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Mousavikia SN, Darvish L, Bahreyni Toossi MT, Azimian H. Exosomes: Their role in the diagnosis, progression, metastasis, and treatment of glioblastoma. Life Sci 2024; 350:122743. [PMID: 38806071 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are crucial for the growth and spread of glioblastomas, an aggressive form of brain cancer. These tiny vesicles play a crucial role in the activation of signaling pathways and intercellular communication. They can also transfer a variety of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids from donor to recipient cells. Exosomes can influence the immune response by regulating the activity of immune cells, and they are crucial for the growth and metastasis of glioblastoma cells. In addition, exosomes contribute to drug resistance during treatment, which is a major obstacle in the treatment of glioblastoma. By studying them, the diagnosis and prognosis of glioblastoma can be improved. Due to their high biocompatibility and lack of toxicity, they have become an attractive option for drug delivery. The development of exosomes as carriers of specific therapeutic agents could overcome some of the obstacles to effective treatment of glioblastoma. In this review, we address the potential of exosomes for the treatment of glioblastoma and show how they can be modified for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Mousavikia
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - L Darvish
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Mother and Child Welfare Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - M T Bahreyni Toossi
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - H Azimian
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Tao X, Zhu Z, Wang L, Li C, Sun L, Wang W, Gong W. Biomarkers of Aging and Relevant Evaluation Techniques: A Comprehensive Review. Aging Dis 2024; 15:977-1005. [PMID: 37611906 PMCID: PMC11081160 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.00808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of developing chronic illnesses and disabilities is increasing with age. To predict and prevent aging, biomarkers relevant to the aging process must be identified. This paper reviews the known molecular, cellular, and physiological biomarkers of aging. Moreover, we discuss the currently available technologies for identifying these biomarkers, and their applications and potential in aging research. We hope that this review will stimulate further research and innovation in this emerging and fast-growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tao
- Department of Research, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ziman Zhu
- Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Liguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chunlin Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Liwei Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Radiology, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Weijun Gong
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Zhang Q, Lin J, Yang M, Li Z, Zhang M, Bu B. Therapeutic potential of natural killer cells in neuroimmunological diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116371. [PMID: 38430631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, a major component of the innate immune system, have prominent immunoregulatory, antitumor proliferation, and antiviral activities. NK cells act as a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential in neurological autoimmunity. Emerging evidence has identified NK cells are involved in the development and progression of neuroimmunological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, autoimmune encephalitis, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, myasthenia gravis, and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. However, the regulatory mechanisms and functional roles of NK cells are highly variable in different clinical states of neuroimmunological diseases and need to be further determined. In this review, we summarize the evidence for the heterogenic involvement of NK cells in the above conditions. Further, we describe cutting-edge NK-cell-based immunotherapy for neuroimmunological diseases in preclinical and clinical development and highlight challenges that must be overcome to fully realize the therapeutic potential of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mengge Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Bitao Bu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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4
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Jung I, Shin S, Baek MC, Yea K. Modification of immune cell-derived exosomes for enhanced cancer immunotherapy: current advances and therapeutic applications. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:19-31. [PMID: 38172594 PMCID: PMC10834411 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the approach to cancer treatment of malignant tumors by harnessing the body's immune system to selectively target cancer cells. Despite remarkable advances, there are still challenges in achieving successful clinical responses. Recent evidence suggests that immune cell-derived exosomes modulate the immune system to generate effective antitumor immune responses, making them a cutting-edge therapeutic strategy. However, natural exosomes are limited in clinical application due to their low drug delivery efficiency and insufficient antitumor capacity. Technological advancements have allowed exosome modifications to magnify their intrinsic functions, load different therapeutic cargoes, and preferentially target tumor sites. These engineered exosomes exert potent antitumor effects and have great potential for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we describe ingenious modification strategies to attain the desired performance. Moreover, we systematically summarize the tumor-controlling properties of engineered immune cell-derived exosomes in innate and adaptive immunity. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive and intuitive guide for harnessing the potential of modified immune cell-derived exosome-based approaches, offering valuable strategies to enhance and optimize cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseong Jung
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Shin
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, Exosome Convergence Research Center (ECRC), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungmoo Yea
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
- New Biology Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 43024, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Nathani A, Sun L, Khan I, Aare M, Bagde A, Li Y, Singh M. Combined Role of Interleukin-15 Stimulated Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Carboplatin in Osimertinib-Resistant H1975 Lung Cancer Cells with EGFR Mutations. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:83. [PMID: 38258094 PMCID: PMC10821370 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated IL-15 stimulated natural killer cell-derived EVs (NK-EVs) as therapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo in Osimertinib-resistant lung cancer (H1975R) with EGFR mutations (L858R) in combination with carboplatin (CBP). NK-EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, and atomic force microscopy imaging revealed vesicles with a spherical form and sizes meeting the criteria of exosomal EVs. Further, Western blot studies demonstrated the presence of regular EV markers along with specific NK markers (perforin and granzyme). EVs were also characterized by proteomic analysis, which demonstrated that EVs had proteins for natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity (Granzyme B) and T cell activation (perforin and plastin-2). Gene oncology analysis showed that these differentially expressed proteins are involved in programmed cell death and positive regulation of cell death. Further, isolated NK-EVs were cytotoxic to H1975R cells in vitro in 2D and 3D cell cultures. CBP's IC50 was reduced by approximately in 2D and 3D cell cultures when combined with NK-EVs. The EVs were then combined with CBP and administered by i.p. route to H1975R tumor xenografts, and a significant reduction in tumor volume in vivo was observed. Our findings show for the first time that NK-EVs target the PD-L1/PD-1 immunological checkpoint to induce apoptosis and anti-inflammatory response by downregulation of SOD2, PARP, BCL2, SET, NF-κB, and TGF-ß. The ability to isolate functional NK-EVs on a large scale and use them with platinum-based drugs may lead to new clinical applications. The results of the present study suggest the possibility of the combination of NK-cell-derived EVs and CBP as a viable immunochemotherapeutic strategy for resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash Nathani
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (A.N.); (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Islauddin Khan
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (A.N.); (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Mounika Aare
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (A.N.); (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Arvind Bagde
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (A.N.); (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA;
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (A.N.); (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.B.)
