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Yan Z, Yue J, Zhang Y, Hou Z, Li D, Yang Y, Li X, Idris A, Li H, Li S, Xie J, Feng R. Pseudorabies virus VHS protein abrogates interferon responses by blocking NF-κB and IRF3 nuclear translocation. Virol Sin 2024:S1995-820X(24)00078-6. [PMID: 38823782 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses antagonize host antiviral responses through a myriad of molecular strategies culminating in the death of the host cells. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a significant veterinary pathogen in pigs, causing neurological sequalae that ultimately lead to the animal's demise. PRV is known to trigger apoptotic cell death during the late stages of infection. The virion host shutdown protein (VHS) encoded by UL41 plays a crucial role in the PRV infection process. In this study, we demonstrate that UL41 inhibits PRV-induced activation of inflammatory cytokine and negatively regulates the cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral activity by targeting IRF3, thereby inhibiting the translocation and phosphorylation of IRF3. Notably, mutating the conserved amino acid sites (E192, D194, and D195) in the RNase domain of UL41 or knocking down UL41 inhibits the immune evasion of PRV, suggesting that UL41 may play a crucial role in PRV's evasion of the host immune response during infection. These results enhance our understanding of how PRV structural proteins assist the virus in evading the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jiayu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Zhengyang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Dianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4702, Australia
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Shasha Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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G Popova P, Chen SP, Liao S, Sadarangani M, Blakney AK. Clinical perspective on topical vaccination strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 208:115292. [PMID: 38522725 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most successful measures in modern medicine to combat diseases, especially infectious diseases, and saves millions of lives every year. Vaccine design and development remains critical and involves many aspects, including the choice of platform, antigen, adjuvant, and route of administration. Topical vaccination, defined herein as the introduction of a vaccine to any of the three layers of the human skin, has attracted interest in recent years as an alternative vaccination approach to the conventional intramuscular administration because of its potential to be needle-free and induce a superior immune response against pathogens. In this review, we describe recent progress in developing topical vaccines, highlight progress in the development of delivery technologies for topical vaccines, discuss potential factors that might impact the topical vaccine efficacy, and provide an overview of the current clinical landscape of topical vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya G Popova
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B9, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sunny P Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B9, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Suiyang Liao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B9, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 4480 Oak St, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada
| | - Anna K Blakney
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B9, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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3
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Reidel IG, Curti CC, Dorémus L, Béré E, Delwail A, Russi RC, Lecron JC, Morel F, García MI, Müller DM, Jégou JF, Veaute CM. Liposomal co-encapsulation of a novel gemini lipopeptide and a CpG-ODN induces a strong Th1 response with the co-activation of a Th2/Th17 profile and high antibody levels. Vaccine 2024; 42:1953-1965. [PMID: 38378388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A successful vaccine depends on its capacity to elicit a protective immune response against the target pathogen. The adjuvant used plays an important role in enhancing and directing the immune response. Liposomes are vaccine adjuvants that allow the co-encapsulation of antigens and immunostimulants. Our aim was to evaluate the adjuvanticity of a cationic liposome (Lip) formulated with a novel gemini lipopeptide (AG2-C16) alone or in combination with CpG-ODN as immunostimulants. To achieve this, we used the recombinant clumping factor of Staphylococcus aureus (rClfA) as a model antigen, in a murine model. We characterized the formulations by DLS, Cryo-SEM, and TEM, and analyzed the humoral and cellular immune responses induced in BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice injected with free rClfA and three formulations: Lip + CpG-ODN + rClfA, Lip + AG2-C16 + rClfA and Lip + AG2-C16 + CpG-ODN + rClfA. The addition of immunostimulants to the liposomes did not change the membrane diameter but affected their hydrodynamic diameter, z-potential, and homogeneity. All liposomal formulations were able to stimulate a specific humoral response, with high serum IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a or IgG2c titers in BALB/c or C57BL/6J mice, respectively. In addition, increased vaginal IgG levels were detected after injection, with no specific IgA. The cellular immunity induced by Lip + AG2-C16 + CpG-ODN + rClfA was characterized by a predominant Th1 profile, with the co-induction of Th2 and Th17 cells, and IFN-γ+ cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, we studied the capacity of the different formulations to stimulate murine keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. While no formulation activated keratinocytes, Lip + AG2-C16 + CpG-ODN increased the expression of CXCL9 in fibroblasts. These results suggest Lip + AG2-C16 + CpG-ODN as a promising adjuvant candidate to be used in vaccines against pathogens that require Th1/Th2/Th17 combined profiles, like S. aureus. Additionally, based on the IFN-γ+ cytotoxic T cells stimulation and the CXCL9 production by fibroblasts, we propose the use of this adjuvant formulation for the stimulation of a Th1 profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gabriela Reidel
