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Bourdy R, Befort K. The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Binge Eating Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119574. [PMID: 37298525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders are multifactorial disorders that involve maladaptive feeding behaviors. Binge eating disorder (BED), the most prevalent of these in both men and women, is characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food in a short period of time, with a subjective loss of control over eating behavior. BED modulates the brain reward circuit in humans and animal models, which involves the dynamic regulation of the dopamine circuitry. The endocannabinoid system plays a major role in the regulation of food intake, both centrally and in the periphery. Pharmacological approaches together with research using genetically modified animals have strongly highlighted a predominant role of the endocannabinoid system in feeding behaviors, with the specific modulation of addictive-like eating behaviors. The purpose of the present review is to summarize our current knowledge on the neurobiology of BED in humans and animal models and to highlight the specific role of the endocannabinoid system in the development and maintenance of BED. A proposed model for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involving the endocannabinoid system is discussed. Future research will be necessary to develop more specific treatment strategies to reduce BED symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bourdy
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Université de Strasbourg, UMR7364, CNRS, 12 Rue Goethe, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Katia Befort
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Université de Strasbourg, UMR7364, CNRS, 12 Rue Goethe, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Powell DR, Doree DD, DaCosta CM, Platt KA, Brommage R, Buhring L, Revelli JP, Shadoan MK. Mice Lacking Gpr75 are Hypophagic and Thin. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:45-58. [PMID: 35023939 PMCID: PMC8743382 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s342799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Humans with haploinsufficiency of GPR75, an orphan GPCR, are thin. Gpr75 knockout (KO) mice are also thin with improved glucose homeostasis. We wanted to confirm these findings in Gpr75 KO mice and determine whether decreased energy intake and/or increased energy expenditure contributed to the thin phenotype. METHODS Gpr75 KO mice were generated by homologous recombination. All studies compared female and male Gpr75 KO mice to their wild type (WT) littermates. Body composition was measured by DXA and QMR technologies. Glucose homeostasis was evaluated by measuring glucose and insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). Food intake was measured in group-housed mice. In singly housed mice, energy expenditure was measured in Oxymax indirect calorimetry chambers, and locomotor activity was measured in Oxymax and Photobeam Activity System chambers. RESULTS In all 12 cohorts of adult female or male mice, Gpr75 KO mice had less body fat; pooled data showed that, compared to WT littermates (n = 103), Gpr75 KO mice (n = 118) had 49% less body fat and 4% less LBM (P < 0.001 for each). KO mice also had 8% less body fat at weaning (P < 0.05), and during the month after weaning as the thin phenotype became more exaggerated, Gpr75 KO mice ate significantly less than, but had energy expenditure and activity levels comparable to, their WT littermates. During OGTTs, Gpr75 KO mice showed improved glucose tolerance (glucose AUC 23% lower in females, P < 0.05, and 26% lower in males, P < 0.001), accompanied by significantly decreased insulin levels and significantly increased insulin sensitivity indices. CONCLUSION Gpr75 KO mice are thin at weaning, are hypophagic as the thin phenotype becomes more exaggerated, and exhibit improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity as healthy-appearing adults. These results suggest that inhibiting GPR75 in obese humans may safely decrease energy intake and body fat while improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Correspondence: David R Powell Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2445 Technology Forest Boulevard, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USATel +1 713 249 3972Fax +1 281 863 8115 Email
| | - Deon D Doree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M DaCosta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth A Platt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Robert Brommage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Lindsey Buhring
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Revelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Melanie K Shadoan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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Gomez GA, Rundle CH, Xing W, Kesavan C, Pourteymoor S, Lewis RE, Powell DR, Mohan S. Contrasting effects of <i>Ksr2</i>, an obesity gene, on trabecular bone volume and bone marrow adiposity. eLife 2022; 11:82810. [PMID: 36342465 PMCID: PMC9640193 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological obesity and its complications are associated with an increased propensity for bone fractures. Humans with certain genetic polymorphisms at the kinase suppressor of ras2 (KSR2) locus develop severe early-onset obesity and type 2 diabetes. Both conditions are phenocopied in mice with <i>Ksr2</i> deleted, but whether this affects bone health remains unknown. Here we studied the bones of global <i>Ksr2</i> null mice and found that <i>Ksr2</i> negatively regulates femoral, but not vertebral, bone mass in two genetic backgrounds, while the paralogous gene, <i>Ksr1</i>, was dispensable for bone homeostasis. Mechanistically, KSR2 regulates bone formation by influencing adipocyte differentiation at the expense of osteoblasts in the bone marrow. Compared with <i>Ksr2</i>'s known role as a regulator of feeding by its function in the hypothalamus, pair-feeding and osteoblast-specific conditional deletion of <i>Ksr2</i> reveals that <i>Ksr2</i> can regulate bone formation autonomously. Despite the gains in appendicular bone mass observed in the absence of <i>Ksr2</i>, bone strength, as well as fracture healing response, remains compromised in these mice. This study highlights the interrelationship between adiposity and bone health and provides mechanistic insights into how <i>Ksr2</i>, an adiposity and diabetic gene, regulates bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles H Rundle
- VA Loma Linda Healthcare SystemLoma LindaUnited States,Loma Linda University Medical CenterLoma LindaUnited States
| | - Weirong Xing
- VA Loma Linda Healthcare SystemLoma LindaUnited States,Loma Linda University Medical CenterLoma LindaUnited States
| | - Chandrasekhar Kesavan
- VA Loma Linda Healthcare SystemLoma LindaUnited States,Loma Linda University Medical CenterLoma LindaUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Subburaman Mohan
- VA Loma Linda Healthcare SystemLoma LindaUnited States,Loma Linda University Medical CenterLoma LindaUnited States
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Powell DR, Revelli JP, Doree DD, DaCosta CM, Desai U, Shadoan MK, Rodriguez L, Mullens M, Yang QM, Ding ZM, Kirkpatrick LL, Vogel P, Zambrowicz B, Sands AT, Platt KA, Hansen GM, Brommage R. High-Throughput Screening of Mouse Gene Knockouts Identifies Established and Novel High Body Fat Phenotypes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3753-3785. [PMID: 34483672 PMCID: PMC8409770 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s322083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a major public health problem. Understanding which genes contribute to obesity may better predict individual risk and allow development of new therapies. Because obesity of a mouse gene knockout (KO) line predicts an association of the orthologous human gene with obesity, we reviewed data from the Lexicon Genome5000TM high throughput phenotypic screen (HTS) of mouse gene KOs to identify KO lines with high body fat. MATERIALS AND METHODS KO lines were generated using homologous recombination or gene trapping technologies. HTS body composition analyses were performed on adult wild-type and homozygous KO littermate mice from 3758 druggable mouse genes having a human ortholog. Body composition was measured by either DXA or QMR on chow-fed cohorts from all 3758 KO lines and was measured by QMR on independent high fat diet-fed cohorts from 2488 of these KO lines. Where possible, comparisons were made to HTS data from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC). RESULTS Body fat data are presented for 75 KO lines. Of 46 KO lines where independent external published and/or IMPC KO lines are reported as obese, 43 had increased body fat. For the remaining 29 novel high body fat KO lines, Ksr2 and G2e3 are supported by data from additional independent KO cohorts, 6 (Asnsd1, Srpk2, Dpp8, Cxxc4, Tenm3 and Kiss1) are supported by data from additional internal cohorts, and the remaining 21 including Tle4, Ak5, Ntm, Tusc3, Ankk1, Mfap3l, Prok2 and Prokr2 were studied with HTS cohorts only. CONCLUSION These data support the finding of high body fat in 43 independent external published and/or IMPC KO lines. A novel obese phenotype was identified in 29 additional KO lines, with 27 still lacking the external confirmation now provided for Ksr2 and G2e3 KO mice. Undoubtedly, many mammalian obesity genes remain to be identified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Revelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Deon D Doree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M DaCosta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Urvi Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Melanie K Shadoan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Lawrence Rodriguez
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Michael Mullens
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Qi M Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Laura L Kirkpatrick
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Brian Zambrowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Arthur T Sands
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Kenneth A Platt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Gwenn M Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Robert Brommage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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Vogel P, Ding ZM, Read R, DaCosta CM, Hansard M, Small DL, Ye GL, Hansen G, Brommage R, Powell DR. Progressive Degenerative Myopathy and Myosteatosis in ASNSD1-Deficient Mice. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:723-735. [PMID: 32638637 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820939251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mice with an inactivating mutation in the gene encoding asparagine synthetase domain containing 1 (ASNSD1) develop a progressive degenerative myopathy that results in severe sarcopenia and myosteatosis. ASNSD1 is conserved across many species, and whole body gene expression surveys show maximal expression levels of ASNSD1 in skeletal muscle. However, potential functions of this protein have not been previously reported. Asnsd1-/- mice demonstrated severe muscle weakness, and their normalized body fat percentage on both normal chow and high fat diets was greater than 2 SD above the mean for 3651 chow-fed and 2463 high-fat-diet-fed knockout (KO) lines tested. Histologic lesions were essentially limited to the muscle and were characterized by a progressive degenerative myopathy with extensive transdifferentiation and replacement of muscle by well-differentiated adipose tissue. There was minimal inflammation, fibrosis, and muscle regeneration associated with this myopathy. In addition, the absence of any signs of lipotoxicity in Asnsd1-/- mice despite their extremely elevated body fat percentage and low muscle mass suggests a role for metabolic dysfunctions in the development of this phenotype. Asnsd1-/- mice provide the first insight into the function of this protein, and this mouse model could prove useful in elucidating fundamental metabolic interactions between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vogel
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Robert Read
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel L Small
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Gui-Lan Ye
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Gwenn Hansen
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - David R Powell
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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Xiao C, Liu N, Province H, Piñol RA, Gavrilova O, Reitman ML. BRS3 in both MC4R- and SIM1-expressing neurons regulates energy homeostasis in mice. Mol Metab 2020; 36:100969. [PMID: 32229422 PMCID: PMC7113433 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bombesin-like receptor 3 (BRS3) is an orphan receptor and Brs3 knockout mice develop obesity with increased food intake and reduced resting metabolic rate and body temperature. The neuronal populations contributing to these effects were examined. METHODS We studied energy metabolism in mice with Cre-mediated recombination causing 1) loss of BRS3 selectively in SIM1- or MC4R-expressing neurons or 2) selective re-expression of BRS3 from a null background in these neurons. RESULTS The deletion of BRS3 in MC4R neurons increased body weight/adiposity, metabolic efficiency, and food intake, and reduced insulin sensitivity. BRS3 re-expression in these neurons caused partial or no reversal of these traits. However, these observations were confounded by an obesity phenotype caused by the Mc4r-Cre allele, independent of its recombinase activity. The deletion of BRS3 in SIM1 neurons increased body weight/adiposity and food intake, but not to the levels of the global null. The re-expression of BRS3 in SIM1 neurons reduced body weight/adiposity and food intake, but not to wild type levels. The deletion of BRS3 in either MC4R- or SIM1-expressing neurons affected body temperature, with re-expression in either population reversing the null phenotype. MK-5046, a BRS3 agonist, increases light phase body temperature in wild type, but not Brs3 null, mice and BRS3 re-expression in either population restored response to MK-5046. CONCLUSIONS BRS3 in both MC4R- and SIM1-expressing neurons contributes to regulation of body weight/adiposity, insulin sensitivity, food intake, and body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying Xiao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Naili Liu
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haley Province
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ramón A Piñol
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Powell DR, Doree DD, DaCosta CM, Platt KA, Hansen GM, van Sligtenhorst I, Ding ZM, Revelli JP, Brommage R. Obesity of G2e3 Knockout Mice Suggests That Obesity-Associated Variants Near Human G2E3 Decrease G2E3 Activity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:2641-2652. [PMID: 32801815 PMCID: PMC7394505 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s259546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the adjacent protein kinase D1 (PRKD1) and G2/M-phase-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (G2E3) genes on chromosome 14 are associated with obesity. To date, no published evidence links inactivation of either gene to changes in body fat. These two genes are also adjacent on mouse chromosome 12. Because obesity genes are highly conserved between humans and mice, we analyzed body fat in adult G2e3 and Prkd1 knockout (KO) mice to determine whether inactivating either gene leads to obesity in mice and, by inference, probably in humans. METHODS The G2e3 and Prkd1 KO lines were generated by gene trapping and by homologous recombination methodologies, respectively. Body fat was measured by DEXA in adult mice fed chow from weaning and by QMR in a separate cohort of mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) from weaning. Glucose homeostasis was evaluated with oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) performed on adult mice fed HFD from weaning. RESULTS Body fat was increased in multiple cohorts of G2e3 KO mice relative to their wild-type (WT) littermates. When data from all G2e3 KO (n=32) and WT (n=31) mice were compared, KO mice showed increases of 11% in body weight (P<0.01), 65% in body fat (P<0.001), 48% in % body fat (P<0.001), and an insignificant 3% decrease in lean body mass. G2e3 KO mice were also glucose intolerant during an OGTT (P<0.05). In contrast, Prkd1 KO and WT mice had comparable body fat levels and glucose tolerance. CONCLUSION Significant obesity and glucose intolerance were observed in G2e3, but not Prkd1, KO mice. The conservation of obesity genes between mice and humans strongly suggests that the obesity-associated SNPs located near the human G2E3 and PRKD1 genes are linked to variants that decrease the amount of functional human G2E3.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