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He S, Su L, Hu H, Liu H, Xiong J, Gong X, Chi H, Wu Q, Yang G. Immunoregulatory functions and therapeutic potential of natural killer cell-derived extracellular vesicles in chronic diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1328094. [PMID: 38239346 PMCID: PMC10795180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1328094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proven to play a significant immunoregulatory role in many chronic diseases, such as cancer and immune disorders. Among them, EVs derived from NK cells are an essential component of the immune cell functions. These EVs have been demonstrated to carry a variety of toxic proteins and nucleic acids derived from NK cells and play a therapeutic role in diseases like malignancies, liver fibrosis, and lung injury. However, natural NK-derived EVs (NKEVs) have certain limitations in disease treatment, such as low yield and poor targeting. Concurrently, NK cells exhibit characteristics of memory-like NK cells, which have stronger proliferative capacity, increased IFN-γ production, and enhanced cytotoxicity, making them more advantageous for disease treatment. Recent research has shifted its focus towards engineered extracellular vesicles and their potential to improve the efficiency, specificity, and safety of disease treatments. In this review, we will discuss the characteristics of NK-derived EVs and the latest advancements in disease therapy. Specifically, we will compare different cellular sources of NKEVs and explore the current status and prospects of memory-like NK cell-derived EVs and engineered NKEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang He
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lanqian Su
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haiqi Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Xiong
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiangjin Gong
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qibiao Wu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
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Prokopeva AE, Emene CC, Gomzikova MO. Antitumor Immunity: Role of NK Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 46:140-152. [PMID: 38248313 PMCID: PMC10814167 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing and eliminating altered tumor cells. However, tumors develop mechanisms to evade the body's natural immune defenses. Therefore, methods for specifically recognizing/targeting tumor cells, for instance, through the activation, directed polarization, and training of immune cells, have been developed based on the body's immune cells. This strategy has been termed cellular immunotherapy. One promising strategy for treating tumor diseases is NK cell-based immunotherapy. NK cells have the ability to recognize and destroy transformed cells without prior activation as well as tumor cells with reduced MHC-I expression. A novel approach in immunotherapy is the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from NK cells. The main advantages of NK cell-derived EVs are their small size and better tissue penetration into a tumor. The aim of this review is to systematically present existing information on the mechanisms of antitumor immunity and the role of NK cells and extracellular vesicles in cancer immunotherapy. Clinical and preclinical studies utilizing NK cells and extracellular vesicles for anticancer therapy currently underway will provide valuable insights for researchers in the field of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina E. Prokopeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420111, Russia;
| | - Charles C. Emene
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420111, Russia;
| | - Marina O. Gomzikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420111, Russia;
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420111, Russia;
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McCune A, Kornbluth J. NK3.3-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Penetrate and Selectively Kill Treatment-Resistant Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:90. [PMID: 38201518 PMCID: PMC10778188 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments often become ineffective due to the development of tumor resistance, leading to metastasis and relapse. Treatments may also fail because of their inability to access cells deep within the tumor tissue. When this occurs, new therapeutic agents are needed. We previously reported that NK3.3EVs, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from the normal human natural killer (NK) cell line, NK3.3, have strong cytotoxic activity against leukemia and breast cancer cell lines, without harming normal cells. Here, we used a three-dimensional (3D) MCF7 breast cancer mammosphere model to reproduce a more physiological environment that NK3.3EVs would encounter in vivo. NK3.3EVs penetrated MCF7 mammospheres, inducing death by apoptosis. We generated an imatinib-resistant K562 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell line to investigate whether NK3.3EVs were able to kill tumor cells resistant to front-line chemotherapy. NK3.3EVs were even more cytotoxic to imatinib-resistant cells than parental cells, inducing apoptosis via caspase-3/-7 activation. The small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) within tumors also contributes to therapeutic resistance. NK3.3EVs reduced the CSC-like CD34+/CD38- subpopulation in imatinib-resistant and parental K562 cultures and decreased CSC-associated expression of tumor-promoting genes. Our results provide strong evidence that NK3.3EVs may be a potential new immunotherapeutic agent for difficult-to-treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson McCune
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Jacki Kornbluth
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
- St. Louis VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO 63106, USA
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E VIGNESHBALAJI, RAMESH DIVYA, SHAJU MANISHACHUNGAN, KUMAR AKSHARA, PANDEY SAMYAK, NAYAK RAKSHA, ALKA V, MUNJAL SRISHTI, SALIMI AMIR, PAI KSREEDHARARANGANATH, BAKKANNAVAR SHANKARM. Biological, pathological, and multifaceted therapeutic functions of exosomes to target cancer. Oncol Res 2023; 32:73-94. [PMID: 38188673 PMCID: PMC10767237 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small tiny vesicle contains a large number of intracellular particles that employ to cause various diseases and prevent several pathological events as well in the human body. It is considered a "double-edged sword", and depending on its biological source, the action of exosomes varies under physiological conditions. Also, the isolation and characterization of the exosomes should be performed accurately and the methodology also will vary depending on the exosome source. Moreover, the uptake of exosomes from the recipients' cells is a vital and initial step for all the physiological actions. There are different mechanisms present in the exosomes' cellular uptake to deliver their cargo to acceptor cells. Once the exosomal uptake takes place, it releases the intracellular particles that leads to activate the physiological response. Even though exosomes have lavish functions, there are some challenges associated with every step of their preparation to bring potential therapeutic efficacy. So, overcoming the pitfalls would give a desired quantity of exosomes with high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- VIGNESH BALAJI E
