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Sun Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Lu J, Ma X. Association Between Carbon Emission and Low Birth Weight in Mainland China. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:e147-e154. [PMID: 36728925 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between carbon emission and low birth weight (LBW). METHODS A nested case-control study was contacted in mainland China. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of carbon emission on LBW. Generalized additive mixed effect model was performed to assess no-linear trend between LBW and carbon emission. RESULTS Carbon emission was a risk factor for LBW (odds ratio, 1.182; 95% confidence interval, 1.011-1.383). Carbon emissions from power, residence, aviation, and transport department were risk factors for LBW (all P < 0.05). Moreover, generalized additive mixed effect model has shown that the risk of LBW decreased first and then increased as carbon emissions increased. CONCLUSIONS Our study initially found that carbon emission may be a risk factor for LBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- From the Human Genetic Resources Center, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China (Sun, Zhang, Wang, Lu, Ma)
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2
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Tan X, Liu Y, Dong H, Xiao Y, Zhao Z. The health consequences of greenhouse gas emissions: a potential pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2955-2974. [PMID: 34993736 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Excessive greenhouse gas emissions might be the major culprit for environmental degradation, which have direct and indirect adverse impacts in various ways. As the largest emitter of carbon emissions, China suffered great harm from climate change during the past 40 years. Therefore, it becomes necessary to study the impact of carbon emissions on health issues and their potential mechanism. Using the panel data from 30 provinces in China between 2002 and 2017, this study employes and extends the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model and mediating effect model to analyze the direct and indirect effects of carbon emissions. The main results are as follows: (1) Carbon emissions has a certain negative impact on public health, which would increase with the rise of temperature. (2) The increase in carbon emissions has a more significant negative effect on health with the average temperature exceeding 17.75 °C, indicating that the temperature has a threshold effect. (3) The potential health risks become higher with the development of urbanization, but there is no obvious spillover effect in the health consequences. The results remain robust after controlling other factors. This study supplements the literature of climate governance and human health, potentially contributing to the next stage of high-quality and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Tan
- Institute for International Studies, CICTSMR, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Climate Change and Energy Economics Study Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yishuang Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.
- Taiwan Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hanmin Dong
- School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yujia Xiao
- School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
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3
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Faerstein E. Noncommunicable diseases: more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of? CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38Suppl 1:e00239221. [PMID: 35544924 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00239221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Faerstein
- Instituto de Medicina Social Hesio Cordeiro, Universidade do Estado do rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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4
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Positive Association between Indoor Gaseous Air Pollution and Obesity: An Observational Study in 60 Households. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111447. [PMID: 34769965 PMCID: PMC8582717 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to analyze whether exposure to indoor air pollution affects obesity. In our research, we recruited 127 participants, with an average age of 43.30 ± 15.38 years old, residing in 60 households. We monitored indoor air quality for 24 h, and conducted both questionnaire surveys and collected serum samples for analysis, to assess the relationship between indoor air pollutant exposure and obesity. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, the results showed that CO2 exposure is positively associated with being overweight and with a higher risk of being abdominally obese. Exposures to CO and formaldehyde were also positively associated with being overweight. IQR increase in TVOC was positively associated with increases in the risk of a high BMI, being abdominally obese and having a high body fat percentage. Two-pollutant models demonstrate that TVOCs presented the strongest risks associated with overweightness. We concluded that persistent exposure to indoor gaseous pollutants increases the risk of overweightness and obesity, as indicated by the positive association with BMI, abdominal obesity, and percentage body fat. TVOCs display the strongest contribution to obesity.
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5
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Vallianou NG, Geladari EV, Kounatidis D, Geladari CV, Stratigou T, Dourakis SP, Andreadis EA, Dalamaga M. Diabetes mellitus in the era of climate change. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2021; 47:101205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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6
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How Is Mortality Affected by Fossil Fuel Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Factors in CIS Region? ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13092255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is widely discussed that GDP growth has a vague impact on environmental pollution due to carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels consumed in production, transportation, and power generation. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between economic growth, fossil fuel consumption, mortality (from cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer, and chronic respiratory disease (CRD), and environmental pollution since environmental pollution can be a reason for societal mortality rate increases. This study uses the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique for the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) members for the period from 1993–2018. The major results revealed that the highest variability of mortality could be explained by CO2 variability. Regarding fossil fuel consumption, the estimation proved that this variable positively affects mortality from CVD, DM, cancer, and CRD. Additionally, any improvements in the human development index (HDI) have a negative effect on mortality increases from CVD, DM, cancer, and CRD in the CIS region. It is recommended that the CIS members implement different policies to improve energy transitions, indicating movement from fossil fuel energy sources to renewable sources. Moreover, we recommend the CIS members enhance various policies for easy access to electricity from green sources and increase the renewable supply through improved technologies, sustainable economic growth, and increase the use of green sources in daily social life.