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States; Université de Poitiers, LITEC, UR15560, Poitiers, France
| | - Cecilia Carol Curti
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Léa Dorémus
- Université de Poitiers, ImageUP platform, CNRS, UAR2038, BioS, Poitiers, France
| | - Emile Béré
- Université de Poitiers, ImageUP platform, CNRS, UAR2038, BioS, Poitiers, France
| | - Adriana Delwail
- Université de Poitiers, ImageUP platform, CNRS, UAR2038, BioS, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, CNRS, UMR 6041, 4CS, Laboratory Channels & Connexins in Cancers and Cell Stemness, Poitiers, France
| | - Romina Cecilia Russi
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Franck Morel
- Université de Poitiers, LITEC, UR15560, Poitiers, France
| | - María Inés García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diana María Müller
- LAQUIMAP, Dto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jean-François Jégou
- Université de Poitiers, ImageUP platform, CNRS, UAR2038, BioS, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, LITEC, UR15560, Poitiers, France
| | - Carolina Melania Veaute
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Li J, Li J, Teng P, Yang F, Zhang J, Sun B, Chen W. Long noncoding RNA 1392 regulates MDA5 by interaction with ELAVL1 to inhibit coxsackievirus B5 infection. Virol Sin 2023; 38:699-708. [PMID: 37543144 PMCID: PMC10590689 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) modulate many aspects of biological and pathological processes. Recent studies have shown that host lncRNAs participate in the antiviral immune response, but functional lncRNAs in coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) infection remain unknown. Here, we identified a novel cytoplasmic lncRNA, LINC1392, which was highly inducible in CVB5 infected RD cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and also can be induced by the viral RNA and IFN-β. Further investigation showed that LINC1392 promoted several important interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression, including IFIT1, IFIT2, and IFITM3 by activating MDA5, thereby inhibiting the replication of CVB5 in vitro. Mechanistically, LINC1392 bound to ELAV like RNA binding protein 1 (ELAVL1) and blocked ELAVL1 interaction with MDA5. Functional study revealed that the 245-835 nt locus of LINC1392 exerted the antiviral effect and was also an important site for ELAVL1 binding. In mice, LINC1392 could inhibit CVB5 replication and alleviated the histopathological lesions of intestinal and brain tissues induced by viral infection. Our findings collectively reveal that the novel LINC1392 acts as a positive regulator in the IFN-I signaling pathway against CVB5 infection. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms on how lncRNA regulats the host innate immunity response towards CVB5 infection will lay the foundation for antiviral drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jinwei Li
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Peiying Teng
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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5
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Montes-Cobos E, Bastos VC, Monteiro C, de Freitas JC, Fernandes HD, Constancio CS, Rodrigues DA, Gama AM, Vidal VM, Alves LS, Zalcberg-Renault L, de Lira GS, Ota VA, Caloba C, Conde L, Leitão IC, Tanuri A, Ferreira OD, Pereira RM, Vale AM, Castiñeiras TM, Kaiserlian D, Echevarria-Lima J, Bozza MT. Oligosymptomatic long-term carriers of SARS-CoV-2 display impaired innate resistance but increased high-affinity anti-spike antibodies. iScience 2023; 26:107219. [PMID: 37529320 PMCID: PMC10300054 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast spectrum of clinical features of COVID-19 keeps challenging scientists and clinicians. Low resistance to infection might result in long-term viral persistence, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we studied the immune response of immunocompetent COVID-19 patients with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection by immunophenotyping, cytokine and serological analysis. Despite viral loads and symptoms comparable to regular mildly symptomatic patients, long-term carriers displayed weaker systemic IFN-I responses and fewer circulating pDCs and NK cells at disease onset. Type 1 cytokines remained low, while type-3 cytokines were in turn enhanced. Of interest, we observed no defects in antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell responses, and circulating antibodies displayed higher affinity against different variants of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein in these patients. The identification of distinct immune responses in long-term carriers adds up to our understanding of essential host protective mechanisms to ensure tissue damage control despite prolonged viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Montes-Cobos
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victoria C. Bastos
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarice Monteiro
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João C.R. de Freitas
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heiny D.P. Fernandes
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarice S. Constancio
- Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle A.S. Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andreza M.D.S. Gama
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius M. Vidal
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leticia S. Alves
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laura Zalcberg-Renault
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S. de Lira