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - DIVYA RAMESH
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - MANISHA CHUNGAN SHAJU
- School of Health and Community Services, Durham College, Oshawa, Ontario, L1G2G5, Canada
| | - AKSHARA KUMAR
- Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - SAMYAK PANDEY
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - RAKSHA NAYAK
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - V. ALKA
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - SRISHTI MUNJAL
- Department of Speech and Hearing, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - AMIR SALIMI
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - K. SREEDHARA RANGANATH PAI
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - SHANKAR M. BAKKANNAVAR
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Lee H, Liao JD, Wong TW, Wu CW, Huang BY, Wu SC, Shao PL, Wei YH, Cheng MH. Detection of micro-plasma-induced exosomes secretion in a fibroblast-melanoma co-culture model. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1281:341910. [PMID: 38783745 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is a highly aggressive tumor and a significant cause of skin cancer-related death. Timely diagnosis and treatment require identification of specific biomarkers in exosomes secreted by melanoma cells. In this study, label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method with size-matched selectivity was used to detect membrane proteins in exosomes released from a stimulated environment of fibroblasts (L929) co-cultured with melanoma cells (B16-F10). To promote normal secretion of exosomes, micro-plasma treatment was used to gently induce the co-cultured cells and slightly increase the stress level around the cells for subsequent detection using the SERS method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Firstly, changes in reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) concentrations in the cellular microenvironment and the viability and proliferation of healthy cells are assessed. Results showed that micro-plasma treatment increased extracellular ROS/RNS levels while modestly reducing cell proliferation without significantly affecting cell survival. Secondly, the particle size of secreted exosomes isolated from the culture medium of L929, B16-F10, and co-cultured cells with different micro-plasma treatment time did not increase significantly under single-cell conditions at short treatment time but might be changed under co-culture condition or longer treatment time. Third, for SERS signals related to membrane protein biomarkers, exosome markers CD9, CD63, and CD81 can be assigned to significant Raman shifts in the range of 943-1030 and 1304-1561 cm-1, while the characteristics SERS peaks of L929 and B16-F10 cells are most likely located at 1394/1404, 1271 and 1592 cm-1 respectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY Therefore, this micro-plasma-induced co-culture model provides a promising preclinical approach to understand the diagnostic potential of exosomes secreted by cutaneous melanoma/fibroblasts. Furthermore, the label-free SERS method with size-matched selectivity provides a novel approach to screen biomarkers in exosomes secreted by melanoma cells, aiming to reduce the use of labeling reagents and the processing time traditionally required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Jiunn-Der Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Wei Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80701, Taiwan; Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80701, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Yao Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Cheng Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80701, Taiwan; Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80701, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Lin Shao
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, 500 Liou Feng Road, Taichung, 413, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Han Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hsien Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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11
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Castillo-Peña A, Molina-Pinelo S. Landscape of tumor and immune system cells-derived exosomes in lung cancer: mediators of antitumor immunity regulation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1279495. [PMID: 37915578 PMCID: PMC10616833 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1279495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a critical role in cancer, including lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade, has revolutionized the treatment of lung cancer, but a large subset of patients either do not respond or develop resistance. Exosomes, essential mediators of cell-to-cell communication, exert a profound influence on the tumor microenvironment and the interplay between cancer and the immune system. This review focuses on the role of tumor-derived exosomes and immune cells-derived exosomes in the crosstalk between these cell types, influencing the initiation and progression of lung cancer. Depending on their cell of origin and microenvironment, exosomes can contain immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory molecules that can either promote or inhibit tumor growth, thus playing a dual role in the disease. Furthermore, the use of exosomes in lung cancer immunotherapy is discussed. Their potential applications as cell-free vaccines and drug delivery systems make them an attractive option for lung cancer treatment. Additionally, exosomal proteins and RNAs emerge as promising biomarkers that could be employed for the prediction, diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of the disease. In summary, this review assesses the relationship between exosomes, lung cancer, and the immune system, shedding light on their potential clinical applications and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Castillo-Peña
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), HUVR, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Sonia Molina-Pinelo