- Correspondence: David R Powell Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX77381, USATel +1 281 863 3060Fax +1 281 863 8115 Email
| | - Deon D Doree
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
| | | | | | - Gwenn M Hansen
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
| | | | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
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Brommage R, Powell DR, Vogel P. Predicting human disease mutations and identifying drug targets from mouse gene knockout phenotyping campaigns. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm038224. [PMID: 31064765 PMCID: PMC6550044 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two large-scale mouse gene knockout phenotyping campaigns have provided extensive data on the functions of thousands of mammalian genes. The ongoing International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC), with the goal of examining all ∼20,000 mouse genes, has examined 5115 genes since 2011, and phenotypic data from several analyses are available on the IMPC website (www.mousephenotype.org). Mutant mice having at least one human genetic disease-associated phenotype are available for 185 IMPC genes. Lexicon Pharmaceuticals' Genome5000™ campaign performed similar analyses between 2000 and the end of 2008 focusing on the druggable genome, including enzymes, receptors, transporters, channels and secreted proteins. Mutants (4654 genes, with 3762 viable adult homozygous lines) with therapeutically interesting phenotypes were studied extensively. Importantly, phenotypes for 29 Lexicon mouse gene knockouts were published prior to observations of similar phenotypes resulting from homologous mutations in human genetic disorders. Knockout mouse phenotypes for an additional 30 genes mimicked previously published human genetic disorders. Several of these models have helped develop effective treatments for human diseases. For example, studying Tph1 knockout mice (lacking peripheral serotonin) aided the development of telotristat ethyl, an approved treatment for carcinoid syndrome. Sglt1 (also known as Slc5a1) and Sglt2 (also known as Slc5a2) knockout mice were employed to develop sotagliflozin, a dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor having success in clinical trials for diabetes. Clinical trials evaluating inhibitors of AAK1 (neuropathic pain) and SGLT1 (diabetes) are underway. The research community can take advantage of these unbiased analyses of gene function in mice, including the minimally studied 'ignorome' genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brommage
- Department of Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | - David R Powell
- Department of Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Pathology, MS 250, Room C5036A, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Deletion of translin (Tsn) induces robust adiposity and hepatic steatosis without impairing glucose tolerance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:254-266. [PMID: 30647452 PMCID: PMC6629527 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Translin knockout (KO) mice display robust adiposity. Recent studies indicate that translin and its partner protein, trax, regulate the microRNA and ATM kinase signaling pathways, both of which have been implicated in regulating metabolism. In the course of characterizing the metabolic profile of these mice, we found that they display normal glucose tolerance despite their elevated adiposity. Accordingly, we investigated why translin KO mice display this paradoxical phenotype. Methods: To help distinguish between the metabolic effects of increased adiposity and those of translin deletion per se, we compared three groups: (1) wild-type (WT), (2) translin KO mice on a standard chow diet, and (3) adiposity-matched WT mice that were placed on a high-fat diet until they matched translin KO adiposity levels. All groups were scanned to determine their body composition and tested to evaluate their glucose and insulin tolerance. Plasma, hepatic and adipose tissue samples were collected and used for histological and molecular analyses. Results: Translin KO mice show normal glucose tolerance whereas adiposity-matched WT mice, placed on a high-fat diet, do not. In addition, translin KO mice display prominent hepatic steatosis that is more severe than that of adiposity-matched WT mice. Unlike adiposity-matched WT mice, translin KO mice display three key features that have been shown to reduce susceptibility to insulin resistance: increased accumulation of subcutaneous fat, increased levels of circulating adiponectin and decreased Tnfα expression in hepatic and adipose tissue. Conclusions: The ability of translin KO mice to retain normal glucose tolerance in the face of marked adipose tissue expansion may be due to the three protective factors noted above. Further studies aimed at defining the molecular bases for this combination of protective phenotypes may yield new approaches to limit the adverse metabolic consequences of obesity.
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Mugabo Y, Lim GE. Scaffold Proteins: From Coordinating Signaling Pathways to Metabolic Regulation. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3615-3630. [PMID: 30204866 PMCID: PMC6180900 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Among their pleiotropic functions, scaffold proteins are required for the accurate coordination of signaling pathways. It has only been within the past 10 years that their roles in glucose homeostasis and metabolism have emerged. It is well appreciated that changes in the expression or function of signaling effectors, such as receptors or kinases, can influence the development of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. However, little is known regarding whether scaffolds have similar roles in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. In general, scaffolds are often underappreciated in the context of metabolism or metabolic diseases. In the present review, we discuss various scaffold proteins and their involvement in signaling pathways related to metabolism and metabolic diseases. The aims of the present review were to highlight the importance of scaffold proteins and to raise awareness of their physiological contributions. A thorough understanding of how scaffolds influence metabolism could aid in the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches to treat chronic conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease, for which the incidence of all continue to increase at alarming rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Mugabo
- Cardiometabolic Axis, Centre de Recherche de Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montréal Diabetes Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gareth E Lim
- Cardiometabolic Axis, Centre de Recherche de Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montréal Diabetes Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Piñol RA, Zahler SH, Li C, Saha A, Tan BK, Škop V, Gavrilova O, Xiao C, Krashes MJ, Reitman ML. Brs3 neurons in the mouse dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate body temperature, energy expenditure, and heart rate, but not food intake. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1530-1540. [PMID: 30349101 PMCID: PMC6203600 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bombesin-like receptor 3 (BRS3) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that regulates energy homeostasis and heart rate. We report that acute activation of Brs3-expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMHBrs3) increased body temperature (Tb), brown adipose tissue temperature, energy expenditure, heart rate and blood pressure, with no effect on food intake or physical activity. Conversely, activation of Brs3 neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVHBrs3) had no effect on Tb or energy expenditure, but suppressed food intake. Inhibition of DMHBrs3 neurons decreased Tb and energy expenditure, suggesting a necessary role in Tb regulation. We found that the preoptic area provides major input (excitatory and inhibitory) to DMHBrs3 neurons. Optogenetic stimulation of DMHBrs3 projections to the raphe pallidus (RPa) increased Tb. Thus, DMHBrs3→RPa neurons regulate Tb, energy expenditure and heart rate, and PVHBrs3 neurons regulate food intake. Brs3 expression is a useful marker for delineating energy metabolism regulatory circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A Piñol
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Sebastian H Zahler
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chia Li
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Atreyi Saha
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon K Tan
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vojtěch Škop
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cuiying Xiao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Phifer-Rixey M, Bi K, Ferris KG, Sheehan MJ, Lin D, Mack KL, Keeble SM, Suzuki TA, Good JM, Nachman MW. The genomic basis of environmental adaptation in house mice. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007672. [PMID: 30248095 PMCID: PMC6171964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
House mice (Mus musculus) arrived in the Americas only recently in association with European colonization (~400-600 generations), but have spread rapidly and show evidence of local adaptation. Here, we take advantage of this genetic model system to investigate the genomic basis of environmental adaptation in house mice. First, we documented clinal patterns of phenotypic variation in 50 wild-caught mice from a latitudinal transect in Eastern North America. Next, we found that progeny of mice from different latitudes, raised in a common laboratory environment, displayed differences in a number of complex traits related to fitness. Consistent with Bergmann's rule, mice from higher latitudes were larger and fatter than mice from lower latitudes. They also built bigger nests and differed in aspects of blood chemistry related to metabolism. Then, combining exomic, genomic, and transcriptomic data, we identified specific candidate genes underlying adaptive variation. In particular, we defined a short list of genes with cis-eQTL that were identified as candidates in exomic and genomic analyses, all of which have known ties to phenotypes that vary among the studied populations. Thus, wild mice and the newly developed strains represent a valuable resource for future study of the links between genetic variation, phenotypic variation, and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Phifer-Rixey
- Department of Biology, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ke Bi
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Computational Genomics Resource Laboratory, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen G. Ferris
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Sheehan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Dana Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Katya L. Mack
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sara M. Keeble
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Taichi A. Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Good
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Nachman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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14
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Ikeuchi Y, Imanishi A, Sudo K, Fukunaga T, Yokoi A, Matsubara L, Goto C, Fukuoka T, Kuronuma K, Kono R, Hasegawa N, Asano S, Ito M. Translin modulates mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:115-122. [PMID: 30172368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Translin, a highly conserved DNA/RNA binding protein that forms a hetero-octamer together with Translin-associated factor X (TRAX), possesses a broad variety of functions, including RNA processing and DNA repair. Recent studies have reported that Translin is involved in mesenchymal cell physiology. Thus, here we analyzed the intrinsic role of Translin in mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation. Translin-deficient E11.5 mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed enhanced growth. Translin-deficient bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells showed substantial expansion in vivo and enhanced proliferation in vitro. These cells also showed enhanced osteogenic and adipocytic differentiation. Histological analyses showed adipocytic hypertrophy in various adipose tissues. Translin knockout did not affect the growth of subcutaneous white adipose tissue-derived stem cells, but enhanced adipocytic differentiation was observed in vitro. Contrary to previous reports, in vitro-fertilized Translin-null mice were not runted and exhibited normal metabolic homeostasis, indicating the fragility of these mice to environmental conditions. Together, these data suggest that Translin plays an intrinsic role in restricting mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Ikeuchi
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Azusa Imanishi
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Katsuko Sudo
- Pre-clinical Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan; Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takako Fukunaga
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Aya Yokoi
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Leo Matsubara
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Chie Goto
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Tomoya Fukuoka
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Kana Kuronuma
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Ruri Kono
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Natsumi Hasegawa
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Asano
- Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ito
- Division of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan; Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to present current information on genes underlying severe obesity, with the main emphasis on the three genes LEP, LEPR and MC4R. RECENT FINDINGS There is a substantial amount of evidence that variants in at least ten different genes are the cause of severe monogenic obesity. The majority of these are involved in the leptin-melanocortin signalling pathway. Due to the frequency of some of the identified variants, it is clear that monogenic variants also make a significant contribution to common obesity. The artificial distinction between rare monogenic obesity and common polygenic obesity is now obsolete with the identification of MC4R variants of strong effect in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Fairbrother
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, North Campus, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, UK
| | - Elliot Kidd
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, North Campus, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, UK
| | - Tanya Malagamuwa
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Andrew Walley
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
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16