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor A. Ota
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Caloba
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Conde
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela C. Leitão
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Orlando D.C. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata M. Pereira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André M. Vale
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Terezinha M. Castiñeiras
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dominique Kaiserlian
- INSERM U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Juliana Echevarria-Lima
- Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Chen X. Emerging adjuvants for intradermal vaccination. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122559. [PMID: 36586639 PMCID: PMC9794530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The majority of vaccines have been delivered into the muscular tissue. Skin contains large amounts of antigen-presenting cells and has been recognized as a more immunogenic site for vaccine delivery. Intradermal delivery has been approved to improve influenza vaccine efficacy and spare influenza vaccine doses. In response to the recent monkeypox outbreak, intradermal delivery has been also approved to stretch the limited monkeypox vaccine doses to immunize more people at risk. Incorporation of vaccine adjuvants is promising to further increase intradermal vaccine efficacy and spare more vaccine doses. Yet, intradermal vaccination is associated with more significant local reactions than intramuscular vaccination. Thus, adjuvants suitable to boost intradermal vaccination need to have a good local safety without inducing overt local reactions. This review introduces currently approved adjuvants in licensed human vaccines and their relative reactogenicity for intradermal delivery and then introduces emerging chemical and physical adjuvants with a good local safety to boost intradermal vaccination. The rational to develop physical adjuvants, the types of physical adjuvants, and the unique advantages of physical adjuvants to boost intradermal vaccination are also introduced in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Chen
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Avedisian Hall, Room 480, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
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7
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Balmert SC, Ghozloujeh ZG, Carey CD, Williams LH, Zhang J, Shahi P, Amer M, Sumpter TL, Erdos G, Korkmaz E, Falo LD. A microarray patch SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces sustained antibody responses and polyfunctional cellular immunity. iScience 2022; 25:105045. [PMID: 36062075 PMCID: PMC9425707 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable global immunization campaigns against COVID-19 and other emerging infectious diseases require effective, broadly deployable vaccines. Here, we report a dissolvable microarray patch (MAP) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that targets the immunoresponsive skin microenvironment, enabling efficacious needle-free immunization. Multicomponent MAPs delivering both SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit antigen and the TLR3 agonist Poly(I:C) induce robust antibody and cellular immune responses systemically and in the respiratory mucosa. MAP vaccine-induced antibodies bind S1 and the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain, efficiently neutralize the virus, and persist at high levels for more than a year. The MAP platform reduces systemic toxicity of the delivered adjuvant and maintains vaccine stability without refrigeration. When applied to human skin, MAP vaccines activate skin-derived migratory antigen-presenting cells, supporting the feasibility of human translation. Ultimately, this shelf-stable MAP vaccine improves immunogenicity and safety compared to traditional intramuscular vaccines and offers an attractive alternative for global immunization efforts against a range of infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Balmert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Cara Donahue Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Li’an H. Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Preeti Shahi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Maher Amer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tina L. Sumpter
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Geza Erdos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Emrullah Korkmaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Louis D. Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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8
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Potential of Microneedle Systems for COVID-19 Vaccination: Current Trends and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051066. [PMID: 35631652 PMCID: PMC9144974 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and aid restoration to prepandemic normality, global mass vaccination is urgently needed. Inducing herd immunity through mass vaccination has proven to be a highly effective strategy for preventing the spread of many infectious diseases, which protects the most vulnerable population groups that are unable to develop immunity, such as people with immunodeficiencies or weakened immune systems due to underlying medical or debilitating conditions. In achieving global outreach, the maintenance of the vaccine potency, transportation, and needle waste generation become major issues. Moreover, needle phobia and vaccine hesitancy act as hurdles to successful mass vaccination. The use of dissolvable microneedles for COVID-19 vaccination could act as a major paradigm shift in attaining the desired goal to vaccinate billions in the shortest time possible. In addressing these points, we discuss the potential of the use of dissolvable microneedles for COVID-19 vaccination based on the current literature.
