Cytostatic and apoptotic actions of TGF-beta in homeostasis and cancer

Investigating the Therapeutic Potential of Salvianolic Acid B in Ischemic Wound Healing: In Vivo and In Vitro Study

BACKGROUND

Ischemic wounds pose a challenge to conventional treatments due to insufficient blood and oxygen supply, exacerbating patient distress and often rendering traditional treatments ineffective. Thus, improving the healing rate of ischemic wounds remains a significant challenge requiring further research and solutions.

METHODS

HaCaT and HUVEC were exposed to Sal-B under hypoxic conditions in vitro to assess proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Further, the mechanisms of action were investigated. In vivo, a mouse ischemic wound model was treated with Sal-B topically, with group comparisons including control (PBS), VEGF (100 ng/ml), and Sal-B (50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L) utilizing immunofluorescence and H&E staining.

RESULTS

Salvianolic acid B notably increased HaCaT and HUVEC proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro and improved ischemic wound healing rates in vivo. It modulated crucial factors such as HIF-1α, TGF-β, MMP2, and bFGF.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that salvianolic acid B promotes the healing of ischemic wounds under hypoxic conditions through multiple mechanisms. Specifically, salvianolic acid B effectively reduces the expression of HIF-1α while increasing the levels of TGF-β and bFGF, which are crucial for cell proliferation and new blood vessel formation during the wound healing process. Additionally, salvianolic acid B significantly enhances the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HaCaT and HUVEC, accelerating wound closure, validating its potential for clinical application and highlighting new treatment strategies.

NO LEVEL ASSIGNED

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Exploring the Role of the TGF-β Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Precancerous Polyps Biochemical Genetics

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important public health issue and is the third most common cancer, accounting for approximately 10% of all cancer cases worldwide. CRC results from the accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations in the normal epithelial cells of the colon and rectum, leading to the development of colorectal polyps and invasive carcinomas. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway is regulated in many diseases, such as cancer. This factor can show tumor suppressant function in the early stages in healthy and cancer cells. It can be regulated and affected by different factors, including noncoding RNAs, which are the remarkable regulators for this pathway. The most prominent functions of this factor are cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. However, activating at the final stages of the cell cycle can cause tumor metastasis. Thus, the dual function of TGF-β and the pleiotropic nature of this signaling make it a crucial challenge for cancer treatment. Accurately studying the TGF-β signaling pathway is critical to determine its role. One of the roles of TGF-β signaling is its significant effect on colorectal polyp malignancy and cancer. In this article, we review the published scientific papers regarding the TGF-β signaling pathway, its related genes, and their contribution to precancerous conditions and colorectal cancer progression. The complex interaction of the TGF-β signaling pathway with noncoding RNAs, such as lncRNA TUG1 and miR-21, significantly influences colorectal polyp and cancer progression. Identifying dysregulated TGF-β-related noncoding RNAs offers promising therapeutic avenues for colorectal cancer. Comprehending TGF-β's connection to other molecular mechanisms is crucial for advancing effective therapeutic strategies.

Therapeutic targeting of TGF-β in lung cancer

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a complex role in lung cancer pathophysiology, initially acting as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting early-stage tumor growth. However, its role evolves in the advanced stages of the disease, where it contributes to tumor progression not by directly promoting cell proliferation but by enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and creating a conducive tumor microenvironment. While EMT is typically associated with enhanced migratory and invasive capabilities rather than proliferation per se, TGF-β's influence on this process facilitates the complex dynamics of tumor metastasis. Additionally, TGF-β impacts the tumor microenvironment by interacting with immune cells, a process influenced by genetic and epigenetic changes within tumor cells. This interaction highlights its role in immune evasion and chemoresistance, further complicating lung cancer therapy. This review provides a critical overview of recent findings on TGF-β's involvement in lung cancer, its contribution to chemoresistance, and its modulation of the immune response. Despite the considerable challenges encountered in clinical trials and the development of new treatments targeting the TGF-β pathway, this review highlights the necessity for continued, in-depth investigation into the roles of TGF-β. A deeper comprehension of these roles may lead to novel, targeted therapies for lung cancer. Despite the intricate behavior of TGF-β signaling in tumors and previous challenges, further research could yield innovative treatment strategies.

Cyclooxygenase 2 overexpression suppresses Smad3 and augments ERK1/2 signaling activated by TGFβ1 in endometrial stromal cells: A novel insight into endometriosis pathogenesis

RESEARCH QUESTION

To investigate the underlying mechanisms driving the opposing effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1) on the proliferation of control (CESCs) and ectopic (EESCs) endometrial stromal cells.

DESIGN

Cell proliferation assays (CCK-8 and colony formation) were employed to assess the effects of TGFβ1 on CESC and EESC proliferation. An immortalized human endometrial stromal cell line (HESC) was used to elucidate the mechanisms behind cytostatic effect of TGFβ1 and the potential role of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in mediating the modulation of TGFβ1 signaling.

RESULTS

This study demonstrated that TGFβ1 inhibited the proliferation of CESCs and HESCs while significantly promoting the proliferation of EESCs. In both CESCs and HESCs, TGFβ1-induced growth arrest was primarily mediated by cell cycle arrest rather than apoptosis. Mechanistically, TGFβ1 activated both Smad3 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, with Smad3 acting to inhibit proliferation and ERK1/2 to promote it. Notably, overexpression of COX-2 in HESCs abolished the cytostatic effect of TGFβ1 by enhancing ERK1/2 signaling and decreasing Smad3 protein levels and its nuclear translocation. Similar effects were observed following prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment. In contrast, inhibition of COX-2 activity in EESCs resulted in increased Smad3 expression, reduced ERK1/2 activation, and a restoration of the cytostatic effect of TGFβ1.

CONCLUSION

COX-2 modulates the effects of TGFβ1 on endometrial stromal cells by altering the balance between the Smad3 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, thereby converting TGFβ1 from a growth inhibitor to a proliferation stimulator.

Targeting TGF-β: a promising strategy for cancer therapy

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has important role in regulating the cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, and migration. TGF-β exerts its effect by binding with transcellular membranes and kinases. Our findings demonstrate that TGF- β possess dual role as tumor suppressor and tumor promoter in different stages of cancer. TGF-β emerged as a promising anticancer agent that exhibits the apoptosis by acting on the suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD) and non-SMAD pathways. In this review we are focusing on the different types of TGF- β inhibitors active against skin cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and ovarian cancer. TGF-β inhibitors includes ligand traps, monoclonal antibodies and receptor kinase inhibitors. In recent studies, TGF- β inhibitors have also been used in combination therapies in the treatment of cancer. The TGF-β has important role in vaccine therapy, Chemo and Radio Resistance in Cancer. TGF-β inhibitors present the novel therapeutic approach for the cancer therapy, highlighting the mechanism of action involved, clinical trials, challenges and exploring therapeutic opportunities. This will help to develop the novel TGF-β inhibitors as anticancer agents as well as help to resolve the problem of drug resistance by developing new drugs as anticancer agents.

Interplay Between TGFβ1 Signaling and Cancer-Testis Antigen MAGEB2: A New Thorn in Cancer's Side?

The Melanoma Antigen Gene (MAGE) family of proteins is the largest family of cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) and shares a MAGE homology domain (MHD). MAGE proteins are divided into Type I and Type II MAGEs depending on their chromosomal location and expression patterns. Type I MAGEs are true CTAs. MAGEB2 is a Type I MAGE, belonging to the MAGEB subfamily, and unlike some MAGE proteins, has not been found to bind to and enhance E3 ligase activity. MAGEB2 has been discovered to be an RNA-binding protein that serves to protect spermatogonial cells in the testis from extraneous stressors. We have discovered that MAGEB2 is necessary and sufficient for the proliferation of cells and is expressed by the differential DNA methylation of its gene promoter. Furthermore, we identified JunD as the transcription factor that regulates MAGEB2 expression. When expressed, MAGEB2 suppresses transforming grown factor-β1 (TGFβ1) signaling by decreasing mRNA levels of Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). TSP-1 is an anti-angiogenic protein that activates TGFβ1. Restoring levels of TSP-1 or TGFβ1 results in the inability of MAGEB2 to drive proliferation, suggesting that MAGEB2-expressing tumors might be more susceptible to therapies that induce or activate TSP-1 or TGFβ1 signaling.