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), HUVR, CSIC, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Lin W, Lin Y, Chao H, Lin Y, Hwang W. Haematopoietic cell-derived exosomes in cancer development and therapeutics: From basic science to clinical practice. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1448. [PMID: 37830387 PMCID: PMC10571015 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumour microenvironment (TME) is a specialised niche involving intercellular communication among cancer cells and various host cells. Among the host cells, the quantity and quality of immune cells within the TME play essential roles in cancer development and management. The immunologically suppressive, so-called 'cold' TME established by a series of tumour-host interactions, including generating immunosuppressive cytokines and recruiting regulatory host immune cells, is associated with resistance to therapies and worse clinical outcomes. MAIN BODY Various therapeutic approaches have been used to target the cold TME, including immune checkpoint blockade therapy and adoptive T-cell transfer. A promising, less explored therapeutic strategy involves targeting TME-associated exosomes. Exosomes are nanometer-sized, extracellular vesicles that transfer material from donor to recipient cells. These particles can reprogram the recipient cells and modulate the TME. In particular, exosomes from haematopoietic cells are known to promote or suppress cancer progression under specific conditions. Understanding the effects of haematopoietic cell-secreted exosomes may foster the development of therapeutic exosomes (tExos) for personalised cancer treatment. However, the development of exosome-based therapies has unique challenges, including scalable production, purification, storage and delivery of exosomes and controlling batch variations. Clinical trials are being conducted to verify the safety, feasibility, availability and efficacy of tExos. CONCLUSION This review summarises our understanding of how haematopoietic cell-secreted exosomes regulate the TME and antitumour immunity and highlights present challenges and solutions for haematopoietic cell-derived exosome-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Chun Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - You‐Tong Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hui‐Ching Chao
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yen‐Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fu Jen Catholic University HospitalFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
- School of Medicine, College of MedicineFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Lun Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Cancer and Immunology Research CenterNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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Matchett EC, Kornbluth J. Extracellular vesicles derived from immortalized human natural killer cell line NK3.3 as a novel therapeutic for multiple myeloma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1265101. [PMID: 37818374 PMCID: PMC10560732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Over the last decade, there have been many advancements in the therapeutic treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), including the use of natural killer (NK) cells. However, despite promising results from clinical trials, there are concerns over the use of NK cell-based therapy. Cells often undergo growth arrest, limiting their experimental utility; donor cells are extremely heterogeneous, resulting in content variability; and patients receiving allogeneic cells are at risk for graft-versus-host disease and/or cytokine release syndrome. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a new natural therapeutic tool. EVs are known to carry cargo derived from the parent cell from which they originate. NK cells play an important role in the innate immune system, targeting and killing tumor cells. This has led many researchers to isolate EVs from NK cells for their cytotoxic potential. Methods In this study, we isolated EVs from the NK cell line, NK3.3, which was derived from the peripheral blood of a healthy donor. Currently, it is the only normal human NK cell line reported with all the functional characteristics of healthy NK cells. To address the issue of growth arrest, we immortalized NK3.3 cells with lentivirus encoding the catalytic subunit of human telomerase htert (NK3.3-LTV). EVs from these cells were isolated using a modified polyethylene glycol (PEG)-acetate precipitation protocol to simplify processing and increase EV yield. Results and conclusions We demonstrated that NK3.3-LTV EVs target both sensitive and drug-resistant MM cell lines as well as primary patient MM cells in vitro, decreasing proliferation and inducing apoptotic cell death as well as or better than EVs from non-immortalized cells with no toxicity towards normal cells. This study is the first step towards developing an immunotherapeutic product designed to treat patients with relapsed/refractory MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Matchett
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jacki Kornbluth
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Research and Education Service, VA St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, MO, United States
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14
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Lujan RA, Pei L, Shannon JP, Dábilla N, Dolan PT, Hickman HD. Widespread and dynamic expression of granzyme C by skin-resident antiviral T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1236595. [PMID: 37809077 PMCID: PMC10552530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
After recognition of cognate antigen (Ag), effector CD8+ T cells secrete serine proteases called granzymes in conjunction with perforin, allowing granzymes to enter and kill target cells. While the roles for some granzymes during antiviral immune responses are well characterized, the function of others, such as granzyme C and its human ortholog granzyme H, is still unclear. Granzyme C is constitutively expressed by mature, cytolytic innate lymphoid 1 cells (ILC1s). Whether other antiviral effector cells also produce granzyme C and whether it is continually expressed or responsive to the environment is unknown. To explore this, we analyzed granzyme C expression in different murine skin-resident antiviral lymphocytes. At steady-state, dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) expressed granzyme C while dermal γδ T cells did not. CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) generated in response to cutaneous viral infection with the poxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV) also expressed granzyme C. Both DETCs and virus-specific CD8+ TRM upregulated granzyme C upon local VACV infection. Continual Ag exposure was not required for maintained TRM expression of granzyme C, although re-encounter with cognate Ag boosted expression. Additionally, IL-15 treatment increased granzyme C expression in both DETCs and TRM. Together, our data demonstrate that granzyme C is widely expressed by antiviral T cells in the skin and that expression is responsive to both environmental stimuli and TCR engagement. These data suggest that granzyme C may have functions other than killing in tissue-resident lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon A. Lujan
