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Horstman AM, Bawden SJ, Spicer A, Darwish N, Goyer A, Egli L, Rupp N, Minehira K, Gowland P, Breuillé D, Macdonald IA, Simpson EJ. Liver glycogen stores via 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy in healthy children: randomized, controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:709-716. [PMID: 36797201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to its role in glucose homeostasis, liver glycogen concentration ([LGly]) can be a marker of altered metabolism seen in disorders that impact the health of children. However, there is a paucity of normative data for this measure in children to allow comparison with patients, and time-course assessment of [LGly] in response to feeding has not been reported. In addition, carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-MRS) is used extensively in research to assess liver metabolites in adult health and disease noninvasively, but similar measurements in children are lacking. OBJECTIVES The main objectives were to quantify the depletion of [LGly] after overnight fasting and the subsequent response to feeding. METHODS In a randomly assigned, open-label, incomplete block design study, healthy, normal-weight children (8-12 y) attended 2 evening visits, each separated by ≥5 d and directly followed by a morning visit. An individually tailored, standardized meal was consumed 3-h prior to evening assessments. Participants then remained fasted until the morning visit. [LGly] was assessed once in the fed (20:00) and fasted state (08:00) using 13C-MRS. After the 8:00 assessment, 200 ml of a mixed-macronutrient drink containing 15.5 g (402 kJ) or 31 g carbohydrates (804 kJ), or water only, was consumed, with 13C-MRS measurements then performed hourly for 4 h. Each child was randomly assigned to 2 of 3 drink options across the 2 mornings. Data are expressed as mean (SD). RESULTS Twenty-four children including females and males (13F:11M) completed the study [9.9 (1.1) y, BMI percentile 45.7 (25.9)]. [LGly] decreased from 377.9 (141.3) to 277.3 (107.4) mmol/L overnight; depletion rate 0.14 (0.15) mmol/L min. Incremental responses of [LGly] to test drinks differed (P < 0.001), with incremental net area under the curve of [LGly] over 4 h being higher for 15.5 g [-67.1 (205.8) mmol/L·240 min; P < 0.01] and 31 g carbohydrates [101.6 (180.9) mmol/L·240 min; P < 0.005] compared with water [-253.1 (231.2) mmol/L·240 min]. CONCLUSIONS After overnight fasting, [LGly] decreased by 22.9 (25.1)%, and [LGly] incremental net area under the curve over 4 h was higher after subsequent consumption of 15.5 g and 31 g carbohydrates, compared to water. Am J Clin Nutr 20XX;xx:xx-xx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Mh Horstman
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Bawden
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abi Spicer
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Noura Darwish
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Goyer
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Léonie Egli
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Rupp
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kaori Minehira
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Penny Gowland
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Breuillé
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ian A Macdonald
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; David Greenfield Human Physiology Unit, MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Simpson
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom; David Greenfield Human Physiology Unit, MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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2
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Ling Y, Carayol J, Galusca B, Canto C, Montaurier C, Matone A, Vassallo I, Minehira K, Alexandre V, Cominetti O, Núñez Galindo A, Corthésy J, Dayon L, Charpagne A, Métairon S, Raymond F, Descombes P, Casteillo F, Peoc'h M, Palaghiu R, Féasson L, Boirie Y, Estour B, Hager J, Germain N, Gheldof N. Persistent low body weight in humans is associated with higher mitochondrial activity in white adipose tissue. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:605-616. [PMID: 31374571 PMCID: PMC6736451 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constitutional thinness (CT) is a state of low but stable body weight (BMI ≤18 kg/m2). CT subjects have normal-range hormonal profiles and food intake but exhibit resistance to weight gain despite living in the modern world's obesogenic environment. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study is to identify molecular mechanisms underlying this protective phenotype against weight gain. METHODS We conducted a clinical overfeeding study on 30 CT subjects and 30 controls (BMI 20-25 kg/m2) matched for age and sex. We performed clinical and integrative molecular and transcriptomic analyses on white adipose and muscle tissues. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that adipocytes were markedly smaller in CT individuals (mean ± SEM: 2174 ± 142 μm 2) compared with controls (3586 ± 216 μm2) (P < 0.01). The mitochondrial respiratory capacity was higher in CT adipose tissue, particularly at the level of complex II of the electron transport chain (2.2-fold increase; P < 0.01). This higher activity was paralleled by an increase in mitochondrial number (CT compared with control: 784 ± 27 compared with 675 ± 30 mitochondrial DNA molecules per cell; P < 0.05). No evidence for uncoupled respiration or "browning" of the white adipose tissue was found. In accordance with the mitochondrial differences, CT subjects had a distinct adipose transcriptomic profile [62 differentially expressed genes (false discovery rate of 0.1 and log fold change >0.75)], with many differentially expressed genes associating with positive metabolic outcomes. Pathway analyses revealed an increase in fatty acid oxidation ( P = 3 × 10-04) but also triglyceride biosynthesis (P = 3.6 × 10-04). No differential response to the overfeeding was observed in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS The distinct molecular signature of the adipose tissue in CT individuals suggests the presence of augm ented futile lipid cycling, rather than mitochondrial uncoupling, as a way to increase energy expenditure in CT individuals. We propose that increased mitochondrial function in adipose tissue is an important mediator in sustaining the low body weight in CT individuals. This knowledge could ultimately allow more targeted approaches for weight management treatment strategies. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02004821.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiin Ling
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Eating Disorders, CHU St-Etienne, France,Eating Disorders, Addictions, and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, St-Etienne, France
| | - Jérôme Carayol
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Eating Disorders, CHU St-Etienne, France,Eating Disorders, Addictions, and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, St-Etienne, France
| | - Carles Canto
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Montaurier
- Clermont Auvergne University, INRA, Human Nutrition Unit, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alice Matone
- The Microsoft Research, University of Trento Centre for Computational Systems Biology (COSBI), Rovereto, Italy
| | - Irene Vassallo
- Precision Medicine Group, Quartz Bio SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kaori Minehira
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Alexandre
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ornella Cominetti
- Proteomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - John Corthésy
- Proteomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Dayon
- Proteomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Charpagne
- Genomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylviane Métairon
- Genomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Raymond
- Genomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Descombes
- Genomics, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Léonard Féasson
- Interuniversity Laboratory of Motricity and Biology (LIBM) EA 7424, Jean Monnet University, St-Etienne, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Clermont Auvergne University, INRA, Human Nutrition Unit, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Estour
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Eating Disorders, CHU St-Etienne, France,Eating Disorders, Addictions, and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, St-Etienne, France
| | - Jörg Hager
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Germain
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Eating Disorders, CHU St-Etienne, France,Eating Disorders, Addictions, and Extreme Bodyweight Research Group (TAPE) EA 7423, Jean Monnet University, St-Etienne, France,N Germain (E-mail: )
| | - Nele Gheldof
- Metabolic Health, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland,Address correspondence to N Gheldof (E-mail: )
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Sans A, Bonnafous S, Rousseau D, Patouraux S, Canivet CM, Leclere PS, Tran-Van-Nhieu J, Luci C, Bailly-Maitre B, Xu X, Lee AH, Minehira K, Anty R, Tran A, Iannelli A, Gual P. The Differential Expression of Cide Family Members is Associated with Nafld Progression from Steatosis to Steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7501. [PMID: 31097771 PMCID: PMC6522528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the progression from a “non-pathogenic” steatotic state to Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis is an important clinical requirement. The cell death-inducing DFF45 like effector (CIDE) family members (A, B and FSP27) regulate hepatic lipid homeostasis by controlling lipid droplet growth and/or VLDL production. However, CIDE proteins, particularly FSP27, have a dual role in that they also regulate cell death. We here report that the hepatic expression of CIDEA and FSP27 (α/β) was similarly upregulated in a dietary mouse model of obesity-mediated hepatic steatosis. In contrast, CIDEA expression decreased, but FSP27-β expression strongly increased in a dietary mouse model of steatohepatitis. The inverse expression pattern of CIDEA and FSP27β was amplified with the increasing severity of the liver inflammation and injury. In obese patients, the hepatic CIDEC2 (human homologue of mouse FSP27β) expression strongly correlated with the NAFLD activity score and liver injury. The hepatic expression of CIDEA tended to increase with obesity, but decreased with NAFLD severity. In hepatic cell lines, the downregulation of FSP27β resulted in the fractionation of lipid droplets, whereas its overexpression decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic BCL2 marker. This, in turn, sensitized cells to apoptosis in response to TNF α and saturated fatty acid. Considered together, our animal, human and in vitro studies indicate that differential expression of FSP27β/CIDEC2 and CIDEA is related to NAFLD progression and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sans
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Stéphanie Bonnafous
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Patouraux
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Clémence M Canivet
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | | | - Jeanne Tran-Van-Nhieu
- HU Henri Mondor, Department of Pathology, AP-HP - Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Carmelo Luci
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | | | - Xu Xu
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, New York, USA
| | - Ann-Hwee Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Kaori Minehira
- University of Lausanne, Department of Physiology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rodolphe Anty
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Albert Tran
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Antonio Iannelli
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, CHU, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Gual
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, Nice, France.
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Clément S, Fauvelle C, Branche E, Kaddai V, Conzelmann S, Boldanova T, Bartosch B, Minehira K, Negro F. Role of seipin in lipid droplet morphology and hepatitis C virus life cycle. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2208-2214. [PMID: 23907395 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.054593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious hepatitis C virus (HCV) particle assembly starts at the surface of lipid droplets, cytoplasmic organelles responsible for neutral fat storage. We analysed the relationship between HCV and seipin, a protein involved in lipid droplet maturation. Although seipin overexpression did not affect the total mean volume occupied by lipid droplets nor the total triglyceride and cholesterol ester levels per cell, it caused an increase in the mean diameter of lipid droplets by 60 %, while decreasing their total number per cell. The latter two effects combined resulted in a 34 % reduction of the total outer surface area of lipid droplets per cell, with a proportional decrease in infectious viral particle production, probably due to a defect in particle assembly. These results suggest that the available outer surface of lipid droplets is a critical factor for HCV release, independent of the neutral lipid content of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Clément
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Fauvelle
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Branche
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Kaddai
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Conzelmann
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tujana Boldanova
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birke Bartosch
- CRCL, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, University of Lyon, France
| | - Kaori Minehira
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Negro
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ross AB, Godin JP, Minehira K, Kirwan JP. Increasing whole grain intake as part of prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:585876. [PMID: 23762052 PMCID: PMC3670556 DOI: 10.1155/2013/585876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In conjunction with the rise in rates of obesity, there has been an increase in the rate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). While NAFLD at least partially originates from poor diet, there is a lack of nutritional recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of NAFLD, beyond eating a healthy diet, increasing physical activity, and emphasising weight loss. The limited current literature suggests that there may be opportunities to provide more tailored dietary advice for people diagnosed with or at risk of NAFLD. Epidemiological studies consistently find associations between whole grain intake and a reduced risk of obesity and related diseases, yet no work has been done on the potential of whole grains to prevent and/or be a part of the treatment for fatty liver diseases. In this review, we examine the potential and the current evidence for whole grains having an impact on NAFLD. Due to their nutrient and phytochemical composition, switching from consuming mainly refined grains to whole grains should be considered as part of the nutritional guidelines for patients diagnosed with or at risk for fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair B. Ross