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Turcot V, Lu Y, Highland HM, Schurmann C, Justice AE, Fine RS, Bradfield JP, Esko T, Giri A, Graff M, Guo X, Hendricks AE, Karaderi T, Lempradl A, Locke AE, Mahajan A, Marouli E, Sivapalaratnam S, Young KL, Alfred T, Feitosa MF, Masca NGD, Manning AK, Medina-Gomez C, Mudgal P, Ng MCY, Reiner AP, Vedantam S, Willems SM, Winkler TW, Abecasis G, Aben KK, Alam DS, Alharthi SE, Allison M, Amouyel P, Asselbergs FW, Auer PL, Balkau B, Bang LE, Barroso I, Bastarache L, Benn M, Bergmann S, Bielak LF, Blüher M, Boehnke M, Boeing H, Boerwinkle E, Böger CA, Bork-Jensen J, Bots ML, Bottinger EP, Bowden DW, Brandslund I, Breen G, Brilliant MH, Broer L, Brumat M, Burt AA, Butterworth AS, Campbell PT, Cappellani S, Carey DJ, Catamo E, Caulfield MJ, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Chen YDI, Chowdhury R, Christensen C, Chu AY, Cocca M, Collins FS, Cook JP, Corley J, Corominas Galbany J, Cox AJ, Crosslin DS, Cuellar-Partida G, D'Eustacchio A, Danesh J, Davies G, Bakker PIW, Groot MCH, Mutsert R, Deary IJ, Dedoussis G, Demerath EW, Heijer M, Hollander AI, Ruijter HM, Dennis JG, Denny JC, Di Angelantonio E, Drenos F, Du M, Dubé MP, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Edwards TL, Ellinghaus D, Ellinor PT, Elliott P, Evangelou E, Farmaki AE, Farooqi IS, Faul JD, Fauser S, Feng S, Ferrannini E, Ferrieres J, Florez JC, Ford I, Fornage M, Franco OH, Franke A, Franks PW, Friedrich N, Frikke-Schmidt R, Galesloot TE, Gan W, Gandin I, Gasparini P, Gibson J, Giedraitis V, Gjesing AP, Gordon-Larsen P, Gorski M, Grabe HJ, Grant SFA, Grarup N, Griffiths HL, Grove ML, Gudnason V, Gustafsson S, Haessler J, Hakonarson H, Hammerschlag AR, Hansen T, Harris KM, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Have CT, Hayward C, He L, Heard-Costa NL, Heath AC, Heid IM, Helgeland Ø, Hernesniemi J, Hewitt AW, Holmen OL, Hovingh GK, Howson JMM, Hu Y, Huang PL, Huffman JE, Ikram MA, Ingelsson E, Jackson AU, Jansson JH, Jarvik GP, Jensen GB, Jia Y, Johansson S, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Jukema JW, Kahali B, Kahn RS, Kähönen M, Kamstrup PR, Kanoni S, Kaprio J, Karaleftheri M, Kardia SLR, Karpe F, Kathiresan S, Kee F, Kiemeney LA, Kim E, Kitajima H, Komulainen P, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Korhonen T, Kovacs P, Kuivaniemi H, Kutalik Z, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lamparter D, Lange EM, Lange LA, Langenberg C, Larson EB, Lee NR, Lehtimäki T, Lewis CE, Li H, Li J, Li-Gao R, Lin H, Lin KH, Lin LA, Lin X, Lind L, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Liu CT, Liu DJ, Liu Y, Lo KS, Lophatananon A, Lotery AJ, Loukola A, Luan J, Lubitz SA, Lyytikäinen LP, Männistö S, Marenne G, Mazul AL, McCarthy MI, McKean-Cowdin R, Medland SE, Meidtner K, Milani L, Mistry V, Mitchell P, Mohlke KL, Moilanen L, Moitry M, Montgomery GW, Mook-Kanamori DO, Moore C, Mori TA, Morris AD, Morris AP, Müller-Nurasyid M, Munroe PB, Nalls MA, Narisu N, Nelson CP, Neville M, Nielsen SF, Nikus K, Njølstad PR, Nordestgaard BG, Nyholt DR, O'Connel JR, O'Donoghue ML, Olde Loohuis LM, Ophoff RA, Owen KR, Packard CJ, Padmanabhan S, Palmer CNA, Palmer ND, Pasterkamp G, Patel AP, Pattie A, Pedersen O, Peissig PL, Peloso GM, Pennell CE, Perola M, Perry JA, Perry JRB, Pers TH, Person TN, Peters A, Petersen ERB, Peyser PA, Pirie A, Polasek O, Polderman TJ, Puolijoki H, Raitakari OT, Rasheed A, Rauramaa R, Reilly DF, Renström F, Rheinberger M, Ridker PM, Rioux JD, Rivas MA, Roberts DJ, Robertson NR, Robino A, Rolandsson O, Rudan I, Ruth KS, Saleheen D, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Sapkota Y, Sattar N, Schoen RE, Schreiner PJ, Schulze MB, Scott RA, Segura-Lepe MP, Shah SH, Sheu WHH, Sim X, Slater AJ, Small KS, Smith AV, Southam L, Spector TD, Speliotes EK, Starr JM, Stefansson K, Steinthorsdottir V, Stirrups KE, Strauch K, Stringham HM, Stumvoll M, Sun L, Surendran P, Swift AJ, Tada H, Tansey KE, Tardif JC, Taylor KD, Teumer A, Thompson DJ, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thuesen BH, Tönjes A, Tromp G, Trompet S, Tsafantakis E, Tuomilehto J, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Tyrer JP, Uher R, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, Laan SW, Duijn CM, Leeuwen N, van Setten J, Vanhala M, Varbo A, Varga TV, Varma R, Velez Edwards DR, Vermeulen SH, Veronesi G, Vestergaard H, Vitart V, Vogt TF, Völker U, Vuckovic D, Wagenknecht LE, Walker M, Wallentin L, Wang F, Wang CA, Wang S, Wang Y, Ware EB, Wareham NJ, Warren HR, Waterworth DM, Wessel J, White HD, Willer CJ, Wilson JG, Witte DR, Wood AR, Wu Y, Yaghootkar H, Yao J, Yao P, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Young R, Zeggini E, Zhan X, Zhang W, Zhao JH, Zhao W, Zhao W, Zhou W, Zondervan KT, Rotter JI, Pospisilik JA, Rivadeneira F, Borecki IB, Deloukas P, Frayling TM, Lettre G, North KE, Lindgren CM, Hirschhorn JN, Loos RJF. Protein-altering variants associated with body mass index implicate pathways that control energy intake and expenditure in obesity. Nat Genet 2018; 50:26-41. [PMID: 29273807 PMCID: PMC5945951 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-017-0011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >250 loci for body mass index (BMI), implicating pathways related to neuronal biology. Most GWAS loci represent clusters of common, noncoding variants from which pinpointing causal genes remains challenging. Here we combined data from 718,734 individuals to discover rare and low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 5%) coding variants associated with BMI. We identified 14 coding variants in 13 genes, of which 8 variants were in genes (ZBTB7B, ACHE, RAPGEF3, RAB21, ZFHX3, ENTPD6, ZFR2 and ZNF169) newly implicated in human obesity, 2 variants were in genes (MC4R and KSR2) previously observed to be mutated in extreme obesity and 2 variants were in GIPR. The effect sizes of rare variants are ~10 times larger than those of common variants, with the largest effect observed in carriers of an MC4R mutation introducing a stop codon (p.Tyr35Ter, MAF = 0.01%), who weighed ~7 kg more than non-carriers. Pathway analyses based on the variants associated with BMI confirm enrichment of neuronal genes and provide new evidence for adipocyte and energy expenditure biology, widening the potential of genetically supported therapeutic targets in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Turcot
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yingchang Lu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heather M Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas School of Public Health, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca S Fine
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Quantinuum Research, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ayush Giri
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Audrey E Hendricks
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Tugce Karaderi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Cyprus
| | - Adelheid Lempradl
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adam E Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Suthesh Sivapalaratnam
- Department of Vascular Medicine, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tamuno Alfred
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas G D Masca
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Alisa K Manning
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Poorva Mudgal
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Maggie C Y Ng
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Alex P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara M Willems
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gonçalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katja K Aben
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dewan S Alam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameer E Alharthi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthew Allison
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- INSERM U1167, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, U1167, RID-AGE, Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Lille, France
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul L Auer
- Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Beverley Balkau
- INSERM U1018, Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Villejuif, France
| | - Lia E Bang
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Bastarache
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marianne Benn
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthias Blüher
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carsten A Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michiel L Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Brumat
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Amber A Burt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter T Campbell
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefania Cappellani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - David J Carey
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Eulalia Catamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Research Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Cardiology, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yii-Der I Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Audrey Y Chu
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francis S Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James P Cook
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Janie Corley
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jordi Corominas Galbany
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Cox
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - David S Crosslin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gabriel Cuellar-Partida
- Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Angela D'Eustacchio
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - John Danesh
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Cambridge Centre of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul I W Bakker
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C H Groot
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division of Laboratory and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renée Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Martin Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke I Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hester M Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joe G Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Josh C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fotios Drenos
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mengmeng Du
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shuang Feng
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrieres
- Toulouse University School of Medicine, Toulouse, France
| | - Jose C Florez
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Gan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Jane Gibson
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Anette P Gjesing
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helen L Griffiths
- Vision Sciences, Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Megan L Grove
- School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeff Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Christian T Have
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liang He
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Øyvind Helgeland
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jussi Hernesniemi
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Oddgeir L Holmen
- KG Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jan-Håkan Jansson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Research Unit Skellefteå, Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gorm B Jensen
- Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yucheng Jia
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Johansson
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bratati Kahali
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pia R Kamstrup
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health Research, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Kim
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Hidetoshi Kitajima
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pirjo Komulainen
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Peter Kovacs
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helena Kuivaniemi
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David Lamparter
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ethan M Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric B Larson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nanette R Lee
- Department of Anthropology, Sociology and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Huaixing Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keng-Hung Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-An Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ken S Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Artitaya Lophatananon
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry, UK
| | - Andrew J Lotery
- Vision Sciences, Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Angela L Mazul
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karina Meidtner
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vanisha Mistry
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Westmead Millennium Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leena Moilanen
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marie Moitry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Public Health, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carmel Moore
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- INTERVAL Coordinating Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Research Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connel
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle L O'Donoghue
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katharine R Owen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Colin N A Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division of Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aniruddh P Patel
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gina M Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James A Perry
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva R B Petersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ailith Pirie
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Tinca J Polderman
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannu Puolijoki
- Central Hospital of Southern Ostrobothnia, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dermot F Reilly
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Myriam Rheinberger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John D Rioux
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manuel A Rivas
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Roberts
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant-Oxford Centre, Oxford, UK
- BRC Haematology Theme and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katherine S Ruth
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Yadav Sapkota
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Robert E Schoen
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pamela J Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcelo P Segura-Lepe
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Svati H Shah
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wayne H-H Sheu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xueling Sim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew J Slater
- Genetics, Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- OmicSoft at Qiagen Company, Cary, NC, USA
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Albert V Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth K Speliotes
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Kathleen E Stirrups
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Liang Sun
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Praveen Surendran
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy J Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hayato Tada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Katherine E Tansey
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Betina H Thuesen
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department for Women's and Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan P Tyrer
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sander W Laan
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mauno Vanhala
- Primary Health Care Unit, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anette Varbo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Rohit Varma
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Digna R Velez Edwards
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sita H Vermeulen
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Veronesi
- Research Center on Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas F Vogt
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Uwe Völker
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Lars Wallentin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Feijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Erin B Ware
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen R Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Research Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dawn M Waterworth
- Genetics, Target Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Wessel
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, Diabetes Translational Research Center, Fairbanks School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Harvey D White
- Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland City Hospital and University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jie Yao
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Pang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Laura M Yerges-Armstrong
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Robin Young
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Krina T Zondervan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Endometriosis CaRe Centre, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - John A Pospisilik
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology and Carolina Center of Genome Sciences, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Autosomal-rezessiv vererbte Mutationen in den Genen für Leptin, Leptinrezeptor, Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) und Prohormon-Convertase (PC1) führen zu einer ausgeprägten frühkindlichen Adipositas. Patienten mit biologisch inaktivem Leptin oder Leptinmangel können mit humanem rekombinanten Leptin erfolgreich behandelt werden. Für die anderen Patienten hat sich die Behandlung mit einem α‑MSH-Analogon als erfolgreich erwiesen (POMC-Patienten) bzw. befindet sich derzeit in Erprobung.