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Luxin Pei
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John P. Shannon
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nathânia Dábilla
- Quantitative Virology and Evolution Unit, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Patrick T. Dolan
- Quantitative Virology and Evolution Unit, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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15
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Hatami Z, Hashemi ZS, Eftekhary M, Amiri A, Karpisheh V, Nasrollahi K, Jafari R. Natural killer cell-derived exosomes for cancer immunotherapy: innovative therapeutics art. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:157. [PMID: 37543612 PMCID: PMC10403883 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer cells (CAR-NK) promote off-the-shelf cellular therapy for solid tumors and malignancy.However,, the development of CAR-NK is due to their immune surveillance uncertainty and cytotoxicity challenge was restricted. Natural killer cell-derived exosome (NK-Exo) combine crucial targeted cellular therapies of NK cell therapies with unique non-toxic Exo as a self-origin shuttle against cancer immunotherapy. This review study covers cytokines, adoptive (autologous and allogenic) NK immunotherapy, stimulatory and regulatory functions, and cell-free derivatives from NK cells. The future path of NK-Exo cytotoxicity and anti-tumor activity with considering non-caspase-independent/dependent apoptosis and Fas/FasL pathway in cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the significance and implication of NK-Exo therapeutics through combination therapy and the development of emerging approaches for the purification and delivery NK-Exo to severe immune and tumor cells and tissues were discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hatami
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Hashemi
- ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohamad Eftekhary
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ala Amiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Karpisheh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kaveh Nasrollahi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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16
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Qi Y, Zhao X, Dong Y, Wang M, Wang J, Fan Z, Weng Q, Yu H, Li J. Opportunities and challenges of natural killer cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1122585. [PMID: 37064251 PMCID: PMC10102538 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1122585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as important intermediaries of intercellular communication. They have significant roles in many physiological and pathological processes and show great promise as novel biomarkers of disease, therapeutic agents, and drug delivery tools. Existing studies have shown that natural killer cell-derived EVs (NEVs) can directly kill tumor cells and participate in the crosstalk of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. NEVs own identical cytotoxic proteins, cytotoxic receptors, and cytokines as NK cells, which is the biological basis for their application in antitumor therapy. The nanoscale size and natural targeting property of NEVs enable precisely killing tumor cells. Moreover, endowing NEVs with a variety of fascinating capabilities via common engineering strategies has become a crucial direction for future research. Thus, here we provide a brief overview of the characteristics and physiological functions of the various types of NEVs, focusing on their production, isolation, functional characterization, and engineering strategies for their promising application as a cell-free modality for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Qi
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Zhao, ; Hua Yu, ; Jianjun Li,
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhichao Fan
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Weng
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Zhao, ; Hua Yu, ; Jianjun Li,
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Zhao, ; Hua Yu, ; Jianjun Li,
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17
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Chan AML, Cheah JM, Lokanathan Y, Ng MH, Law JX. Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Promising Immunotherapeutic Strategy for Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044026. [PMID: 36835438 PMCID: PMC9964266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading contributor to global deaths caused by non-communicable diseases. The cancer cells are known to interact with the surrounding non-cancerous cells, including the immune cells and stromal cells, within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to modulate the tumor progression, metastasis and resistance. Currently, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the standard treatments for cancers. However, these treatments cause a significant number of side effects, as they damage both the cancer cells and the actively dividing normal cells indiscriminately. Hence, a new generation of immunotherapy using natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocytes or macrophages was developed to achieve tumor-specific targeting and circumvent the adverse effects. However, the progression of cell-based immunotherapy is hindered by the combined action of TME and TD-EVs, which render the cancer cells less immunogenic. Recently, there has been an increase in interest in using immune cell derivatives to treat cancers. One of the highly potential immune cell derivatives is the NK cell-derived EVs (NK-EVs). As an acellular product, NK-EVs are resistant to the influence of TME and TD-EVs, and can be designed for "off-the-shelf" use. In this systematic review, we examine the safety and efficacy of NK-EVs to treat various cancers in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Man Lung Chan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Ming Medical Sdn Bhd, D3-3 (2nd Floor), Block D3 Dana 1 Commercial Centre, Jalan PJU 1a/22, Petaling Jaya 47101, Malaysia
| | - Jin Min Cheah
- Ming Medical Sdn Bhd, D3-3 (2nd Floor), Block D3 Dana 1 Commercial Centre, Jalan PJU 1a/22, Petaling Jaya 47101, Malaysia
| | - Yogeswaran Lokanathan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jia Xian Law
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-391-457677
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18