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers chez les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
- Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kaori Minehira
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers chez les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Seyer P, Vallois D, Poitry-Yamate C, Schütz F, Metref S, Tarussio D, Maechler P, Staels B, Lanz B, Grueter R, Decaris J, Turner S, da Costa A, Preitner F, Minehira K, Foretz M, Thorens B. Hepatic glucose sensing is required to preserve β cell glucose competence. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1662-76. [PMID: 23549084 DOI: 10.1172/jci65538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver glucose metabolism plays a central role in glucose homeostasis and may also regulate feeding and energy expenditure. Here we assessed the impact of glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) gene inactivation in adult mouse liver (LG2KO mice). Loss of Glut2 suppressed hepatic glucose uptake but not glucose output. In the fasted state, expression of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) and its glycolytic and lipogenic target genes was abnormally elevated. Feeding, energy expenditure, and insulin sensitivity were identical in LG2KO and control mice. Glucose tolerance was initially normal after Glut2 inactivation, but LG2KO mice exhibited progressive impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion even though β cell mass and insulin content remained normal. Liver transcript profiling revealed a coordinated downregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis genes in LG2KO mice that was associated with reduced hepatic cholesterol in fasted mice and reduced bile acids (BAs) in feces, with a similar trend in plasma. We showed that chronic BAs or farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist treatment of primary islets increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, an effect not seen in islets from Fxr(-/-) mice. Collectively, our data show that glucose sensing by the liver controls β cell glucose competence and suggest BAs as a potential mechanistic link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Seyer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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El Ouaamari A, Minehira K. Nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease: its mechanisms and complications. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:969748. [PMID: 24223588 PMCID: PMC3808708 DOI: 10.1155/2013/969748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah El Ouaamari
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kaori Minehira
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers chez les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
- *Kaori Minehira:
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8
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Willemin G, Roger C, Bauduret A, Minehira K. Major Histocompatibility Class II Pathway Is Not Required for the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:972962. [PMID: 23710178 PMCID: PMC3655579 DOI: 10.1155/2013/972962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms within major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) genes have been associated with an increased risk of drug-induced liver injury. However, it has never been addressed whether the MHC II pathway plays an important role in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the most common form of liver disease. We used a mouse model that has a complete knockdown of genes in the MHC II pathway (MHCII(Δ/Δ)). Firstly we studied the effect of high-fat diet-induced hepatic inflammation in these mice. Secondly we studied the development of carbon-tetra-chloride- (CCl4-) induced hepatic cirrhosis. After the high-fat diet, both groups developed obesity and hepatic steatosis with a similar degree of hepatic inflammation, suggesting no impact of the knockdown of MHC II on high-fat diet-induced inflammation in mice. In the second study, we confirmed that the CCl4 injection significantly upregulated the MHC II genes in wild-type mice. The CCl4 treatment significantly induced genes related to the fibrosis formation in wild-type mice, whereas this was lower in MHCII(Δ/Δ) mice. The liver histology, however, showed no detectable difference between groups, suggesting that the MHC II pathway is not required for the development of hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Willemin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armelle Bauduret
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kaori Minehira
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
- *Kaori Minehira:
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Turner S, Voogt J, Davidson M, Glass A, Killion S, Decaris J, Mohammed H, Minehira K, Boban D, Murphy E, Luchoomun J, Awada M, Neese R, Hellerstein M. Measurement of reverse cholesterol transport pathways in humans: in vivo rates of free cholesterol efflux, esterification, and excretion. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1:e001826. [PMID: 23130164 PMCID: PMC3487360 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.001826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues is considered the principal atheroprotective mechanism of high-density lipoprotein, but quantifying reverse cholesterol transport in humans in vivo remains a challenge. We describe here a method for measuring flux of cholesterol though 3 primary components of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway in vivo in humans: tissue free cholesterol (FC) efflux, esterification of FC in plasma, and fecal sterol excretion of plasma-derived FC. METHODS AND RESULTS A constant infusion of [2,3-(13)C(2)]-cholesterol was administered to healthy volunteers. Three-compartment SAAM II (Simulation, Analysis, and Modeling software; SAAM Institute, University of Washington, WA) fits were applied to plasma FC, red blood cell FC, and plasma cholesterol ester (13)C-enrichment profiles. Fecal sterol excretion of plasma-derived FC was quantified from fractional recovery of intravenous [2,3-(13)C(2)]-cholesterol in feces over 7 days. We examined the key assumptions of the method and evaluated the optimal clinical protocol and approach to data analysis and modeling. A total of 17 subjects from 2 study sites (n=12 from first site, age 21 to 75 years, 2 women; n=5 from second site, age 18 to 70 years, 2 women) were studied. Tissue FC efflux was 3.79±0.88 mg/kg per hour (mean ± standard deviation), or ≍8 g/d. Red blood cell-derived flux into plasma FC was 3.38±1.10 mg/kg per hour. Esterification of plasma FC was ≍28% of tissue FC efflux (1.10±0.38 mg/kg per hour). Recoveries were 7% and 12% of administered [2,3-(13)C(2)]-cholesterol in fecal bile acids and neutral sterols, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Three components of systemic reverse cholesterol transport can be quantified, allowing dissection of this important function of high-density lipoprotein in vivo. Effects of lipoproteins, genetic mutations, lifestyle changes, and drugs on these components can be assessed in humans. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e001826 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.001826.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Turner
- KineMed, Inc, Emeryville, CA (S.T., J.V., A.G., S.K., J.D., H.M., E.M., J.L., M.A.)