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7
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Magkos F, Tetens I, Bügel SG, Felby C, Schacht SR, Hill JO, Ravussin E, Astrup A. The Environmental Foodprint of Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:73-79. [PMID: 31858737 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) are linked to global warming and adverse climate changes. Meeting the needs of the increasing number of people on the planet presents a challenge for reducing total GHG burden. A further challenge may be the size of the average person on the planet and the increasing number of people with excess body weight. We used data on GHG emissions from various sources and estimated that obesity is associated with ~20% greater GHG emissions compared with the normal-weight state. On a global scale, obesity contributes to an extra GHG emissions of ~49 megatons per year of CO2 equivalent (CO2 eq) from oxidative metabolism due to greater metabolic demands, ~361 megatons per year of CO2 eq from food production processes due to increased food intake, and ~290 megatons per year of CO2 eq from automobile and air transportation due to greater body weight. Therefore, the total impact of obesity may be extra emissions of ~700 megatons per year of CO2 eq, which is about 1.6% of worldwide GHG emissions. Inasmuch as obesity is an important contributor to global GHG burden, strategies to reduce its prevalence should prioritize efforts to reduce GHG emissions. Accordingly, reducing obesity may have considerable benefits for both public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Tetens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Gjedsted Bügel
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Felby
- Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Rønnow Schacht
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James O Hill
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Davis RAH, Plaisance EP, Allison DB. Complementary Hypotheses on Contributors to the Obesity Epidemic. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:17-21. [PMID: 29265775 PMCID: PMC5745034 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Increased rates of obesity have occurred within virtually every race, age, sex, ethnicity, and economic group. Despite substantial punditry on the issue, the exact reasons are incompletely known. The two most common factors cited as contributing to the obesity epidemic, and those whose causal influence on increasing obesity levels in the population are often presumed unequivocally, are food marketing practices and institutionally driven reductions in physical activity. These have been called "the big two." This Perspective builds on previous writings in this area to introduce additional factors that may contribute to the obesity epidemic. It is emphasized that there may be other factors working in combination with the big two, influencing body fatness through effects on energy intake, energy expenditure, and/or nutrient partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. H. Davis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eric P. Plaisance
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David B. Allison
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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9
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Tremblay A, Lachance É. Tackling obesity at the community level by integrating healthy diet, movement and non-movement behaviours. Obes Rev 2017; 18 Suppl 1:82-87. [PMID: 28164447 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The increase in obesity prevalence over the last decades has generally been attributed to suboptimal macronutrient diet composition and insufficient physical activities. However, recent literature has revealed that other environmental factors contribute to the positive energy balance that underlies body-weight gain and should be considered in efforts to tackle obesity. As discussed in this paper, it also appears that successful obesity management could not happen without actions at a community level that would ultimately impact energy balance. These measures generally include a better use of the school environment to promote healthy behaviours. Furthermore, in a foreseeable future, communities will probably have to consider sustainable development in their list of criteria deserving attention in the global management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - É Lachance
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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10
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Tremblay A, Picard-Deland É, Panahi S, Marette A. Adipose tissue and sustainable development: a connection that needs protection. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:110. [PMID: 26074821 PMCID: PMC4445306 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is generally considered as an excess body fat that increases the risk to develop ergonomic, metabolic, and psychosocial problems. As suggested in this paper, body fat gain is also a protective adaptation that prevents body lipotoxicity, contributes to the secretion of molecules involved in metabolic regulation, and dilutes lipid soluble persistent organic pollutants. Recent literature shows that this protective role of adipose tissue is more solicited in a modern context in which unsuspected factors can affect energy balance to a much greater extent than what is generally perceived by health care professionals. These factors include short sleep duration, demanding mental work, and chemical pollution whose impact is more detectable in a context dominated by economic productivity and competitiveness. Since these factors might also include the increase in atmospheric CO2, it is likely that obesity prevention will need the support of a promotion in sustainable development, whether it is for human health, and well-being or global ecological protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University Quebec City, QC, Canada ; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Éliane Picard-Deland