Kodominant vererbte Mutationen im MC4R-Gen stellen die häufigste Form der monogenen Adipositas dar. Eine kausale Therapie ist hier allerdings nicht möglich.
Es sind inzwischen noch weitere, autosomal-rezessiv vererbte Genmutationen identifiziert worden, die ebenfalls mit einer ausgeprägten Adipositas assoziiert sind. Die meisten dieser Mutationen liegen in Genen, die in die Signaltransduktion von MC4R oder dem Leptinrezeptor involviert sind. Auch für diese Patienten gibt es aktuell noch keine kausale Therapie.
Schlussfolgerung: Bei Patienten mit extremer frühkindlicher Adipositas sollte eine molekulargenetische Diagnostik eingeleitet werden, da die Diagnosestellung für die Betroffenen und ihre Familie eine enorme Erleichterung bedeuten kann. Außerdem gewinnen die Familien Klarheit über das Wiederholungsrisiko und eventuell ist sogar eine kausale oder zumindest optimierte Therapie möglich.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia von Schnurbein
- Aff1 grid.410712.1 Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Zentrum für Seltene Erkrankungen (ZSE) Ulm, Sektion Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin Eythstr. 24 89075 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Aff1 grid.410712.1 Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Zentrum für Seltene Erkrankungen (ZSE) Ulm, Sektion Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin Eythstr. 24 89075 Ulm Deutschland
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van der Klaauw AA. Neuropeptides in Obesity and Metabolic Disease. Clin Chem 2017; 64:173-182. [PMID: 29097517 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.281568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global rise in the prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer represents a major public health concern. CONTENT Studies in rodents with the use of global and targeted gene disruption, and mapping of neurocircuitry by using optogenetics and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) have greatly advanced our understanding of the neural control of body weight. In conjunction with analytical chemistry techniques involving classical immunoassays and mass spectrometry, many neuropeptides that are key to energy homeostasis have been identified. The actions of neuropeptides are diverse, from paracrine modulation of local neurotransmission to hormonal control of distant target organs. SUMMARY Multiple hormones, such as the adipocyte-derived leptin, insulin, and gut hormones, and nutrients signal peripheral energy state to the central nervous system. Neurons in distinct areas of the hypothalamus and brainstem integrate and translate this information by both direct inhibitory/excitatory projections and anorexigenic or orexigenic neuropeptides into actions on food intake and energy expenditure. The importance of these neuropeptides in human energy balance is most powerfully illustrated by genetic forms of obesity that involve neuropeptides such as melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4R) deficiency. Drugs that mimic the actions of neuropeptides are being tested for the treatment of obesity. Successful therapeutic strategies in obesity will require in-depth knowledge of the neuronal circuits they are working in, the downstream targets, and potential compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha A van der Klaauw
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Metabolic Research Laboratories - Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
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Bombesin-like receptor 3 (Brs3) expression in glutamatergic, but not GABAergic, neurons is required for regulation of energy metabolism. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1540-1550. [PMID: 29107299 PMCID: PMC5681273 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Bombesin-like receptor 3 (BRS-3) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor. Brs3 null mice have reduced resting metabolic rate and body temperature, increased food intake, and obesity. Here we study the role of Brs3 in different neuron types. Methods Mice able to undergo Cre recombinase-dependent inactivation or re-expression of Brs3 were generated, respectively Brs3fl/y and Brs3loxTB/y. We then studied four groups of mice with Brs3 selectively inactivated or re-expressed in cells expressing Vglut2-Cre or Vgat-Cre. Results Deletion of Brs3 in glutamatergic neurons expressing Vglut2 reproduced the global null phenotype for regulation of food intake, metabolic rate, body temperature, adiposity, and insulin resistance. These mice also no longer responded to a BRS-3 agonist, MK-5046. In contrast, deletion of Brs3 in GABAergic neurons produced no detectable phenotype. Conversely, the wild type phenotype was restored by selective re-expression of Brs3 in glutamatergic neurons, with no normalization achieved by re-expressing Brs3 in GABAergic neurons. Conclusions Brs3 expression in glutamatergic neurons is both necessary and sufficient for full Brs3 function in energy metabolism. In these experiments, no function was identified for Brs3 in GABAergic neurons. The data suggest that the anti-obesity pharmacologic actions of BRS-3 agonists occur via agonism of receptors on glutamatergic neurons. Brs3 in glutamatergic neurons regulates food intake, metabolic rate, and body weight. Brs3 in glutamatergic neurons is both necessary and sufficient for these functions. No phenotypes were identified by Brs3 loss or re-expression in GABAergic neurons. BRS-3 agonists likely act on glutamatergic neurons for their anti-obesity effects.
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Wang Y, Ma T, Zhu YS, Chu XF, Yao S, Wang HF, Cai J, Wang XF, Jiang XY. The KSR2-rs7973260 Polymorphism is Associated with Metabolic Phenotypes, but Not Psychological Phenotypes, in Chinese Elders. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:416-421. [PMID: 28537769 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between genetic variants of KSR2 (kinase suppressor of RAS)-rs7973260, RAPGEF6 (guanine nucleotide exchange factor 6)-rs3756290, LOC105377703-rs4481363, and subjective well-being (SWB) and depressive symptoms (DSs) in Chinese elders, which were recently associated in a genome-wide association study conducted in Caucasians. The pleiotropic effects of KSR2-rs7973260 on metabolic phenotypes were also explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used data from 1788 older individuals aged 70-84 years from the aging arm of the Rugao Longevity and Aging Study, a population-based cohort study conducted in the Jiangsu province of China. RESULTS No significant distributions of genotype frequencies were observed between life-satisfied and -unsatisfied groups across those with the three polymorphisms. The level of SWB components (positive affect, negative affect, and affect balance) and DSs did not differ among genotypes of the three variants. However, the presence of GA+AA of KSR2-rs7973260 was significantly higher in the metabolic syndrome (MetS), severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), and diabetes groups than in control groups (43.7% vs. 37.6%, 46.4% vs. 37.6%, 45.8% vs. 37.9%, respectively). The A allele of rs7973260 was associated with increased risk of MetS, severe HTG, and diabetes with an odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.289 (1.002-1.658), 1.438 (1.076-1.921), and 1.384 (1.022-1.875), which remained significant after multiple adjustments. CONCLUSION Rs7973260, rs3756290, and rs4481363 were not associated with SWB and DSs in Chinese elders. However, the KSR2-rs7973260 A allele exhibited pleiotropic effects on some metabolic phenotypes in Chinese elders. These effects should be validated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- 1 Rugao People's Hospital , Rugao, China
| | - Teng Ma
- 2 Unit of Epidemiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Shun Yao
- 2 Unit of Epidemiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Fei Wang
- 3 Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Cai
- 4 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- 2 Unit of Epidemiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering School of Life Sciences, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Jiang
- 5 Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China .,6 Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China .,7 Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University , Shanghai, China
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21
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Cell non-autonomous regulation of hepatic IGF-1 and neonatal growth by Kinase Suppressor of Ras 2 (KSR2). Sci Rep 2016; 6:32093. [PMID: 27561547 PMCID: PMC4999994 DOI: 10.1038/srep32093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with poor postnatal growth are at risk for cardiovascular and metabolic problems as adults. Here we show that disruption of the molecular scaffold Kinase Suppressor of Ras 2 (KSR2) causes selective inhibition of hepatic GH signaling in neonatal mice with impaired expression of IGF-1 and IGFBP3. ksr2(-/-) mice are normal size at birth but show a marked increase in FGF21 accompanied by reduced body mass, shortened body length, and reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) first evident during postnatal development. However, disrupting FGF21 in ksr2(-/-) mice does not normalize mass, length, or bone density and content in fgf21(-/-)ksr2(-/-) mice. Body length, BMC and BMD, but not body mass, are rescued by infection of two-day-old ksr2(-/-) mice with a recombinant adenovirus encoding human IGF-1. Relative to wild-type mice, GH injections reveal a significant reduction in JAK2 and STAT5 phosphorylation in liver, but not in skeletal muscle, of ksr2(-/-) mice. However, primary hepatocytes isolated from ksr2(-/-) mice show no reduction in GH-stimulated STAT5 phosphorylation. These data indicate that KSR2 functions in a cell non-autonomous fashion to regulate GH-stimulated IGF-1 expression in the liver of neonatal mice, which plays a key role in the development of body length.
