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Boscaro A, Bailly M, Pereira B, Beraud D, Costes F, Julian V, Duclos M, Finlayson G, Thivel D, Boirie Y, Verney J. Post-exercise energy replacement might lead to reduced subsequent energy intake in women with constitutional thinness: Exploratory results from the NUTRILEAN project. Appetite 2024; 195:107203. [PMID: 38232805 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
While people with Constitutional Thinness (CT) declare a deep willingness to gain weight, there appetitive responses to energy balance manipulations remain unclear. The present work compares the effect of an acute exercise combined or not with an energy replacement load, on subsequent energy intake, appetite and food reward, between normal weight and women with CT. Anthropometric measurements, body composition (Dual X-ray absorptiometry-DXA) and aerobic capacity (VO2max) were assessed in 10 normal-weight (Body Mass Index-BMI): 20-25 kg/m2) and 10 C T (BMI<17.5 kg/m2) women (18-30 years). They randomly performed i) a resting session (CON); ii) an exercise session (EX); iii) an exercise session with energy replacement (EX + R). Their subsequent ad libitum intake, appetite feelings and food reward were evaluated (Leeds-Food-Preference-Questionnaire). CT showed a lower weight (p < 0,001), BMI(p < 0,001), Fat-Mass (%) (p = 0,003) and Fat-Free Mass (kg) (p < 0,001). CT showed a lower ad libitum energy intake on EX + R compared with CON (p = 0,008) and a higher Relative Energy Intake (REI) on CON compared with EX (p = 0,007) and EX + R (p < 0,001). A lower was observed during EX and EX + R compared with CON (p = 0,006,p = 0,009 respectively) in CT. No condition nor group effect was found for hunger. NW only showed a higher pre-meal fullness on EX + R compared to CON and EX (p < 0,001). Choice (p = 0,030), Explicit Liking (p = 0,016), Explicit Wanting (p = 0,004) and Implicit Wanting (p = 0,035) for taste were higher on EX + R than CON and EX. The decreased EI observed in CT when the exercise-induced energy expenditure is compensated by the ingestion of an equivalent energy load, might contribute to explain the difficulty to increase their energy balance and then induce weight gain. Further studies are needed to better understand their energy balance regulation to propose adapted weight gain strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Boscaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Mélina Bailly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Duane Beraud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Costes
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Valérie Julian
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Martine Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.
| | - David Thivel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Julien Verney
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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2
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Hübel C, Abdulkadir M, Herle M, Palmos AB, Loos RJF, Breen G, Micali N, Bulik CM. Persistent thinness and anorexia nervosa differ on a genomic level. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:117-124. [PMID: 37474786 PMCID: PMC10772076 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Thinness and anorexia nervosa are both characterised by persistent low weight. Individuals with anorexia nervosa concurrently report distorted perceptions of their body and engage in weight-loss behaviours, whereas individuals with thinness often wish to gain weight. Both conditions are heritable and share genomics with BMI, but are not genetically correlated with each other. Based on their pattern of genetic associations with other traits, we explored differences between thinness and anorexia nervosa on a genomic level. In Part 1, using publicly available data, we compared genetic correlations of persistent thinness/anorexia nervosa with eleven psychiatric disorders. In Part 2, we identified individuals with adolescent persistent thinness in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) by latent class growth analysis of measured BMI from 10 to 24 years (n = 6594) and evaluated associations with psychiatric and anthropometric polygenic scores. In Part 1, in contrast to the positive genetic correlations of anorexia nervosa with various psychiatric disorders, persistent thinness showed negative genetic correlations with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (rgAN = 0.08 vs. rgPT = -0.30), alcohol dependence (rgAN = 0.07 vs. rgPT = -0.44), major depressive disorder (rgAN = 0.27 vs. rgPT = -0.18) and post-traumatic stress disorder (rgAN = 0.26 vs. rgPT = -0.20). In Part 2, individuals with adolescent persistent thinness in the ALSPAC had lower borderline personality disorder polygenic scores (OR = 0.77; Q = 0.01). Overall, results suggest that genetic variants associated with thinness are negatively associated with psychiatric disorders and therefore thinness may be differentiable from anorexia nervosa on a genomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hübel
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mohamed Abdulkadir
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Herle
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alish B Palmos
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nadia Micali
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Eating Disorders Research Unit, Psychiatric Centre Ballerup, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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3
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Boscaro A, Verney J, Tremblay A, King JA, Pereira B, Costes F, Julian V, Duclos M, Boirie Y, Thivel D, Bailly M. Challenges of considering both extremities of the weight status spectrum to better understand obesity: insights from the NUTRILEAN project in constitutionally thin individuals. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:1171-1177. [PMID: 37553452 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES While the physiology of obesity has been so extensively investigated to date, only an extremely small number of studies (less than 50) have focused on the other extremity of the weight spectrum: constitutional thinness. Yet, this important state of underweight in the absence of any eating disorders provides a mirror model of obesity that might be particularly insightful in understanding obesity. Nevertheless, important methodological and recruitment-related issues appear when it comes to this complex constitutionally thin phenotype, as experienced by our research group with the realization of the ongoing NUTRILEAN clinical trial. To face this challenge, the present paper aims at identifying, analyzing, and discussing the quality of such recruitment processes in publications about constitutional thinness. METHODS In this order, a group of experts collectively created a new grading system to assess the level of rigour and quality achieved by each study based on different criteria. RESULTS The main results were that (i) metabolic-related biasing criteria were poorly observed despite being crucial, (ii) recruitment processes were not detailed enough and with sufficient explicitness, and (iii) recruiting among already identified patients would be associated with both higher sample sizes and better scores of quality. CONCLUSIONS The present work encourages investigators to adopt a high level of rigour despite the complexity and duration of recruitment processes for this specific population, and readers to pay close attention to the quality of recruitment when interpreting the data. To better understand obesity and its physiological adaptations, it seems essential not only to compare it to normal-weight conditions, but also to the other extremity of the weight status spectrum represented by constitutional thinness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Boscaro
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), UPR 3533, CRNH Auvergne, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Julien Verney
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), UPR 3533, CRNH Auvergne, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Costes
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Julian
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University Teaching Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health Team, CRNH, INRA, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), UPR 3533, CRNH Auvergne, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mélina Bailly
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), UPR 3533, CRNH Auvergne, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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4
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Charrat JP, Massoubre C, Germain N, Gay A, Galusca B. Systematic review of prospective studies assessing risk factors to predict anorexia nervosa onset. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:163. [PMID: 37730675 PMCID: PMC10510169 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to case‒control studies, a multitude of factors contribute to the emergence of anorexia nervosa (AN). The present systematic review examines prospective studies specifically designed to evaluate the prediction of AN onset. METHODS According to the ARMSTAR 2 and PRISMA 2020 checklists, the PubMed, PsycINFO and Cochrane databases were searched. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed with the Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS Three articles concerning prospective studies of the general population were ultimately included in the review. The methodological quality of these studies was not optimal. Bidirectional amplification effects were observed between risk factors, some of which could have a relative predictive force as low bodyweight or body dissatisfaction. Even if not included according to specified criteria for this systematic review 11 longitudinal studies, with retrospective analysis of AN onset' prediction, were also discussed. None of these studies asserted the predictive value of particular risk factors as low body weight, anxiety disorders or childhood aggression. CONCLUSIONS To date there are insufficient established data to propose predictive markers of AN onset for predictive actions in pre-adolescent or adolescent populations. Future work should further evaluate potential risk factors previously identified in case‒control/retrospective studies within larger prospective investigations in preadolescent populations. It is important to clearly distinguish predisposing factors from precipitating factors in subjects at risk of developing AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Charrat
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight) Laboratory, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France.