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McFall-Boegeman H, Huang X. Mechanisms of cellular and humoral immunity through the lens of VLP-based vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:453-469. [PMID: 35023430 PMCID: PMC8960355 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2029415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination can be effective defense against many infectious agents and the corresponding diseases. Discoveries elucidating the mechanisms of the immune system have given hopes to developing vaccines against diseases recalcitrant to current treatment/prevention strategies. One such finding is the ability of immunogenic biological nanoparticles to powerfully boost the immunogenicity of poorer antigens conjugated to them with virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines as a key example. VLPs take advantage of the well-defined molecular structures associated with sub-unit vaccines and the immunostimulatory nature of conjugate vaccines. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will discuss how advances in understanding the immune system can inform VLP-based vaccine design and how VLP-based vaccines have uncovered underlying mechanisms in the immune system. EXPERT OPINION As our understanding of mechanisms underlying the immune system increases, that knowledge should inform our vaccine design. Testing of proof-of-concept vaccines in the lab should seek to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of immune responses. The integration of these approaches will allow for VLP-based vaccines to live up to their promise as a powerful plug-and-play platform for next generation vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter McFall-Boegeman
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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10
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Huang X, Lu Y, Guo M, Du S, Han N. Recent strategies for nano-based PTT combined with immunotherapy: from a biomaterial point of view. Theranostics 2021; 11:7546-7569. [PMID: 34158866 PMCID: PMC8210617 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has been a great threat to humans for decades. Due to the limitations of monotherapy, combinational therapies such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and immunotherapy have gained increasing attention with expectation to overcome the shortfalls of each other and obtain satisfactory therapeutic outcomes. PTT can inhibit primary tumors by thermal ablation but usually fails to achieve complete eradication and cannot prevent metastasis and recurrence. Meanwhile, the efficacy of immunotherapy is usually attenuated by the weak immunogenicity of tumor and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM). Therefore, many recent studies have attempted to synergize PTT with immunotherapy in order to enhance the therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we aim to summarize the cutting-edge strategies in combining nano-based PTT with immunotherapy for cancer treatment. Herein, the combination strategies were mainly classified into four categories, including 1) nano-based PTT combined with antigens to induce host immune responses; 2) nano-based PTT in combination with immune adjuvants acting as in situ vaccines; 3) nano-based PTT synergized with immune checkpoint blockade or other regulators to relieve the ITM; 4) nano-based PTT combined with CAR-T therapy or cytokine therapy for tumor treatment. The characteristics of various photothermal agents and nanoplatforms as well as the immunological mechanisms for the synergism were also introduced in detail. Finally, we discussed the existing challenges and future prospects in combined PTT and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shouying Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ning Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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11
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Investigating the effects of IDO1, PTGS2, and TGF-β1 overexpression on immunomodulatory properties of hTERT-MSCs and their extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7825. [PMID: 33837229 PMCID: PMC8035148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is out of the question. Yet, recent drawbacks have resulted in a strategic shift towards the application of MSC-derived cell-free products such as extracellular vesicles (EVs). Recent reports revealed that functional properties of MSCs, including EV secretion patterns, correlate with microenvironmental cues. These findings highlight the urgent need for defining the optimal circumstances for EV preparation. Considering the limitations of primary cells, we employed immortalized cells as an alternative source to prepare therapeutically sufficient EV numbers. Herein, the effects of different conditional environments are explored on human TERT-immortalized MSCs (hTERT-MSCs). The latter were transduced to overexpress IDO1, PTGS2, and TGF-β1 transgenes either alone or in combination, and their immunomodulatory properties were analyzed thereafter. Likewise, EVs derived from these various MSCs were extensively characterized. hTERT-MSCs-IDO1 exerted superior inhibitory effects on lymphocytes, significantly more than hTERT-MSCs-IFN-γ. As such, IDO1 overexpression promoted the immunomodulatory properties of such enriched EVs. Considering the limitations of cell therapy like tumor formation and possible immune responses in the host, the results presented herein might be considered as a feasible model for the induction of immunomodulation in off-the-shelf and cell-free therapeutics, especially for autoimmune diseases.