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22
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Kostich W, Hamman BD, Li YW, Naidu S, Dandapani K, Feng J, Easton A, Bourin C, Baker K, Allen J, Savelieva K, Louis JV, Dokania M, Elavazhagan S, Vattikundala P, Sharma V, Das ML, Shankar G, Kumar A, Holenarsipur VK, Gulianello M, Molski T, Brown JM, Lewis M, Huang Y, Lu Y, Pieschl R, O'Malley K, Lippy J, Nouraldeen A, Lanthorn TH, Ye G, Wilson A, Balakrishnan A, Denton R, Grace JE, Lentz KA, Santone KS, Bi Y, Main A, Swaffield J, Carson K, Mandlekar S, Vikramadithyan RK, Nara SJ, Dzierba C, Bronson J, Macor JE, Zaczek R, Westphal R, Kiss L, Bristow L, Conway CM, Zambrowicz B, Albright CF. Inhibition of AAK1 Kinase as a Novel Therapeutic Approach to Treat Neuropathic Pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:371-86. [PMID: 27411717 PMCID: PMC4998676 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify novel targets for neuropathic pain, 3097 mouse knockout lines were tested in acute and persistent pain behavior assays. One of the lines from this screen, which contained a null allele of the adapter protein-2 associated kinase 1 (AAK1) gene, had a normal response in acute pain assays (hot plate, phase I formalin), but a markedly reduced response to persistent pain in phase II formalin. AAK1 knockout mice also failed to develop tactile allodynia following the Chung procedure of spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Based on these findings, potent, small-molecule inhibitors of AAK1 were identified. Studies in mice showed that one such inhibitor, LP-935509, caused a reduced pain response in phase II formalin and reversed fully established pain behavior following the SNL procedure. Further studies showed that the inhibitor also reduced evoked pain responses in the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model and the rat streptozotocin model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Using a nonbrain-penetrant AAK1 inhibitor and local administration of an AAK1 inhibitor, the relevant pool of AAK1 for antineuropathic action was found to be in the spinal cord. Consistent with these results, AAK1 inhibitors dose-dependently reduced the increased spontaneous neural activity in the spinal cord caused by CCI and blocked the development of windup induced by repeated electrical stimulation of the paw. The mechanism of AAK1 antinociception was further investigated with inhibitors of α2 adrenergic and opioid receptors. These studies showed that α2 adrenergic receptor inhibitors, but not opioid receptor inhibitors, not only prevented AAK1 inhibitor antineuropathic action in behavioral assays, but also blocked the AAK1 inhibitor-induced reduction in spinal neural activity in the rat CCI model. Hence, AAK1 inhibitors are a novel therapeutic approach to neuropathic pain with activity in animal models that is mechanistically linked (behaviorally and electrophysiologically) to α2 adrenergic signaling, a pathway known to be antinociceptive in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Kostich
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Brian D Hamman
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Sreenivasulu Naidu
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Kumaran Dandapani
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Jianlin Feng
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Amy Easton
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Clotilde Bourin
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Kevin Baker
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Jason Allen
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Katerina Savelieva
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Justin V Louis
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Manoj Dokania
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Saravanan Elavazhagan
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Pradeep Vattikundala
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Manish Lal Das
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Ganesh Shankar
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Vinay K Holenarsipur
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Michael Gulianello
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Ted Molski
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Jeffrey M Brown
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Martin Lewis
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Yanling Huang
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Yifeng Lu
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Rick Pieschl
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Kevin O'Malley
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Jonathan Lippy
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Amr Nouraldeen
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Thomas H Lanthorn
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Guilan Ye
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Alan Wilson
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Anand Balakrishnan
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Rex Denton
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - James E Grace
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Kimberley A Lentz
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Kenneth S Santone
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Yingzhi Bi
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Alan Main
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Jon Swaffield
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Ken Carson
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Sandhya Mandlekar
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Reeba K Vikramadithyan
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Susheel J Nara
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Carolyn Dzierba
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Joanne Bronson
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - John E Macor
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Robert Zaczek
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Ryan Westphal
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Laszlo Kiss
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Linda Bristow
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Charles M Conway
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Brian Zambrowicz
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
| | - Charles F Albright
- Research and Development, Neuroscience Biology (W.K., Y.-W.L., J.F., A.E., C.B., M.G., T.M., J.M.B., M.L., Y.H., Y.L., R.P., R.Z., R.W., L.K., L.B., C.M.C., C.F.A.), Neuroscience Chemistry (C.D., J.B., J.E.M.), Preclinical Candidate Optimization (A.B., J.E.G., K.A.L., K.S.S.), and Discovery Toxicology (R.D.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut; Research and Development, Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey (K.O., J.L.); BMS Biocon Research Center, Bangalore, India (K.D., J.V.L., S.N., M.D., S.E., P.V., V.S., M.L.D, G.S., A.K., V.K.H., S.M., R.K.V., S.J.N.); Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, Texas (B.D.H., K.B., J.A., K.S., A.N., A.W., J.S., B.Z., T.H.L., G.Y.); and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Basking Ridge, New Jersey (Y.B., A.M., K.C.)
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Powell DR, Gay JP, Smith M, Wilganowski N, Harris A, Holland A, Reyes M, Kirkham L, Kirkpatrick LL, Zambrowicz B, Hansen G, Platt KA, van Sligtenhorst I, Ding ZM, Desai U. Fatty acid desaturase 1 knockout mice are lean with improved glycemic control and decreased development of atheromatous plaque. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2016; 9:185-99. [PMID: 27382320 PMCID: PMC4922822 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s106653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) and delta-6 desaturase (D6D), encoded by fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and FADS2 genes, respectively, are enzymes in the synthetic pathways for ω3, ω6, and ω9 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Although PUFAs appear to be involved in mammalian metabolic pathways, the physiologic effect of isolated D5D deficiency on these pathways is unclear. After generating >4,650 knockouts (KOs) of independent mouse genes and analyzing them in our high-throughput phenotypic screen, we found that Fads1 KO mice were among the leanest of 3,651 chow-fed KO lines analyzed for body composition and were among the most glucose tolerant of 2,489 high-fat-diet-fed KO lines analyzed by oral glucose tolerance test. In confirmatory studies, chow- or high-fat-diet-fed Fads1 KO mice were leaner than wild-type (WT) littermates; when data from multiple cohorts of adult mice were combined, body fat was 38% and 31% lower in Fads1 male and female KO mice, respectively. Fads1 KO mice also had lower glucose and insulin excursions during oral glucose tolerance tests along with lower fasting glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels. In additional studies using a vascular injury model, Fads1 KO mice had significantly decreased femoral artery intima/media ratios consistent with a decreased inflammatory response in their arterial wall. Based on this result, we bred Fads1 KO and WT mice onto an ApoE KO background and fed them a Western diet for 14 weeks; in this atherogenic environment, aortic trees of Fads1 KO mice had 40% less atheromatous plaque compared to WT littermates. Importantly, PUFA levels measured in brain and liver phospholipid fractions of Fads1 KO mice were consistent with decreased D5D activity and normal D6D activity. The beneficial metabolic phenotype demonstrated in Fads1 KO mice suggests that selective D5D inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of human obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Correspondence: David R Powell, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA, Tel +1 281 863 3060, Fax +1 281 863 8115, Email
| | - Jason P Gay
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Melinda Smith
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - Angela Harris
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Autumn Holland
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Maricela Reyes
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Laura Kirkham
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - Brian Zambrowicz
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Gwenn Hansen
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth A Platt
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Urvi Desai
- Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
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24
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Tekola-Ayele F, Doumatey AP, Shriner D, Bentley AR, Chen G, Zhou J, Fasanmade O, Johnson T, Oli J, Okafor G, Eghan BA, Agyenim-Boateng K, Adebamowo C, Amoah A, Acheampong J, Adeyemo A, Rotimi CN. Genome-wide association study identifies African-ancestry specific variants for metabolic syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 116:305-13. [PMID: 26507551 PMCID: PMC5292212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of developing several diseases including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified variants associated with individual traits comprising MetS, the genetic basis and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the clustering of these traits remain unclear. We conducted GWAS of MetS in 1427 Africans from Ghana and Nigeria followed by replication testing and meta-analysis in another continental African sample from Kenya. Further replication testing was performed in an African American sample from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. We found two African-ancestry specific variants that were significantly associated with MetS: SNP rs73989312[A] near CA10 that conferred increased risk (P=3.86 × 10(-8), OR=6.80) and SNP rs77244975[C] in CTNNA3 that conferred protection against MetS (P=1.63 × 10(-8), OR=0.15). Given the exclusive expression of CA10 in the brain, our CA10 finding strengthens previously reported link between brain function and MetS. We also identified two variants that are not African specific: rs76822696[A] near RALYL associated with increased MetS risk (P=7.37 × 10(-9), OR=1.59) and rs7964157[T] near KSR2 associated with reduced MetS risk (P=4.52 × 10(-8), Pmeta=7.82 × 10(-9), OR=0.53). The KSR2 locus displayed pleiotropic associations with triglyceride and measures of blood pressure. Rare KSR2 mutations have been reported to be associated with early onset obesity and insulin resistance. Finally, we replicated the LPL and CETP loci previously found to be associated with MetS in Europeans. These findings provide novel insights into the genetics of MetS in Africans and demonstrate the utility of conducting trans-ethnic disease gene mapping studies for testing the cosmopolitan significance of GWAS signals of cardio-metabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasil Tekola-Ayele
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ayo P Doumatey
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Shriner
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guanjie Chen
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Johnnie Oli
- University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | | | - Benjami A Eghan
- University of Science and Technology, Department of Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Clement Adebamowo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Albert Amoah
- University of Ghana Medical School, Department of Medicine, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Acheampong
- University of Science and Technology, Department of Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Adebowale Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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25
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Search for an Endogenous Bombesin-Like Receptor 3 (BRS-3) Ligand Using Parabiotic Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142637. [PMID: 26562312 PMCID: PMC4643013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombesin-like receptor 3 (BRS-3) is an X-linked G protein-coupled receptor involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Brs3 null (Brs3-/y) mice become obese. To date, no high affinity endogenous ligand has been identified. In an effort to detect a circulating endogenous BRS-3 ligand, we generated parabiotic pairs of mice between Brs3-/y and wild type (WT) mice or between WT controls. Successful parabiosis was demonstrated by circulatory dye exchange. The Brs3-/y-WT and WT-WT pairs lost similar weight immediately after surgery. After 9 weeks on a high fat diet, the Brs3-/y-WT pairs weighed more than the WT-WT pairs. Within the Brs3-/y-WT pairs, the Brs3-/y mice had greater adiposity than the WT mice, but comparable lean and liver weights. Compared to WT mice in WT-WT pairs, Brs3-/y and WT mice in Brs3-/y-WT pairs each had greater lean mass, and the Brs3-/y mice also had greater adiposity. These results contrast to those reported for parabiotic pairs of leptin receptor null (Leprdb/db) and WT mice, where high leptin levels in the Leprdb/db mice cause the WT parabiotic partners to lose weight. Our data demonstrate that a circulating endogenous BRS-3 ligand, if present, is not sufficient to reduce adiposity in parabiotic partners of Brs3-/y mice.