- Centre TCA, Hôpital Nord, Batiment A, CHU Saint Etienne, 42055, Saint Etienne Cedex 2, France.
| | - Catherine Massoubre
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight) Laboratory, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France
- Centre TCA, Hôpital Nord, Batiment A, CHU Saint Etienne, 42055, Saint Etienne Cedex 2, France
- Referral Center for Eating Disorders, Saint Etienne University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Natacha Germain
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight) Laboratory, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France
- Centre TCA, Hôpital Nord, Batiment A, CHU Saint Etienne, 42055, Saint Etienne Cedex 2, France
- Referral Center for Eating Disorders, Saint Etienne University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Aurélia Gay
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight) Laboratory, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France
- Addictology Department, Saint Etienne University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight) Laboratory, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France
- Centre TCA, Hôpital Nord, Batiment A, CHU Saint Etienne, 42055, Saint Etienne Cedex 2, France
- Referral Center for Eating Disorders, Saint Etienne University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France
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5
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Siedler MR, De Souza MJ, Albracht-Schulte K, Sekiguchi Y, Tinsley GM. The Influence of Energy Balance and Availability on Resting Metabolic Rate: Implications for Assessment and Future Research Directions. Sports Med 2023; 53:1507-1526. [PMID: 37213050 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a significant contributor to an individual's total energy expenditure. As such, RMR plays an important role in body weight regulation across populations ranging from inactive individuals to athletes. In addition, RMR may also be used to screen for low energy availability and energy deficiency in athletes, and thus may be useful in identifying individuals at risk for the deleterious consequences of chronic energy deficiency. Given its importance in both clinical and research settings within the fields of exercise physiology, dietetics, and sports medicine, the valid assessment of RMR is critical. However, factors including varying states of energy balance (both short- and long-term energy deficit or surplus), energy availability, and prior food intake or exercise may influence resulting RMR measures, potentially introducing error into observed values. The purpose of this review is to summarize the relationships between short- and long-term changes in energetic status and resulting RMR measures, consider these findings in the context of relevant recommendations for RMR assessment, and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelin R Siedler
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Mary Jane De Souza
- Departments of Kinesiology and Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Song W, Sheng Q, Bai Y, Li L, Ning X, Liu Y, Song C, Wang T, Dong X, Luo Y, Hu J, Zhu L, Cui X, Chen B, Li L, Cai C, Cui H, Yue T. Obesity, but not high-fat diet, is associated with bone loss that is reversed via CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Tregs-mediated gut microbiome of non-obese mice. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:14. [PMID: 37055440 PMCID: PMC10102288 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by decreased bone mass, microarchitectural deterioration, and increased bone fragility. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity also results in bone loss, which is associated with an imbalanced gut microbiome. However, whether HFD-induced obesity or HFD itself promotes osteoclastogenesis and consequent bone loss remains unclear. In this study, we developed HFD-induced obesity (HIO) and non-obesity (NO) mouse models to evaluate the effect of HFD on bone loss. NO mice were defined as body weight within 5% of higher or lower than that of chow diet fed mice after 10 weeks HFD feeding. NO was protected from HIO-induced bone loss by the RANKL /OPG system, with associated increases in the tibia tenacity, cortical bone mean density, bone volume of cancellous bone, and trabecular number. This led to increased bone strength and improved bone microstructure via the microbiome-short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) regulation. Additionally, endogenous gut-SCFAs produced by the NO mice activated free fatty acid receptor 2 and inhibited histone deacetylases, resulting in the promotion of Treg cell proliferation in the HFD-fed NO mice; thereby, inhibiting osteoclastogenesis, which can be transplanted by fecal microbiome. Furthermore, T cells from NO mice retain differentiation of osteoclast precursors of RAW 264.7 macrophages ex vivo. Our data reveal that HFD is not a deleterious diet; however, the induction of obesity serves as a key trigger of bone loss that can be blocked by a NO mouse-specific gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China.
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, 710069, Xi'an, China.
- Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, 710069, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qinglin Sheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuying Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8501, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Li Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150000, Harbin, China
- National Local Joint Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Nutritional Molecule Synthesis Transformation and Separation, 150000, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Ning
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150000, Harbin, China
- National Local Joint Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Nutritional Molecule Synthesis Transformation and Separation, 150000, Harbin, China
| | - Yangeng Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150000, Harbin, China
- National Local Joint Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Nutritional Molecule Synthesis Transformation and Separation, 150000, Harbin, China
| | - Chen Song
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150000, Harbin, China
- National Local Joint Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Nutritional Molecule Synthesis Transformation and Separation, 150000, Harbin, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150000, Harbin, China
- National Local Joint Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Nutritional Molecule Synthesis Transformation and Separation, 150000, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohua Dong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150000, Harbin, China
- National Local Joint Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Nutritional Molecule Synthesis Transformation and Separation, 150000, Harbin, China
| | - Yane Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinhong Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Lina Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaole Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingling Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Congli Cai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Haobo Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, 710069, Xi'an, China
- Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China.
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, 710069, Xi'an, China.
- Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, 710069, Xi'an, China.
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7
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Cominetti O, Núñez Galindo A, Corthésy J, Carayol J, Germain N, Galusca B, Estour B, Hager J, Gheldof N, Dayon L. Proteomics reveals unique plasma signatures in constitutional thinness. Proteomics Clin Appl 2022; 16:e2100114. [PMID: 35579096 PMCID: PMC9787820 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studying the plasma proteome of control versus constitutionally thin (CT) individuals, exposed to overfeeding, may give insights into weight-gain management, providing relevant information to the clinical entity of weight-gain resistant CT, and discovering new markers for the condition. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Untargeted protein relative quantification of 63 CT and normal-weight individuals was obtained in blood plasma at baseline, during and after an overfeeding challenge using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. RESULTS The plasma proteome of CT subjects presented limited specificity with respect to controls at baseline. Yet, CT showed lower levels of inflammatory C-reactive protein and larger levels of protective insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2. Differences were more marked during and after overfeeding. CT plasma proteome showed larger magnitude and significance in response, suggesting enhanced "resilience" and more rapid adaptation to changes. Four proteins behaved similarly between CT and controls, while five were regulated in opposite fashion. Ten proteins were differential during overfeeding in CT only (including increased fatty acid-binding protein and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and decreased apolipoprotein C-II and transferrin receptor protein 1). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This first proteomic profiling of a CT cohort reveals different plasma proteomes between CT subjects and controls in a longitudinal clinical trial. Our molecular observations further support that the resistance to weight gain in CT subjects appears predominantly biological. CLINICALTRIALS gov Identifier: NCT02004821.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Cominetti
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety & Analytical SciencesNestlé ResearchLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Antonio Núñez Galindo
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety & Analytical SciencesNestlé ResearchLausanneSwitzerland
| | - John Corthésy
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety & Analytical SciencesNestlé ResearchLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jérôme Carayol
- Nestlé Institute of Health SciencesNestlé ResearchLausanneSwitzerland,Present address:
Playtika Switzerland SARue du Port‐Franc 2ALausanne1003Switzerland
| | - Natacha Germain
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU St‐EtienneFrance
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU St‐EtienneFrance
| | - Bruno Estour
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU St‐EtienneFrance
| | - Jörg Hager
- Nestlé Institute of Health SciencesNestlé ResearchLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Nele Gheldof
- Nestlé Institute of Health SciencesNestlé ResearchLausanneSwitzerland,Present address:
VPA ‐ AVP‐R‐Administration, EPFLBI A2 483, Station 7Lausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Loïc Dayon
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety & Analytical SciencesNestlé ResearchLausanneSwitzerland,Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
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8
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Bailly M, Boscaro A, Thomas T, Féasson L, Costes F, Pereira B, Hager J, Estour B, Galusca B, Metz L, Courteix D, Thivel D, Verney J, Germain N. New Insights on Bone Tissue and Structural Muscle-Bone Unit in Constitutional Thinness. Front Physiol 2022; 13:921351. [PMID: 35874537 PMCID: PMC9305386 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.921351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While few studies pointed out low bone mineral densities in constitutionally thin women, little is known about potential explanations. The objective was to further explore bone architecture in both women and men with constitutional thinness to investigate their mechanical muscle-bone coupling (or uncoupling). Thirty constitutionally thin people and 31 normal weight controls participated in the study. Body composition, hip structural analysis, and trabecular bone score were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, bone architecture using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and muscle explorations through histological staining on muscle biopsies. Thirty-two out of the 48 indexes relative to density, geometry, texture, and architecture of bones were found significantly lower (p < 0.05) in constitutionally thin individuals compared with controls. This observation was particularly pronounced in constitutionally thin men. Bone microarchitecture was more altered in weight-supporting bone (tibia) than in non-weight-supporting (radius) bone, which might refer to a normal physiological adaptation (Frost’s mechanostat theory). Yet, the heat-maps of correlations analyses showed many alterations of body weight or muscle associations with bone parameters in constitutionally thin individuals contrary to controls. Present results might support the idea of intrinsic disturbances of bone cells independently to the small muscle structure, particularly in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélina Bailly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Mélina Bailly,
| | - Audrey Boscaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Thomas
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Nord, CHU, Saint-Étienne, France
- INSERM U1059, University of Lyon-Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Léonard Féasson
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM) EA 7424, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Frédéric Costes
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, CHU, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l’Innovation (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jorg Hager
- Metabolic Health Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Estour
- Eating Disorders Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne, France
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Eating Disorders Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne, France
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Lore Metz
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Daniel Courteix
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Verney
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Natacha Germain
- Eating Disorders Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne, France
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU, Saint-Étienne, France
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9
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Liu C, Liu Y, Xin Y, Wang Y. Circadian secretion rhythm of GLP-1 and its influencing factors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:991397. [PMID: 36531506 PMCID: PMC9755352 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.991397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is an inherent endogenous biological rhythm in living organisms. However, with the improvement of modern living standards, many factors such as prolonged artificial lighting, sedentarism, short sleep duration, intestinal flora and high-calorie food intake have disturbed circadian rhythm regulation on various metabolic processes, including GLP-1 secretion, which plays an essential role in the development of various metabolic diseases. Herein, we focused on GLP-1 and its circadian rhythm to explore the factors affecting GLP-1 circadian rhythm and its potential mechanisms and propose some feasible suggestions to improve GLP-1 secretion.