A miRNA-Based Approach in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Challenges and Insights from Adult to Pediatric Evidence

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) represents the most common inherited kidney disorder leading to kidney failure in a significant percentage of patients over time. Although previously considered as an adult disease, robust evidence demonstrated that clinical manifestations might occur during childhood and adolescence. Therefore, early identification and treatment of the disease are of cardinal importance for pediatricians to ensure the best long-term outcomes. To date, licensed treatment options are limited but promising potential therapeutic targets are emerging. Among these, an intriguing pathophysiological role for microRNAs as small molecules with a critical role in regulating gene expression has been considered possible in ADPKD. Indeed, numerous circulating microRNAs have been found to be dysregulated in ADPKD, suggesting their potential role as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Based on this background, further detailed insights into the mechanisms of miRNAs contributing to ADPKD development might pave the way for their effective application as a targeted treatment in young patients with ADPKD. We aimed to summarize the most recent evidence in this fascinating research area, providing a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of specific microRNAs in ADPKD as a potential innovative therapeutic strategy for these young patients.

TGF-β signaling in the ovary: Emerging roles in development and disease

The TGF-β superfamily plays a pivotal role in a wide array of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. It is also critically involved in ovarian development and the pathogenesis of various diseases. Within the ovary, follicles act as the primary functional units, housing numerous members of the TGF-β superfamily that regulate follicular development and, consequently, overall ovarian function. Dysregulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway is associated with reproductive disorders and the development of ovarian diseases in female mammals, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian aging, ovarian insufficiency, and ovarian cancer. This article highlights the significant contributions of key TGF-β signaling pathway members to follicular development and ovarian disease progression, aiming to deepen the understanding of TGF-β signaling's critical role in reproductive health.

IQGAP3 signalling mediates intratumoral functional heterogeneity to enhance malignant growth

BACKGROUND

The elevation of IQGAP3 expression in diverse cancers indicates a key role for IQGAP3 in carcinogenesis. Although IQGAP3 was established as a proliferating stomach stem cell factor and a regulator of the RAS-ERK pathway, how it drives cancer growth remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

We define the function of IQGAP3 in gastric cancer (GC) development and progression.

DESIGN

We studied the phenotypic changes caused by IQGAP3 knockdown in three molecularly diverse GC cell lines by RNA-sequencing. In vivo tumorigenesis and lung metastasis assays corroborated IQGAP3 as a mediator of oncogenic signalling. Spatial analysis was performed to evaluate the intratumoral transcriptional and functional differences between control tumours and IQGAP3 knockdown tumours.

RESULTS

Transcriptomic profiling showed that IQGAP3 inhibition attenuates signal transduction networks, such as KRAS signalling, via phosphorylation blockade. IQGAP3 knockdown was associated with significant inhibition of MEK/ERK signalling-associated growth factors, including TGFβ1, concomitant with gene signatures predictive of impaired tumour microenvironment formation and reduced metastatic potential. Xenografts involving IQGAP3 knockdown cells showed attenuated tumorigenesis and lung metastasis in immunodeficient mice. Accordingly, immunofluorescence staining revealed significant reductions of TGFβ/SMAD signalling and αSMA-positive stromal cells; digital spatial analysis indicated that IQGAP3 is indispensable for the formation of two phenotypically diverse cell subpopulations, which played crucial but distinct roles in promoting oncogenic functions.

CONCLUSION

IQGAP3 knockdown suppressed the RAS-TGFβ signalling crosstalk, leading to a significant reduction of the tumour microenvironment. In particular, IQGAP3 maintains functional heterogeneity of cancer cells to enhance malignant growth. IQGAP3 is thus a highly relevant therapy target in GC.

KLF4: a multifunctional nexus connecting tumor progression and immune regulation

Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) regulate various biological processes such as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and differentiation as gene transcription factors. Signaling pathways which mediated by KLF4 and KLF4 have a sophisticated role in tumors due to multiple factors, including the types or stage of tumors. KLF4 plays a promoter role in tumorigenesis and development, or tumor suppressor as a context-dependent anti- and pro-inflammatory factor. KLF4 over-expression increases CD8+T cell differentiation and enhances the antitumor immunity. This review aims to provide information about the relationship of KLF4 in immunity with tumors and to guide the future study.

Deciphering TGF-β1's role in drug resistance and leveraging plant bioactives for cancer therapy

The intricate regulatory mechanisms governing TGF-β1 expression play pivotal roles in tumor progression. Key proteins such as FKBP1A, SMAD6, and SMAD7 trigger this process, modulating cell growth inhibition via p15INK4b and p21CIP1 induction. Despite TGF-β's tumor-suppressive functions, cancer cells adeptly evade its effects, fueling disease advancement. Tumor microenvironmental TGF-β1 prompts epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), facilitated by transcription factors like slug, twist-1, and snail. Notably, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) amplify this effect by secreting TGF-β1, fostering drug resistance. Of particular concern is the resistance observed with BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi), highlighting the clinical significance of TGF-β signaling in cancer therapeutics. However, emerging interest in natural anti-cancer agents, with their distinct pharmacological actions on signaling proteins offers promising avenues for therapeutic intervention. This review emphasizes the multifaceted interplay between TGF-β signaling, tumor microenvironment dynamics, and therapeutic resistance mechanisms, illuminating potential targets for combating cancer progression by plant-derived-natural-bioactive compounds. However, this review additionally explores the currently available advanced methods for detecting various types of cancer. Not only that, but it also discussed the function of plant-derived compounds in clinical aspects, as well as its limitations.

Assessment of anti-CD69 antibody therapy alone or in combination with anti-PD-1 in murine GBM

BACKGROUND

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive cancer with limited treatment options. Immunotherapy targeting CD69, an early activation marker on T cells, has shown promise in preclinical models of non-CNS malignancies. This study investigates anti-CD69 therapy alone or in combination with anti-PD-1 in a preclinical GBM model.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

CD69 expression in GBM patient tissues was analyzed using the TCGA database. Therapeutic efficacy of anti-CD69 was tested in a murine GBM model with different regimens. Immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) were assessed by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

Increased CD69 expression was observed in GBM patients compared to normal brain tissue and was associated with worse prognosis. Anti-CD69 treatment reduced percentages of CD69+ immune cells but did not improve survival in GBM-bearing mice. Increased PD-1 expression on NK cells was observed following anti-CD69 treatment. Anti-CD69 treatment was not improved by the addition of anti-PD-1 in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study evaluating anti-CD69 therapy in a preclinical GBM model. Despite promising preclinical data in other cancers, anti-CD69 monotherapy or combination therapy with anti-PD-1 did not improve survival in this GBM model.

High-Efficiency Gold Nanoaggregates for NIR LED-Driven Sustained Mild Photothermal Therapy Achieving Complete Tumor Eradication and Immune Enhancement

For millennia, humans have harnessed thermal energy to treat cancer. However, delivering energy to tumor tissues in traditional hyperthermia remains a significant challenge. Nanotechnology has revolutionized this approach, enabling nanomaterials to target tumors precisely and act as internal heat sources. Nanomaterial-based photothermal therapy employs nano-photothermal agents to absorb near-infrared light and convert it into heat, offering non-invasive, highly controllable, and specific treatment for solid tumors. Nonetheless, achieving complete tumor eradication, preventing recurrence, and ensuring safety continue to be major concerns. To address these issues, sustained mild photothermal therapy (smPTT) is proposed, utilizing gold nanoaggregates (AuNAs) with a high photothermal conversion efficiency (92.8%) in combination with a single irradiation of low-power (∼0.1 W cm- 2) sustained LED light. This method achieved complete tumor eradication in animal models, with no recurrence over long-term (>180 days) monitoring. This strategy provides superior therapeutic effects compared to mild photothermal therapy and higher safety than high-temperature photothermal therapy. Additionally, it induces a strong immune response and immune memory, crucial for preventing tumor recurrence and metastasis. This novel approach to photothermal therapy may significantly impact clinical applications for shallow tumor treatment and offer new avenues for immunotherapy.