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26
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Abstract
RAF family kinases were among the first oncoproteins to be described more than 30 years ago. They primarily act as signalling relays downstream of RAS, and their close ties to cancer have fuelled a large number of studies. However, we still lack a systems-level understanding of their regulation and mode of action. The recent discovery that the catalytic activity of RAF depends on an allosteric mechanism driven by kinase domain dimerization is providing a vital new piece of information towards a comprehensive model of RAF function. The fact that current RAF inhibitors unexpectedly induce ERK signalling by stimulating RAF dimerization also calls for a deeper structural characterization of this family of kinases.
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27
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Abreu-Vieira G, Xiao C, Gavrilova O, Reitman ML. Integration of body temperature into the analysis of energy expenditure in the mouse. Mol Metab 2015; 4:461-70. [PMID: 26042200 PMCID: PMC4443293 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We quantified the effect of environmental temperature on mouse energy homeostasis and body temperature. METHODS The effect of environmental temperature (4-33 °C) on body temperature, energy expenditure, physical activity, and food intake in various mice (chow diet, high-fat diet, Brs3 (-/y) , lipodystrophic) was measured using continuous monitoring. RESULTS Body temperature depended most on circadian phase and physical activity, but also on environmental temperature. The amounts of energy expenditure due to basal metabolic rate (calculated via a novel method), thermic effect of food, physical activity, and cold-induced thermogenesis were determined as a function of environmental temperature. The measured resting defended body temperature matched that calculated from the energy expenditure using Fourier's law of heat conduction. Mice defended a higher body temperature during physical activity. The cost of the warmer body temperature during the active phase is 4-16% of total daily energy expenditure. Parameters measured in diet-induced obese and Brs3 (-/y) mice were similar to controls. The high post-mortem heat conductance demonstrates that most insulation in mice is via physiological mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS At 22 °C, cold-induced thermogenesis is ∼120% of basal metabolic rate. The higher body temperature during physical activity is due to a higher set point, not simply increased heat generation during exercise. Most insulation in mice is via physiological mechanisms, with little from fur or fat. Our analysis suggests that the definition of the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone should be re-considered. Measuring body temperature informs interpretation of energy expenditure data and improves the predictiveness and utility of the mouse to model human energy homeostasis.
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Key Words
- BMR, basal metabolic rate
- Basal metabolic rate
- Body temperature
- CIT, cold-induced thermogenesis
- Cold-induced thermogenesis
- EE, energy expenditure
- Energy expenditure
- HFD, high-fat diet
- Heat conductance
- LCT, lower critical temperature
- PAEE, physical activity energy expenditure
- RQ, respiratory quotient
- TEE, total energy expenditure
- TEF, thermic effect of food
- Ta, environmental temperature
- Tb, core body temperature
- Thermoneutrality
- dTb, defended body temperature
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Abreu-Vieira
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cuiying Xiao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marc L. Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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28
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Abstract
The global rise in the prevalence of obesity and associated co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer represents a major public health concern. The biological response to increased consumption of palatable foods or a reduction in energy expenditure is highly variable between individuals. A more detailed mechanistic understanding of the molecular, physiological, and behavioral pathways involved in the development of obesity in susceptible individuals is critical for identifying effective mechanism-based preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha A van der Klaauw
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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29
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Powell DR, Gay JP, Wilganowski N, Doree D, Savelieva KV, Lanthorn TH, Read R, Vogel P, Hansen GM, Brommage R, Ding ZM, Desai U, Zambrowicz B. Diacylglycerol Lipase α Knockout Mice Demonstrate Metabolic and Behavioral Phenotypes Similar to Those of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Knockout Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:86. [PMID: 26082754 PMCID: PMC4451644 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After creating >4,650 knockouts (KOs) of independent mouse genes, we screened them by high-throughput phenotyping and found that cannabinoid receptor 1 (Cnr1) KO mice had the same lean phenotype published by others. We asked if our KOs of DAG lipase α or β (Dagla or Daglb), which catalyze biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid (EC) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), or Napepld, which catalyzes biosynthesis of the EC anandamide, shared the lean phenotype of Cnr1 KO mice. We found that Dagla KO mice, but not Daglb or Napepld KO mice, were among the leanest of 3651 chow-fed KO lines screened. In confirmatory studies, chow- or high fat diet-fed Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice were leaner than wild-type (WT) littermates; when data from multiple cohorts of adult mice were combined, body fat was 47 and 45% lower in Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice, respectively, relative to WT values. By contrast, neither Daglb nor Napepld KO mice were lean. Weanling Dagla KO mice ate less than WT mice and had body weight (BW) similar to pair-fed WT mice, and adult Dagla KO mice had normal activity and VO2 levels, similar to Cnr1 KO mice. Our Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice also had low fasting insulin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels, and after glucose challenge had normal glucose but very low insulin levels. Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice also showed similar responses to a battery of behavioral tests. These data suggest: (1) the lean phenotype of young Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice is mainly due to hypophagia; (2) in pathways where ECs signal through Cnr1 to regulate food intake and other metabolic and behavioral phenotypes observed in Cnr1 KO mice, Dagla alone provides the 2-AG that serves as the EC signal; and (3) small molecule Dagla inhibitors with a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that of Cnr1 inverse agonists are likely to mirror the ability of these Cnr1 inverse agonists to lower BW and improve glycemic control in obese patients with type 2 diabetes, but may also induce undesirable neuropsychiatric side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Powell
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
- *Correspondence: David R. Powell, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA,
| | - Jason P. Gay
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - Deon Doree
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Read
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Urvi Desai
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
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30
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Abstract
The physiological and pathophysiological functions of the endocannabinoid system have been studied extensively using transgenic and targeted knockout mouse models. The first gene deletions of the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor were described in the late 1990s, soon followed by CB(2) and FAAH mutations in early 2000. These mouse models helped to elucidate the fundamental role of endocannabinoids as retrograde transmitters in the CNS and in the discovery of many unexpected endocannabinoid functions, for example, in the skin, bone and liver. We now have knockout mouse models for almost every receptor and enzyme of the endocannabinoid system. Conditional mutant mice were mostly developed for the CB(1) receptor, which is widely expressed on many different neurons, astrocytes and microglia, as well as on many cells outside the CNS. These mouse strains include "floxed" CB(1) alleles and mice with a conditional re-expression of CB(1). The availability of these mice made it possible to decipher the function of CB(1) in specific neuronal circuits and cell populations or to discriminate between central and peripheral effects. Many of the genetic mouse models were also used in combination with viral expression systems. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing genetic models and to summarize some of the most important discoveries that were made with these animals.
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MESH Headings
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Animals
- Endocannabinoids/genetics
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genotype
- Humans
- Hydrolysis
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/genetics
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/metabolism
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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31
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Brommage R, Liu J, Hansen GM, Kirkpatrick LL, Potter DG, Sands AT, Zambrowicz B, Powell DR, Vogel P. High-throughput screening of mouse gene knockouts identifies established and novel skeletal phenotypes. Bone Res 2014; 2:14034. [PMID: 26273529 PMCID: PMC4472125 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening gene function in vivo is a powerful approach to discover novel drug targets. We present high-throughput screening (HTS) data for 3 762 distinct global gene knockout (KO) mouse lines with viable adult homozygous mice generated using either gene-trap or homologous recombination technologies. Bone mass was determined from DEXA scans of male and female mice at 14 weeks of age and by microCT analyses of bones from male mice at 16 weeks of age. Wild-type (WT) cagemates/littermates were examined for each gene KO. Lethality was observed in an additional 850 KO lines. Since primary HTS are susceptible to false positive findings, additional cohorts of mice from KO lines with intriguing HTS bone data were examined. Aging, ovariectomy, histomorphometry and bone strength studies were performed and possible non-skeletal phenotypes were explored. Together, these screens identified multiple genes affecting bone mass: 23 previously reported genes (Calcr, Cebpb, Crtap, Dcstamp, Dkk1, Duoxa2, Enpp1, Fgf23, Kiss1/Kiss1r, Kl (Klotho), Lrp5, Mstn, Neo1, Npr2, Ostm1, Postn, Sfrp4, Slc30a5, Slc39a13, Sost, Sumf1, Src, Wnt10b), five novel genes extensively characterized (Cldn18, Fam20c, Lrrk1, Sgpl1, Wnt16), five novel genes with preliminary characterization (Agpat2, Rassf5, Slc10a7, Slc26a7, Slc30a10) and three novel undisclosed genes coding for potential osteoporosis drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Liu
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , The Woodlands, TX, USA
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32
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Voss MD, Czechtizky W, Li Z, Rudolph C, Petry S, Brummerhop H, Langer T, Schiffer A, Schaefer HL. Discovery and pharmacological characterization of a novel small molecule inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase, type II, beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 449:327-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Pilbrow AP. Discovery of an Obesity Susceptibility Gene,
KSR2
, Provides New Insight into Energy Homeostasis Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:218-9. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna P. Pilbrow
- From the Early Career Committee of the American Heart Association Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Council, Dallas, TX
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34
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Pearce L, Atanassova N, Banton M, Bottomley B, van der Klaauw A, Revelli JP, Hendricks A, Keogh J, Henning E, Doree D, Jeter-Jones S, Garg S, Bochukova E, Bounds R, Ashford S, Gayton E, Hindmarsh P, Shield J, Crowne E, Barford D, Wareham N, O’Rahilly S, Murphy M, Powell D, Barroso I, Farooqi I. KSR2 mutations are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and impaired cellular fuel oxidation. Cell 2013; 155:765-77. [PMID: 24209692 PMCID: PMC3898740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Kinase suppressor of Ras 2 (KSR2) is an intracellular scaffolding protein involved in multiple signaling pathways. Targeted deletion of Ksr2 leads to obesity in mice, suggesting a role in energy homeostasis. We explored the role of KSR2 in humans by sequencing 2,101 individuals with severe early-onset obesity and 1,536 controls. We identified multiple rare variants in KSR2 that disrupt signaling through the Raf-MEKERK pathway and impair cellular fatty acid oxidation and glucose oxidation in transfected cells; effects that can be ameliorated by the commonly prescribed antidiabetic drug, metformin. Mutation carriers exhibit hyperphagia in childhood, low heart rate, reduced basal metabolic rate and severe insulin resistance. These data establish KSR2 as an important regulator of energy intake, energy expenditure, and substrate utilization in humans. Modulation of KSR2-mediated effects may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Pearce
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Neli Atanassova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthew C. Banton