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10
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Bailly M, Boscaro A, Pereira B, Féasson L, Boirie Y, Germain N, Galusca B, Courteix D, Thivel D, Verney J. Is constitutional thinness really different from anorexia nervosa? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:913-971. [PMID: 33929658 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A growing interest in constitutional thinness has been observed in the last decades, but the publications however cover various fields of study and report equivocal results. The present work systematically reviewed any clinical trials enrolling participants with constitutional thinness and bibliographic researches were performed between December 2018 and June 2020. From a total of 1 212 records initially identified, 402 records were removed as duplicates, 381 articles were excluded based on titles or abstracts and 390 references were excluded against eligibility criteria. Thirty-nine articles were finally included in the systematic review. The results showed that constitutionally thin people seem to be underweight but not underfat and present a fat-free mass as blunted as anorexic patients, despite being a little less underweight. The meta-analysis confirmed that constitutionally thin people present normal energy intake and revealed a trend toward a higher resting metabolic rate to fat-free mass ratio which suggests a highly metabolic fat-free mass. Contrary to patients with anorexia nervosa, constitutionally thin people present normal levels of insulin-like growth factor 1, estradiol, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. An intermediate level of leptin between anorexic and control participants was however observed in constitutional thinness. While all the studies reported normal free triiodothyronine and cortisol levels in constitutionally thin individuals, a higher fasting free triiodothyronine level (p = 0.033) and a lower 24 h mean cortisol level (p = 0.005) were observed for the first time. Present results give robust evidence that constitutionally thin people present an atypical phenotype highly different from anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélina Bailly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Eating Disorders, Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Audrey Boscaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit, Délégation À La Recherche Clinique Et À L'Innovation (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Léonard Féasson
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM) EA 7424, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Human Nutrition, G. Montpied Hospital, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRAE, UMR 1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Natacha Germain
- Eating Disorders, Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne, France
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Eating Disorders, Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne, France
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Daniel Courteix
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Julien Verney
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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11
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Underweight but not underfat: is fat-free mass a key factor in constitutionally thin women? Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:1764-1770. [PMID: 33772214 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Constitutional thinness is defined as a state of severe underweight with a body mass index similar to anorectic patients (BMI < 17.5 kg/m2), in the absence of any eating disorders or other obvious disruptive factors impacting energy balance. The analysis of body composition is essential as a first approach to characterize constitutional thinness and might help identify new discriminating differences between constitutional thinness and anorexia nervosa. A meta-analytical approach was performed to compare body composition of constitutionally thin, anorectic, and normal-weight subjects from all available studies found in the literature. The statistical analysis was carried out on large sample sizes: n = 205 females with constitutional thinness, n = 228 normal-weight control females, and n = 258 females with anorexia nervosa. Despite being as underweight as anorectic patients, constitutionally thin participants paradoxically presented higher percentages of fat mass than anorectic patients (18.9% vs. 11.4%, respectively; SMD [95% CI]: 1.62 [1.16; 2.08]), even found in the normal healthy ranges. Constitutionally thin people, however, display as low fat-free mass as anorectic patients. These observations question the use of high-fat diets in this population and bring new insights for nutrition and/or training strategies directed toward muscle mass gain. The present results give new elements to further distinguish constitutional thinness from anorexia nervosa and reinforce the need to better investigate the atypical phenotype of constitutional thinness.
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12
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Cancelier ACL, Rezin GT, Fernandes J, Silva HCG, Trevisol DJ, Atkinson RL, Schuelter-Trevisol F. Adenovirus-36 as one of the causes of obesity: the review of the pathophysiology. Nutr Res 2020; 86:60-67. [PMID: 33551256 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic increase of people affected by obesity worldwide seems to be influenced by external factors independent of eating habits, physical exercise, or genetic characteristics. There may be a number of such factors, but one hypothesis is that there is person-to-person transmission, causing an epidemic effect, as occurs with infectious diseases. In animal models, experimental infection with human adenovirus-36 (Adv36) causes obesity. Humans cannot be experimentally infected, but a number of studies found a correlation of positive serology for Adv36 with overweight/obesity in humans. In vitro studies have shown that Adv36 accelerates the differentiation and proliferation of preadipocytes into adipocytes and increases their lipid concentration. Another viral mechanism involved is the activation of a noninsulin-dependent process that increases glucose uptake, mainly in adipose tissue and muscle. The increased glucose, coupled with increased lipogenesis due to increased fatty acid synthase and the action of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) in stimulating adipocyte differentiation from adult stem cells enhances fat accumulation within the adipocytes. In studies conducted to date, the Adv36 E4 open reading frame 1 gene (E4orf1), which activates the glucose transporter protein isoform 4 (GLUT4) and glucose transporter protein isoform 1 (GLUT1) glucose transporters, appears to play a major role in the virus adipogenesis. The aim of this study was to review the pathophysiology of obesity and the role of Adv36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Lobor Cancelier
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil;.