Amelioration of breast cancer therapies through normalization of tumor vessels and microenvironment: paradigm shift to improve drug perfusion and nanocarrier permeation

Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Chemo-, immune- and photothermal therapies are employed to manage BC. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) prevents free drugs and nanocarriers (NCs) from entering the tumor premises. Formulation scientists rely on enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) to extravasate NCs in the TME. However, recent research has demonstrated the inconsistent nature of EPR among different patients and tumor types. In addition, angiogenesis, high intra-tumor fluid pressure, desmoplasia, and high cell and extracellular matrix density resist the accumulation of NCs in the TME. In this review, we discuss TME normalization as an approach to improve the penetration of drugs and NCSs in the tumor premises. Strategies such as normalization of tumor vessels, reversal of hypoxia, alleviation of high intra-tumor pressure, and infiltration of lymphocytes for the reversal of therapy failure have been discussed in this manuscript. Strategies to promote the infiltration of anticancer immune cells in the TME after vascular normalization have been discussed. Studies strategizing time points to administer TME-normalizing agents are highlighted. Mechanistic pathways controlling the angiogenesis and normalization processes are discussed along with the studies. This review will provide greater tumor-targeting insights to the formulation scientists.

Leveraging epigenetic alterations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma for clinical applications

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy characterized by late detection and poor prognosis. Recent research highlights the pivotal role of epigenetic alterations in driving PDAC development and progression. These changes, in conjunction with genetic mutations, contribute to the intricate molecular landscape of the disease. Specific modifications in DNA methylation, histone marks, and non-coding RNAs are emerging as robust predictors of disease progression and patient survival, offering the potential for more precise prognostic tools compared to conventional clinical staging. Moreover, the detection of epigenetic alterations in blood and other non-invasive samples holds promise for earlier diagnosis and improved management of PDAC. This review comprehensively summarises current epigenetic research in PDAC and identifies persisting challenges. These include the complex nature of epigenetic profiles, tumour heterogeneity, limited access to early-stage samples, and the need for highly sensitive liquid biopsy technologies. Addressing these challenges requires the standardisation of methodologies, integration of multi-omics data, and leveraging advanced computational tools such as machine learning and artificial intelligence. While resource-intensive, these efforts are essential for unravelling the functional consequences of epigenetic changes and translating this knowledge into clinical applications. By overcoming these hurdles, epigenetic research has the potential to revolutionise the management of PDAC and improve patient outcomes.

Potential implications of granzyme B in keloids and hypertrophic scars through extracellular matrix remodeling and latent TGF-β activation

Keloid scars (KS) and hypertrophic scars (HS) are fibroproliferative wound healing defects characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the dermis of affected individuals. Although transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is known to be involved in the formation of KS and HS, the molecular mechanisms responsible for its activation remain unclear. In this study we investigated Granzyme B (GzmB), a serine protease with established roles in fibrosis and scarring through the cleavage of ECM proteins, as a potential new mediator of TGF-β activation in KS and HS. Increased GzmB-positive mast cells were identified in the dermis of KS and HS but not healthy skin controls. Elevated levels of substance P, a neuropeptide involved in mast cell degranulation, suggest that GzmB is released extracellularly, as confirmed by the significant reduction of the established extracellular GzmB substrate decorin in KS and HS. Similarly, presence of latent TGF-β binding protein 1 (LTBP1), a protein involved in the extracellular tethering of latent TGF-β, was disrupted proximal to the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) of GzmBhigh KS and HS lesions. Using LTBP1-enriched medium as well as purified LTBP1, its cleavage by GzmB was confirmed in vitro. Increased TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway was observed in keratinocytes treated with GzmB-digested LTBP1 and was abolished by the addition of a pan-TGF-β inhibitor, suggesting that GzmB cleavage of LTBP1 contributes to TGF-β activation. In dermal fibroblasts, GzmB also cleaved cell-derived LTBP1 and induced TGF-β activation through the cleavage of one or more unidentified fibroblast-secreted proteins. Altogether, the present results suggest that GzmB contributes to KS and HS through ECM remodeling and TGF-β activation.

Mechanism of THBS1 Regulation of MDCK Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis Through TGF-β/Smad Signalling

Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells are a key cell line for influenza vaccine production, due to their high viral yield and low mutation resistance. In our laboratory, we established a tertiary cell bank (called M60) using a standard MDCK cell line imported from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) in the USA. Due to their controversial tumourigenicity, we domesticated non-tumourigenic MDCK cells (named CL23) for influenza vaccine production via monoclonal screening in the early stage of this study, and the screened CL23 cells were characterised based on their low proliferative capacity, which had certain limitations in terms of expanding their production during cell resuscitation. It was thus our objective to enhance the proliferation efficiency of MDCK cells for influenza vaccine production following cell resuscitation, with a view to improving the production of non-tumourigenic MDCK cells for vaccines and enhancing the production of influenza virus lysate vaccines from MDCK cells through genetic intervention. We concentrated on the protein thrombosponin-1 (THBS1), which was markedly differentiated in the proteomics data of the two MDCK cells. By integrating this finding with related studies, we were able to ascertain that THBS1 exerts a significant influence on the level of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Consequently, our objective was to investigate the impact of THBS1 expression on MDCK cell apoptosis by verifying the differences in THBS1 expression between the two MDCK cells and by interfering with THBS1 expression in the MDCK cells. We found that the knockdown of THBS1 significantly increased the proliferation and apoptosis of CL23 cells without causing significant changes in cell migration and invasion, and its overexpression significantly decreased the proliferation of M60 cells and increased cell migration, invasion, and apoptosis. In addition, the TGF-β/Smad pathway target genes transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (Smad2), and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3), were significantly down-regulated in CL23 cells after THBS1 knockdown and up-regulated in M60 cells after overexpression, with consistent expression identified at both the mRNA and protein levels. The treatment of cells with TGF-β activators and inhibitors further demonstrated that THBS1 regulated MDCK cell proliferation and apoptosis through the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway. Finally, we found that THBS1 also regulated H1N1 influenza virus replication. These findings enable a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of THBS1 regarding MDCK cell proliferation and apoptosis functions and the effects of influenza virus replication.

Metabolic Reprogramming of Fibroblastic Reticular Cells in Immunity and Tolerance

Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are pivotal stromal components that maintain the structure of secondary lymphoid tissues and modulate the immune responses within the lymphoid microenvironment. In response to specific immune or inflammatory stimuli, such as infection or autoimmune triggers, FRCs undergo significant metabolic reprogramming. This process, originally characterized in cancer research, involves the regulation of key metabolic enzymes, pathways, and metabolites, resulting in functional transformations of these cells. Specifically, viruses stimulate FRCs to enhance the tricarboxylic acid cycle, while rheumatoid arthritis and sepsis prompt FRCs to increase oxidative phosphorylation. These changes enable FRCs to adapt their functions, such as proliferation or cytokine secretion, thereby effectively regulating the immune microenvironment to meet the dynamic needs of the immune system. This review provides a comprehensive update on the metabolic reprogramming of FRCs, highlighting how these changes support immune tolerance and response under varied physiological conditions.

Transcriptional regulators ensuring specific gene expression and decision-making at high TGFβ doses

TGFβ-signaling regulates cancer progression by controlling cell division, migration, and death. These outcomes are mediated by gene expression changes, but the mechanisms of decision-making toward specific fates remain unclear. Here, we combine SMAD transcription factor imaging, genome-wide RNA sequencing, and morphological assays to quantitatively link signaling, gene expression, and fate decisions in mammary epithelial cells. Fitting genome-wide kinetic models to our time-resolved data, we find that most of the TGFβ target genes can be explained as direct targets of SMAD transcription factors, whereas the remainder show signs of complex regulation, involving delayed regulation and strong amplification at high TGFβ doses. Knockdown experiments followed by global RNA sequencing revealed transcription factors interacting with SMADs in feedforward loops to control delayed and dose-discriminating target genes, thereby reinforcing the specific epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition at high TGFβ doses. We identified early repressors, preventing premature activation, and a late activator, boosting gene expression responses for a sufficiently strong TGFβ stimulus. Taken together, we present a global view of TGFβ-dependent gene regulation and describe specificity mechanisms reinforcing cellular decision-making.