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Jiang J, Huang Y, Zeng Z, Zhao C. Harnessing Engineered Immune Cells and Bacteria as Drug Carriers for Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:843-884. [PMID: 36598956 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy continues to be in the spotlight of oncology therapy research in the past few years and has been proven to be a promising option to modulate one's innate and adaptive immune systems for cancer treatment. However, the poor delivery efficiency of immune agents, potential off-target toxicity, and nonimmunogenic tumors significantly limit its effectiveness and extensive application. Recently, emerging biomaterial-based drug carriers, including but not limited to immune cells and bacteria, are expected to be potential candidates to break the dilemma of immunotherapy, with their excellent natures of intrinsic tumor tropism and immunomodulatory activity. More than that, the tiny vesicles and physiological components derived from them have similar functions with their source cells due to the inheritance of various surface signal molecules and proteins. Herein, we presented representative examples about the latest advances of biomaterial-based delivery systems employed in cancer immunotherapy, including immune cells, bacteria, and their derivatives. Simultaneously, opportunities and challenges of immune cells and bacteria-based carriers are discussed to provide reference for their future application in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjuan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zishan Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
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19
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Zhou Y, Quan G, Liu Y, Shi N, Wu Y, Zhang R, Gao X, Luo L. The application of Interleukin-2 family cytokines in tumor immunotherapy research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090311. [PMID: 36936961 PMCID: PMC10018032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Interleukin-2 Family contains six kinds of cytokines, namely IL-2, IL-15, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21, all of which share a common γ chain. Many cytokines of the IL-2 family have been reported to be a driving force in immune cells activation. Therefore, researchers have tried various methods to study the anti-tumor effect of cytokines for a long time. However, due to the short half-life, poor stability, easy to lead to inflammatory storms and narrow safety treatment window of cytokines, this field has been tepid. In recent years, with the rapid development of protein engineering technology, some engineered cytokines have a significant effect in tumor immunotherapy, showing an irresistible trend of development. In this review, we will discuss the current researches of the IL-2 family and mainly focus on the application and achievements of engineered cytokines in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyihua Zhou
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqi Quan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yahui Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
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20
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Reale A, Khong T, Spencer A. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Roles in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11236892. [PMID: 36498469 PMCID: PMC9737553 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11236892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells actively incorporate molecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, RNA) into particles named extracellular vesicles (EVs). Several groups have demonstrated that EVs can be transferred to target (recipient) cells, making EVs an important means of intercellular communication. Indeed, EVs are able to modulate the functions of target cells by reprogramming signaling pathways. In a cancer context, EVs promote the formation of a supportive tumor microenvironment (TME) and (pre)metastatic niches. Recent studies have revealed that immune cells, tumor cells and their secretome, including EVs, promote changes in the TME and immunosuppressive functions of immune cells (e.g., natural killer, dendritic cells, T and B cells, monocytes, macrophages) that allow tumor cells to establish and propagate. Despite the growing knowledge on EVs and on their roles in cancer and as modulators of the immune response/escape, the translation into clinical practice remains in its early stages, hence requiring improved translational research in the EVs field. Here, we comprehensively review the current knowledge and most recent research on the roles of EVs in tumor immune evasion and immunosuppression in both solid tumors and hematological malignancies. We also highlight the clinical utility of EV-mediated immunosuppression targeting and EV-engineering. Importantly, we discuss the controversial role of EVs in cancer biology, current limitations and future perspectives to further the EV knowledge into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Reale
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University—Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Tiffany Khong
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University—Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Andrew Spencer
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University—Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Malignant Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Haematology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.S.)
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21
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Low JJW, Sulaiman SA, Johdi NA, Abu N. Immunomodulatory effects of extracellular vesicles in glioblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:996805. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.996805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a type of brain cancer that can be considered aggressive. Glioblastoma treatment has significant challenges due to the immune privilege site of the brain and the presentation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-secreted nanosized vesicles that engage in intercellular communication via delivery of cargo that may cause downstream effects such as tumor progression and recipient cell modulation. Although the roles of extracellular vesicles in cancer progression are well documented, their immunomodulatory effects are less defined. Herein, we focus on glioblastoma and explain the immunomodulatory effects of extracellular vesicles secreted by both tumor and immune cells in detail. The tumor to immune cells, immune cells to the tumor, and intra-immune cells extracellular vesicles crosstalks are involved in various immunomodulatory effects. This includes the promotion of immunosuppressive phenotypes, apoptosis, and inactivation of immune cell subtypes, which affects the central nervous system and peripheral immune system response, aiding in its survival and progression in the brain.