| | - Jaime Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Daisson José Trevisol
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Richard Lee Atkinson
- Obetech Obesity Research Center and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Fabiana Schuelter-Trevisol
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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13
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Ling Y, Galusca B, Martin FP, Bartova S, Carayol J, Moco S, Epelbaum J, Grouselle D, Boirie Y, Montaurier C, Cuenco J, Minnion JS, Thomas T, Mure S, Hager J, Estour B, Gheldof N, Germain N. Resistance to lean mass gain in constitutional thinness in free-living conditions is not overpassed by overfeeding. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1187-1199. [PMID: 32274897 PMCID: PMC7567161 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constitutional thinness (CT), a non-malnourished underweight state with no eating disorders, is characterized by weight gain resistance to high fat diet. Data issued from muscle biopsies suggested blunted anabolic mechanisms in free-living state. Weight and metabolic responses to protein caloric supplementation has not been yet explored in CT. METHODS A 2 week overfeeding (additional 600 kcal, 30 g protein, 72 g carbohydrate, and 21 g fat) was performed to compare two groups of CTs (12 women and 11 men) to normal-weight controls (12 women and 10 men). Bodyweight, food intake, energy expenditure, body composition, nitrogen balance, appetite hormones profiles, and urine metabolome were monitored before and after overfeeding. RESULTS Before overfeeding, positive energy gap was found in both CT genders (309 ± 370 kcal in CT-F and 332 ± 709 kcal in CT-M) associated with higher relative protein intake per kilo (1.74 ± 0.32 g/kg/day in CT-F vs. 1.16 ± 0.23 in C-F, P < 0.0001; 1.56 ± 0.36 in CT-M vs. 1.22 ± 0.32 in C-M, P = 0.03), lower nitrogen (7.26 ± 2.36 g/day in CT-F vs. 11.41 ± 3.64 in C-F, P = 0.003; 9.70 ± 3.85 in CT-M vs. 14.14 ± 4.19 in C-M, P = 0.02), but higher essential amino acids urinary excretion (CT/C fold change of 1.13 for leucine and 1.14 for arginine) in free-living conditions. After overfeeding, CTs presented an accentuated positive energy gap, still higher than in controls (675 ± 540 in CTs vs. 379 ± 427 in C, P = 0.04). Increase in lean mass was induced in both controls genders but not in CTs (a trend was noticed in CT women), despite a similar nitrogen balance after overfeeding (5.06 ± 4.33 g/day in CTs vs. 4.28 ± 3.15 in controls, P = 0.49). Higher anorectic gut hormones' tone, glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide tyrosine tyrosine, during test meal and higher snacking frequency were noticed before and after overfeeding in CTs. CONCLUSIONS The blunted muscle energy mechanism, previously described in CTs in free-living state, is associated with basal saturated protein turn over suggested by the concordance of positive nitrogen balance and an increased urine excretion of several essential amino acids. This saturation cannot be overpassed by increasing this spontaneous high-protein intake suggesting a resistance to lean mass gain in CT phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiin Ling
- Division of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Division of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Simona Bartova
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Carayol
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Moco
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris Descartes University, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Grouselle
- Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris Descartes University, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRA, Research Center, UMR 1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Joyceline Cuenco
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - James S Minnion
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Thierry Thomas
- Rheumatology Department, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sylvie Mure
- Division of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jörg Hager
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Estour
- Division of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nele Gheldof
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Germain
- Division of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
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14
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Bray GA, Bouchard C. The biology of human overfeeding: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13040. [PMID: 32515127 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review has examined more than 300 original papers dealing with the biology of overfeeding. Studies have varied from 1 day to 6 months. Overfeeding produced weight gain in adolescents, adult men and women and in older men. In longer term studies, there was a clear and highly significant relationship between energy ingested and weight gain and fat storage with limited individual differences. There is some evidence for a contribution of a genetic component to this response variability. The response to overfeeding was affected by the baseline state of the groups being compared: those with insulin resistance versus insulin sensitivity; those prone to obesity versus those resistant to obesity; and those with metabolically abnormal obesity versus those with metabolically normal obesity. Dietary components, such as total fat, polyunsaturated fat and carbohydrate influenced the patterns of adipose tissue distribution as did the history of low or normal birth weight. Overfeeding affected the endocrine system with increased circulating concentrations of insulin and triiodothyronine frequently present. Growth hormone, in contrast, was rapidly suppressed. Changes in plasma lipids were influenced by diet, exercise and the magnitude of weight gain. Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle morphology and metabolism are substantially altered by chronic overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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15
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Yu EA, Yu T, Jones DP, Martorell R, Ramirez-Zea M, Stein AD. Macronutrient, Energy, and Bile Acid Metabolism Pathways Altered Following a Physiological Meal Challenge, Relative to Fasting, among Guatemalan Adults. J Nutr 2020; 150:2031-2040. [PMID: 32597983 PMCID: PMC7398776 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The healthy human metabolome, including its physiological responses after meal consumption, remains incompletely understood. One major research gap is the limited literature assessing how human metabolomic profiles differ between fasting and postprandial states after physiological challenges. OBJECTIVES Our study objective was to evaluate alterations in high-resolution metabolomic profiles following a standardized meal challenge, relative to fasting, in Guatemalan adults. METHODS We studied 123 Guatemalan adults without obesity, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or comorbidities. Every participant received a standardized meal challenge (520 kcal, 67.4 g carbohydrates, 24.3 g fat, 8.0 g protein) and provided blood samples while fasting and at 2 h postprandial. Plasma samples were assayed by high-resolution metabolomics with dual-column LC [C18 (negative electrospray ionization), hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC, positive electrospray ionization)] coupled to ultra-high-resolution MS. Associations between metabolomic features and the meal challenge timepoint were assessed in feature-by-feature multivariable linear mixed regression models. Two algorithms (mummichog, gene set enrichment analysis) were used for pathway analysis, and P values were combined by the Fisher method. RESULTS Among participants (62.6% male, median age 43.0 y), 1130 features (C18: 777; HILIC: 353) differed between fasting and postprandial states (all false discovery rate-adjusted q < 0.05). Based on differing C18 features, top pathways included: tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), primary bile acid biosynthesis, and linoleic acid metabolism (all Pcombined < 0.05). Mass spectral features included: taurine and cholic acid in primary bile acid biosynthesis; and fumaric acid, malic acid, and citric acid in the TCA. HILIC features that differed in the meal challenge reflected linoleic acid metabolism (Pcombined < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Energy, macronutrient, and bile acid metabolism pathways were responsive to a standardized meal challenge in adults without cardiometabolic diseases. Our findings reflect metabolic flexibility in disease-free individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Yu
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tianwei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Reynaldo Martorell
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manuel Ramirez-Zea
- Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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16
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Orthofer M, Valsesia A, Mägi R, Wang QP, Kaczanowska J, Kozieradzki I, Leopoldi A, Cikes D, Zopf LM, Tretiakov EO, Demetz E, Hilbe R, Boehm A, Ticevic M, Nõukas M, Jais A, Spirk K, Clark T, Amann S, Lepamets M, Neumayr C, Arnold C, Dou Z, Kuhn V, Novatchkova M, Cronin SJF, Tietge UJF, Müller S, Pospisilik JA, Nagy V, Hui CC, Lazovic J, Esterbauer H, Hagelkruys A, Tancevski I, Kiefer FW, Harkany T, Haubensak W, Neely GG, Metspalu A, Hager J, Gheldof N, Penninger JM. Identification of ALK in Thinness. Cell 2020; 181:1246-1262.e22. [PMID: 32442405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable inter-individual variability in susceptibility to weight gain despite an equally obesogenic environment in large parts of the world. Whereas many studies have focused on identifying the genetic susceptibility to obesity, we performed a GWAS on metabolically healthy thin individuals (lowest 6th percentile of the population-wide BMI spectrum) in a uniquely phenotyped Estonian cohort. We discovered anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) as a candidate thinness gene. In Drosophila, RNAi mediated knockdown of Alk led to decreased triglyceride levels. In mice, genetic deletion of Alk resulted in thin animals with marked resistance to diet- and leptin-mutation-induced obesity. Mechanistically, we found that ALK expression in hypothalamic neurons controls energy expenditure via sympathetic control of adipose tissue lipolysis. Our genetic and mechanistic experiments identify ALK as a thinness gene, which is involved in the resistance to weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Orthofer
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Armand Valsesia
- Metabolic Phenotyping, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Qiao-Ping Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | | - Ivona Kozieradzki
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Alexandra Leopoldi
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Domagoj Cikes
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Lydia M Zopf
- Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities GmbH (VBCF), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Evgenii O Tretiakov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Richard Hilbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Anna Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Melita Ticevic