Mechanism and Application of Biomaterials Targeting Reactive Oxygen Species and Macrophages in Inflammation

Inflammation, an adaptive reaction to harmful stimuli, is a necessary immune system response and can be either acute or chronic. Since acute inflammation tends to eliminate harmful stimuli and restore equilibrium, it is generally advantageous to the organism. Chronic inflammation, however, is caused by either increased inflammatory signaling or decreased pro-anti-inflammatory signaling. According to current studies, inflammation is thought to be a major factor in a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes, cancer, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity. Consequently, reducing inflammation is essential for both preventing and delaying diseases. The application of biomaterials in the treatment of inflammatory illnesses has grown in recent years. A variety of biomaterials can be implanted either by themselves or in conjunction with other bioactive ingredients and therapeutic agents. The mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of well-known anti-inflammatory biomaterials are the main topics of this article.

Molecular insights of anticancer potential of usnic acid towards cervical cancer target proteins: An in silico validation for novel anti-cancer compound from lichens

Usnic acid is a marker compound produced from numerous lichens (symbiotic association of mycobiont and phycobiont) possessing higher bioavailability, potent and selective against cancer cells. Usnic acid is an underutilized and well-documented anti-cancer compound from lichens and its activity is not yet documented against cervical cancer. The main aim of the present research is to screen the anti-cancer potential of usnic acid against cervical cancer target proteins. The drug-likeness validation of usnic acid shows nil violations against all drug-likeness rules when compared with all three screened anti-cancer standard drugs and shows some violation in drug likeness prediction. Further, ADMET screening reveals usnic acids shows effective pharmacokinetic profiles with good bioactivity scores, essential for drug delivery and metabolism. DFT analysis of usnic acid reveals less energy gap (-0.1184), hardness (0.0592 eV), and high softness (16.8918 eV) scores against three anti-cancer drug DFT scores. Molecular docking study shows usnic acid possesses excellent binding affinity with all the nine screened cervical cancer target proteins with docking scores ranging from -6.9 to -9.1 kcal/mol. Three anti-cancer drugs showed docking scores with a range of -5.2 to -8.4 kcal/mol. Further, four top-scored complexes were taken for molecular dynamic simulation study reveal that usnic acid complexes (1KTZ-usnic acid and 2BIM-usnic acid) possess good simulation trajectories with cervical cancer target proteins than the selected anti-cancer drugs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Expression and localization of anti-Müllerian hormone and its receptors in bovine corpus luteum

Although anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is involved in the regulation of granulosa cell function in female animals, its role in tissues other than ovarian follicles remains poorly understood. It has also been suggested that cows with high circulating AMH concentrations have increased fertility; however, the mechanism has not been elucidated. This study was conducted to identify the presence of the AMH-signaling system and its target cells in the bovine corpus luteum formed from an ovulated follicle. Immunoblotting revealed that the proteolytically cleaved C-terminal region in AMH (AMHC), a biologically active peptide, was present in trace amounts in the early corpus luteum and significantly increased during the mid to regressed stages. AMHC and cleaved N-terminal region (AMHN) in AMH generate a noncovalent isoform that improves the activity of AMH signaling. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AMHC, AMHN, and type II AMH receptor (AMHR2) were localized to luteal cells during the entire estrous cycle. AMH in the corpus luteum seemed to be newly synthesized since AMH expression was detected. These findings suggest that AMH signaling is involved in the regulation of luteal cell function through an autocrine and post-translational processing mechanism. The level of AMHR2 and mRNA expression of AMHR2 and type I AMH receptors (activin-like kinase 2, 3, and 6) were highest in the mid stage. Thus, AMH signaling in the corpus luteum may also be regulated by changes in the receptor levels. Since the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, to which AMH belongs, is a multifunctional polypeptide growth factor, further studies are needed to evaluate whether AMH signaling has a role in facilitating or inhibiting luteal cell functions.

NY-ESO-1 antigen: A promising frontier in cancer immunotherapy

Significant strides have been made in identifying tumour-associated antigens over the past decade, revealing unique epitopes crucial for targeted cancer therapy. Among these, the New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (NY-ESO-1) protein, a cancer/testis antigen, stands out. This protein is presented on the cell surface by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules and exhibits restricted expression in germline cells and various cancers, marking it as an immune-privileged site. Remarkably, NY-ESO-1 serves a dual role as both a tumour-associated antigen and its own adjuvant, implying a potential function as a damage-associated molecular pattern. It elicits strong humoural immune responses, with specific antibody frequencies significantly correlating with disease progression. These characteristics make NY-ESO-1 an appealing candidate for developing effective and specific immunotherapy, particularly for advanced stages of disease. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of NY-ESO-1 as an immunogenic tumour antigen. We then explore the diverse strategies for targeting NY-ESO-1, including cancer vaccination with peptides, proteins, DNA, mRNA, bacterial vectors, viral vectors, dendritic cells and artificial adjuvant vector cells, while considering the benefits and drawbacks of each strategy. Additionally, we offer an in-depth analysis of adoptive T-cell therapies, highlighting innovative techniques such as next-generation NY-ESO-1 T-cell products and the integration with lymph node-targeted vaccines to address challenges and enhance therapeutic efficacy. Overall, this comprehensive review sheds light on the evolving landscape of NY-ESO-1 targeting and its potential implications for cancer treatment, opening avenues for future tailored directions in NY-ESO-1-specific immunotherapy. HIGHLIGHTS: Endogenous immune response: NY-ESO-1 exhibited high immunogenicity, activating endogenous dendritic cells, T cells and B cells. NY-ESO-1-based cancer vaccines: NY-ESO-1 vaccines using protein/peptide, RNA/DNA, microbial vectors and artificial adjuvant vector cells have shown promise in enhancing immune responses against tumours. NY-ESO-1-specific T-cell receptor-engineered cells: NY-ESO-1-targeted T cells, along with ongoing innovations in engineered natural killer cells and other cell therapies, have improved the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Distinct phenotypes induced by acute hypoxia and TGF-β1 in human adult cardiac fibroblasts

Myocardial infarction (MI) causes hypoxic injury to downstream myocardial tissue, which initiates a wound healing response that replaces injured myocardial tissue with a scar. Wound healing is a complex process that consists of multiple phases, in which many different stimuli induce cardiac fibroblasts to differentiate into myofibroblasts and deposit new matrix. While this process is necessary to replace necrotic tissue, excessive and unresolved fibrosis is common post-MI and correlated with heart failure. Therefore, defining how cardiac fibroblast phenotypes are distinctly regulated by stimuli that are prevalent in the post-MI microenvironment, such as hypoxia and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), is essential for understanding and ultimately mitigating pathological fibrosis. In this study, we acutely treated primary human adult cardiac fibroblasts with TGF-β1 or hypoxia and then characterized their phenotype through immunofluorescence, quantitative RT-PCR, and proteomic analysis. We found that fibroblasts responded to low oxygen with increased localization of hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) to the nuclei after 4h, which was followed by increased gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), a known target of HIF-1, by 24h. Both TGF-β1 and hypoxia inhibited proliferation after 24h. TGF-β1 treatment also upregulated various fibrotic pathways. In contrast, hypoxia caused a reduction in several protein synthesis pathways, including collagen biosynthesis. Collectively, these data suggest that TGF-β1, but not acute hypoxia, robustly induces the differentiation of human cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Discerning the overlapping and distinctive outcomes of TGF-β1 and hypoxia treatment is important for elucidating their roles in fibrotic remodeling post-MI and provides insight into potential therapeutic targets.