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22
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Srivastava A, Rathore S, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Organically derived exosomes as carriers of anticancer drugs and imaging agents for cancer treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:80-100. [PMID: 35192929 PMCID: PMC9388703 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), is the umbrella term used for different types of vesicles produced by the cells, among which exosomes form the largest group. Exosomes perform intercellular communication by carrying several biologics from donor or parental cells and delivering them to recipient cells. Their unique cargo-carrying capacity has recently been explored for use as delivery vehicles of anticancer drugs and imaging agents. Being naturally produced, exosomes have many advantages over synthetic lipid-based nanoparticles currently being used clinically to treat cancer and other diseases. The finding of the role of exosomes in human diseases has led to numerous preclinical and clinical studies exploring their use as an amenable drug delivery vehicle and a theranostic in cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, there are certain limitations associated with exosomes, with the most important being the selection of the biological source for producing highly biocompatible exosomes on a large scale. This review article explores the various sources from which therapeutically viable exosomes can be isolated for use as drug carriers for cancer treatment. The methods of exosome isolation and the process of loading them with cancer therapeutics and imaging agents are also discussed in the follow-up sections. Finally, the article concludes with future directions for exosome-based applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shipra Rathore
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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23
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Qian K, Fu W, Li T, Zhao J, Lei C, Hu S. The roles of small extracellular vesicles in cancer and immune regulation and translational potential in cancer therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:286. [PMID: 36167539 PMCID: PMC9513874 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) facilitate the extracellular transfer of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and mediate intercellular communication among multiple cells in the tumour environment. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are defined as EVs range in diameter from approximately 50 to 150 nm. Tumour-derived sEVs (TDsEVs) and immune cell-derived sEVs have significant immunological activities and participate in cancer progression and immune responses. Cancer-specific molecules have been identified on TDsEVs and can function as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, as well as allergens for TDsEVs-based vaccination. Various monocytes, including but not limited to dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), secrete sEVs that regulate immune responses in the complex immune network with either protumour or antitumour effects. After engineered modification, sEVs from immune cells and other donor cells can provide improved targeting and biological effects. Combined with their naïve characteristics, these engineered sEVs hold great potential as drug carriers. When used in a variety of cancer therapies, they can adjunctly enhance the safety and antitumor efficacy of multiple therapeutics. In summary, both naïve sEVs in the tumour environment and engineered sEVs with effector cargoes are regarded as showing promising potential for use in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Alahdal M, Elkord E. Promising use of immune cell-derived exosomes in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1026. [PMID: 35988156 PMCID: PMC9393056 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is persistently threatening the lives of thousands of individuals globally. It triggers pulmonary oedema, driving to dyspnoea and lung failure. Viral infectivity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a genuine challenge due to the mutagenic genome and mysterious immune-pathophysiology. Early reports highlighted that extracellular vesicles (exosomes, Exos) work to enhance COVID-19 progression by mediating viral transmission, replication and mutations. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that Exos derived from immune cells play an essential role in the promotion of immune cell exhaustion by transferring regulatory lncRNAs and miRNAs from exhausted cells to the active cells. Fortunately, there are great chances to modulate the immune functions of Exos towards a sustained repression of COVID-19. Engineered Exos hold promising immunotherapeutic opportunities for remodelling cytotoxic T cells' function. Immune cell-derived Exos may trigger a stable epigenetic repression of viral infectivity, restore functional cytokine-producing T cells and rebalance immune response in severe infections by inducing functional T regulatory cells (Tregs). This review introduces a view on the current outcomes of immunopathology, and immunotherapeutic applications of immune cell-derived Exos in COVID-19, besides new perspectives to develop novel patterns of engineered Exos triggering novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Alahdal
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.,Biomedical Research Center, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
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25
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Jogalekar MP, Rajendran RL, Khan F, Dmello C, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC. CAR T-Cell-Based gene therapy for cancers: new perspectives, challenges, and clinical developments. Front Immunol 2022; 13:925985. [PMID: 35936003 PMCID: PMC9355792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.925985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a progressive new pillar in immune cell therapy for cancer. It has yielded remarkable clinical responses in patients with B-cell leukemia or lymphoma. Unfortunately, many challenges remain to be addressed to overcome its ineffectiveness in the treatment of other hematological and solidtumor malignancies. The major hurdles of CAR T-cell therapy are the associated severe life-threatening toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome and limited anti-tumor efficacy. In this review, we briefly discuss cancer immunotherapy and the genetic engineering of T cells and, In detail, the current innovations in CAR T-cell strategies to improve efficacy in treating solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Furthermore, we also discuss the current challenges in CAR T-cell therapy and new CAR T-cell-derived nanovesicle therapy. Finally, strategies to overcome the current clinical challenges associated with CAR T-cell therapy are included as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi P. Jogalekar
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Crismita Dmello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Prakash Gangadaran, ; Byeong-Cheol Ahn,
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Prakash Gangadaran, ; Byeong-Cheol Ahn,
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Hazrati A, Soudi S, Malekpour K, Mahmoudi M, Rahimi A, Hashemi SM, Varma RS. Immune cells-derived exosomes function as a double-edged sword: role in disease progression and their therapeutic applications. Biomark Res 2022; 10:30. [PMID: 35550636 PMCID: PMC9102350 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm as identified initially via electron microscopy in 1946, are one of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by many cells and have been the subject of many studies; initially, they were considered as cell wastes with the belief that cells produced exosomes to maintain homeostasis. Nowadays, it has been found that EVs secreted by different cells play a vital role in cellular communication and are usually secreted in both physiological and pathological conditions. Due to the presence of different markers and ligands on the surface of exosomes, they have paracrine, endocrine and autocrine effects in some cases. Immune cells, like other cells, can secrete exosomes that interact with surrounding cells via these vesicles. Immune system cells-derived exosomes (IEXs) induce different responses, such as increasing and decreasing the transcription of various genes and regulating cytokine production. This review deliberate the function of innate and acquired immune cells derived exosomes, their role in the pathogenesis of immune diseases, and their therapeutic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Soudi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Rahimi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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27