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Margit Nõukas
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Alexander Jais
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Katrin Spirk
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Teleri Clark
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sabine Amann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Maarja Lepamets
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | - Cosmas Arnold
- IMP, Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Zhengchao Dou
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Volker Kuhn
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Shane J F Cronin
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden; Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Andrew Pospisilik
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Vanja Nagy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jelena Lazovic
- Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities GmbH (VBCF), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Astrid Hagelkruys
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Florian W Kiefer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria; Section for Chemical Neurotransmission, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Wulf Haubensak
- IMP, Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - G Gregory Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Jorg Hager
- Metabolic Phenotyping, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Nele Gheldof
- Metabolic Phenotyping, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria; Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Bailly M, Germain N, Féasson L, Costes F, Estour B, Hourdé C, N Merlet A, Thomas T, Hager J, Pereira B, Thivel D, Courteix D, Galusca B, Verney J. Skeletal muscle of females and males with constitutional thinness: a low intramuscular lipid content and oxidative profile. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1287-1298. [PMID: 32479741 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Constitutional thinness (CT) is a nonpathological state of underweight. The current study aimed to explore skeletal muscle energy storage in individuals with CT and to further characterize muscle phenotype at baseline and in response to overfeeding. Thirty subjects with CT (15 females, 15 males) and 31 normal-weight control subjects (16 females, 15 males) participated in the study. Histological and enzymological analyses were performed on muscle biopsy specimens before and after overfeeding. In the skeletal muscle of CT participants compared with controls, we observed a lower content of intramuscular triglycerides for type I (-17%, p < 0.01) and type IIA (-14%, p < 0.05) muscle fibers, a lower glycogen content for type I (-6%, p < 0.01) and type IIA (-5%, p < 0.05) muscle fibers, a specific fiber-type distribution, a marked muscle hypotrophy (-20%, p < 0.001), a low capillary-to-fiber ratio (-19%, p < 0.001), and low citrate synthase activity (-18%, p < 0.05). In response to overfeeding, CT participants increased their intramuscular triglycerides content in type I (+10%, p < 0.01) and type IIA (+9%, p < 0.01) muscle fibers. CT individuals seem to present an unusual muscle phenotype and different adaptations to overfeeding compared with normal-weight individuals, suggesting a specific energy metabolism and muscle adaptations. ClinicalTrials.gov registration no. NCT02004821. Novelty Low intramuscular triglycerides and glycogen content in skeletal muscle of constitutionally thin individuals. Low oxidative capacity, low capillary supply, and fiber hypotrophy in skeletal muscle of constitutionally thin individuals. Increase in intramuscular triglycerides in constitutional thinness in response to overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélina Bailly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France.,Eating Disorders, Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne 42000, France
| | - Natacha Germain
- Eating Disorders, Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne 42000, France.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Étienne 42000, France
| | - Léonard Féasson
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM) EA 7424, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne 42000, France
| | - Frédéric Costes
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, CHU Clermont-Ferrand 63000 France
| | - Bruno Estour
- Eating Disorders, Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne 42000, France.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Étienne 42000, France
| | - Christophe Hourdé
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM) EA 7424, Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry 73000, France
| | - Angèle N Merlet
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM) EA 7424, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne 42000, France
| | - Thierry Thomas
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Nord, CHU Saint-Etienne, France.,INSERM U1059, University of Lyon-Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne 42000, France
| | - Jorg Hager
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - David Thivel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Daniel Courteix
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Eating Disorders, Addictions and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Étienne 42000, France.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Étienne 42000, France
| | - Julien Verney
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH, AME2P, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
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Abstract
The existing literature about the definition and diagnostic criteria of constitutional thinness (CT) appears equivocal. The present work systematically reviewed the criteria used in the diagnosis of adult individuals with CT (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019138236). Five electronic bibliographic databases were searched between December 2018 and November 2019: MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL (Cochrane Library), Google Scholar and Clinical Trials. Search terms were combined with Medical Subject Headings terms. The search strategy included any clinical trials that enrolled adults with CT. Studies were systematically excluded if the state of thinness was not due to a well-identified constitutional origin. From the 689 references after duplicate removal, 199 studies were excluded based on title and 164 based on abstract. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 291 other studies were removed. Finally, thirty-five studies remained at the end of the process. The analysis of these studies showed high heterogeneity in the diagnostic criteria of CT. A real need emerged to adopt a common terminology and to systematically exclude potential non-constitutional origins of thinness such as eating disorders, associated pathology or over-exercising, with validated tools. Weight history, physiological menses and weight gain resistance are also important criteria to consider. The present systematic review revealed that our medical and scientific approaches of CT need to be harmonised in terms of terminology and diagnostic criteria. Although further studies are needed, we finally proposed recommendations and a decision tree to help in the recognition and diagnosis of CT.
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Halliday TM, Rynders CA, Thomas E, Bergouignan A, Pan Z, Kealey EH, Cornier MA, Bessesen DH. Appetite-Related Responses to Overfeeding and Longitudinal Weight Change in Obesity-Prone and Obesity-Resistant Adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:259-267. [PMID: 31970906 PMCID: PMC6986307 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Appetite responses to 3 days of overfeeding (OF) were examined as correlates of longitudinal weight change in adults classified as obesity prone (OP) or obesity resistant (OR). METHODS OP (n = 22) and OR (n = 30) adults consumed a controlled eucaloric and OF diet (140% of energy needs) for 3 days, followed by 3 days of ad libitum feeding. Hunger and satiety were evaluated by visual analog scales. Ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) levels were measured during a 24-hour inpatient visit on day 3. Body weight and composition were measured annually for 4.0 ± 1.3 years. RESULTS Dietary restraint and disinhibition were greater in OP than OR (mean difference: 3.5 ± 1.2 and 3.3 ± 0.9, respectively; P < 0.01) participants, and disinhibition was associated with longitudinal weight change (n = 48; r = 0.35; P = 0.02). Compared with the eucaloric diet, energy intake fell significantly in OR participants following OF (P = 0.03) but not in OP (P = 0.33) participants. Twenty-four-hour PYY area under the curve values increased with OF in OR (P = 0.02) but not in OP (P = 0.17) participants. Furthermore, changes in PYY levels with OF correlated with measured energy intake (r = -0.36; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Baseline disinhibition and PYY responses to OF differed between OP and OR adults. Dietary disinhibition was associated with 5-year longitudinal weight gain. Differences in appetite regulation may underlie differences in propensity for weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Halliday
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Corey A Rynders
- Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Ecology, Physiology and Ethology, Hubert Curien Multidisciplinary Institute, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Joint Research Unit 7178, National Center for Scientific Research, Strasbourg, France
| | - Zhaoxing Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biostatics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Kealey
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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20
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Bulik CM, Flatt R, Abbaspour A, Carroll I. Reconceptualizing anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:518-525. [PMID: 31056797 PMCID: PMC8094122 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) has one of the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder. Treatments are often ineffective and relapse is common. Most research attempting to understand the underlying causes and maintenance factors of AN has focused on environmental contributions, yet there is much to be explored in terms of biological risk and maintenance factors. In this paper, we focus primarily on AN research related to genetics and the complex microbial community in the gut (intestinal microbiota), and how these impact our conceptualization of this disorder. Emerging research identifying significant negative genetic correlations between AN and obesity suggests that the conditions may represent 'metabolic bookends'. The identification of underlying biological mechanisms may provide both insight into extreme weight dysregulation on both ends of the spectrum and new possible points of entry for AN treatment. Additionally, the reported microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) in the gut microbiota in AN patients, potentially due to a nutrient- and energy-deprived gut environment, implies alterations in functional and metabolic capacity of the gut microbiome. The extent to which AN and obesity can also be considered to be 'microbiome bookends' requires further investigation. Finally, we discuss ongoing and future AN projects exploring the interplay between host genomics, the environment, and cumulative microbial genomes (microbiome) as well as interventions at the microbial and gut level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachael Flatt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Afrouz Abbaspour