CCL9/CCR1 axis-driven chemotactic nanovesicles for attenuating metastasis of SMAD4-deficient colorectal cancer by trapping TGF-β

SMAD4 deficiency in colorectal cancer (CRC) is highly correlated with liver metastasis and high mortality, yet there are few effective precision therapies available. Here, we show that CCR1+-granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) are highly infiltrated in SMAD4-deficient CRC via CCL15/CCR1 and CCL9/CCR1 axis in clinical specimens and mouse models, respectively. The excessive TGF-β, secreted by tumor-infiltrated CCR1+-G-MDSCs, suppresses the immune response of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), thus facilitating metastasis. Hereby, we develop engineered nanovesicles displaying CCR1 and TGFBR2 molecules (C/T-NVs) to chemotactically target the tumor driven by CCL9/CCR1 axis and trap TGF-β through TGF-β-TGFBR2 specific binding. Chemotactic C/T-NVs counteract CCR1+-G-MDSC infiltration through competitive responding CCL9/CCR1 axis. C/T-NVs-induced intratumoral TGF-β exhaustion alleviates the TGF-β-suppressed immune response of CTLs. Collectively, C/T-NVs attenuate liver metastasis of SMAD4-deficient CRC. In further exploration, high expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is observed in clinical specimens of SMAD4-deficient CRC. Combining C/T-NVs with anti-PD-L1 antibody (aPD-L1) induces tertiary lymphoid structure formation with sustained activation of CTLs, CXCL13+-CD4+ T, CXCR5+-CD20+ B cells, and enhanced secretion of cytotoxic cytokine interleukin-21 and IFN-γ around tumors, thus eradicating metastatic foci. Our strategy elicits pleiotropic antimetastatic immunity, paving the way for nanovesicle-mediated precision immunotherapy in SMAD4-deficient CRC.

Roles of SMAD and SMAD-Associated Signaling Pathways in Nerve Regeneration Following Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Narrative Literature Review

Although several methods are being applied to treat peripheral nerve injury, a perfect treatment that leads to full functional recovery has not yet been developed. SMAD (Suppressor of Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog) plays a crucial role in nerve regeneration by facilitating the survival and growth of nerve cells following peripheral nerve injury. We conducted a systematic literature review on the role of SMAD in this context. Following peripheral nerve injury, there was an increase in the expression of SMAD1, -2, -4, -5, and -8, while SMAD5, -6, and -7 showed no significant changes; SMAD8 expression was decreased. Specifically, SMAD1 and SMAD4 were found to promote nerve regeneration, whereas SMAD2 and SMAD6 inhibited it. SMAD exerts its effects by promoting neuronal survival and growth through BMP/SMAD1, BMP/SMAD4, and BMP/SMAD7 signaling pathways. Furthermore, it activates nerve regeneration programs via the PI3K/GSK3/SMAD1 pathway, facilitating active regeneration of nerve cells and subsequent functional recovery after peripheral nerve damage. By leveraging these mechanisms of SMAD, novel strategies for treating peripheral nerve damage could potentially be developed. We aim to further elucidate the precise mechanisms of nerve regeneration mediated by SMAD and explore the potential for developing targeted nerve treatments based on these findings.

Analyzing small RNA sequences from canine stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles primed with TNF-α and IFN-γ and exploring their potential in lung repair

Acute lung injury is an acute inflammation disorder that disrupts the lung endothelial and epithelial barriers. In this study, we investigated the extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained via priming inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ on canine adipose mesenchymal stem cells in improving their anti-inflammatory and/or immunosuppressive potential, and/or their ability to alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in vitro. We also explored the correlation between epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the inflammatory repressive effect of primed EVs. Using small RNA-Seq, we confirmed that miR-16 and miR-502 significantly increased in EVs from TNF-α and IFN-γ-primed canine adipose mesenchymal stem cells. The pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed in a lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury model and we found that the EV anti-inflammatory effect improved on priming with inflammatory cytokines. EVs obtained from primed stem cells effectively suppress endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a lung injury model. Our results suggest a potential therapeutic approach utilizing EVs obtained from adipose mesenchymal stem cells primed with TNF-α and IFN-γ against lung inflammation and endothelial to mesenchymal transition.

Dysregulation of exosomal miRNAs and their related genes in head and neck cancer patients

Aim: The present study aimed to figure out the potential role of exosomal microRNAs, and their targeted genes in HNC detection/diagnosis.Methods: In the present study, exosomes were extracted from the serum samples of 400 HNC patients and 400 healthy controls. Exosomes were characterized using TEM, NTA, TEM-immunogold labeling and ELISA. Quantitative PCR was used to measure the expression level of exosomal miRNA-19a, miRNA-19b and targeted genes SMAD2 and SMAD4 in HNC patients and controls.Results: The deregulation of miR-19a (p < 0.01), miR-19b (p < 0.03), SMAD2 (p < 0.04) and SMAD4 (p < 0.04) was observed in HNC patients vs controls.Conclusion: ROC curve and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed the good diagnostic/prognostic value of selected exosomal microRNAs and related genes in HNC patients.

Molecular force-induced liberation of transforming growth factor-beta remodels the spleen for ectopic liver regeneration

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Ectopic liver regeneration in the spleen is a promising alternative to organ transplantation for treating liver failure. To accommodate transplanted liver cells, the splenic tissue must undergo structural changes to increase extracellular matrix content, demanding a safe and efficient approach for tissue remodelling.

METHODS

We synthesised sulphated hyaluronic acid (sHA) with an affinity for the latent complex of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and cross-linked it into a gel network (sHA-X) via click chemistry. We injected this glycan into the spleens of mice to induce splenic tissue remodelling via supraphysiological activation of endogenous TGF-β.

RESULTS

sHA-X efficiently bound to the abundant latent TGF-β in the spleen. It provided the molecular force to liberate the active TGF-β dimers from their latent complex, mimicking the 'bind-and-pull' mechanism required for physiological activation of TGF-β and reshaping the splenic tissue to support liver cell growth. Hepatocytes transplanted into the remodelled spleen developed into liver tissue with sufficient volume to rescue animals with a metabolic liver disorder (Fah-/- transgenic model) or following 90% hepatectomy, with no adverse effects observed and no additional drugs required.

CONCLUSION

Our findings highlight the efficacy and translational potential of using sHA-X to remodel a specific organ by mechanically activating one single cytokine, representing a novel strategy for the design of biomaterials-based therapies for organ regeneration.

IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS

Cell transplantation may provide a lifeline to millions of patients with end-stage liver diseases, but their severely damaged livers being unable to accommodate the transplanted cells is a crucial hurdle. Herein, we report an approach to restore liver functions in another organ - the spleen - by activating one single growth factor in situ. This approach, based on a chemically designed polysaccharide that can mechanically liberate the active transforming growth factor-β to an unusually high level, promotes the function of abundant allogenic liver cells in the spleen, rescuing animals from lethal models of liver diseases and showing a high potential for clinical translation.

Single dual-specific anti-PD-L1/TGF-β antibody synergizes with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a preclinical experimental study

AIMS

Chemotherapy resistance is an important cause of neoadjuvant therapy failure in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). BiTP (anti-PD-L1/TGF-β bispecific antibody) is a single antibody that can simultaneously and dually target transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). We attempted in this study to investigate the efficacy of BiTP in combination with first-line chemotherapy in PDAC.

METHODS

Preclinical assessments of BiTP plus gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel were completed through a resectable KPC mouse model (C57BL/6J). Spectral flow cytometry, tissue section staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, Counting Kit-8, transwell, and Western blot assays were used to investigate the synergistic effects.

RESULTS

BiTP combinatorial chemotherapy in neoadjuvant settings significantly downstaged PDAC tumors, enhanced survival, and had a higher resectability for mice with PDAC. BiTP was high affinity binding to targets and reverse chemotherapy resistance of PDAC cells. The combination overcame immune evasion through reprogramming tumor microenvironment via increasing penetration and function of T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells and decreasing the function of immunosuppression-related cells as regulatory T cells, M2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that the BiTP combinatorial chemotherapy is a promising neoadjuvant therapy for PDAC.