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bill Bottomley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Agatha A. van der Klaauw
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | - Julia M. Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Deon Doree
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | | | - Sumedha Garg
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elena G. Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Bounds
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sofie Ashford
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Emma Gayton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Peter C. Hindmarsh
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Julian P.H. Shield
- University of Bristol and Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Crowne
- University of Bristol and Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - David Barford
- Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nick J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - Ines Barroso
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Xing W, Liu J, Cheng S, Vogel P, Mohan S, Brommage R. Targeted disruption of leucine-rich repeat kinase 1 but not leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 in mice causes severe osteopetrosis. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1962-74. [PMID: 23526378 PMCID: PMC9528686 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To assess the roles of Lrrk1 and Lrrk2, we examined skeletal phenotypes in Lrrk1 and Lrrk2 knockout (KO) mice. Lrrk1 KO mice exhibit severe osteopetrosis caused by dysfunction of multinucleated osteoclasts, reduced bone resorption in endocortical and trabecular regions, and increased bone mineralization. Lrrk1 KO mice have lifelong accumulation of bone and respond normally to the anabolic actions of teriparatide treatment, but are resistant to ovariectomy-induced bone boss. Precursors derived from Lrrk1 KO mice differentiate into multinucleated cells in response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)/receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) treatment, but these cells fail to form peripheral sealing zones and ruffled borders, and fail to resorb bone. The phosphorylation of cellular Rous sarcoma oncogene (c-Src) at Tyr-527 is significantly elevated whereas at Tyr-416 is decreased in Lrrk1-deficient osteoclasts. The defective osteoclast function is partially rescued by overexpression of the constitutively active form of Y527F c-Src. Immunoprecipitation assays in osteoclasts detected a physical interaction of Lrrk1 with C-terminal Src kinase (Csk). Lrrk2 KO mice do not show obvious bone phenotypes. Precursors derived from Lrrk2 KO mice differentiate into functional multinucleated osteoclasts. Our finding of osteopetrosis in Lrrk1 KO mice provides convincing evidence that Lrrk1 plays a critical role in negative regulation of bone mass in part through modulating the c-Src signaling pathway in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Powell DR, Smith M, Greer J, Harris A, Zhao S, DaCosta C, Mseeh F, Shadoan MK, Sands A, Zambrowicz B, Ding ZM. LX4211 increases serum glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY levels by reducing sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1)-mediated absorption of intestinal glucose. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:250-9. [PMID: 23487174 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
LX4211 [(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl)-6-(methylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol], a dual sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and SGLT2 inhibitor, is thought to decrease both renal glucose reabsorption by inhibiting SGLT2 and intestinal glucose absorption by inhibiting SGLT1. In clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), LX4211 treatment improved glycemic control while increasing circulating levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). To better understand how LX4211 increases GLP-1 and PYY levels, we challenged SGLT1 knockout (-/-) mice, SGLT2-/- mice, and LX4211-treated mice with oral glucose. LX4211-treated mice and SGLT1-/- mice had increased levels of plasma GLP-1, plasma PYY, and intestinal glucose during the 6 hours after a glucose-containing meal, as reflected by area under the curve (AUC) values, whereas SGLT2-/- mice showed no response. LX4211-treated mice and SGLT1-/- mice also had increased GLP-1 AUC values, decreased glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) AUC values, and decreased blood glucose excursions during the 6 hours after a challenge with oral glucose alone. However, GLP-1 and GIP levels were not increased in LX4211-treated mice and were decreased in SGLT1-/- mice, 5 minutes after oral glucose, consistent with studies linking decreased intestinal SGLT1 activity with reduced GLP-1 and GIP levels 5 minutes after oral glucose. These data suggest that LX4211 reduces intestinal glucose absorption by inhibiting SGLT1, resulting in net increases in GLP-1 and PYY release and decreases in GIP release and blood glucose excursions. The ability to inhibit both intestinal SGLT1 and renal SGLT2 provides LX4211 with a novel dual mechanism of action for improving glycemic control in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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Bellas E, Marra KG, Kaplan DL. Sustainable three-dimensional tissue model of human adipose tissue. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 19:745-54. [PMID: 23373822 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for physiologically relevant sustainable human adipose tissue models is crucial for understanding tissue development, disease progression, in vitro drug development and soft tissue regeneration. The coculture of adipocytes differentiated from human adipose-derived stem cells, with endothelial cells, on porous silk protein matrices for at least 6 months is reported, while maintaining adipose-like outcomes. Cultures were assessed for structure and morphology (Oil Red O content and CD31 expression), metabolic functions (leptin, glycerol production, gene expression for GLUT4, and PPARγ) and cell replication (DNA content). The cocultures maintained size and shape over this extended period in static cultures, while increasing in diameter by 12.5% in spinner flask culture. Spinner flask cultures yielded improved adipose tissue outcomes overall, based on structure and function, when compared to the static cultures. This work establishes a tissue model system that can be applied to the development of chronic metabolic dysfunction systems associated with human adipose tissue, such as obesity and diabetes, due to the long term sustainable functions demonstrated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Bellas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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Zambrowicz B, Ding ZM, Ogbaa I, Frazier K, Banks P, Turnage A, Freiman J, Smith M, Ruff D, Sands A, Powell D. Effects of LX4211, a dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor, plus sitagliptin on postprandial active GLP-1 and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Clin Ther 2013; 35:273-285.e7. [PMID: 23433601 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination therapy is required to provide adequate glycemic control in many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Because sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT)-1 inhibition results in an increased release of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, and because dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors prevent its inactivation, the 2 mechanisms together provide an intriguing potential combination therapy. OBJECTIVES This combination was explored in preclinical models and then tested in patients with T2DM to compare the effects of single-dose LX4211 400 mg and sitagliptin 100 mg, administered as monotherapy or in combination, on GLP-1, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucose, and insulin. METHODS Preclinical: Obese male C57BL6J mice were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: LX4211 60 mg/kg, sitagliptin 30 mg/kg, LX4211 + sitagliptin, or inactive vehicle. Clinical: This 3-treatment, 3-crossover, randomized, open-label study was conducted at a single center. Patients on metformin monotherapy were washed out from metformin and were randomly assigned to receive sequences of single-dose LX4211, sitagliptin, or the combination. In both studies, blood was collected for the analysis of pharmacodynamic variables (GLP-1, PYY, GIP, glucose, and insulin). In the clinical study, urine was collected to assess urinary glucose excretion. RESULTS Preclinical: 120 mice were treated and assessed (5/time point/treatment group). With repeat daily dosing, the combination was associated with apparently synergistic increases in active GLP-1 relative to monotherapy with either agent; this finding was supported by findings from an additional 14-day repeated-dose experiment. Clinical: 18 patients were enrolled and treated (mean age, 49 years; 56% male; 89% white). The LX4211 + sitagliptin combination was associated with significantly increased active GLP-1, total GLP-1, and total PYY; with a significant reduction in total GIP; and with a significantly improved blood glucose level, with less insulin, compared with sitagliptin monotherapy. LX4211 was associated with a significant increase in total GLP-1 and PYY and a reduced total GIP, likely due to a reduction in SGLT1-mediated intestinal glucose absorption, whereas sitagliptin was associated with suppression of all 3 peptides relative to baseline. All treatments were well tolerated, with no evidence of diarrhea with LX4211 treatment. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the preclinical studies suggest that the LX4211 + sitagliptin combination produced synergistic increases in active GLP-1 after a meal challenge containing glucose. These initial clinical results also suggest that a LX4211 + DPP-4 inhibitor combination may provide an option in patients with T2DM. The potential long-term clinical benefits of such combination treatment need to be confirmed in large clinical trials. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01441232.
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Powell DR, DaCosta CM, Gay J, Ding ZM, Smith M, Greer J, Doree D, Jeter-Jones S, Mseeh F, Rodriguez LA, Harris A, Buhring L, Platt KA, Vogel P, Brommage R, Shadoan MK, Sands AT, Zambrowicz B. Improved glycemic control in mice lacking Sglt1 and Sglt2. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E117-30. [PMID: 23149623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00439.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) is the major, and SGLT1 the minor, transporter responsible for renal glucose reabsorption. Increasing urinary glucose excretion (UGE) by selectively inhibiting SGLT2 improves glycemic control in diabetic patients. We generated Sglt1 and Sglt2 knockout (KO) mice, Sglt1/Sglt2 double-KO (DKO) mice, and wild-type (WT) littermates to study their relative glycemic control and to determine contributions of SGLT1 and SGLT2 to UGE. Relative to WTs, Sglt2 KOs had improved oral glucose tolerance and were resistant to streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Sglt1 KOs fed glucose-free high-fat diet (G-free HFD) had improved oral glucose tolerance accompanied by delayed intestinal glucose absorption and increased circulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), but had normal intraperitoneal glucose tolerance. On G-free HFD, Sglt2 KOs had 30%, Sglt1 KOs 2%, and WTs <1% of the UGE of DKOs. Consistent with their increased UGE, DKOs had lower fasting blood glucose and improved intraperitoneal glucose tolerance than Sglt2 KOs. In conclusion, 1) Sglt2 is the major renal glucose transporter, but Sglt1 reabsorbs 70% of filtered glucose if Sglt2 is absent; 2) mice lacking Sglt2 display improved glucose tolerance despite UGE that is 30% of maximum; 3) Sglt1 KO mice respond to oral glucose with increased circulating GLP-1; and 4) DKO mice have improved glycemic control over mice lacking Sglt2 alone. These data suggest that, in patients with type 2 diabetes, combining pharmacological SGLT2 inhibition with complete renal and/or partial intestinal SGLT1 inhibition may improve glycemic control over that achieved by SGLT2 inhibition alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Pl., The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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Ramírez-Solis R, Ryder E, Houghton R, White JK, Bottomley J. Large-scale mouse knockouts and phenotypes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 4:547-63. [PMID: 22899600 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Standardized phenotypic analysis of mutant forms of every gene in the mouse genome will provide fundamental insights into mammalian gene function and advance human and animal health. The availability of the human and mouse genome sequences, the development of embryonic stem cell mutagenesis technology, the standardization of phenotypic analysis pipelines, and the paradigm-shifting industrialization of these processes have made this a realistic and achievable goal. The size of this enterprise will require global coordination to ensure economies of scale in both the generation and primary phenotypic analysis of the mutant strains, and to minimize unnecessary duplication of effort. To provide more depth to the functional annotation of the genome, effective mechanisms will also need to be developed to disseminate the information and resources produced to the wider community. Better models of disease, potential new drug targets with novel mechanisms of action, and completely unsuspected genotype-phenotype relationships covering broad aspects of biology will become apparent. To reach these goals, solutions to challenges in mouse production and distribution, as well as development of novel, ever more powerful phenotypic analysis modalities will be necessary. It is a challenging and exciting time to work in mouse genetics.