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12
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Owen AM, Fults JB, Patil NK, Hernandez A, Bohannon JK. TLR Agonists as Mediators of Trained Immunity: Mechanistic Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential to Combat Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622614. [PMID: 33679711 PMCID: PMC7930332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in critical care medicine, infection remains a significant problem that continues to be complicated with the challenge of antibiotic resistance. Immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to development of severe infection which often progresses to the life-threatening condition of sepsis. Thus, immunotherapies aimed at boosting host immune defenses are highly attractive strategies to ward off infection and protect patients. Recently there has been mounting evidence that activation of the innate immune system can confer long-term functional reprogramming whereby innate leukocytes mount more robust responses upon secondary exposure to a pathogen for more efficient clearance and host protection, termed trained immunity. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are a class of agents which have been shown to trigger the phenomenon of trained immunity through metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications which drive profound augmentation of antimicrobial functions. Immunomodulatory TLR agonists are also highly beneficial as vaccine adjuvants. This review provides an overview on TLR signaling and our current understanding of TLR agonists which show promise as immunotherapeutic agents for combating infection. A brief discussion on our current understanding of underlying mechanisms is also provided. Although an evolving field, TLR agonists hold strong therapeutic potential as immunomodulators and merit further investigation for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica B Fults
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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13
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Sohrabi Y, Dos Santos JC, Dorenkamp M, Findeisen H, Godfrey R, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. Trained immunity as a novel approach against COVID-19 with a focus on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine: mechanisms, challenges and perspectives. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1228. [PMID: 33363733 PMCID: PMC7755499 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe health problem in many countries and has altered day-to-day life in the whole world. This infection is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and depending on age, sex and health status of the patient, it can present with variety of clinical symptoms such as mild infection, a very severe form or even asymptomatic course of the disease. Similarly to other viruses, innate immune response plays a vital role in protection against COVID-19. However, dysregulation of innate immunity could have a significant influence on the severity of the disease. Despite various efforts, there is no effective vaccine against the disease so far. Recent data have demonstrated that the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine could reduce disease severity and the burden of several infectious diseases in addition to targeting its primary focus tuberculosis. There is growing evidence for the concept of beneficial non-specific boosting of immune responses by BCG or other microbial compounds termed trained immunity, which may protect against COVID-19. In this manuscript, we review data on how the development of innate immune memory due to microbial compounds specifically BCG can result in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also discuss possible mechanisms, challenges and perspectives of using innate immunity as an approach to reduce COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Sohrabi
- Department of Cardiology I – Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart FailureUniversity Hospital MünsterMünsterGermany
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jéssica Cristina Dos Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Dorenkamp
- Department of Cardiology I – Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart FailureUniversity Hospital MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Hannes Findeisen
- Department of Cardiology I – Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart FailureUniversity Hospital MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Rinesh Godfrey
- Department of Cardiology I – Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart FailureUniversity Hospital MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Leo AB Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre of Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Núcleo de Pesquisa da Faculdade da Polícia Militar (FPM) do Estado de GoiásGoiâniaBrazil
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14
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Federico S, Pozzetti L, Papa A, Carullo G, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G, Relitti N. Modulation of the Innate Immune Response by Targeting Toll-like Receptors: A Perspective on Their Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13466-13513. [PMID: 32845153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and they are involved in the regulation of innate immune system. These transmembrane receptors, localized at the cellular or endosomal membrane, trigger inflammatory processes through either myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) signaling pathways. In the last decades, extensive research has been performed on TLR modulators and their therapeutic implication under several pathological conditions, spanning from infections to cancer, from metabolic disorders to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases. This Perspective will highlight the recent discoveries in this field, emphasizing the role of TLRs in different diseases and the therapeutic effect of their natural and synthetic modulators, and it will discuss insights for the future exploitation of TLR modulators in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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15
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Roles of membrane vesicles from Streptococcus mutans for the induction of antibodies to glucosyltransferase in mucosal immunity. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104260. [PMID: 32554054 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucosyltransferase (Gtf) B and GtfC from Streptococcus mutans are key enzymes for the development of biofilm-associated diseases such as dental caries. Gtfs are involved in membrane vesicles (MVs) and function in the formation of biofilms by initial colonizers such as Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis on the tooth surface. Therefore, MVs may be important virulence factors and targets for the prevention of biofilm-associated disease. To clarify how GtfB encoded by gtfB and GtfC encoded by gtfC associate with MVs and whether MVs are effective as a mucosal immunogen to induce the production of antibodies against Gtfs, MVs from S. mutans UA159 wild-type (WT), gtfB-, gtfC- and gtfB-C- were extracted from culture supernatants by ultracentrifugation and observed by scanning electron microscopy. Compared with GtfB, GtfC was mainly contained in MVs and regulated the size and aggregation of MVs, and the biofilm formation of S. mutans. The intranasal immunization of BALB/c mice with MVs plus a TLR3 agonist, poly(I-C), was performed 2 or 3 times for 5 weeks, with an interval of 2 or 3 weeks. MVs from all strains caused anti-MV IgA and IgG antibody production. In quality analysis of these antibodies, the IgA and IgG antibodies produced by immunization with MVs from WT and gtfB- strains reacted with Gtfs in the saliva, nasal wash and serum but those produced by immunization with MVs from gtfC- and gtfB-C- strains did not. S. mutans MVs mainly formed by GtfC are an intriguing immunogen for the production of anti-Gtf antibodies in mucosal immunogenicity.