Enhanced cellular therapy: revolutionizing adoptive cellular therapy

Enhanced cellular therapy has emerged as a novel concept following the basis of cellular therapy. This treatment modality applied drugs or biotechnology to directly enhance or genetically modify cells to enhance the efficacy of adoptive cellular therapy (ACT). Drugs or biotechnology that enhance the killing ability of immune cells include immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) / antibody drugs, small molecule inhibitors, immunomodulatory factors, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), oncolytic virus (OV), etc. Firstly, overcoming the inhibitory tumor microenvironment (TME) can enhance the efficacy of ACT, which can be achieved by blocking the immune checkpoint. Secondly, cytokines or cytokine receptors can be expressed by genetic engineering or added directly to adoptive cells to enhance the migration and infiltration of adoptive cells to tumor cells. Moreover, multi-antigen chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can be designed to enhance the specific recognition of tumor cell-related antigens, and OVs can also stimulate antigen release. In addition to inserting suicide genes into adoptive cells, PROTAC technology can be used as a safety switch or degradation agent of immunosuppressive factors to enhance the safety and efficacy of adoptive cells. This article comprehensively summarizes the mechanism, current situation, and clinical application of enhanced cellular therapy, describing potential improvements to adoptive cellular therapy.

Dysregulation of deubiquitination in breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is a highly frequent malignant tumor that poses a serious threat to women's health and has different molecular subtypes, histological subtypes, and biological features, which act by activating oncogenic factors and suppressing cancer inhibitors. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the main process contributing to protein degradation, and deubiquitinases (DUBs) are reverse enzymes that counteract this process. There is growing evidence that dysregulation of DUBs is involved in the occurrence of BC. Herein, we review recent research findings in BC-associated DUBs, describe their nature, classification, and functions, and discuss the potential mechanisms of DUB-related dysregulation in BC. Furthermore, we present the successful treatment of malignant cancer with DUB inhibitors, as well as analyzing the status of targeting aberrant DUBs in BC.

Adenosine increases PD-L1 expression in mesenchymal stromal cells derived from cervical cancer through its interaction with A2AR/A2BR and the production of TGF-β1

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) together with malignant cells present in the tumor microenvironment (TME), participate in the suppression of the antitumor immune response through the production of immunosuppressive factors, such as transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). In previous studies, we reported that adenosine (Ado), generated by the adenosinergic activity of cervical cancer (CeCa) cells, induces the production of TGF-β1 by interacting with A2AR/A2BR. In the present study, we provide evidence that Ado induces the production of TGF-β1 in MSCs derived from CeCa tumors (CeCa-MSCs) by interacting with both receptors and that TGF-β1 acts in an autocrine manner to induce the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in CeCa-MSCs, resulting in an increase in their immunosuppressive capacity on activated CD8+ T lymphocytes. The addition of the antagonists ZM241385 and MRS1754, specific for A2AR and A2BR, respectively, or SB-505124, a selective TGF-β1 receptor inhibitor, in CeCa-MSC cultures significantly inhibited the expression of PD-L1. Compared with CeCa-MSCs, MSCs derived from normal cervical tissue (NCx-MSCs), used as a control and induced with Ado to express PD-L1, showed a lower response to TGF-β1 to increase PD-L1 expression. Those results strongly suggest the presence of a feedback mechanism among the adenosinergic pathway, the production of TGF-β1, and the induction of PD-L1 in CeCa-MSCs to suppress the antitumor response of CD8+ T lymphocytes. The findings of this study suggest that this pathway may have clinical importance as a therapeutic target.

Neutrophils in cancer: dual roles through intercellular interactions

Neutrophils, the most abundant immune cells in human blood, play crucial and diverse roles in tumor development. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), cancer cells regulate the recruitment and behaviors of neutrophils, transforming some of them into a pro-tumor phenotype. Pro-tumor neutrophils interact with cancer cells in various ways to promote cancer initiation, growth, and metastasis, while anti-tumor neutrophils interact with cancer cells to induce senescence and death. Neutrophils can also interact with other cells in TME, including T cells, macrophages, stromal cells, etc. to exert anti- or pro-tumor functions. In this review, we will analyze the anti- and pro-tumor intercellular interactions mediated by neutrophils, with a focus on generalizing the mechanisms underlying the interaction of neutrophils with tumor cells and T cells. Furthermore, we will provide an overview of cancer treatment strategies targeting neutrophil-mediated cellular interactions.

Exploring the Role of GDF-15 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case-Controlled Study Comparing Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis with Non-Inflammatory Controls

Inflammatory bowel disease, encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a persistent immune-mediated inflammatory gastrointestinal disease. This study investigates the role of growth differentiation factor 15 in severe IBD cases, aiming to identify a reliable parameter to assess disease severity and monitor activity. We analyzed plasma samples from 100 patients undergoing biologic therapy for severe IBD and 50 control subjects. Our analysis included evaluations of GDF-15 levels, inflammatory markers, and clinical features. We employed statistical methods such as the Mann-Whitney U test, ANOVA, and Spearman's correlation for an in-depth analysis. Our results demonstrated consistently higher GDF-15 levels in patients with both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis compared to the control group, irrespective of the biologic treatment received. The correlation analysis indicated significant relationships between GDF-15 levels, patient age, fibrinogen, and IL-6 levels. This study positions GDF-15 as a promising biomarker for severe IBD, with notable correlations with age and inflammatory markers. These findings underscore GDF-15's potential in enhancing disease monitoring and management strategies in an IBD context and encourage further research to clarify GDF-15's role in the IBD pathophysiology.

Postbiotic butyrate: role and its effects for being a potential drug and biomarker to pancreatic cancer

Postbiotics are produced by microbes and have recently gained importance in the field of oncology due to their beneficial effects to the host, effectiveness against cancer cells, and their ability to suppress inflammation. In particular, butyrate dominates over all other postbiotics both in quantity and anticancer properties. Pancreatic cancer (PC), being one of the most malignant and lethal cancers, reported a decreased 5-year survival rate in less than 10% of the patients. PC causes an increased mortality rate due to its inability to be detected at an early stage but still a promising strategy for its diagnosis has not been achieved yet. It is necessary to diagnose Pancreatic cancer before the metastatic progression stage. The available blood biomarkers lack accurate and proficient diagnostic results. Postbiotic butyrate is produced by gut microbiota such as Rhuminococcus and Faecalibacterium it is involved in cell signalling pathways, autophagy, and cell cycle regulation, and reduction in butyrate concentration is associated with the occurrence of pancreatic cancer. The postbiotic butyrate is a potential biomarker that could detect PC at an early stage, before the metastatic progression stage. Thus, this review focused on the gut microbiota butyrate's role in pancreatic cancer and the immuno-suppressive environment, its effects on histone deacetylase and other immune cells, microbes in major butyrate synthesis pathways, current biomarkers in use for Pancreatic Cancer.

The TGF-β superfamily as potential therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer

The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily has important physiologic roles and is dysregulated in many pathologic processes, including pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancer diagnoses, and current therapies are largely ineffective due to tumor resistance and late-stage diagnosis with poor prognosis. Recent efforts are focused on the potential of immunotherapies in improving therapeutic results for patients with pancreatic cancer, among which TGF-β has been identified as a promising target. This review focuses on the role of TGF-β in the diseased pancreas and pancreatic cancer. It also aims to summarize the current status of therapies targeting the TGF-β superfamily and postulate potential future directions in targeting the TGF-β signaling pathways.

Clinical and Preclinical Targeting of Oncogenic Pathways in PDAC: Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for the Deadliest Cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. It is commonly diagnosed in advanced stages and therapeutic interventions are typically constrained to systemic chemotherapy, which yields only modest clinical outcomes. In this review, we examine recent developments in targeted therapy tailored to address distinct molecular pathway alteration required for PDAC. Our review delineates the principal signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms implicated in the initiation and progression of PDAC. Subsequently, we provide an overview of prevailing guidelines, ongoing investigations, and prospective research trajectories related to targeted therapeutic interventions, drawing insights from randomized clinical trials and other pertinent studies. This review focus on a comprehensive examination of preclinical and clinical data substantiating the efficacy of these therapeutic modalities, emphasizing the potential of combinatorial regimens and novel therapies to enhance the quality of life for individuals afflicted with PDAC. Lastly, the review delves into the contemporary application and ongoing research endeavors concerning targeted therapy for PDAC. This synthesis serves to bridge the molecular elucidation of PDAC with its clinical implications, the evolution of innovative therapeutic strategies, and the changing landscape of treatment approaches.