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Moller DE. Metabolic disease drug discovery- "hitting the target" is easier said than done. Cell Metab 2012; 15:19-24. [PMID: 22225873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advent of new drug classes, the global epidemic of cardiometabolic disease has not abated. Continuing unmet medical needs remain a major driver for new research. Drug discovery approaches in this field have mirrored industry trends, leading to a recent increase in the number of molecules entering development. However, worrisome trends and newer hurdles are also apparent. The history of two newer drug classes-glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors-illustrates both progress and challenges. Future success requires that researchers learn from these experiences and continue to explore and apply new technology platforms and research paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Moller
- Division of Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Discovery Research and Clinical Investigation, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Coleman RA, Mashek DG. Mammalian triacylglycerol metabolism: synthesis, lipolysis, and signaling. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6359-86. [PMID: 21627334 PMCID: PMC3181269 DOI: 10.1021/cr100404w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind A Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Revelli JP, Smith D, Allen J, Jeter-Jones S, Shadoan MK, Desai U, Schneider M, van Sligtenhorst I, Kirkpatrick L, Platt KA, Suwanichkul A, Savelieva K, Gerhardt B, Mitchell J, Syrewicz J, Zambrowicz B, Hamman BD, Vogel P, Powell DR. Profound obesity secondary to hyperphagia in mice lacking kinase suppressor of ras 2. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1010-8. [PMID: 21127480 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The kinase suppressor of ras 2 (KSR2) gene resides at human chromosome 12q24, a region linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). While knocking out and phenotypically screening mouse orthologs of thousands of druggable human genes, we found KSR2 knockout (KSR2(-/-)) mice to be more obese and glucose intolerant than melanocortin 4 receptor(-/-) (MC4R(-/-)) mice. The obesity and T2D of KSR2(-/-) mice resulted from hyperphagia which was unresponsive to leptin and did not originate downstream of MC4R. The kinases AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are each linked to food intake regulation, but only mTOR had increased activity in KSR2(-/-) mouse brain, and the ability of rapamycin to inhibit food intake in KSR2(-/-) mice further implicated mTOR in this process. The metabolic phenotype of KSR2 heterozygous (KSR2(+/minus;)) and KSR2(-/-) mice suggests that human KSR2 variants may contribute to a similar phenotype linked to human chromosome 12q24.
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Udell CM, Rajakulendran T, Sicheri F, Therrien M. Mechanistic principles of RAF kinase signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:553-65. [PMID: 20820846 PMCID: PMC11114552 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The RAF family of kinases are key components acting downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and cells employ several distinct mechanisms to strictly control their activity. RAF transitions from an inactive state, where the N-terminal regulatory region binds intramolecularly to the C-terminal kinase domain, to an open state capable of executing the phosphoryl transfer reaction. This transition involves changes both within and between the protein domains in RAF. Many different proteins regulate the transition between inactive and active states of RAF, including RAS and KSR, which are arguably the two most prominent regulators of RAF function. Recent developments have added several new twists to our understanding of RAF regulation. Among others, dimerization of the RAF kinase domain is emerging as a crucial step in the RAF activation process. The multitude of regulatory protein-protein interactions involving RAF remains a largely untapped area for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Udell
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling, Département de pathologie et de biologie cellulaire, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Thanashan Rajakulendran
- Centre for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Frank Sicheri
- Centre for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Marc Therrien
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling, Département de pathologie et de biologie cellulaire, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7 Canada
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Requirement for class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2alpha in maintenance of glomerular structure and function. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 31:63-80. [PMID: 20974805 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00468-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An early lesion in many kidney diseases is damage to podocytes, which are critical components of the glomerular filtration barrier. A number of proteins are essential for podocyte filtration function, but the signaling events contributing to development of nephrotic syndrome are not well defined. Here we show that class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2α (PI3KC2α) is expressed in podocytes and plays a critical role in maintaining normal renal homeostasis. PI3KC2α-deficient mice developed chronic renal failure and exhibited a range of kidney lesions, including glomerular crescent formation and renal tubule defects in early disease, which progressed to diffuse mesangial sclerosis, with reduced podocytes, widespread effacement of foot processes, and modest proteinuria. These findings were associated with altered expression of nephrin, synaptopodin, WT-1, and desmin, indicating that PI3KC2α deficiency specifically impacts podocyte morphology and function. Deposition of glomerular IgA was observed in knockout mice; importantly, however, the development of severe glomerulonephropathy preceded IgA production, indicating that nephropathy was not directly IgA mediated. PI3KC2α deficiency did not affect immune responses, and bone marrow transplantation studies also indicated that the glomerulonephropathy was not the direct consequence of an immune-mediated disease. Thus, PI3KC2α is critical for maintenance of normal glomerular structure and function by supporting normal podocyte function.
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Biological roles of translin and translin-associated factor-X: RNA metabolism comes to the fore. Biochem J 2010; 429:225-34. [PMID: 20578993 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Translin, and its binding partner protein TRAX (translin-associated factor-X) are a paralogous pair of conserved proteins, which have been implicated in a broad spectrum of biological activities, including cell growth regulation, mRNA processing, spermatogenesis, neuronal development/function, genome stability regulation and carcinogenesis, although their precise role in some of these processes remains unclear. Furthermore, translin (with or without TRAX) has nucleic-acid-binding activity and it is apparent that controlling nucleic acid metabolism and distribution are central to the biological role(s) of this protein and its partner TRAX. More recently, translin and TRAX have together been identified as enhancer components of an RNAi (RNA interference) pathway in at least one organism and this might provide critical insight into the biological roles of this enigmatic partnership. In the present review we discuss the biological and the biochemical properties of these proteins that indicate that they play a central and important role in eukaryotic cell biology.
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A mouse knockout library for secreted and transmembrane proteins. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:749-55. [PMID: 20562862 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Large collections of knockout organisms facilitate the elucidation of gene functions. Here we used retroviral insertion or homologous recombination to disrupt 472 genes encoding secreted and membrane proteins in mice, providing a resource for studying a large fraction of this important class of drug target. The knockout mice were subjected to a systematic phenotypic screen designed to uncover alterations in embryonic development, metabolism, the immune system, the nervous system and the cardiovascular system. The majority of knockout lines exhibited altered phenotypes in at least one of these therapeutic areas. To our knowledge, a comprehensive phenotypic assessment of a large number of mouse mutants generated by a gene-specific approach has not been described previously.
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Moore TW, Mayne CG, Katzenellenbogen JA. Minireview: Not picking pockets: nuclear receptor alternate-site modulators (NRAMs). Mol Endocrinol 2009; 24:683-95. [PMID: 19933380 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of their central importance in gene regulation and mediating the actions of many hormones, the nuclear receptors (NRs) have long been recognized as very important biological and pharmaceutical targets. Of all the surfaces available on a given NR, the singular site for regulation of receptor activity has almost invariably been the ligand-binding pocket of the receptor, the site where agonists, antagonists, and selective NR modulators interact. With our increasing understanding of the multiple molecular components involved in NR action, researchers have recently begun to look to additional interaction sites on NRs for regulating their activities by novel mechanisms. The alternate NR-associated interaction sites that have been targeted include the coactivator-binding groove and allosteric sites in the ligand-binding domain, the zinc fingers of the DNA-binding domain, and the NR response element in DNA. The studies thus far have been performed with the estrogen receptors, the androgen receptor (AR), the thyroid hormone receptors, and the pregnane X receptor. Phenotypic and conformation-based screens have also identified small molecule modulators that are believed to function through the NRs but have, as yet, unknown sites and mechanisms of action. The rewards from investigation of these NR alternate-site modulators should be the discovery of new therapeutic approaches and novel agents for regulating the activities of these important NR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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KSR2 is an essential regulator of AMP kinase, energy expenditure, and insulin sensitivity. Cell Metab 2009; 10:366-78. [PMID: 19883615 PMCID: PMC2773684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kinase suppressors of Ras 1 and 2 (KSR1 and KSR2) function as molecular scaffolds to potently regulate the MAP kinases ERK1/2 and affect multiple cell fates. Here we show that KSR2 interacts with and modulates the activity of AMPK. KSR2 regulates AMPK-dependent glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and glycolysis in a neuronal cell line. Disruption of KSR2 in vivo impairs AMPK-regulated processes affecting fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis to cause obesity. Despite their increased adiposity, ksr2(-/-) mice are hypophagic and hyperactive but expend less energy than wild-type mice. In addition, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies reveal that ksr2(-/-) mice are profoundly insulin resistant. The expression of genes mediating oxidative phosphorylation is also downregulated in the adipose tissue of ksr2(-/-) mice. These data demonstrate that ksr2(-/-) mice are highly efficient in conserving energy, revealing a novel role for KSR2 in AMPK-mediated regulation of energy metabolism.
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Zemunik T, Boban M, Lauc G, Janković S, Rotim K, Vatavuk Z, Bencić G, Dogas Z, Boraska V, Torlak V, Susac J, Zobić I, Rudan D, Pulanić D, Modun D, Mudnić I, Gunjaca G, Budimir D, Hayward C, Vitart V, Wright AF, Campbell H, Rudan I. Genome-wide association study of biochemical traits in Korcula Island, Croatia. Croat Med J 2009; 50:23-33. [PMID: 19260141 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify genetic variants underlying biochemical traits--total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, albumin, and fibrinogen, in a genome-wide association study in an isolated population where rare variants of larger effect may be more easily identified. METHODS The study included 944 adult inhabitants of the island of Korcula, as a part of larger DNA-based genetic epidemiological study in 2007. Biochemical measurements were performed in a single laboratory with stringent internal and external quality control procedures. Examinees were genotyped using Human Hap370CNV chip by Illumina, with a genome-wide scan containing 346027 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). RESULTS A total of 31 SNPs were associated with 7 investigated traits at the level of P<1.00 x 10(-5). Nine of SNPs implicated the role of SLC2A9 in uric acid regulation (P=4.10 x 10(-6)-2.58 x 10(-12)), as previously found in other populations. All 22 remaining associations fell into the P=1.00 x 10(-5)-1.00 x 10(-6) significance range. One of them replicated the association between cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and HDL, and 7 associations were more than 100 kilobases away from the closest known gene. Nearby SNPs, rs4767631 and rs10444502, in gene kinase suppressor of ras 2 (KSR2) on chromosome 12 were associated with LDL cholesterol levels, and rs10444502 in the same gene with total cholesterol levels. Similarly, rs2839619 in gene PBX/knotted 1 homeobox 1 (PKNOX1) on chromosome 21 was associated with total and LDL cholesterol levels. The remaining 9 findings implied possible associations between phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene and total cholesterol; USP46, RAP1GDS1, and ZCCHC16 genes and triglycerides; BCAT1 and SLC14A2 genes and albumin; and NR3C2, GRIK2, and PCSK2 genes and fibrinogen. CONCLUSION Although this study was underpowered for most of the reported associations to reach formal threshold of genome-wide significance under the assumption of independent multiple testing, replications of previous findings and consistency of association between the identified variants and more than one studied trait make such findings interesting for further functional follow-up studies. Changed allele frequencies in isolate population may contribute to identifying variants that would not be easily identified in much larger samples in outbred populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatijana Zemunik
- University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
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