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Poussin C, Hall D, Minehira K, Galzin AM, Tarussio D, Thorens B. Different transcriptional control of metabolism and extracellular matrix in visceral and subcutaneous fat of obese and rimonabant treated mice. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3385. [PMID: 19030233 PMCID: PMC2586343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SCAT) adipose tissues play different roles in physiology and obesity. The molecular mechanisms underlying their expansion in obesity and following body weight reduction are poorly defined. METHODOLOGY C57Bl/6 mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 6 months developed low, medium, or high body weight as compared to normal chow fed mice. Mice from each groups were then treated with the cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist rimonabant or vehicle for 24 days to normalize their body weight. Transcriptomic data for visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues from each group of mice were obtained and analyzed to identify: i) genes regulated by HFD irrespective of body weight, ii) genes whose expression correlated with body weight, iii) the biological processes activated in each tissue using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), iv) the transcriptional programs affected by rimonabant. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In VAT, "metabolic" genes encoding enzymes for lipid and steroid biosynthesis and glucose catabolism were down-regulated irrespective of body weight whereas "structure" genes controlling cell architecture and tissue remodeling had expression levels correlated with body weight. In SCAT, the identified "metabolic" and "structure" genes were mostly different from those identified in VAT and were regulated irrespective of body weight. GSEA indicated active adipogenesis in both tissues but a more prominent involvement of tissue stroma in VAT than in SCAT. Rimonabant treatment normalized most gene expression but further reduced oxidative phosphorylation gene expression in SCAT but not in VAT. CONCLUSION VAT and SCAT show strikingly different gene expression programs in response to high fat diet and rimonabant treatment. Our results may lead to identification of therapeutic targets acting on specific fat depots to control obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Poussin
- Center for Integrative Genomics and Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanna, Switzerland
| | - Diana Hall
- Center for Integrative Genomics and Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanna, Switzerland
| | - Kaori Minehira
- Center for Integrative Genomics and Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanna, Switzerland
| | | | - David Tarussio
- Center for Integrative Genomics and Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanna, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics and Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanna, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Maekawa F, Minehira K, Kadomatsu K, Pellerin L. Basal and stimulated lactate fluxes in primary cultures of astrocytes are differentially controlled by distinct proteins. J Neurochem 2008; 107:789-98. [PMID: 18761711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lactate release by astrocytes is postulated to be of importance for neuroenergetics but its regulation is poorly understood. Basigin, a chaperone protein for specific monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), represents a putatively important regulatory element for lactate fluxes. Indeed, basigin knockdown by RNA interference in primary cultures of astrocytes partially reduced both proton-driven lactate influx and efflux. But more strikingly, enhancement of lactate efflux induced by glutamate was prevented while the effect of sodium azide was significantly reduced by treatment of cultured astrocytes with anti-basigin small interfering RNA. Enhancement of glucose utilization was unaffected under the same conditions. Basal lactate uptake and release were significantly reduced by MCT1 knockdown, even more so than with basigin knockdown, whereas glutamate-driven or sodium azide-induced enhancement of lactate release was not inhibited by either MCT1, 2, or 4 small interfering RNAs. In conclusion, MCT1 plays a pivotal role in the control of basal proton-driven lactate flux in astrocytes while basigin is only partly involved, most likely via its interaction with MCT1. In contrast, basigin appears to critically regulate the enhancement of lactate release caused by glutamate (or sodium azide) but via an effect on another unidentified transporter at least present in astrocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Maekawa
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Minehira K, Young SG, Villanueva CJ, Yetukuri L, Oresic M, Hellerstein MK, Farese RV, Horton JD, Preitner F, Thorens B, Tappy L. Blocking VLDL secretion causes hepatic steatosis but does not affect peripheral lipid stores or insulin sensitivity in mice. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:2038-44. [PMID: 18515909 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800248-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver secretes triglyceride-rich VLDLs, and the triglycerides in these particles are taken up by peripheral tissues, mainly heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Blocking hepatic VLDL secretion interferes with the delivery of liver-derived triglycerides to peripheral tissues and results in an accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. However, it is unclear how interfering with hepatic triglyceride secretion affects adiposity, muscle triglyceride stores, and insulin sensitivity. To explore these issues, we examined mice that cannot secrete VLDL [due to the absence of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp) in the liver]. These mice exhibit markedly reduced levels of apolipoprotein B-100 in the plasma, along with reduced levels of triglycerides in the plasma. Despite the low plasma triglyceride levels, triglyceride levels in skeletal muscle were unaffected. Adiposity and adipose tissue triglyceride synthesis rates were also normal, and body weight curves were unaffected. Even though the blockade of VLDL secretion caused hepatic steatosis accompanied by increased ceramides and diacylglycerols in the liver, the mice exhibited normal glucose tolerance and were sensitive to insulin at the whole-body level, as judged by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies. Normal hepatic glucose production and insulin signaling were also maintained in the fatty liver induced by Mttp deletion. Thus, blocking VLDL secretion causes hepatic steatosis without insulin resistance, and there is little effect on muscle triglyceride stores or adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Minehira
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California-San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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13
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Faeh D, Minehira K, Schwarz JM, Periasamy R, Periasami R, Park S, Seongsu P, Tappy L. Effect of fructose overfeeding and fish oil administration on hepatic de novo lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes 2005; 54:1907-13. [PMID: 15983189 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.7.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