Advancements in tissue engineering for articular cartilage regeneration

Articular cartilage injury is a prevalent clinical condition resulting from trauma, tumors, infection, osteoarthritis, and other factors. The intrinsic lack of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels within cartilage tissue severely limits its self-regenerative capacity after injury. Current treatment options, such as conservative drug therapy and joint replacement, have inherent limitations. Achieving perfect regeneration and repair of articular cartilage remains an ongoing challenge in the field of regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering has emerged as a key focus in articular cartilage injury research, aiming to utilize cultured and expanded tissue cells combined with suitable scaffold materials to create viable, functional tissues. This review article encompasses the latest advancements in seed cells, scaffolds, and cytokines. Additionally, the role of stimulatory factors including cytokines and growth factors, genetic engineering techniques, biophysical stimulation, and bioreactor systems, as well as the role of scaffolding materials including natural scaffolds, synthetic scaffolds, and nanostructured scaffolds in the regeneration of cartilage tissues are discussed. Finally, we also outline the signaling pathways involved in cartilage regeneration. Our review provides valuable insights for scholars to address the complex problem of cartilage regeneration and repair.

Tumor immunotherapy resistance: Revealing the mechanism of PD-1 / PD-L1-mediated tumor immune escape

Tumor immunotherapy, an innovative anti-cancer therapy, has showcased encouraging outcomes across diverse tumor types. Among these, the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway is a well-known immunological checkpoint, which is significant in the regulation of immune evasion by tumors. Nevertheless, a considerable number of patients develop resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, rendering it ineffective in the long run. This research focuses on exploring the factors of PD-1/PD-L1-mediated resistance in tumor immunotherapy. Initially, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is characterized by its role in facilitating tumor immune evasion, emphasizing its role in autoimmune homeostasis. Next, the primary mechanisms of resistance to PD-1/PD-L1-based immunotherapy are analyzed, including tumor antigen deletion, T cell dysfunction, increased immunosuppressive cells, and alterations in the expression of PD-L1 within tumor cells. The possible ramifications of altered metabolism, microbiota, and DNA methylation on resistance is also described. Finally, possible resolution strategies for dealing with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy resistance are discussed, placing particular emphasis on personalized therapeutic approaches and the exploration of more potent immunotherapy regimens.

SPAG6 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis via TGF-β/Smad signal pathway in adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) prognosis remains unsatisfactory, and searching for new therapeutic targets is crucial for improving patient prognosis. Sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6), a member of the cancer-testis antigen family, plays an important role in tumors, especially hematologic tumors; however, it is unknown whether SPAG6 plays a role in adult B-ALL. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that SPAG6 expression was up-regulated in the bone marrow of adult B-ALL patients compared to healthy donors, and expression was significantly reduced in patients who achieved complete remission (CR) after treatment. In addition, patients with high SPAG6 expression were older (≥ 35 years; P = 0.015), had elevated white blood cell counts (WBC > 30 × 109/L; P = 0.021), and a low rate of CR (P = 0.036). We explored the SPAG6 effect on cell function by lentiviral transfection of adult B-ALL cell lines BALL-1 and NALM-6, and discovered that knocking down SPAG6 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. We identified that SPAG6 knockdown might regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis via the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathway.

Advanced biosensors for nanomaterial-based detection of transforming growth factor alpha and beta, a class of major polypeptide regulators

Transforming growth factors (TGFs) regulate several cellular processes including, differentiation, growth, migration, extracellular matrix production, and apoptosis. TGF alpha (TGF-α) is a heterogeneous molecule containing 160 amino acid residues. It is a potent angiogenesis promoter that is activated by JAK-STAT signaling. Whereas TGF beta (TGF-β) consists of 390-412 amino acids. Smad and non-Smad signaling both occur in TGF beta. It is linked to immune cell activation, differentiation, and proliferation. It also triggers pre-apoptotic responses and inhibits cell proliferation. Both growth factors have a promising role in the development and homeostasis of tissues. Defects such as autoimmune diseases and cancer develop mechanisms to modulate checkpoints of the immune system resulting in altered growth factors profile. An accurate amount of these growth factors is essential for normal functioning, but an exceed or fall behind the normal level is alarming as it is linked to several disorders. This demands techniques for TGF-α and TGF-β profiling to effectively diagnose diseases, monitor their progression, and assess the efficacy of immunotherapeutic drugs. Quantitative detection techniques including the emergence of biosensing technology seem to accomplish the purpose. Until the present time, few biosensors have been designed in the context of TGF-α and TGF-β for disease detection, analyzing receptor binding, and interaction with carriers. In this paper, we have reviewed the physiology of transforming growth factor alpha and beta, including the types, structure, function, latent/active forms, signaling, and defects caused. It involves the description of biosensors on TGF-α and TGF-β, advances in technology, and future perspectives.

Minor physical anomalies including palatal rugae pattern and palatal dimensions in children with sickle cell disease: A cross-sectional analytical study

Background

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hereditary hemoglobinopathy, which delays growth leading to an altered skeleton and craniofacial pattern. Palatal rugae patterning has been considered the regulator of the development of the palate. The purpose of the research work was to study the morphology of the palate, rugae pattern, and its dimensions in SCD children and compare them with healthy normal children, and to evaluate its role as minor physical anomalies (MPAs).

Methods

A cross-sectional case-control study was designed as per STROBE guidelines. The sample comprised 50 children diagnosed with sickle cell disease (Group SCD) and 50 normal healthy children as control (Group C) belonging to the same age group (10-18 years). Dental impressions were made, followed by the pouring of dental casts. The length of the palatal rugae was measured and categorized into primary (>5 mm), secondary (3 mm-5 mm), and fragmentary rugae (<3 mm). The shape of each primary palatal rugae was identified and categorized as curved, wavy, straight, circular and non-specific. Linear and angular measurements of the palatal rugae patterns and palatal dimensions (width, height, area) were measured and recorded.

Results

The total number of palatal rugae and fragmentary rugae was lesser in Group SCD than in Group C (p < 0.05). The depth of the palate was significantly increased, whereas the area of the palate significantly decreased in Group SCD.

Conclusions

The children with SCD showed distinctive palatal rugae patterns and dimensions when compared with normal healthy children that can be attributed as potential MPAs for sickle cell disease. Children with SCD had an under-developed palatal rugae pattern with a deep, narrow and small palate when compared to healthy children.The dimensions of the palatal rugae pattern in SCD showed reduced distance between the incisive papilla and the first and last rugae, indicating a further decrease in the anteroposterior dimensions of the palate. These findings may aid in the early diagnosis and prevention of malocclusion in children with SCD by appropriate interceptive orthodontic treatment.

Searching for Essential Genes and Targeted Drugs Common to Breast Cancer and Osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND

It is documented that osteoarthritis can promote the progression of breast cancer (BC).

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to search for the essential genes associated with breast cancer (BC) and osteoarthritis (OA), explore the relationship between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)- related genes and the two diseases, and identify the candidate drugs.

METHODS

The genes related to both BC and OA were determined by text mining. Protein-protein Interaction (PPI) analysis was carried out, and as a result, the exported genes were found to be related to EMT. PPI and the correlation of mRNA of these genes were also analyzed. Different kinds of enrichment analyses were performed on these genes. A prognostic analysis was performed on these genes for examining their expression levels at different pathological stages, in different tissues, and in different immune cells. Drug-gene interaction database was employed for potential drug discovery.

RESULTS

A total number of 1422 genes were identified as common to BC and OA and 58 genes were found to be related to EMT. We found that HDAC2 and TGFBR1 were significantly poor in overall survival. High expression of HDAC2 plays a vital role in the increase of pathological stages. Four immune cells might play a role in this process. Fifty-seven drugs were identified that could potentially have therapeutic effects.

CONCLUSION

EMT may be one of the mechanisms by which OA affects BC. Using the drugs can have potential therapeutic effects, which may benefit patients with both diseases and broaden the indications for drug use.

