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Moon D, Hauck JS, Jiang X, Quang H, Xu L, Zhang F, Gao X, Wild R, Everitt JI, Macias E, He Y, Huang J. Targeting glutamine dependence with DRP-104 inhibits proliferation and tumor growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2024; 84:349-357. [PMID: 38084059 PMCID: PMC10872917 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in men. While androgen deprivation therapy is initially effective, castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) often recurs and has limited treatment options. Our previous study identified glutamine metabolism to be critical for CRPC growth. The glutamine antagonist 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) blocks both carbon and nitrogen pathways but has dose-limiting toxicity. The prodrug DRP-104 is expected to be preferentially converted to DON in tumor cells to inhibit glutamine utilization with minimal toxicity. However, CRPC cells' susceptibility to DRP-104 remains unclear. METHODS Human PCa cell lines (LNCaP, LAPC4, C4-2/MDVR, PC-3, 22RV1, NCI-H660) were treated with DRP-104, and effects on proliferation and cell death were assessed. Unbiased metabolic profiling and isotope tracing evaluated the effects of DRP-104 on glutamine pathways. Efficacy of DRP-104 in vivo was evaluated in a mouse xenograft model of neuroendocrine PCa, NCI-H660. RESULTS DRP-104 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in CRPC cell lines. Metabolite profiling showed decreases in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and nucleotide synthesis metabolites. Glutamine isotope tracing confirmed the blockade of both carbon pathway and nitrogen pathways. DRP-104 treated CRPC cells were rescued by the addition of nucleosides. DRP-104 inhibited neuroendocrine PCa xenograft growth without detectable toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The prodrug DRP-104 blocks glutamine carbon and nitrogen utilization, thereby inhibiting CRPC growth and inducing apoptosis. Targeting glutamine metabolism pathways with DRP-104 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Spencer Hauck
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Holly Quang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lingfan Xu
- Urology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert Wild
- Dracen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Everardo Macias
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yiping He
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Zhao X, Wang Z, Tang Z, Hu J, Zhou Y, Ge J, Dong J, Xu S. An anoikis-related gene signature for prediction of the prognosis in prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1169425. [PMID: 37664042 PMCID: PMC10469923 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1169425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study presents a novel approach to predict postoperative biochemical recurrence (BCR) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients which involves constructing a signature based on anoikis-related genes (ARGs). Methods In this study, we utilised data from TCGA-PARD and GEO databases to identify specific ARGs in prostate cancer. We established a signature of these ARGs using Cox regression analysis and evaluated their clinical predictive efficacy and immune-related status through various methods such as Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, subject work characteristics analysis, and CIBERSORT method. Our findings suggest that these ARGs may have potential as biomarkers for prostate cancer prognosis and treatment. To investigate the biological pathways of genes associated with anoikis, we utilised GSVA, GO, and KEGG. The expression of ARGs was confirmed by the HPA database. Furthermore, we conducted PPI analysis to identify the core network of ARGs in PCa. Results Based on analysis of the TCGA database, a set of eight ARGs were identified as prognostic signature genes for prostate cancer. The reliability and validity of this signature were well verified in both the TCGA and GEO codifications. Using this signature, patients were classified into two groups based on their risk for developing BCR. There was a significant difference in BCR-free time between the high and low risk groups (P < 0.05).This signature serves as a dependable and unbiased prognostic factor for predicting biochemical recurrence (BCR) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. It outperforms clinicopathological characteristics in terms of accuracy and reliability. PLK1 may play a potential regulatory role as a core gene in the development of prostate cancer. Conclusion This signature suggests the potential role of ARGs in the development and progression of PCa and can effectively predict the risk of BCR in PCa patients after surgery. It also provides a basis for further research into the mechanism of ARGs in PCa and for the clinical management of patients with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhao
- Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuheng Wang
- Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zilu Tang
- Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingping Ge
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Xu
- Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Eastern Theater General Hospital of Medical School Of Nan Jing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Sekhoacha M, Riet K, Motloung P, Gumenku L, Adegoke A, Mashele S. Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Alternative Approaches. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175730. [PMID: 36080493 PMCID: PMC9457814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer affects men of all racial and ethnic groups and leads to higher rates of mortality in those belonging to a lower socioeconomic status due to late detection of the disease. There is growing evidence that suggests the contribution of an individual’s genetic profile to prostate cancer. Currently used prostate cancer treatments have serious adverse effects; therefore, new research is focusing on alternative treatment options such as the use of genetic biomarkers for targeted gene therapy, nanotechnology for controlled targeted treatment, and further exploring medicinal plants for new anticancer agents. In this review, we describe the recent advances in prostate cancer research. Abstract Prostate cancer is one of the malignancies that affects men and significantly contributes to increased mortality rates in men globally. Patients affected with prostate cancer present with either a localized or advanced disease. In this review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of prostate cancer, including the diagnosis of the disease, mutations leading to the onset and progression of the disease, and treatment options. Prostate cancer diagnoses include a digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen analysis, and prostate biopsies. Mutations in certain genes are linked to the onset, progression, and metastasis of the cancer. Treatment for localized prostate cancer encompasses active surveillance, ablative radiotherapy, and radical prostatectomy. Men who relapse or present metastatic prostate cancer receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), salvage radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Currently, available treatment options are more effective when used as combination therapy; however, despite available treatment options, prostate cancer remains to be incurable. There has been ongoing research on finding and identifying other treatment approaches such as the use of traditional medicine, the application of nanotechnologies, and gene therapy to combat prostate cancer, drug resistance, as well as to reduce the adverse effects that come with current treatment options. In this article, we summarize the genes involved in prostate cancer, available treatment options, and current research on alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamello Sekhoacha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Keamogetswe Riet
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Paballo Motloung
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Lemohang Gumenku
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Ayodeji Adegoke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Samson Mashele
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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4
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Proteomic Landscape of Prostate Cancer: The View Provided by Quantitative Proteomics, Integrative Analyses, and Protein Interactomes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194829. [PMID: 34638309 PMCID: PMC8507874 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer of men worldwide. While the genetic landscapes and heterogeneity of prostate cancer are relatively well-known already, methodological developments now allow for studying basic and dynamic proteomes on a large scale and in a quantitative fashion. This aids in revealing the functional output of cancer genomes. It has become evident that not all aberrations at the genetic and transcriptional level are translated to the proteome. In addition, the proteomic level contains heterogeneity, which increases as the cancer progresses from primary prostate cancer (PCa) to metastatic and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). While multiple aspects of prostate adenocarcinoma proteomes have been studied, less is known about proteomes of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). In this review, we summarize recent developments in prostate cancer proteomics, concentrating on the proteomic landscapes of clinical prostate cancer, cell line and mouse model proteomes interrogating prostate cancer-relevant signaling and alterations, and key prostate cancer regulator interactomes, such as those of the androgen receptor (AR). Compared to genomic and transcriptomic analyses, the view provided by proteomics brings forward changes in prostate cancer metabolism, post-transcriptional RNA regulation, and post-translational protein regulatory pathways, requiring the full attention of studies in the future.
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5
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Ahmed M, Soares F, Xia JH, Yang Y, Li J, Guo H, Su P, Tian Y, Lee HJ, Wang M, Akhtar N, Houlahan KE, Bosch A, Zhou S, Mazrooei P, Hua JT, Chen S, Petricca J, Zeng Y, Davies A, Fraser M, Quigley DA, Feng FY, Boutros PC, Lupien M, Zoubeidi A, Wang L, Walsh MJ, Wang T, Ren S, Wei GH, He HH. CRISPRi screens reveal a DNA methylation-mediated 3D genome dependent causal mechanism in prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1781. [PMID: 33741908 PMCID: PMC7979745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) risk-associated SNPs are enriched in noncoding cis-regulatory elements (rCREs), yet their modi operandi and clinical impact remain elusive. Here, we perform CRISPRi screens of 260 rCREs in PCa cell lines. We find that rCREs harboring high risk SNPs are more essential for cell proliferation and H3K27ac occupancy is a strong indicator of essentiality. We also show that cell-line-specific essential rCREs are enriched in the 8q24.21 region, with the rs11986220-containing rCRE regulating MYC and PVT1 expression, cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in a cell-line-specific manner, depending on DNA methylation-orchestrated occupancy of a CTCF binding site in between this rCRE and the MYC promoter. We demonstrate that CTCF deposition at this site as measured by DNA methylation level is highly variable in prostate specimens, and observe the MYC eQTL in the 8q24.21 locus in individuals with low CTCF binding. Together our findings highlight a causal mechanism synergistically driven by a risk SNP and DNA methylation-mediated 3D genome architecture, advocating for the integration of genetics and epigenetics in assessing risks conferred by genetic predispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaddeque Ahmed