High-fructose diet stimulates hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and causes hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance in rodents. Fructose-induced insulin resistance may be secondary to alterations of lipid metabolism. In contrast, fish oil supplementation decreases triglycerides and may improve insulin resistance. Therefore, we studied the effect of high-fructose diet and fish oil on DNL and VLDL triglycerides and their impact on insulin resistance. Seven normal men were studied on four occasions: after fish oil (7.2 g/day) for 28 days; a 6-day high-fructose diet (corresponding to an extra 25% of total calories); fish oil plus high-fructose diet; and control conditions. Following each condition, fasting fractional DNL and endogenous glucose production (EGP) were evaluated using [1-13C]sodium acetate and 6,6-2H2 glucose and a two-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed to assess insulin sensitivity. High-fructose diet significantly increased fasting glycemia (7 +/- 2%), triglycerides (79 +/- 22%), fractional DNL (sixfold), and EGP (14 +/- 3%, all P < 0.05). It also impaired insulin-induced suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis and EGP (P < 0.05) but had no effect on whole- body insulin-mediated glucose disposal. Fish oil significantly decreased triglycerides (37%, P < 0.05) after high-fructose diet compared with high-fructose diet without fish oil and tended to reduce DNL but had no other significant effect. In conclusion, high-fructose diet induced dyslipidemia and hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance. Fish oil reversed dyslipidemia but not insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Faeh
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Minehira K, Vega N, Vidal H, Acheson K, Tappy L. Effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body macronutrient metabolism and expression of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue of lean and overweight humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2004; 28:1291-8. [PMID: 15303106 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipids stored in adipose tissue can originate from dietary lipids or from de novo lipogenesis (DNL) from carbohydrates. Whether DNL is abnormal in adipose tissue of overweight individuals remains unknown. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on glucose-induced whole body DNL and adipose tissue lipogenic gene expression in lean and overweight humans. DESIGN Prospective, cross-over study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 11 lean (five male, six female, mean BMI 21.0+/-0.5 kg/m(2)) and eight overweight (four males, four females, mean BMI 30.1+/-0.6 kg/m(2)) volunteers were studied on two occasions. On one occasion, they received an isoenergetic diet containing 50% carbohydrate for 4 days prior to testing; on the other, they received a hyperenergetic diet (175% energy requirements) containing 71% carbohydrates. After each period of 4 days of controlled diet, they were studied over 6 h after having received 3.25 g glucose/kg fat free mass. Whole body glucose oxidation and net DNL were monitored by means of indirect calorimetry. An adipose tissue biopsy was obtained at the end of this 6-h period and the levels of SREBP-1c, acetyl CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase mRNA were measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS After isocaloric feeding, whole body net DNL amounted to 35+/-9 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h in lean subjects and to 49+/-3 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h in overweight subjects over the 5 h following glucose ingestion. These figures increased (P<0.001) to 156+/-21 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h in lean and 64+/-11 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h (P<0.05 vs lean) in overweight subjects after carbohydrate overfeeding. Whole body DNL after overfeeding was lower (P<0.001) and glycogen synthesis was higher (P<0.001) in overweight than in normal subjects. Adipose tissue SREBP-1c mRNA increased by 25% in overweight and by 43% in lean subjects (P<0.05) after carbohydrate overfeeding, whereas fatty acid synthase mRNA increased by 66 and 84% (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Whole body net DNL is not increased during carbohydrate overfeeding in overweight individuals. Stimulation of adipose lipogenic enzymes is also not higher in overweight subjects. Carbohydrate overfeeding does not stimulate whole body net DNL nor expression of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue to a larger extent in overweight than lean subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Minehira
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Minehira K, Bettschart V, Vidal H, Vega N, Di Vetta V, Rey V, Schneiter P, Tappy L. Effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body and adipose tissue metabolism in humans. Obes Res 2003; 11:1096-103. [PMID: 12972680 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a 4-day carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body net de novo lipogenesis and on markers of de novo lipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue of healthy lean humans. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Nine healthy lean volunteers (five men and four women) were studied after 4 days of either isocaloric feeding or carbohydrate overfeeding. On each occasion, they underwent a metabolic study during which their energy expenditure and net substrate oxidation rates (indirect calorimetry), and the fractional activity of the pentose-phosphate pathway in subcutaneous adipose tissue (subcutaneous microdialysis with 1,6(13)C2,6,6(2)H2 glucose) were assessed before and after administration of glucose. Adipose tissue biopsies were obtained at the end of the experiments to monitor mRNAs of key lipogenic enzymes. RESULTS Carbohydrate overfeeding increased basal and postglucose energy expenditure and net carbohydrate oxidation. Whole body net de novo lipogenesis after glucose loading was markedly increased at the expense of glycogen synthesis. Carbohydrate overfeeding also increased mRNA levels for the key lipogenic enzymes sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase. The fractional activity of adipose tissue pentose-phosphate pathway was 17% to 22% and was not altered by carbohydrate overfeeding. DISCUSSION Carbohydrate overfeeding markedly increased net de novo lipogenesis at the expense of glycogen synthesis. An increase in mRNAs coding for key lipogenic enzymes suggests that de novo lipogenesis occurred, at least in part, in adipose tissue. The pentose-phosphate pathway is active in adipose tissue of healthy humans, consistent with an active role of this tissue in de novo lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Minehira
- Institute of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Minehira K, Tappy L. Dietary and lifestyle interventions in the management of the metabolic syndrome: present status and future perspective. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:7 p following 1262. [PMID: 12494312 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the mechanisms underlying the metabolic syndrome, or syndrome X, in humans, and to delineate dietary and environmental strategies for its prevention. DESIGN Review of selected papers of the literature. RESULTS Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance play a key role in the development of the metabolic syndrome. Strategies aimed at reducing insulin resistance may be effective in improving the metabolic syndrome. They include low saturated fat intake, consumption of low-glycemic-index foods, physical exercise and prevention of obesity. CONCLUSIONS Future research, in particular the genetic basis of the metabolic syndrome and the interorgan interactions responsible for insulin resistance, is needed to improve therapeutic strategies for the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Minehira