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian Carroll
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
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21
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Ling Y, Carayol J, Galusca B, Canto C, Montaurier C, Matone A, Vassallo I, Minehira K, Alexandre V, Cominetti O, Núñez Galindo A, Corthésy J, Dayon L, Charpagne A, Métairon S, Raymond F, Descombes P, Casteillo F, Peoc'h M, Palaghiu R, Féasson L, Boirie Y, Estour B, Hager J, Germain N, Gheldof N. Persistent low body weight in humans is associated with higher mitochondrial activity in white adipose tissue. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:605-616. [PMID: 31374571 PMCID: PMC6736451 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constitutional thinness (CT) is a state of low but stable body weight (BMI ≤18 kg/m2). CT subjects have normal-range hormonal profiles and food intake but exhibit resistance to weight gain despite living in the modern world's obesogenic environment. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to identify molecular mechanisms underlying this protective phenotype against weight gain. METHODS We conducted a clinical overfeeding study on 30 CT subjects and 30 controls (BMI 20-25 kg/m2) matched for age and sex. We performed clinical and integrative molecular and transcriptomic analyses on white adipose and muscle tissues. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that adipocytes were markedly smaller in CT individuals (mean ± SEM: 2174 ± 142 μm 2) compared with controls (3586 ± 216 μm2) (P < 0.01). The mitochondrial respiratory capacity was higher in CT adipose tissue, particularly at the level of complex II of the electron transport chain (2.2-fold increase; P < 0.01). This higher activity was paralleled by an increase in mitochondrial number (CT compared with control: 784 ± 27 compared with 675 ± 30 mitochondrial DNA molecules per cell; P < 0.05). No evidence for uncoupled respiration or "browning" of the white adipose tissue was found. In accordance with the mitochondrial differences, CT subjects had a distinct adipose transcriptomic profile [62 differentially expressed genes (false discovery rate of 0.1 and log fold change >0.75)], with many differentially expressed genes associating with positive metabolic outcomes. Pathway analyses revealed an increase in fatty acid oxidation ( P = 3 × 10-04) but also triglyceride biosynthesis (P = 3.6 × 10-04). No differential response to the overfeeding was observed in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS The distinct molecular signature of the adipose tissue in CT individuals suggests the presence of augm ented futile lipid cycling, rather than mitochondrial uncoupling, as a way to increase energy expenditure in CT individuals. We propose that increased mitochondrial function in adipose tissue is an important mediator in sustaining the low body weight in CT individuals. This knowledge could ultimately allow more targeted approaches for weight management treatment strategies. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02004821.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiin Ling
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Eating Disorders, CHU St-Etienne, France,Eating Disorders, Addictions, and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, St-Etienne, France
| | - Jérôme Carayol
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Eating Disorders, CHU St-Etienne, France,Eating Disorders, Addictions, and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, St-Etienne, France
| | - Carles Canto
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Montaurier
- Clermont Auvergne University, INRA, Human Nutrition Unit, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alice Matone
- The Microsoft Research, University of Trento Centre for Computational Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, Italy
| | - Irene Vassallo
- Precision Medicine Group, Quartz Bio SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kaori Minehira
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Alexandre
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ornella Cominetti
- Proteomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - John Corthésy
- Proteomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Dayon
- Proteomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Charpagne
- Genomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylviane Métairon
- Genomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Raymond
- Genomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Descombes
- Genomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Léonard Féasson
- Interuniversity Laboratory of Motricity and Biology (LIBM) EA 7424, Jean Monnet University, St-Etienne, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Clermont Auvergne University, INRA, Human Nutrition Unit, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Estour
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Eating Disorders, CHU St-Etienne, France,Eating Disorders, Addictions, and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, St-Etienne, France
| | - Jörg Hager
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Germain
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Eating Disorders, CHU St-Etienne, France,Eating Disorders, Addictions, and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, St-Etienne, France,N Germain (E-mail: )
| | - Nele Gheldof
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland,Address correspondence to N Gheldof (E-mail: )
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Galusca B, Verney J, Meugnier E, Ling Y, Edouard P, Feasson L, Ravelojaona M, Vidal H, Estour B, Germain N. Reduced fibre size, capillary supply and mitochondrial activity in constitutional thinness' skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 224:e13097. [PMID: 29754437 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Constitutional thinness (CT) is a rare condition of natural low body weight, with no psychological issues, no marker of undernutrition and a resistance to weight gain. This study evaluated the skeletal muscle phenotype of CT women by comparison with a normal BMI control group. METHODS Ten CT women (BMI < 17.5 kg/m2 ) and 10 female controls (BMI: 18.5-25 kg/m2 ) underwent metabolic and hormonal assessment along with muscle biopsies to analyse the skeletal muscular fibres pattern, capillarity, enzymes activities and transcriptomics. RESULTS Constitutional thinness displayed similar energy balance metabolic and hormonal profile to controls. Constitutional thinness presented with lower mean area of all the skeletal muscular fibres (-24%, P = .01) and percentage of slow-twitch type I fibres (-25%, P = .02, respectively). Significant downregulation of the mRNA expression of several mitochondrial-related genes and triglycerides metabolism was found along with low cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity and capillary network in type I fibres. Pre- and post-mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes levels were found similar to controls. Transcriptomics also revealed downregulation of cytoskeletal-related genes. CONCLUSION Diminished type I fibres, decreased mitochondrial and metabolic activity suggested by these results are discordant with normal resting metabolic rate of CT subjects. Downregulated genes related to cytoskeletal proteins and myocyte differentiation could account for CT's resistance to weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Galusca
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders; CHU Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne France
- Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423; Jean Monnet University; Saint-Etienne France
| | - J. Verney
- Interuniversity Laboratory of Motricity & Biology (LIBM) EA 7424; Jean Monnet University; Saint-Etienne France
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P) EA 3533; Blaise Pascal University; Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - E. Meugnier
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397; INSA-Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud; Université Lyon 1; Lyon University; Oullins France
| | - Y. Ling
- Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423; Jean Monnet University; Saint-Etienne France
| | - P. Edouard
- Interuniversity Laboratory of Motricity & Biology (LIBM) EA 7424; Jean Monnet University; Saint-Etienne France
| | - L. Feasson
- Interuniversity Laboratory of Motricity & Biology (LIBM) EA 7424; Jean Monnet University; Saint-Etienne France
| | - M. Ravelojaona
- Interuniversity Laboratory of Motricity & Biology (LIBM) EA 7424; Jean Monnet University; Saint-Etienne France
| | - H. Vidal
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397; INSA-Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud; Université Lyon 1; Lyon University; Oullins France
| | - B. Estour
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders; CHU Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne France
- Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423; Jean Monnet University; Saint-Etienne France
| | - N. Germain
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders; CHU Saint-Etienne; Saint-Etienne France
- Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423; Jean Monnet University; Saint-Etienne France
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23
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Musiyenko O, Maksymiak Y, Fedak O. Конституційні особливості тілобудови студенток під впливом оздоровчих тренувань. HEALTH, SPORT, REHABILITATION 2017. [DOI: 10.34142/hsr.2017.03.04.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
З давніх часів людину хвилюють питання краси і гармонії людського тіла. Кожна епоха висувала свої канони в цьому аспекті. Це відображалось і в дослідженнях вчених, і в пропозиціях лікарів і дієтологів, і в творіннях митців. На сучасному етапі розвитку суспільства ця проблема становить золоту середину, тобто зовнішні гармонічні форми тіла повинні поєднуватись із загальним станом здоров’я людини. Вивчено параметри фізичного розвитку протягом навчального року у студенток 17-22 років, які займалися фізичними вправами за різними програмами фізичного виховання. Студентки контрольної групи займалися за Державною програмою фізичного виховання, а студентки експериментальної - за розробленою нами програмою, заняття з якої включали вправи в аеробному і аеробно-анаеробному режимі, Хатха-йогу, релаксацію. В результаті проведених досліджень встановлено, що запропонована нами система фізичного виховання значно ефективніша за Державну. В ході занять у студенток експериментальної групи зменшився жировий компонент тіла, зміцнилися м’язи, покращилися всі вивчені показники фізичного розвитку, чого не спостерігали у студенток контрольної групи.