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16
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Naidu SK, Nabi R, Cheemarla NR, Stanfield BA, Rider PJ, Jambunathan N, Chouljenko VN, Carter R, Del Piero F, Langohr I, Kousoulas KG. Intramuscular vaccination of mice with the human herpes simplex virus type-1(HSV-1) VC2 vaccine, but not its parental strain HSV-1(F) confers full protection against lethal ocular HSV-1 (McKrae) pathogenesis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228252. [PMID: 32027675 PMCID: PMC7004361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) can cause severe ocular infection and blindness. We have previously shown that the HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain is protective in mice and guinea pigs against genital herpes infection following vaginal challenge with HSV-1 or HSV-2. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of VC2 intramuscular vaccination in mice against herpetic keratitis following ocular challenge with lethal human clinical strain HSV-1(McKrae). VC2 vaccination in mice produced superior protection and morbidity control in comparison to its parental strain HSV-1(F). Specifically, after HSV-1(McKrae) ocular challenge, all VC2 vaccinated- mice survived, while 30% of the HSV-1(F)- vaccinated and 100% of the mock-vaccinated mice died post challenge. VC2-vaccinated mice did not exhibit any symptoms of ocular infection and completely recovered from initial conjunctivitis. In contrast, HSV-1(F)-vaccinated mice developed time-dependent progressive keratitis characterized by corneal opacification, while mock-vaccinated animals exhibited more severe stromal keratitis characterized by immune cell infiltration and neovascularization in corneal stroma with corneal opacification. Cornea in VC2-immunized mice exhibited significantly increased infiltration of CD3+ T lymphocytes and decreased infiltration of Iba1+ macrophages in comparison to mock- or HSV-1(F)-vaccinated groups. VC2 immunization produced higher virus neutralization titers than HSV-1(F) post challenge. Furthermore, VC-vaccination significantly increased the CD4 T central memory (TCM) subsets and CD8 T effector memory (TEM) subsets in the draining lymph nodes following ocular HSV-1 (McKrae) challenge, then mock- or HSV-1(F)-vaccination. These results indicate that VC2 vaccination produces a protective immune response at the site of challenge to protect against HSV-1-induced ocular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan K. Naidu
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nagarjuna R. Cheemarla
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brent A. Stanfield
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Rider
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nithya Jambunathan
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Vladimir N. Chouljenko
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Renee Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ingeborg Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Konstantin G. Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Tognarelli EI, Palomino TF, Corrales N, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, González PA. Herpes Simplex Virus Evasion of Early Host Antiviral Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:127. [PMID: 31114761 PMCID: PMC6503643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) have co-evolved with humans for thousands of years and are present at a high prevalence in the population worldwide. HSV infections are responsible for several illnesses including skin and mucosal lesions, blindness and even life-threatening encephalitis in both, immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals of all ages. Therefore, diseases caused by HSVs represent significant public health burdens. Similar to other herpesviruses, HSV-1 and HSV-2 produce lifelong infections in the host by establishing latency in neurons and sporadically reactivating from these cells, eliciting recurrences that are accompanied by viral shedding in both, symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The ability of HSVs to persist and recur in otherwise healthy individuals is likely given by the numerous virulence factors that these viruses have evolved to evade host antiviral responses. Here, we review and discuss molecular mechanisms used by HSVs to evade early innate antiviral responses, which are the first lines of defense against these viruses. A comprehensive understanding of how HSVs evade host early antiviral responses could contribute to the development of novel therapies and vaccines to counteract these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás F Palomino