- Institut de physiologie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Minehira K, Tappy L, Chiolero R, Vladimirova V, Berger MM, Revelly JP, Schwarz JM. Fractional hepatic de novo lipogenesis in healthy subjects during near-continuous oral nutrition and bed rest: a comparison with published data in artificially fed, critically ill patients. Clin Nutr 2002; 21:345-50. [PMID: 12135596 DOI: 10.1054/clnu.2002.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In critically ill patients, fractional hepatic de novo lipogenesis increases in proportion to carbohydrate administration during isoenergetic nutrition. In this study, we sought to determine whether this increase may be the consequence of continuous enteral nutrition and bed rest. We, therefore, measured fractional hepatic de novo lipogenesis in a group of 12 healthy subjects during near-continuous oral feeding (hourly isoenergetic meals with a liquid formula containing 55% carbohydrate). In eight subjects, near-continuous enteral nutrition and bed rest were applied over a 10 h period. In the other four subjects, it was extended to 34 h. Fractional hepatic de novo lipogenesis was measured by infusing(13) C-labeled acetate and monitoring VLDL-(13)C palmitate enrichment with mass isotopomer distribution analysis. Fractional hepatic de novo lipogenesis was 3.2% (range 1.5-7.5%) in the eight subjects after 10 h of near continuous nutrition and 1.6% (range 1.3-2.0%) in the four subjects after 34 h of near-continuous nutrition and bed rest. This indicates that continuous nutrition and physical inactivity do not increase hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Fractional hepatic de novo lipogenesis previously reported in critically ill patients under similar nutritional conditions (9.3%) (range 5.3-15.8%) was markedly higher than in healthy subjects (P<0.001). These data from healthy subjects indicate that fractional hepatic de novo lipogenesis is increased in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Minehira
- Institute of Physiology, University of Lausanne, School of Medicine, Switzerland
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Doi T, Matsuo T, Sugawara M, Matsumoto K, Minehira K, Hamada K, Okamura K, Suzuki M. New approach for weight reduction by a combination of diet, light resistance exercise and the timing of ingesting a protein supplement. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002; 10:226-32. [PMID: 11708314 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-6047.2001.00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that ingesting a meal immediately after exercise increased skeletal muscle accretion and less adipose tissue accumulation in rats employed in a 10 week resistance exercise program. We hypothesized that a possible increase in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) as a result of the larger skeletal muscle mass might be responsible for the less adipose deposition. Therefore, the effect of the timing of a protein supplement after resistance exercise on body composition and the RMR was investigated in 17 slightly overweight men. The subjects participated in a 12-week weight reduction program consisting of mild energy restriction (17% energy intake reduction) and a light resistance exercise using a pair of dumbbells (3-5 kg). The subjects were assigned to two groups. Group S ingested a protein supplement (10 g protein, 7 g carbohydrate, 3.3 g fat and one-third of recommended daily allowance (RDA) of vitamins and minerals) immediately after exercise. Group C did not ingest the supplement. Daily intake of both energy and protein was equal between the two groups and the protein intake met the RDA. After 12 weeks, the bodyweight, skinfold thickness, girth of waist and hip and percentage bodyfat significantly decreased in the both groups, however, no significant differences were observed between the groups. The fat-free mass significantly decreased in C, whereas its decrease in S was not significant. The RMR and post-meal total energy output significantly increased in S, while these variables did not change in C. In addition, the urinary nitrogen excretion tended to increase in C but not in S. These results suggest that the RMR increase observed in S might be associated with an increase in body protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Doi
- Saga Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd Higashisefuri, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan.
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Minehira K, Novel-Chaté V, Schwarz JM, Gillet M, Darioli R, Chioléro R, Tappy L. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis after liver transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001; 25:229-35; discussion 235-6. [PMID: 11531212 DOI: 10.1177/0148607101025005229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver can synthesize fatty acids from carbohydrate (de novo lipogenesis [DNL]). We hypothesized that stimulation of this process may be involved in the development of obesity and dyslipidemia, 2 conditions frequently encountered after liver transplantation. METHODS Hepatic fractional DNL and glucose metabolism were measured in 2 groups of 5 patients (age 36.8 +/- [SD] 14.9 years, BMI 26.3+/-5.3 kg/M2) 1 to 5 years after liver transplantation and 8 healthy subjects (age 28.1+/-5.3 years, BMI 27.2+/-4.5 kg/M2). Subjects were studied while receiving an isoenergetic nutrition (based on 1.1 x their basal energy expenditure) as hourly oral liquid formula during 10 hours. Their hepatic DNL was measured by infusing 1-13C acetate and measuring tracer incorporation in VLDL-palmitate. Their glucose metabolism was assessed by means of 6,6-2H2 glucose and indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Two liver transplant recipients and 4 healthy subjects were obese, as defined by a BMI > 27 kg/M2. Fractional hepatic DNL was not different in the 2 groups of subjects: liver transplant recipients 3.1+/-1.7% vs 3.2+/-2.1% in healthy subjects. In both groups, DNL increased in proportion to BMI. When both groups were analyzed together, BMI was positively correlated with DNL (DNL = 0.28 x BMI - 4.28, r2 = .445, p < .05). Whole body glucose turnover was 15.0+/-4.4 micromol/kg per minute in liver transplant recipients and 15.8+/-4.1 micromol/kg per minute in healthy subjects (NS). Net carbohydrate oxidation tended to be lower in liver transplant recipients (8.1+/-2.6 micromol/kg per minute) than in healthy subjects (10.4+/-2.4 micromol/kg per minute; NS). Net nonoxidative glucose disposal (4.0+/-2.7 in liver transplant recipients vs 1.9+/-1.8 in healthy subjects, NS) and energy expenditure (0.065+/-0.01 vs 0.065+/-0.01 kJ/kg per minute) were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that fractional hepatic DNL is not altered by liver transplantation during near continuous nutrition. The disposal of orally administered carbohydrate is also essentially unchanged. This strongly argues against a role of hepatic DNL in the pathogenesis of obesity and dyslipidemia after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Minehira