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24
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Estour B, Marouani N, Sigaud T, Lang F, Fakra E, Ling Y, Diamondé A, Minnion JS, Galusca B, Germain N. Differentiating constitutional thinness from anorexia nervosa in DSM 5 era. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 84:94-100. [PMID: 28692876 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Constitutional thinness (CT) is an underweight state characterized by normal menstruations and no change in feeding behaviour. Thinness is the only resemblance between Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and CT. Removal of amenorrhea from the new DSM 5 definition of AN might result in misdiagnosis between these two populations. The objective of this study was to compare CT, AN and Control subjects in terms of biological, anthropometric, and psychological markers in order to better distinguish AN from CT subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Body composition, nutritional markers, pituitary hormones, bone markers and psychological scores were evaluated in three groups of young women: fifty-six CT, forty restrictive-type AN and fifty-four Control subjects. For every marker, a receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) curve was calculated to evaluate the accuracy of differentiation between AN and CT groups. RESULTS For most studied parameters, CT subjects were similar to Controls but dramatically different from AN subjects. DEBQ Restrained Eating subscale score was identified by ROC data analysis as the only psychological parameter tested to successfully differentiate AN from CT. Free-T3 and Leptin were shown to be powerful markers to differentiate AN and CT populations as they were highly specific and sensitive ones. CONCLUSION The exclusive use of psychological testing criteria is not always sufficient to differentiate AN and CT patients. Minimally, additional testing of Free T3 levels, which is cheap and widely accessible for general practitioners, should be completed to avoid misdiagnosis which could result in the implementation of ineffective treatment plans and social stigmatization for CT women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Estour
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group EA 7423, Jean Monnet university, Saint-Etienne, France; Reference Center for Eating Disorders, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nesrine Marouani
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Torrance Sigaud
- Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group EA 7423, Jean Monnet university, Saint-Etienne, France; Reference Center for Eating Disorders, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Psychiatry, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - François Lang
- Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group EA 7423, Jean Monnet university, Saint-Etienne, France; Reference Center for Eating Disorders, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Psychiatry, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Eric Fakra
- Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group EA 7423, Jean Monnet university, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Psychiatry, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Yiin Ling
- Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group EA 7423, Jean Monnet university, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Aurélie Diamondé
- Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group EA 7423, Jean Monnet university, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - James S Minnion
- Investigative medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group EA 7423, Jean Monnet university, Saint-Etienne, France; Reference Center for Eating Disorders, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Natacha Germain
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group EA 7423, Jean Monnet university, Saint-Etienne, France; Reference Center for Eating Disorders, University hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.
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Verney J, Germain N, Meugnier E, Grateau G, Édouard P, Féasson L, Denis C, Ravelojaona M, Vidal H, Estour B, Galusca B. Maigreur constitutionnelle : un phénotype musculaire spécifique. NUTR CLIN METAB 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cuenco J, Minnion J, Tan T, Scott R, Germain N, Ling Y, Chen R, Ghatei M, Bloom S. Degradation Paradigm of the Gut Hormone, Pancreatic Polypeptide, by Hepatic and Renal Peptidases. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1755-1765. [PMID: 28323997 PMCID: PMC5460925 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a gut hormone that acts on Y4 receptors to reduce appetite. Obese humans display a reduced postprandial increase in PP and remain fully sensitive to the anorectic effects of exogenous PP. The utility of PP as an anti-obesity treatment is limited by its short circulating half-life. Insight into the mechanisms by which PP is degraded could aid in the design of long-acting PP analogs. We investigated the role of peptidases in PP degradation to determine whether inhibition of these enzymes enhanced PP plasma levels and bioactivity in vivo. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and neprilysin (NEP) were two peptidase found to cleave PP. Limiting the effect of both peptidases improved the in vivo anorectic effect of PP and PP-based analogs. These findings suggest that inhibiting the degradation of PP using specific inhibitors and/or the design of analogs resistant to cleavage by DPPIV and NEP might be useful in the development of PP as an anti-obesity pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyceline Cuenco
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James Minnion
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tricia Tan
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Scott
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Natacha Germain
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42100, France
| | - Yiin Ling
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne 42100, France
| | - Rong Chen
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Ghatei
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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What have human experimental overfeeding studies taught us about adipose tissue expansion and susceptibility to obesity and metabolic complications? Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:853-865. [PMID: 28077863 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overfeeding experiments, in which we impose short-term positive energy balance, help unravel the cellular, physiological and behavioural adaptations to nutrient excess. These studies mimic longer-term mismatched energy expenditure and intake. There is considerable inter-individual heterogeneity in the magnitude of weight gain when exposed to similar relative caloric excess reflecting variable activation of compensatory adaptive mechanisms. Significantly, given similar relative weight gain, individuals may be protected from/predisposed to metabolic complications (insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Similar mechanistic considerations underpinning the heterogeneity of overfeeding responses are pertinent in understanding emerging metabolic phenotypes, for example, metabolically unhealthy normal weight and metabolically healthy obesity. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors modulate individuals' overfeeding response: intrinsic factors include gender/hormonal status, genetic/ethnic background, baseline metabolic health and cardiorespiratory fitness; extrinsic factors include macronutrient (fat vs carbohydrate) content, fat/carbohydrate composition and overfeeding pattern. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) analysis, coupled with metabolic assessment, with overfeeding have revealed how SAT remodels to accommodate excess nutrients. SAT remodelling occurs either by hyperplasia (increased adipocyte number) or by hypertrophy (increased adipocyte size). Biological responses of SAT also govern the extent of ectopic (visceral/liver) triglyceride deposition. Body composition analysis by DEXA/MRI (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry/magnetic resonance imaging) have determined the relative expansion of SAT (including abdominal/gluteofemoral SAT) vs ectopic fat with overfeeding. Such studies have contributed to the adipose expandability hypothesis whereby SAT has a finite capacity to expand (governed by intrinsic biological characteristics), and once capacity is exceeded ectopic triglyceride deposition occurs. The potential for SAT expandability confers protection from/predisposes to the adverse metabolic responses to overfeeding. The concept of a personal fat threshold suggests a large inter-individual variation in SAT capacity with ectopic depot expansion/metabolic decompensation once one's own threshold is exceeded. This review summarises insight gained from overfeeding studies regarding susceptibility to obesity and related complications with nutrient excess.