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Hussain RZ, Cravens PC, Doelger R, Dentel B, Herndon E, Loof N, Tsai P, Okuda DT, Racke MK, Stüve O. TLR3 agonism re-establishes CNS immune competence during α4-integrin deficiency. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1543-1561. [PMID: 30564621 PMCID: PMC6292184 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Natalizumab blocks α4-integrin-mediated leukocyte migration into the central nervous system (CNS). It diminishes disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS), but carries a high risk of progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection with JV virus that may be prompted by diminished CNS immune surveillance. The initial host response to viral infections entails the synthesis of type I interferons (IFN) upon engagement of TLR3 receptors. We hypothesized that TLR3 agonism reestablishes CNS immune competence in the setting of α4-integrin deficiency. METHOD We generated the conditional knock out mouse strain Mx1.Cre+ α4-integrinfl/fl, in which the α4-integrin gene is ablated upon treatment with the TLR3 agonist poly I:C. Adoptive transfer of purified lymphocytes from poly I:C-treated Mx1.Cre+ α4-integrinfl/fl donors into naive recipients recapitulates immunosuppression under natalizumab. Active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Mx1.Cre+ α4-integrinfl/fl mice treated with poly I:C represents immune-reconstitution. RESULTS Adoptive transfer of T cells from poly I:C treated Mx1.Cre+ α4-integrinfl/fl mice causes minimal EAE. The in vitro migratory capability of CD45+ splenocytes from these mice is reduced. In contrast, actively-induced EAE after poly I:C treatment results in full disease susceptibility of Mx1.Cre+ α4-integrinfl/fl mice, and the number and composition of CNS leukocytes is similar to controls. Extravasation of Evans Blue indicates a compromised blood-brain barrier. Poly I:C treatment results in a 2-fold increase in IFN β transcription in the spinal cord. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that TLR3 agonism in the setting of relative α4-integrin deficiency can reestablish CNS immune surveillance in an experimental model. This pathway may present a feasible treatment strategy to treat and prevent PML under natalizumab therapy and should be considered for further experimental evaluation in a controlled setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana Z. Hussain
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Petra C. Cravens
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Richard Doelger
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Brianne Dentel
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Emily Herndon
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Nicolas Loof
- The Moody Foundation Flow Cytometry FacilityChildren's Research InstituteUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Peter Tsai
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Darin T. Okuda
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | | | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and NeurotherapeuticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
- Neurology SectionVA North Texas Health Care System, Medical ServiceDallasTexas
- Department of NeurologyKlinikum rechts der IsarTechnische Universität MünchenMunichGermany
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19
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Lee J, Arun Kumar S, Jhan YY, Bishop CJ. Engineering DNA vaccines against infectious diseases. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:31-47. [PMID: 30172933 PMCID: PMC7105045 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Engineering vaccine-based therapeutics for infectious diseases is highly challenging, as trial formulations are often found to be nonspecific, ineffective, thermally or hydrolytically unstable, and/or toxic. Vaccines have greatly improved the therapeutic landscape for treating infectious diseases and have significantly reduced the threat by therapeutic and preventative approaches. Furthermore, the advent of recombinant technologies has greatly facilitated growth within the vaccine realm by mitigating risks such as virulence reversion despite making the production processes more cumbersome. In addition, seroconversion can also be enhanced by recombinant technology through kinetic and nonkinetic approaches, which are discussed herein. Recombinant technologies have greatly improved both amino acid-based vaccines and DNA-based vaccines. A plateau of interest has been reached between 2001 and 2010 for the scientific community with regard to DNA vaccine endeavors. The decrease in interest may likely be attributed to difficulties in improving immunogenic properties associated with DNA vaccines, although there has been research demonstrating improvement and optimization to this end. Despite improvement, to the extent of our knowledge, there are currently no regulatory body-approved DNA vaccines for human use (four vaccines approved for animal use). This article discusses engineering DNA vaccines against infectious diseases while discussing advantages and disadvantages of each, with an emphasis on applications of these DNA vaccines. Statement of Significance This review paper summarizes the state of the engineered/recombinant DNA vaccine field, with a scope entailing “Engineering DNA vaccines against infectious diseases”. We endeavor to emphasize recent advances, recapitulating the current state of the field. In addition to discussing DNA therapeutics that have already been clinically translated, this review also examines current research developments, and the challenges thwarting further progression. Our review covers: recombinant DNA-based subunit vaccines; internalization and processing; enhancing immune protection via adjuvants; manufacturing and engineering DNA; the safety, stability and delivery of DNA vaccines or plasmids; controlling gene expression using plasmid engineering and gene circuits; overcoming immunogenic issues; and commercial successes. We hope that this review will inspire further research in DNA vaccine development.