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Shirin Panahi
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Quebec City, QC, Canada
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11
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Zheutlin AR, Adar SD, Park SK. Carbon dioxide emissions and change in prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the United States: an ecological study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:111-116. [PMID: 25108606 PMCID: PMC4194141 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that increasing levels of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO2), may influence weight gain and thus may play a role in rising trends in obesity and diabetes. We conducted an ecological study to examine the associations between CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and changes in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the United States. County-level data on CO2 emissions, prevalence of obesity and diagnosed diabetes, other sociodemographic factors and neighborhood characteristics related to urbanicity, and fine particles (PM2.5) between 2004 and 2008 were obtained from the Vulcan Project, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and American Community Survey. Linear mixed effect modeling of 3019 counties for the associations between average CO2 emissions and changes in diabetes and obesity prevalence between 2004 and 2008 was performed. The average obesity and diabetes prevalence increased between 2004 and 2008 by 3.65% (SD: 1.88%) and 1.65% (SD: 1.70%), respectively. A marginally significant positive association between CO2 emission and changes in obesity prevalence was found with adjustment for sociodemographic factors, indicators of urbanicity and spatial autocorrelation (p-trend=0.06). The association became weaker and nonsignificant with further adjustment for PM2.5 (p-trend=0.17). There was a significant positive association between CO2 emission and changes in diabetes prevalence before controlling for PM2.5 (p-trend=0.05) but the association became null after controlling for PM2.5 (p-trend=0.49), suggesting that PM2.5 is a critical confounder in the association between CO2 emission and changes in diabetes prevalence. This study does not support the hypothesis that CO2 emissions, a leading driver of climate change, may be linked to increasing trends in obesity and diabetes, though there was an indication of possible link between CO2 and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara D Adar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sung Kyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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12
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Loladze I. Hidden shift of the ionome of plants exposed to elevated CO₂depletes minerals at the base of human nutrition. eLife 2014. [PMID: 24867639 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02245.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineral malnutrition stemming from undiversified plant-based diets is a top global challenge. In C3 plants (e.g., rice, wheat), elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2) reduce protein and nitrogen concentrations, and can increase the total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC; mainly starch, sugars). However, contradictory findings have obscured the effect of eCO2 on the ionome-the mineral and trace-element composition-of plants. Consequently, CO2-induced shifts in plant quality have been ignored in the estimation of the impact of global change on humans. This study shows that eCO2 reduces the overall mineral concentrations (-8%, 95% confidence interval: -9.1 to -6.9, p<0.00001) and increases TNC:minerals > carbon:minerals in C3 plants. The meta-analysis of 7761 observations, including 2264 observations at state of the art FACE centers, covers 130 species/cultivars. The attained statistical power reveals that the shift is systemic and global. Its potential to exacerbate the prevalence of 'hidden hunger' and obesity is discussed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02245.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irakli Loladze
- Department of Mathematics Education, The Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Loladze I. Hidden shift of the ionome of plants exposed to elevated CO₂depletes minerals at the base of human nutrition. eLife 2014; 3:e02245. [PMID: 24867639 PMCID: PMC4034684 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral malnutrition stemming from undiversified plant-based diets is a top global challenge. In C3 plants (e.g., rice, wheat), elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2) reduce protein and nitrogen concentrations, and can increase the total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC; mainly starch, sugars). However, contradictory findings have obscured the effect of eCO2 on the ionome-the mineral and trace-element composition-of plants. Consequently, CO2-induced shifts in plant quality have been ignored in the estimation of the impact of global change on humans. This study shows that eCO2 reduces the overall mineral concentrations (-8%, 95% confidence interval: -9.1 to -6.9, p<0.00001) and increases TNC:minerals > carbon:minerals in C3 plants. The meta-analysis of 7761 observations, including 2264 observations at state of the art FACE centers, covers 130 species/cultivars. The attained statistical power reveals that the shift is systemic and global. Its potential to exacerbate the prevalence of 'hidden hunger' and obesity is discussed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02245.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irakli Loladze