SHP2 inhibitors maintain TGFβ signalling through SMURF2 inhibition

Despite the promising antitumor activity of SHP2 inhibitors in RAS-dependent tumours, overall responses have been limited by their narrow therapeutic window. Like with all MAPK pathway inhibitors, this is likely the result of compensatory pathway activation mechanisms. However, the underlying mechanisms of resistance to SHP2 inhibition remain unknown. The E3 ligase SMURF2 limits TGFβ activity by ubiquitinating and targeting the TGFβ receptor for proteosome degradation. Using a functional RNAi screen targeting all known phosphatases, we identify that the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is a critical regulator of TGFβ activity. Specifically, SHP2 dephosphorylates two key residues on SMURF2, resulting in activation of the enzyme. Conversely, SHP2 depletion maintains SMURF2 in an inactive state, resulting in the maintenance of TGFβ activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that depleting SHP2 has significant implications on TGFβ-mediated migration, senescence, and cell survival. These effects can be overcome through the use of TGFβ-targeted therapies. Consequently, our findings provide a rationale for combining SHP2 and TGFβ inhibitors to enhance tumour responses leading to improved patient outcomes.

Towards system genetics analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using the mouse model, cellular platform, and clinical human data

Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is a leading global malignancy. Every year, More than 830 000 people are diagnosed with HNSCC globally, with more than 430 000 fatalities. HNSCC is a deadly diverse malignancy with many tumor locations and biological characteristics. It originates from the squamous epithelium of the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. The most frequently impacted regions are the tongue and larynx. Previous investigations have demonstrated the critical role of host genetic susceptibility in the progression of HNSCC. Despite the advances in our knowledge, the improved survival rate of HNSCC patients over the last 40 years has been limited. Failure to identify the molecular origins of development of HNSCC and the genetic basis of the disease and its biological heterogeneity impedes the development of new therapeutic methods. These results indicate a need to identify more genetic factors underlying this complex disease, which can be better used in early detection and prevention strategies. The lack of reliable animal models to investigate the underlying molecular processes is one of the most significant barriers to understanding HNSCC tumors. In this report, we explore and discuss potential research prospects utilizing the Collaborative Cross mouse model and crossing it to mice carrying single or double knockout genes (e.g. Smad4 and P53 genes) to identify genetic factors affecting the development of this complex disease using genome-wide association studies, epigenetics, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, lncRNA, histone modifications, methylation, phosphorylation, and proteomics.

Helicobacter pylori-activated fibroblasts as a silent partner in gastric cancer development

The discovery of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection of gastric mucosa leading to active chronic gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcers, and MALT lymphoma laid the groundwork for understanding of the general relationship between chronic infection, inflammation, and cancer. Nevertheless, this sequence of events is still far from full understanding with new players and mediators being constantly identified. Originally, the Hp virulence factors affecting mainly gastric epithelium were proposed to contribute considerably to gastric inflammation, ulceration, and cancer. Furthermore, it has been shown that Hp possesses the ability to penetrate the mucus layer and directly interact with stroma components including fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. These cells, which are the source of biophysical and biochemical signals providing the proper balance between cell proliferation and differentiation within gastric epithelial stem cell compartment, when exposed to Hp, can convert into cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. The crosstalk between fibroblasts and myofibroblasts with gastric epithelial cells including stem/progenitor cell niche involves several pathways mediated by non-coding RNAs, Wnt, BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling ligands. The current review concentrates on the consequences of Hp-induced increase in gastric fibroblast and myofibroblast number, and their activation towards CAFs with the emphasis to the altered communication between mesenchymal and epithelial cell compartment, which may lead to inflammation, epithelial stem cell overproliferation, disturbed differentiation, and gradual gastric cancer development. Thus, Hp-activated fibroblasts may constitute the target for anti-cancer treatment and, importantly, for the pharmacotherapies diminishing their activation particularly at the early stages of Hp infection.

Phase I/Ib, open-label, multicenter, dose-escalation study of the anti-TGF-β monoclonal antibody, NIS793, in combination with spartalizumab in adult patients with advanced tumors

BACKGROUND

NIS793 is a human IgG2 monoclonal antibody that binds to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). This first-in-human study investigated NIS793 plus spartalizumab treatment in patients with advanced solid tumors.

METHODS

Patients received NIS793 (0.3-1 mg/kg every 3 weeks (Q3W)) monotherapy; following evaluation of two dose levels, dose escalation continued with NIS793 plus spartalizumab (NIS793 0.3-30 mg/kg Q3W and spartalizumab 300 mg Q3W or NIS793 20-30 mg/kg every 2 weeks [Q2W] and spartalizumab 400 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W)). In dose expansion, patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) resistant to prior anti-programmed death ligand 1 or patients with microsatellite stable colorectal cancer (MSS-CRC) were treated at the recommended dose for expansion (RDE).

RESULTS

Sixty patients were treated in dose escalation, 11 with NIS793 monotherapy and 49 with NIS793 plus spartalizumab, and 60 patients were treated in dose expansion (MSS-CRC: n=40; NSCLC: n=20). No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. The RDE was established as NIS793 30 mg/kg (2100 mg) and spartalizumab 300 mg Q3W. Overall 54 (49.5%) patients experienced ≥1 treatment-related adverse event, most commonly rash (n=16; 13.3%), pruritus (n=10; 8.3%), and fatigue (n=9; 7.5%). Three partial responses were reported: one in renal cell carcinoma (NIS793 30 mg/kg Q2W plus spartalizumab 400 mg Q4W), and two in the MSS-CRC expansion cohort. Biomarker data showed evidence of target engagement through increased TGF-β/NIS793 complexes and depleted active TGF-β in peripheral blood. Gene expression analyses in tumor biopsies demonstrated decreased TGF-β target genes and signatures and increased immune signatures.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with advanced solid tumors, proof of mechanism of NIS793 is supported by evidence of target engagement and TGF-β pathway inhibition.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT02947165.

OTUD4 regulates metastasis and chemoresistance in melanoma by stabilizing Snail1

Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer with rapidly increased incidence worldwide especially in the Caucasian population. Surgical excision represents the curative treatment choice in patients with early-stage disease. However, the therapeutic outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma remains unsatisfactory. Thus, understanding molecular mechanisms contributing to metastasis and chemoresistance is critical for new improved therapies of melanoma. Snail1, an important epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcription factors (EMT-TFs), is critical to induce the EMT process, thereby contributing to cancer metastasis. However, the involvement of Snail1 in melanoma metastasis remains elusive and the underlying mechanism to regulate Snail1 in melanoma needs to be further investigated. Here, we identified OTUD4 as a novel deubiquitinase of Snail1 in melanoma. Moreover, the depletion of OTUD4 in melanoma cells markedly inhibited Snail1 stability and Snail1-driven malignant phenotypes both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our study establishes OTUD4 as a novel therapeutic target in metastasis and chemoresistance of melanoma by stabilizing Snail1 and provides a rationale for potential therapeutic strategies of melanoma.

Comparison of osteogenic activity from different parts of induced membrane in the Masquelet technique

BACKGROUND

The Masquelet technique is widely used to treat long-bone segmental defects because of its high success rate and low surgical difficulty. However, the cause of the uneven growth of bone grafts following this procedure remains unclear.

METHODS

Rats were randomly divided into four groups for analysis 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-weeks postoperatively and underwent a uniform surgical procedure to construct a 10 mm bone defect in the right posterior branch of the femur. Induced membrane specimens were harvested at the appropriate time points and divided into segments according to their location. Bone growth activity was assessed by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Mature blood vessels were more densely distributed at the proximal end of the bone defect than at other locations at all time points. The number of blood vessels on the same side of the longitudinal axis of the femur also varied depending on location. The difference between the proximal-anterior and distal-anterior regions within the induced membranes was most pronounced at 6 weeks postoperatively and decreased by 8 weeks postoperatively. The differences between the proximal-posterior and distal-posterior regions within the induced membranes were more pronounced. The expression of the growth factors bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA), and transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) in the proximal-posterior regions of the bone defect was almost always higher than that in other regions at the same time point. The expression of BMP-2 in the posterior regions of the bone defect was always higher than that in the anterior regions at the same end of the femoral longitudinal axis.

CONCLUSION

The number and maturation of vessels in the proximal region of the induced membrane at the bone defect site were higher than those in the distal region, and the expression of growth factors was higher, with the highest induced membrane activity in the proximal-posterior regions of the bone defect. Therefore, there was inhomogeneity in induced membrane activity.