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20
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Abstract
Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) are highly oriented, well organized, polyvalent structures of nucleic acids conjugated to hollow or solid core nanoparticles. Because they can transfect many tissue and cell types without toxicity, induce minimum immune response, and penetrate various biological barriers (such as the skin, blood-brain barrier, and blood-tumor barrier), they have become versatile tools for the delivery of nucleic acids, drugs, and proteins for various therapeutic purposes. This article describes the unique structures and properties of SNAs and discusses how these properties enable their application in gene regulation, immunomodulation, and drug and protein delivery. It also summarizes current efforts towards clinical translation of SNAs and provides an expert opinion on remaining challenges to be addressed in the path forward to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan H Kapadia
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Jilian R Melamed
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Emily S Day
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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Said EA, Tremblay N, Al-Balushi MS, Al-Jabri AA, Lamarre D. Viruses Seen by Our Cells: The Role of Viral RNA Sensors. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9480497. [PMID: 29854853 PMCID: PMC5952511 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9480497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the innate immune response in detecting RNA viruses is crucial for the establishment of proper inflammatory and antiviral responses. Different receptors, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), are present in the cytoplasm, endosomes, and on the cellular surface. These receptors have the capacity to sense the presence of viral nucleic acids as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This recognition leads to the induction of type 1 interferons (IFNs) as well as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this review, we provide an overview of the significant involvement of cellular RNA helicases and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 7, and 8 in antiviral immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias A. Said
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Nicolas Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) et Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammed S. Al-Balushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Ali A. Al-Jabri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Daniel Lamarre
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) et Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Malik A, Gupta M, Mani R, Gogoi H, Bhatnagar R. Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles Encapsulated Protective Antigen Protects the Mice Against Anthrax. Front Immunol 2018; 9:562. [PMID: 29616046 PMCID: PMC5870345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is an era old deadly disease against which there are only two currently available licensed vaccines named anthrax vaccine adsorbed and precipitated (AVP). Though they can provide a protective immunity, their multiple side-effects owing to their ill-defined composition and presence of toxic proteins (LF and EF) of Bacillus anthracis, the causative organism of anthrax, in the vaccine formulation makes their widespread use objectionable. Hence, an anthrax vaccine that contains well-defined and controlled components would be highly desirable. In this context, we have evaluated the potential of various vaccine formulations comprising of protective antigen (PA) encapsulated trimethyl-chitosan nanoparticles (TMC-PA) in conjunction with either CpG-C ODN 2395 (CpG) or Poly I:C. Each formulation was administered via three different routes, viz., subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and intraperitoneal in female BALB/c mice. Irrespective of the route of immunization, CpG or Poly I:C adjuvanted TMC-PA nanoparticles induced a significantly higher humoral response (total serum IgG and its isotypes viz., IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b), compared to their CpG or Poly I:C PA counterparts. This clearly demonstrates the synergistic behavior of CpG and Poly I:C with TMC nanoparticles. The adjuvant potential of TMC nanoparticles could be observed in all the three routes as the TMC-PA nanoparticles by themselves induced IgG titers (1-1.5 × 105) significantly higher than both CpG PA and Poly I:C PA groups (2-8 × 104). The effect of formulations on T-helper (Th) cell development was assessed by quantifying the Th1-dependant (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2), Th2-dependant (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10), and Th17-type (IL-17A) cytokines. Adjuvanation with CpG and Poly I:C, the TMC-PA nanoparticles triggered a Th1 skewed immune response, as suggested by an increase in the levels of total IgG2a along with IFN-γ cytokine production. Interestingly, the TMC-PA group showed a Th2-biased immune response. Upon challenge with the B. anthracis Ames strain, CpG and Poly I:C adjuvanted TMC-PA nanoparticles immunized via the SC and IM routes showed the highest protective efficacy of ~83%. Altogether, the results suggest that CpG or Poly I:C adjuvanted, PA-loaded TMC nanoparticles could be used as an effective, non-toxic, second generation subunit-vaccine candidate against anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Malik
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Gupta
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Mani
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Gogoi
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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