- Institute of Physiology, Lausanne University School of Medicine, Switzerland
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Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the control of glucose production. It is also involved in the regulation of insulin secretion and sensitivity through neural pathways. This review will address recent developments in the mechanisms by which hepatic metabolism affects glucose homeostasis in health and disease. Oral glucose feeding elicits several systemic and hepatic alterations of intermediary metabolism through the activation of neural pathways. How this may affect glucose metabolism will be briefly discussed, and alterations of glucose homeostasis in liver disease will be briefly described. There is evidence that a portion of intrahepatic glucose can be converted into lipids in the process of de-novo lipogenesis. How this may be involved in the control of glycaemia and lipid concentrations will be reviewed. Finally, molecular mechanisms by which the alteration of liver metabolism may affect systemic glucose homeostasis will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tappy
- Institute of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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21
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Battilana P, Ornstein K, Minehira K, Schwarz JM, Acheson K, Schneiter P, Burri J, Jéquier E, Tappy L. Mechanisms of action of beta-glucan in postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55:327-33. [PMID: 11378805 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2000] [Revised: 11/14/2000] [Accepted: 11/20/2000] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether beta-glucan (which is fermented in the colon) lowers postprandial glucose concentrations through mechanisms distinct from a delayed carbohydrate absorption and inhibits de novo lipogenesis. DESIGN Administration of frequent small meals each hour over 9 h allows a rate of intestinal absorption to be reached which is independent of a delayed absorption. A group of 10 healthy men received either an isoenergetic diet containing 8.9 g/day beta-glucan or without beta-glucan for 3 days. On the third day, the diet was administered as fractioned meals ingested every hour for 9 h. SETTING Laboratory for human metabolic investigations. SUBJECTS Ten healthy male volunteers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, glucose kinetics, glucose oxidation, de novo lipogenesis. RESULTS On the third day, plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentrations, carbohydrate and lipid oxidation, and energy expenditure were identical with beta-glucan and cellulose. Plasma insulin concentrations were, however, 26% lower with beta-glucan during the last 2 h of the 9 h meal ingestion. Glucose rate of appearance at steady state was 12% lower with beta-glucan. This corresponded to a 21% reduction in the systemic appearance rate of exogenous carbohydrate with beta-glucan, while endogenous glucose production was similar with both diets. De novo lipogenesis was similar with and without beta-glucan. CONCLUSION Administration of frequent meals with or without beta-glucan results in similar carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. This suggests that the lowered postprandial glucose concentrations which are observed after ingestion of a single meal containing beta-glucan are essentially due to a delayed and somewhat reduced carbohydrate absorption from the gut and do not result from the effects of fermentation products in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Battilana
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Rigalleau V, Binnert C, Minehira K, Stefanoni N, Schneiter P, Henchoz E, Matzinger O, Cayeux C, Jéquier E, Tappy L. In normal men, free fatty acids reduce peripheral but not splanchnic glucose uptake. Diabetes 2001; 50:727-32. [PMID: 11289035 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.4.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Raising plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels reduces muscle glucose uptake, but the effect of FFAs on splanchnic glucose uptake, total glucose output, and glucose cycling may also be critical to producing lipid-induced glucose intolerance. In eight normal volunteers, we measured glucose turnover and cycling rates ([2H7]glucose infusion) during a moderately hyperglycemic (7.7 mmol/l) hyperinsulinemic clamp, before and after ingestion of a labeled (dideuterated) oral glucose load (700 mg/kg). Each test was performed twice, with either a lipid or a saline infusion; four subjects also had a third test with a glycerol infusion. As shown by similar rates of exogenous glucose appearance, the lipid infusion did not reduce first-pass splanchnic glucose uptake (saline 1.48+/-0.18, lipid 1.69+/-0.17, and glycerol 1.88+/-0.17 mmol/kg per 180 min; NS), but it reduced peripheral glucose uptake by 40% (P < 0.01 vs. both saline and glycerol infusions). Before oral ingestion of glucose, total glucose output was similarly increased by the lipid and glycerol infusions. Total glucose output was significantly increased by FFAs after oral ingestion of glucose (saline 3.68+/-1.15, glycerol 3.68+/-1.70, and lipid 7.92+/-0.88 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.01 vs. saline and P < 0.05 vs. glycerol). The glucose cycling rate was approximately 2.7 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) with the three infusions and tended to decrease all along the lipid infusion, which argues against a stimulation of glucose-6-phosphatase by FFAs. It is concluded that in situations of moderate hyperinsulinemia-hyperglycemia, FFAs reduce peripheral but not splanchnic glucose uptake. Total glucose output is increased by FFAs, by a mechanism that does not seem to involve stimulation of glucose-6-phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rigalleau
- Institut de Physiologie, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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23
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Osada K, Minehira K, Inoue S, Nakamura S, Yamada K, Sugano M. Effect of oxidized cholesterol on age-associated changes to immune parameters in spleen lymphocytes and peritoneal exudate cells derived from rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64:1047-51. [PMID: 10879478 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of oxidized cholesterol on immune parameters were examined by using spleen lymphocytes and peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) derived from 5-week- (Young) and 9-month-old (Adult) rats. The immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM production was inhibited by oxidized cholesterol in the rats of both ages when lymphocytes were exposed to 30 micrograms/ml of oxidized cholesterol for 24 hr. The intracellular IgA level was also lowered by 30 micrograms/ml of oxidized cholesterol, irrespective of age. In contrast, IgE production was significantly increased by the addition of 30 micrograms/ml of oxidized cholesterol in only young lymphocytes. Moreover, oxidized cholesterol enhanced the intracellular histamine accumulation in only adult PEC, although the total histamine level produced by PEC was similar in the rats of both ages. These results thus suggest the possibility that oxidized cholesterol can have different effects on the age-related modulation of immune functions such as Igs production and histamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osada
- Laboratory of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Japan.