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fraser Soares
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ji-Han Xia
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Yue Yang
- Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyang Guo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peiran Su
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yijun Tian
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hyung Joo Lee
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Miranda Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nayeema Akhtar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen E Houlahan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Almudena Bosch
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley Zhou
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Parisa Mazrooei
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Junjie T Hua
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sujun Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Petricca
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yong Zeng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alastair Davies
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Fraser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David A Quigley
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mathieu Lupien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Martin J Walsh
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Gong-Hong Wei
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Cellular and Molecular Progression of Prostate Cancer: Models for Basic and Preclinical Research. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092651. [PMID: 32957478 PMCID: PMC7563251 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The molecular progression of prostate cancer is complex and elusive. Biological research relies heavily on in vitro and in vivo models that can be used to examine gene functions and responses to the external agents in laboratory and preclinical settings. Over the years, several models have been developed and found to be very helpful in understanding the biology of prostate cancer. Here we describe these models in the context of available information on the cellular and molecular progression of prostate cancer to suggest their potential utility in basic and preclinical prostate cancer research. The information discussed herein should serve as a hands-on resource for scholars engaged in prostate cancer research or to those who are making a transition to explore the complex biology of prostate cancer. Abstract We have witnessed noteworthy progress in our understanding of prostate cancer over the past decades. This basic knowledge has been translated into efficient diagnostic and treatment approaches leading to the improvement in patient survival. However, the molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer appears to be complex, and histological findings often do not provide an accurate assessment of disease aggressiveness and future course. Moreover, we also witness tremendous racial disparity in prostate cancer incidence and clinical outcomes necessitating a deeper understanding of molecular and mechanistic bases of prostate cancer. Biological research heavily relies on model systems that can be easily manipulated and tested under a controlled experimental environment. Over the years, several cancer cell lines have been developed representing diverse molecular subtypes of prostate cancer. In addition, several animal models have been developed to demonstrate the etiological molecular basis of the prostate cancer. In recent years, patient-derived xenograft and 3-D culture models have also been created and utilized in preclinical research. This review is an attempt to succinctly discuss existing information on the cellular and molecular progression of prostate cancer. We also discuss available model systems and their tested and potential utility in basic and preclinical prostate cancer research.
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Geng C, Kaochar S, Li M, Rajapakshe K, Fiskus W, Dong J, Foley C, Dong B, Zhang L, Kwon OJ, Shah SS, Bolaki M, Xin L, Ittmann M, O’Malley BW, Coarfa C, Mitsiades N. SPOP regulates prostate epithelial cell proliferation and promotes ubiquitination and turnover of c-MYC oncoprotein. Oncogene 2017; 36:4767-4777. [PMID: 28414305 PMCID: PMC5887163 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) is frequently dysregulated in prostate adenocarcinoma (PC), via either somatic mutations or mRNA downregulation, suggesting an important tumour suppressor function. To examine its physiologic role in the prostate epithelium in vivo, we generated mice with prostate-specific biallelic ablation of Spop. These mice exhibited increased prostate mass, prostate epithelial cell proliferation, and expression of c-MYC protein compared to littermate controls, and eventually developed prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). We found that SPOPWT can physically interact with c-MYC protein and, upon exogenous expression in vitro, can promote c-MYC ubiquitination and degradation. This effect was attenuated in PC cells by introducing PC-associated SPOP mutants or upon knockdown of SPOP via short-hairpin-RNA, suggesting that SPOP inactivation directly increases c-MYC protein levels. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed enrichment of Myc-induced genes in transcriptomic signatures associated with SPOPMT. Likewise, we observed strong inverse correlation between c-MYC activity and SPOP mRNA levels in two independent PC patient cohorts. The core SPOPMT;MYCHigh transcriptomic response, defined by the overlap between the SPOPMT and c-MYC transcriptomic programmes, was also associated with inferior clinical outcome in human PCs. Finally, the organoid-forming capacity of Spop-null murine prostate cells was more sensitive to c-MYC inhibition than that of Spop-WT cells, suggesting that c-MYC upregulation functionally contributes to the proliferative phenotype of Spop knock-out prostates. Taken together, our data highlight SPOP as an important regulator of luminal epithelial cell proliferation and c-MYC expression in prostate physiology, identify c-MYC as a novel bona fide SPOP substrate, and help explain the frequent inactivation of SPOP in human PC. We propose SPOPMT-induced stabilization of c-MYC protein as a novel mechanism that can increase total c-MYC levels in PC cells, in addition to amplification of c-MYC locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuandong Geng
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Salma Kaochar
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Min Li
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Warren Fiskus
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jianrong Dong
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Christopher Foley
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Boming Dong
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Li Zhang
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Oh-Joon Kwon
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Shrijal S. Shah
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Menaka Bolaki
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Li Xin
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Pathology and Immunology and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Cristian Coarfa
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nicholas Mitsiades
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Rebello RJ, Pearson RB, Hannan RD, Furic L. Therapeutic Approaches Targeting MYC-Driven Prostate Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020071. [PMID: 28212321 PMCID: PMC5333060 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcript encoding the proto-oncogene MYC is commonly overexpressed in prostate cancer (PC). MYC protein abundance is also increased in the majority of cases of advanced and metastatic castrate-resistant PC (mCRPC). Accordingly, the MYC-directed transcriptional program directly contributes to PC by upregulating the expression of a number of pro-tumorigenic factors involved in cell growth and proliferation. A key cellular process downstream of MYC activity is the regulation of ribosome biogenesis which sustains tumor growth. MYC activity also cooperates with the dysregulation of the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathway to promote PC cell survival. Recent advances in the understanding of these interactions through the use of animal models have provided significant insight into the therapeutic efficacy of targeting MYC activity by interfering with its transcriptional program, and indirectly by targeting downstream cellular events linked to MYC transformation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Rebello
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Richard B Pearson
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Ross D Hannan
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
- The ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Luc Furic
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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PTEN loss and chromosome 8 alterations in Gleason grade 3 prostate cancer cores predicts the presence of un-sampled grade 4 tumor: implications for active surveillance. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:764-71. [PMID: 27080984 PMCID: PMC4925272 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Men who enter active surveillance because their biopsy exhibits only Gleason grade 3 (G3) frequently have higher grade tumor missed by biopsy. Thus, biomarkers are needed that, when measured on G3 tissue, can predict the presence of higher grade tumor in the whole prostate. We evaluated whether PTEN loss, chromosome 8q gain (MYC) and/or 8p loss (LPL) measured only on G3 cores is associated with un-sampled G4 tumor. A tissue microarray was constructed of prostatectomy tissue from patients whose prostates exhibited only Gleason score 3+3, only 3+4 or only 4+3 tumor (n=50 per group). Cores sampled only from areas of G3 were evaluated for PTEN loss by immunohistochemistry, and PTEN deletion, LPL/8p loss and MYC/8q gain by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Biomarker results were compared between Gleason score 6 vs 7 tumors using conditional logistic regression. PTEN protein loss, odds ratio=4.99, P=0.033; MYC/8q gain, odds ratio=5.36, P=0.010; and LPL/8p loss, odds ratio=3.96, P=0.003 were significantly more common in G3 cores derived from Gleason 7 vs Gleason 6 tumors. PTEN gene deletion was not statistically significant. Associations were stronger comparing Gleason 4+3 vs 6 than for Gleason 3+4 vs 6. MYC/8q gain, LPL/8p loss and PTEN protein loss measured in G3 tissue microarray cores strongly differentiate whether the core comes from a Gleason 6 or Gleason 7 tumor. If validated to predict upgrading from G3 biopsy to prostatectomy these biomarkers could reduce the likelihood of enrolling high-risk men and facilitate safe patient selection for active surveillance.