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Germain N, Viltart O, Loyens A, Bruchet C, Nadin K, Wolowczuk I, Estour B, Galusca B. Interleukin-7 Plasma Levels in Human Differentiate Anorexia Nervosa, Constitutional Thinness and Healthy Obesity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161890. [PMID: 27611669 PMCID: PMC5017702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine involved in energy homeostasis as demonstrated in rodents. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by restrained eating behavior despite adaptive orexigenic regulation profile including high ghrelin plasma levels. Constitutional thinness is a physiological condition of resistance to weight gain with physiological anorexigenic profile including high Peptide YY plasma level. Healthy obesity can be considered as a physiological state of resistance to weight loss with opposite appetite regulating profile to constitutional thinness including low Peptide YY plasma level. No studies in IL-7 are yet available in those populations. Therefore we evaluated circadian plasma levels of IL-7 in anorexia nervosa compared to constitutional thinness, healthy obese and control females. Materials and Methods 10 restrictive-type anorexia nervosa women, 5 bingeing/purging anorexia nervosa woman, 5 recovered restrictive anorexia nervosa women, 4 bulimic females, 10 constitutional thinness women, 7 healthy obese females, and 10 normal weight women controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, performed in endocrinology unit and academic laboratory. Twelve-point circadian profiles of plasma IL-7 levels were measured in each subject. Results 24h mean IL-7 plasma levels (pg/ml, mean±SEM) were decreased in restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (123.4±14.4, p<0.0037), bingeing/purging anorexia nervosa (24.2±5.6, p<0.001), recovered restrictive anorexia nervosa (64.2±16.1, p = 0.01) and healthy obese patients (51±3.2, p<0.001) compared to controls (187.7±28.6). Bulimic patients (197.4±42.7) and constitutional thinness patients (264.3±35.8) were similar to controls. Conclusions Low IL-7 is part of the adaptive profile in restrictive-type anorexia nervosa, confirming its difference with constitutional thinness. Healthy obesity, with low IL-7, is once again in mirror image of constitutional thinness with normal high IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Germain
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight) Research Group EA 7423, Saint-Etienne, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Odile Viltart
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Jean-Pierre AUBERT Research Center, Neurosciences and Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Anne Loyens
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Jean-Pierre AUBERT Research Center, Neurosciences and Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Céline Bruchet
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight) Research Group EA 7423, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Katia Nadin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight) Research Group EA 7423, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Isabelle Wolowczuk
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Estour
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight) Research Group EA 7423, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating Disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- TAPE (Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight) Research Group EA 7423, Saint-Etienne, France
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Gunes A, Yıldırım Bas F, Arslan B, Tok L, Tok Ö, Salman Z. Assessment of Corneal Parameters in Patients with Constitutional Thinness Using Scheimpflug Imaging. Semin Ophthalmol 2016; 33:175-178. [PMID: 27601264 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2016.1188127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess corneal parameters in constitutional thinness (CT) subjects and to compare them with those of healthy individuals. METHODS Twenty-four CT subjects (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) and 24 healthy subjects (BMI: 18.5-25 kg/m2) were enrolled in this observational cross-sectional study. All participants were screened for age, gender, and medical history, then underwent a detailed ophthalmological examination. Corneal parameters were evaluated by Scheimpflug imaging. Height and weight of all subjects were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. RESULTS The mean corneal thicknesses at the apex point, the center of pupil, the thinnest point, and the mean corneal volume were significantly lower in CT patients than those of controls. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was significantly lower in CTs than in controls. There was a significant correlation between BMI and IOP, and BMI was significantly correlated with all pachymetric measurements and corneal volume. CONCLUSION Corneal thicknesses were significantly thinner in CT subjects compared to those in control subjects. The impact of constitutional thinness on corneal parameters should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alime Gunes
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Funda Yıldırım Bas
- b Department of Family Medicine , Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Bahriye Arslan
- b Department of Family Medicine , Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Levent Tok
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Özlem Tok
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Zeliha Salman
- b Department of Family Medicine , Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine , Isparta , Turkey
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Ling Y, Galusca B, Hager J, Feasson L, Valsesia A, Epelbaum J, Alexandre V, Wynn E, Dinet C, Palaghiu R, Peoc'h M, Boirie Y, Montaurier C, Estour B, Germain N. Rational and design of an overfeeding protocol in constitutional thinness: Understanding the physiology, metabolism and genetic background of resistance to weight gain. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:563-569. [PMID: 27424229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constitutional thinness (CT) is a natural state of underweight (13-17.5kg/m2) without the presence of any eating disorders and abnormal hormonal profile, and with preserved menses in women. We previously conducted a four-week fat overfeeding study showing weight gain resistance in CT women and one of our main results was the identification of an energy gap: a positive energy balance (higher energy intake than energy expenditure). OBJECTIVE This new overfeeding study is designed to confirm the energy gap and propose mechanistic hypothesis. DESIGN A 2-week overfeeding (daily consumption of one bottle of Renutryl® Booster (600kcal, 30g protein, 72g carbohydrate, 21g fat) on top of the dietary intake) is performed to compare 15 women and men in each CT group (Body Mass Index [BMI]<18.5kg/m2) to their controls (BMI 20-25kg/m2). Bodyweight, food intake, energy expenditure (canopy, calorimetric chamber and Actiheart), body composition (DXA), appetite regulatory hormone profiles after a test meal, proteomics, metabolomics, urinary metabolic profiles, stool microbiome and lipids, fat and muscle transcriptomics are monitored before and after overfeeding. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Data inter-linking will be able to be established with results of this study. The findings could possibly open to therapeutic approaches to help CT patients to gain weight as well as provide a better understanding of energy regulation with regard to treat obesity (resistance to weight loss), a mirror image of CT (resistance to weight gain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiin Ling
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France.
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Nutrition and Metabolic Health Unit, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jorg Hager
- Nutrition and Metabolic Health Unit, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Leonard Feasson
- Division of Physiology and Exercise, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France.
| | - Armand Valsesia
- Nutrition and Metabolic Health Unit, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- UMR 894 INSERM Psychiatry and neurosciences center, Paris Descartes University, 2 ter rue d'Alesia, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Virginie Alexandre
- Nutrition and Metabolic Health Unit, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Emma Wynn
- Nutrition and Metabolic Health Unit, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Cécile Dinet
- Nutrition and Metabolic Health Unit, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Radu Palaghiu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France.
| | - Michel Peoc'h
- Division of Pathology, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France.
| | - Yves Boirie
- UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, INRA, Research center Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Christophe Montaurier
- UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, INRA, Research center Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Bruno Estour
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France.
| | - Natacha Germain
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Eating disorders, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France.
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Neuropeptide Y and α-MSH circadian levels in two populations with low body weight: anorexia nervosa and constitutional thinness. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122040. [PMID: 25798605 PMCID: PMC4370702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Anorexia nervosa (AN) presents an adaptive appetite regulating profile including high levels of ghrelin and 26RFa (orexigenic) and low levels of leptin and PYY (anorexigenic). However, this adaptive mechanism is not effective in promoting food intake. The NPY/proopiomelanocortin (POMC) system plays a crucial role in the regulation of feeding behavior as NPY is the most potent orexigenic neuropeptide identified so far and as the POMC-derived peptide α-MSH drastically reduces food intake, and this peptidergic system has not been thoroughly studied in AN. Objective The aim of the present study was thus to investigate whether a dysfunction of the NPY/POMC occurs in two populations with low body weight, AN and constitutional thinness (CT). Design and Settings This was a cross-sectional study performed in an endocrinological unit and in an academic laboratory. Investigated Subjects Three groups of age-matched young women were studied: 23 with AN (AN), 22 CT and 14 normal weight controls. Main Outcome Measures Twelve-point circadian profiles of plasma NPY and α-MSH levels were measured in the three groups of investigated subjects. Results No significant circadian variation of NPY was detected between the three groups. Plasma α-MSH levels were significantly lower in AN (vs controls) all over the day. The CT group, compared to controls, presented lower levels of α-MSH in the morning and the evening, and an important rise during lunchtime. Conclusion In AN patients, the NPY system is not up-regulated under chronic undernutrition suggesting that this may play a role in the inability of anorectic women to adapt food intake to their energy demand. In contrast, low circadian α-MSH levels integrate the adaptive profile of appetite regulation of this disease. Finally, in CT women, the important α-MSH peak detected during lunchtime could explain why these patients are rapidly food satisfied.
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Estour B, Galusca B, Germain N. Constitutional thinness and anorexia nervosa: a possible misdiagnosis? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:175. [PMID: 25368605 PMCID: PMC4202249 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and biological aspects of restrictive anorexia nervosa (R-AN) are well documented. More than 10,000 articles since 1911 and more than 600 in 2013 have addressed R-AN psychiatric, somatic, and biological aspects. Genetic background, ineffectiveness of appetite regulating hormones on refeeding process, bone loss, and place of amenorrhea in the definition are widely discussed and reviewed. Oppositely, constitutional thinness (CT) is an almost unknown entity. Only 32 articles have been published on this topic since 1953. Similar symptoms associating low body mass index, low fat, and bone mass are reported in both CT and R-AN subjects. Conversely, menses are preserved in CT women and almost the entire hormonal profile is normal, except for leptin and PYY. The aim of the present review is to alert the clinician on the confusing clinical presentation of these two situations, a potential source of misdiagnosis, especially since R-AN definition has changed in DSM5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Estour
- Service d’endocrinologie diabète et TCA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint Etienne, France
- *Correspondence: Bruno Estour, Service d’endocrinologie diabète et TCA, Hopital Nord Batiment A +1, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint Etienne Cedex 2 42055, France e-mail:
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Service d’endocrinologie diabète et TCA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Natacha Germain
- Service d’endocrinologie diabète et TCA, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint Etienne, France
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