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Chuang ST, Conklin B, Stein JB, Pan G, Lee KB. Nanotechnology-enabled immunoengineering approaches to advance therapeutic applications. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:19. [PMID: 35482149 PMCID: PMC9047473 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has reached clinical success in the last decade, with the emergence of new and effective treatments such as checkpoint blockade therapy and CAR T-cell therapy that have drastically improved patient outcomes. Still, these therapies can be improved to limit off-target effects, mitigate systemic toxicities, and increase overall efficacies. Nanoscale engineering offers strategies that enable researchers to attain these goals through the manipulation of immune cell functions, such as enhancing immunity against cancers and pathogens, controlling the site of immune response, and promoting tolerance via the delivery of small molecule drugs or biologics. By tuning the properties of the nanomaterials, such as size, shape, charge, and surface chemistry, different types of immune cells can be targeted and engineered, such as dendritic cells for immunization, or T cells for promoting adaptive immunity. Researchers have come to better understand the critical role the immune system plays in the progression of pathologies besides cancer, and developing nanoengineering approaches that seek to harness the potential of immune cell activities can lead to favorable outcomes for the treatment of injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar T Chuang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Brandon Conklin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Joshua B Stein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - George Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Karvouni M, Vidal-Manrique M, Lundqvist A, Alici E. Engineered NK Cells Against Cancer and Their Potential Applications Beyond. Front Immunol 2022; 13:825979. [PMID: 35242135 PMCID: PMC8887605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.825979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is an innovative therapeutic concept where viable cells are implanted, infused, or grafted into a patient to treat impaired or malignant tissues. The term was first introduced circa the 19th century and has since resulted in multiple breakthroughs in different fields of medicine, such as neurology, cardiology, and oncology. Lately, cell and gene therapy are merging to provide cell products with additional or enhanced properties. In this context, adoptive transfer of genetically modified cytotoxic lymphocytes has emerged as a novel treatment option for cancer patients. To this day, five cell therapy products have been FDA approved, four of which for CD19-positive malignancies and one for B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-positive malignancies. These are personalized immunotherapies where patient T cells are engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) with the aim to redirect the cells against tumor-specific antigens. CAR-T cell therapies show impressive objective response rates in clinical trials that, in certain instances, may reach up to 80%. However, the life-threatening side effects associated with T cell toxicity and the manufacturing difficulties of developing personalized therapies hamper their widespread use. Recent literature suggests that Natural Killer (NK) cells, may provide a safer alternative and an 'off-the-shelf' treatment option thanks to their potent antitumor properties and relatively short lifespan. Here, we will discuss the potential of NK cells in CAR-based therapies focusing on the applications of CAR-NK cells in cancer therapy and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karvouni
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcos Vidal-Manrique
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Department of Oncology‐Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evren Alici
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Molecular Profile Study of Extracellular Vesicles for the Identification of Useful Small “Hit” in Cancer Diagnosis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the main mediators of cell-cell communication, permitting cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and metabolites in varying physiological and pathological conditions. They contain signature tumor-derived molecules that reflect the intracellular status of their cell of origin. Recent studies have shown that tumor cell-derived EVs can aid in cancer metastasis through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, suppression of the immune system, pre-metastatic niche formation, and subsequent metastasis. EVs can easily be isolated from a variety of biological fluids, and their content makes them useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, monitorization of cancer progression, and response to treatment. This review aims to explore the biomarkers of cancer cell-derived EVs obtained from liquid biopsies, in order to understand cancer progression and metastatic evolution for early diagnosis and precision therapy.
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30
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Tang L, He S, Yin Y, Liu H, Hu J, Cheng J, Wang W. Combination of Nanomaterials in Cell-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111888. [PMID: 34834304 PMCID: PMC8621332 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based drug delivery systems have shown tremendous advantages in cancer treatment due to their distinctive properties. For instance, delivery of therapeutics using tumor-tropic cells like neutrophils, lymphocytes and mesenchymal stem cells can achieve specific tumor targeting due to the "Trojan Horse" effect. Other circulatory cells like erythrocytes and platelets can greatly improve the circulation time of nanoparticles due to their innate long circulation property. Adipocytes, especially cancer-associated adipocytes, play key roles in tumor development and metabolism, therefore, adipocytes are regarded as promising bio-derived nanoplatforms for anticancer targeted drug delivery. Nanomaterials are important participants in cell-based drug delivery because of their unique physicochemical characteristics. Therefore, the integration of various nanomaterials with different cell types will endow the constructed delivery systems with many attractive properties due to the merits of both. In this review, a number of strategies based on nanomaterial-involved cell-mediated drug delivery systems for cancer treatment will be summarized. This review discusses how nanomaterials can be a benefit to cell-based therapies and how cell-derived carriers overcome the limitations of nanomaterials, which highlights recent advancements and specific biomedical applications based on nanomaterial-mediated, cell-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.T.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (J.H.)
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shun He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.T.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (J.H.)
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.T.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (J.H.)
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hening Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.T.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (J.H.)
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.T.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (J.H.)
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.T.); (S.H.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (J.H.)
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (W.W.)
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