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Minehira K, Inoue S, Nonaka M, Osada K, Yamada K, Sugano M. Effects of dietary protein type on oxidized cholesterol-induced alteration in age-related modulation of lipid metabolism and indices of immune function in rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1483:141-53. [PMID: 10601703 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous oxidized cholesterol disturbs both lipid metabolism and immune functions. Therefore, it may perturb these modulations with ageing. Effects of the dietary protein type on oxidized cholesterol-induced modulations of age-related changes in lipid metabolism and immune function was examined using differently aged (4 weeks versus 8 months) male Sprague-Dawley rats when casein, soybean protein or milk whey protein isolate (WPI) was the dietary protein source, respectively. The rats were given one of the three proteins in diet containing 0.2% oxidized cholesterols mixture. Soybean protein, as compared with the other two proteins, significantly lowered both the serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value and cholesterol, whereas it elevated the ratio of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol/cholesterol in young rats, but not in adult. Moreover, soybean protein, but not casein and WPI, suppressed the elevation of Delta6 desaturation indices of phospholipids in both liver and spleen, particularly in young. On the other hand, WPI, compared to the other two proteins, inhibited the leukotriene B4 production of spleen, irrespective of age. Soybean protein reduced the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cells in splenic lymphocytes. Therefore, the levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgE and IgG in serum were lowered in rats given soybean protein in both age groups except for IgA in adult, although these observations were not shown in rats given other proteins. Thus, various perturbations of lipid metabolism and immune function caused by oxidized cholesterol were modified depending on the type of dietary protein. The moderation by soybean protein on the change of lipid metabolism seems to be susceptible in young rats whose homeostatic ability is immature. These observations may be exerted through both the promotion of oxidized cholesterol excretion to feces and the change of hormonal release, while WPI may suppress the disturbance of immune function by oxidized cholesterol in both ages. This alleviation may be associated with a large amount of lactoglobulin in WPI. These results thus showed a possibility that oxidized cholesterol-induced perturbations of age-related changes of lipid metabolism and immune function can be moderated by both the selection and combination of dietary protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Minehira
- Laboratory of Food Science, Kyushu University, School of Agriculture, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
The effect of amino acid and/or glucose administration before and during exercise on protein metabolism in visceral tissues and skeletal muscle was examined in mongrel dogs. The dogs were subjected to treadmill running (150 minutes at 10 km/h and 12% incline) and intravenously infused with a solution containing amino acids and glucose (AAG), amino acids (AA), glucose (G) or saline (S) in randomized order. The infusion was started 60 minutes before exercise and continued until the end of the exercise period. An arteriovenous-difference technique was used to estimate both tissue protein degradation and synthesis. When S was infused, the release of leucine (Leu) from the gut and phenylalanine (Phe) from the hindlimb significantly increased during exercise, thus indicating that exercise augmented proteolysis in these tissues. The balance of Leu across the gut during exercise demonstrated a net uptake with both AAG and AA, whereas a net release was observed for G and S. In addition, Leu uptake in the gut during the last 90 minutes of the exercise period tended to be greater with AAG versus AA (P = .06). Phe balance across the hindlimb during the late exercise period showed a significant release with S, AA, and G, whereas the balance with AAG did not show a significant release. These results suggest that exercise-induced proteolysis in the gut may be reduced by supplementation with AA, and this effect may be enhanced by concomitant G administration. However, in skeletal muscle, both AA and G may be required to prevent net protein degradation during exercise. G provided without AA did not achieve net protein synthesis in either tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hamada
- Saga Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Japan
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of glucose administered with amino acids before and during exercise on hepatic ureagenesis. Eight mongrel dogs subjected to treadmill running for 150 minutes at 10 km/h on a 12% incline were intravenously infused with either a mixture of amino acids and glucose (AAG) or amino acids alone (AA). The infusion was started 60 minutes before exercise and continued until the end of exercise. The rate of urinary urea excretion increased after infusion of both AAG and AA. However, the rate of urinary urea excretion was significantly lower in the AAG group versus the AA group during the first 1.5 hours of the recovery period ([R0 to R90] 514+/-24 v 637+/-24 mg/h, mean+/-SE, P < .05). Moreover, hepatic urea output was decreased during AAG versus AA infusion (229+/-62 v 367+/-55 microg/kg/min, P < .05). Hepatic glucose production during exercise was also significantly lower in AAG versus AA infusion (354+/-54 v 589+/-56 mg/kg, P < .05). On the other hand, no difference was observed in hepatic total amino acid uptake between the groups. Thus, these results indicate that AAG administered before and during exercise appears to reduce hepatic ureagenesis due to reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis as compared with administration of AA alone. These findings also suggest that nitrogen retention is enhanced by glucose administered during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hamada
- Saga Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Japan
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Osada K, Kodama T, Minehira K, Yamada K, Sugano M. Dietary protein modifies oxidized cholesterol-induced alterations of linoleic acid and cholesterol metabolism in rats. J Nutr 1996; 126:1635-43. [PMID: 8648438 DOI: 10.1093/jn/126.6.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of dietary protein on oxidized cholesterol-induced alterations in linoleic acid and cholesterol metabolism were studied in 4-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, using casein and soybean protein as dietary protein sources. The rats were fed one of the two proteins in cholesterol-free, 0.3% cholesterol or 0.3% oxidized cholesterol mixture diets using a pair-feeding protocol for 3 wk. In the soybean protein-fed group, rats fed oxidized cholesterol did not have lower activity of liver microsomal delta6 desaturase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid, compared with rats fed cholesterol-free diet, whereas in the casein-fed group the desaturase activity was significantly greater in rats fed oxidized cholesterol than in those fed cholesterol-free diet. This was in contrast to a significant reduction in liver microsomal delta6 desaturase activity by cholesterol, irrespective of protein source. In general, these changes were reflected in the desaturation indices of liver phospholipids. Furthermore, soybean protein significantly increased the fecal excretion of neutral and acidic steroids and tended to reduce (P = 0.082) the accumulation of oxidized cholesterols in the liver. Thus, soybean protein partly modified some of the undesirable effects of oxidized cholesterol through its hypocholesterolemic effect and possibly through the modulation of hepatic delta6 desaturase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osada
- Laboratory of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan
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