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Abstract
PUPOSE OF REVIEW The review covers arguments for and against removing the label of 'cancer' in Gleason score 6 prostate tumors. RECENT FINDINGS While there are a number of factors that determine whether men elect active surveillance, the most powerful predictor remains the Gleason score. Gleason grading remains a robust and powerful predictor of outcome in patients with prostate cancer. A pure Gleason score 6 (GS6) tumor is exceedingly unlikely to cause harm in the near term, and there have been discussions regarding whether the term cancer should still be applied. In this review, we update the largely clinico-pathological arguments that have led to the suggestion to remove the cancer label from GS6 tumors, and we provide counter arguments on the basis of practical matters of needle biopsy sampling, classical histopathology, and molecular biology findings. SUMMARY The implications are that by retaining the label of cancer and implementing the recently proposed concept of prognostic groups, with patients harboring GS6 tumors placed into the lowest category, there is still a strong rationale in support of the choice of active surveillance or watchful waiting for most patients with GS6 lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Kulac
- aDepartment of Pathology bDepartment of Urology cDepartment of Oncology dThe Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins eThe Brady Urological Research Institute
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Bassaganyas L, Riveira-Muñoz E, García-Aragonés M, González JR, Cáceres M, Armengol L, Estivill X. Worldwide population distribution of the common LCE3C-LCE3B deletion associated with psoriasis and other autoimmune disorders. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:261. [PMID: 23594316 PMCID: PMC3639927 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence of the importance of copy number variants (CNV) in genetic diversity among individuals and populations, as well as in some common genetic diseases. We previously characterized a common 32-kb insertion/deletion variant of the PSORS4 locus at chromosome 1q21 that harbours the LCE3C and LCE3B genes. This variant allele (LCE3C_LCE3B-del) is common in patients with psoriasis and other autoimmune disorders from certain ethnic groups. Results Using array-CGH (Agilent 244 K) in samples from the HapMap and Human Genome Diversity Panel (HGDP) collections, we identified 54 regions showing population differences in comparison to Africans. We provided here a comprehensive population-genetic analysis of one of these regions, which involves the 32-kb deletion of the PSORS4 locus. By a PCR-based genotyping assay we characterised the profiles of the LCE3C_LCE3B-del and the linkage disequilibrium (LD) pattern between the variant allele and the tag SNP rs4112788. Our results show that most populations tend to have a higher frequency of the deleted allele than Sub-Saharan Africans. Furthermore, we found strong LD between rs4112788G and LCE3C_LCE3B-del in most non-African populations (r2 >0.8), in contrast to the low concordance between loci (r2 <0.3) in the African populations. Conclusions These results are another example of population variability in terms of biomedical interesting CNV. The frequency distribution of the LCE3C_LCE3B-del allele and the LD pattern across populations suggest that the differences between ethnic groups might not be due to natural selection, but the consequence of genetic drift caused by the strong bottleneck that occurred during “out of Africa” expansion.
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Analysis of genetic aberrations on chromosomal region 8q21–24 identifies E2F5 as an oncogene with copy number gain in prostate cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 30:465. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chen H, Kolman K, Lanciloti N, Nerney M, Hays E, Robson C, Chandar N. p53 and MDM2 are involved in the regulation of osteocalcin gene expression. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:867-76. [PMID: 22405968 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OC) is a major noncollagenous bone matrix protein and an osteoblast marker whose expression is limited to mature osteoblasts during the late differentiation stage. In previous studies we have shown osteosarcomas to lose p53 function with a corresponding loss of osteocalcin gene expression. Introduction of wild type p53 resulted in re expression of the osteocalcin gene. Using gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we have identified a putative p53 binding site within the rat OC promoter region and observed an increase in OC promoter activity when p53 accumulates using a CAT assay. The p53 inducible gene Mdm2 is a well-known downstream regulator of p53 levels. Our results showed a synergistic increase in the OC promoter activity when both p53 and MDM2 were transiently overexpressed. We further demonstrate that p53 is not degraded during overexpression of MDM2 protein. Increased OC expression was observed with concomitantly increased p53, VDR, and MDM2 levels in ROS17/2.8 cells during treatment with differentiation promoting (DP) media, but was significantly decreased when co-treated with DP media and the small molecule inhibitor of MDM2-p53 interaction, Nutlin-3. We have also observed a dramatic increase of the OC promoter activity in the presence of p53 and Mdm2 with inclusion of Cbfa-1 and p300 factors. Our results suggest that under some physiological conditions the oncoprotein MDM2 may cooperate with p53 to regulate the osteocalcin gene during osteoblastic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hankui Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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Shiota M, Yokomizo A, Naito S. Increased androgen receptor transcription: a cause of castration-resistant prostate cancer and a possible therapeutic target. J Mol Endocrinol 2011; 47:R25-41. [PMID: 21504942 DOI: 10.1530/jme-11-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Few effective therapies exist for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Recent evidence suggests that CRPC may be caused by augmented androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling, generally involving AR overexpression. Aberrant androgen/AR signaling associated with AR overexpression also plays a key role in prostate carcinogenesis. Although AR overexpression could be attributed to gene amplification, only 10-20% of CRPCs exhibit AR gene amplification, and aberrant AR expression in the remaining instances of CRPC is thought to be attributed to transcriptional, translational, and post-translational mechanisms. Overexpression of AR at the protein level, as well as the mRNA level, has been found in CRPC, suggesting a key role for transcriptional regulation of AR expression. Since the analysis of the AR promoter region in the 1990s, several transcription factors have been reported to regulate AR transcription. In this review, we discuss the molecules involved in the control of AR gene expression, with emphasis on its transcriptional control by transcription factors in prostate cancer. We also consider the therapeutic potential of targeting AR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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