- Department of Mathematics Education, The Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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14
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Egger G, Dixon J. Beyond obesity and lifestyle: a review of 21st century chronic disease determinants. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:731685. [PMID: 24804239 PMCID: PMC3997940 DOI: 10.1155/2014/731685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic and associated chronic diseases are often attributed to modern lifestyles. The term "lifestyle" however, ignores broader social, economic, and environmental determinants while inadvertently "blaming the victim." Seen more eclectically, lifestyle encompasses distal, medial, and proximal determinants. Hence any analysis of causality should include all these levels. The term "anthropogens," or "…man-made environments, their by-products and/or lifestyles encouraged by these, some of which may be detrimental to human health" provides a monocausal focus for chronic diseases similar to that which the germ theory afforded infectious diseases. Anthropogens have in common an ability to induce a form of chronic, low-level systemic inflammation ("metaflammation"). A review of anthropogens, based on inducers with a metaflammatory association, is conducted here, together with the evidence for each in connection with a number of chronic diseases. This suggests a broader view of lifestyle and a focus on determinants, rather than obesity and lifestyle per se as the specific causes of modern chronic disease. Under such an analysis, obesity is seen more as "a canary in a mineshaft" signaling problems in the broader environment, suggesting that population obesity management should be focused more upstream if chronic diseases are to be better managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Egger
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 313, Balgowlah, Lismore, NSW 2093, Australia
| | - John Dixon
- Clinical Obesity Research, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Adaptations of leptin, ghrelin or insulin during weight loss as predictors of weight regain: a review of current literature. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:388-96. [PMID: 23801147 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Numerous laboratory studies involving both animal and human models indicate that weight loss induces changes in leptin, ghrelin and insulin sensitivity, which work to promote weight regain. It is unclear, however, whether these biological changes serve as a biomarker for predicting weight regain in free-living humans in which biological, behavioral and environmental factors are likely at play. We identified 12 studies published between January 1995 and December 2011 that reported changes in leptin, ghrelin or insulin during intentional weight loss with a follow-up period to assess regain. Two of the nine studies examining leptin suggested that larger decreases were associated with greater regain, three studies found the opposite (smaller decreases were associated with greater regain), whereas four studies found no significant relationship; none of the studies supported the hypothesis that increases in ghrelin during weight loss were associated with regain. One study suggested that improvements in insulin resistance were associated with weight gain, but five subsequent studies reported no association. Changes in leptin, ghrelin or insulin sensitivity, taken alone, are not sufficient to predict weight regain following weight loss in free-living humans. In future studies, it is important to include a combination of physiological, behavioral and environmental variables in order to identify subgroups at greatest risk of weight regain.
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16
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Burdakov D, Karnani MM, Gonzalez A. Lateral hypothalamus as a sensor-regulator in respiratory and metabolic control. Physiol Behav 2013; 121:117-24. [PMID: 23562864 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Physiological fluctuations in the levels of hormones, nutrients, and gasses are sensed in parallel by interacting control systems distributed throughout the brain and body. We discuss the logic of this arrangement and the definitions of "sensing"; and then focus on lateral hypothalamic (LH) control of energy balance and respiration. LH neurons control diverse behavioral and autonomic processes by projecting throughout the neuraxis. Three recently characterized types of LH cells are discussed here. LH orexin/hypocretin (ORX) neurons fire predominantly during wakefulness and are thought to promote reward-seeking, arousal, obesity resistance, and adaptive thermogenesis. Bidirectional control of ORX cells by extracellular macronutrients may add a new regulatory loop to these processes. ORX neurons also stimulate breathing and are activated by acid/CO2in vivo and in vitro. LH melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons fire mostly during sleep, promote physical inactivity, weight gain, and may impair glucose tolerance. Reported stimulation of MCH neurons by glucose may thus modulate energy homeostasis. Leptin receptor (LepR) neurons of the LH are distinct from ORX and MCH neurons, and may suppress feeding and locomotion by signaling to the mesolimbic dopamine system and local ORX neurons. Integration within the ORX-MCH-LepR microcircuit is suggested by anatomical and behavioral data, but requires clarification with direct assays of functional connectivity. Further studies of how LH circuits counteract evolutionarily-relevant environmental fluctuations will provide key information about the logic and fragilities of brain controllers of healthy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Burdakov
- King's College London, MRC Center for Developmental Neurobiology, London, UK; MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK.
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