtubule nucleation from fibrous coronas, and in centrosome-depleted cells, where nearly all mitotic nucleation occurs at fibrous coronas, chromosome congression is fully dependent on PCNT. We further show that chromosomes in bovine oocytes, which naturally lack centrosomes, have highly expanded fibrous coronas that drive chromosome-derived microtubule nucleation. Preventing fibrous corona expansion in these cells impairs chromosome congression and causes spindle assembly defects. Our results show that fibrous coronas are autonomous microtubule-organizing centers that are important for spindle assembly, which may be especially relevant in acentrosomal cells such as oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Wu
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Larreategui-Aparicio
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike L A Lambers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dani L Bodor
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd J Klaasen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline Tollenaar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marta de Ruijter-Villani
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Woman and Baby, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521AL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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48
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Small heat shock proteins operate as molecular chaperones in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:467-480. [PMID: 36690850 PMCID: PMC10014586 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are complex organelles with different compartments, each harbouring their own protein quality control factors. While chaperones of the mitochondrial matrix are well characterized, it is poorly understood which chaperones protect the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Here we show that cytosolic small heat shock proteins are imported under basal conditions into the mitochondrial intermembrane space, where they operate as molecular chaperones. Protein misfolding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space leads to increased recruitment of small heat shock proteins. Depletion of small heat shock proteins leads to mitochondrial swelling and reduced respiration, while aggregation of aggregation-prone substrates is countered in their presence. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-causing mutations disturb the mitochondrial function of HSPB1, potentially linking previously observed mitochondrial dysfunction in Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2F to its role in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Our results reveal that small heat shock proteins form a chaperone system that operates in the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
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49
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Da Graça J, Charles J, Djebar M, Alvarez-Valadez K, Botti J, Morel E. A SNX1-SNX2-VAPB partnership regulates endosomal membrane rewiring in response to nutritional stress. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:6/3/e202201652. [PMID: 36585258 PMCID: PMC9806675 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient deprivation ("starvation") is a major catabolic stress faced by mammalian cells in both pathological and physiological situations. Starvation induces autophagosome biogenesis in the immediate vicinity of ER and leads to lysosome spatial repositioning, but little is known about the consequences of nutritional stress on endosomes. Here, we report that starvation induces tethering of endosomal tubules to ER subregions, fostering autophagosome assembly. We show that this endosomal membrane generation is regulated by sorting nexin 1 (SNX1) protein and is important for the autophagic response. These newly formed SNX1 endosomal tubules establish connections with ER subdomains engaged in early autophagic machinery mobilization. Such endosome-ER transient tethers are regulated by a local dialog between SNX2, an endosomal partner of SNX1, and VAPB, an ER protein associated with autophagy initiation stage regulation. We propose that in a very early response to starvation, SNX1 and SNX2 cooperation induces and regulates endosomal membrane tubulation towards VAPB-positive ER subdomains involved in autophagosome biogenesis, highlighting the contribution of early endosomes in the cellular response to nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Da Graça
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Charles
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Djebar
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Karla Alvarez-Valadez
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Botti
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Morel
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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50
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Tedesco B, Vendredy L, Adriaenssens E, Cozzi M, Asselbergh B, Crippa V, Cristofani R, Rusmini P, Ferrari V, Casarotto E, Chierichetti M, Mina F, Pramaggiore P, Galbiati M, Piccolella M, Baets J, Baeke F, De Rycke R, Mouly V, Laurenzi T, Eberini I, Vihola A, Udd B, Weiss L, Kimonis V, Timmerman V, Poletti A. HSPB8 frameshift mutant aggregates weaken chaperone-assisted selective autophagy in neuromyopathies. Autophagy 2023:1-23. [PMID: 36854646 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2179780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) is a highly selective pathway for the disposal of misfolding and aggregating proteins. In muscle, CASA assures muscle integrity by favoring the turnover of structural components damaged by mechanical strain. In neurons, CASA promotes the removal of aggregating substrates. A crucial player of CASA is HSPB8 (heat shock protein family B (small) member 8), which acts in a complex with HSPA, their cochaperone BAG3, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase STUB1. Recently, four novel HSPB8 frameshift (fs) gene mutations have been linked to neuromyopathies, and encode carboxy-terminally mutated HSPB8, sharing a common C-terminal extension. Here, we analyzed the biochemical and functional alterations associated with the HSPB8_fs mutant proteins. We demonstrated that HSPB8_fs mutants are highly insoluble and tend to form proteinaceous aggregates in the cytoplasm. Notably, all HSPB8 frameshift mutants retain their ability to interact with CASA members but sequester them into the HSPB8-positive aggregates together with two autophagy receptors SQSTM1/p62 and TAX1BP1. This copartitioning process negatively affects the CASA capability to remove its clients and causes a general failure in proteostasis response. Further analyses revealed that the aggregation of the HSPB8_fs mutants occurs independently of the other CASA members or from the autophagy receptors interaction, but it is an intrinsic feature of the mutated amino acid sequence. HSPB8_fs mutants aggregation alters the differentiation capacity of muscle cells and impairs sarcomere organization. Collectively, these results shed light on a potential pathogenic mechanism shared by the HSPB8_fs mutants described in neuromuscular diseases.Abbreviations : ACD: α-crystallin domain; ACTN: actinin alpha; BAG3: BAG cochaperone 3; C: carboxy; CASA: chaperone-assisted selective autophagy; CE: carboxy-terminal extension; CLEM: correlative light and electron microscopy; CMT2L: Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2L; CTR: carboxy-terminal region; dHMNII: distal hereditary motor neuropathy type II; EV: empty vector; FRA: filter retardation assay; fs: frameshift; HSPA/HSP70: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70); HSPB1/Hsp27: heat shock protein family B (small) member 1; HSPB8/Hsp22: heat shock protein family B (small) member 8; HTT: huntingtin; KO: knockout; MAP1LC3B/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MD: molecular dynamics; MTOC: microtubule organizing center; MYH: myosin heavy chain; MYOG: myogenin; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; NSC34: Neuroblastoma X Spinal Cord 34; OPTN: optineurin; polyQ: polyglutamine; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STUB1/CHIP: STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1; TARDBP/TDP-43: TAR DNA binding protein; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TUBA: tubulin alpha; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tedesco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Leen Vendredy
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Elias Adriaenssens
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marta Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Neuromics Support Facility, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Casarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Chierichetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Mina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Pramaggiore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Piccolella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, and Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Femke Baeke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, and VIB Center for Inflammation Research, and VIB Bioimaging Core, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, and VIB Center for Inflammation Research, and VIB Bioimaging Core, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Tommaso Laurenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Vihola
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuromuscular Research Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Bjarne Udd
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuromuscular Research Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Lan Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Lombardy, United States
| | - Virginia Kimonis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Lombardy, United States
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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