CD63 acts as a functional marker in maintaining hematopoietic stem cell quiescence through supporting TGFβ signaling in mice

Single-cell panleukemia signatures of HSPC-like blasts predict drug response and clinical outcome

ABSTRACT

The critical role of leukemia-initiating cells as a therapy-resistant population in myeloid leukemia is well established. However, the molecular signatures of such cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia remain underexplored. Moreover, their role in therapy response and patient prognosis is yet to be systematically investigated across various types of acute leukemia. We used single-cell multiomics to analyze diagnostic specimens from 96 pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic, myeloid, and lineage-ambiguous leukemias. Through the integration of single-cell multiomics with extensive bulk RNA sequencing and clinical data sets, we uncovered a prevalent, chemotherapy-resistant subpopulation that resembles hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC-like) and is associated with poor clinical outcomes across all subtypes investigated. We identified a core transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) in HSPC-like blasts that is combinatorially controlled by HOXA/AP1/CEBPA. This TRN signature can predict chemotherapy response and long-term clinical outcomes. We identified shared potential therapeutic targets against HSPC-like blasts, including FLT3, BCL2, and the PI3K pathway. Our study provides a framework for linking intratumoral heterogeneity with therapy response, patient outcomes, and the discovery of new therapeutic targets for pediatric acute leukemias.

Mitochondria-enriched hematopoietic stem cells exhibit elevated self-renewal capabilities, thriving within the context of aged bone marrow

The aging of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) substantially alters their characteristics. Mitochondria, essential for cellular metabolism, play a crucial role, and their dysfunction is a hallmark of aging-induced changes. The impact of mitochondrial mass on aged HSCs remains incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that HSCs with high mitochondrial mass during aging are not merely cells that have accumulated damaged mitochondria and become exhausted. In addition, these HSCs retain a high regenerative capacity and remain in the aging bone marrow. Furthermore, we identified GPR183 as a distinct marker characterizing aged HSCs through single-cell analysis. HSCs marked by GPR183 were also enriched in aged HSCs with high mitochondrial mass, possessing a high capacity of self-renewal. These insights deepen understanding of HSC aging and provide additional perspectives on the assessment of aged HSCs, underscoring the importance of mitochondrial dynamics in aging.

CD63 as a potential biomarker for patients with ovarian cancer

INTRODUCTION

Exosomes play an important role in regulating physiological processes and mediating the systemic dissemination of various types of cancer. We investigated the association of exosomal tetraspanins CD9, CD63, and CD81 in patients with ovarian cancer (OC).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We measured the plasma tetraspanins CD9, CD63, and CD81 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 91 patients who underwent treatment for OC between April 2018 and March 2024. Additionally, we analyzed clinical pathologic factors, chemotherapy response, and prognosis.

RESULTS

In terms of stages, CD63 expression was significantly higher in patients with stage IV compared to those with stage I OC (p = 0.003). In terms of histological type, CD63 expression was significantly higher in high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) than in clear cell carcinoma (CCC) with OC (p = 0.009). Furthermore, CD63 levels were significantly higher in advanced-stage, HGSC than in patients with early-stage, non-HGSC and early-stage, HGSC OC (p = 0.045 and p = 0.002, respectively). In the Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) of 12 patients with OC assessed as having either a partial response (PR) or complete response (CR), CD63 was significantly decreased (p = 0.043), whereas perforin was significantly increased (p = 0.001). In the NAC of 16 patients with OC, CD63 of the response rate to chemotherapy tended to differ between the progressive disease (PD) and PR/CR groups (p = 0.056). A moderate inverse correlation was observed between CD63 and perforin levels (R = 0.638, R2 = 0.428, p = 0.008).

CONCLUSIONS

CD63 could be a potential biomarker for all types of OC patients.

Conversion of placental hemogenic endothelial cells to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are critical for the treatment of blood diseases in clinic. However, the limited source of HSPCs severely hinders their clinical application. In the embryo, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) arise from hemogenic endothelial (HE) cells lining the major arteries in vivo. In this work, by engineering vascular niche endothelial cells (VN-ECs), we generated functional HSPCs in vitro from ECs at various sites, including the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region and the placenta. Firstly, we converted mouse embryonic HE cells from the AGM region (aHE) into induced HSPCs (iHSPCs), which have the abilities for multilineage differentiation and self-renewal. Mechanistically, we found that VN-ECs can promote the generation of iHSPCs via secretion of CX3CL1 and IL1A. Next, through VN-EC co-culture, we showed that placental HE (pHE) cells, a type of extra-embryonic HE cells, were successfully converted into iHSPCs (pHE-iHSPCs), which have multilineage differentiation capacity, but exhibit limited self-renewal ability. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis of aHE-iHSPCs and pHE-iHSPCs showed that aHE-iHSPCs highly expressed HSC-specific and self-renewal-related genes. Moreover, experimental validation showed that retinoic acid (RA) treatment promoted the transformation of pHE cells into iHSPCs that have self-renewal ability. Collectively, our results suggested that pHE cells possess the potential to transform into self-renewing iHSPCs through RA treatment, which will facilitate the clinical application of placental endothelial cells in hematopoietic cell generation.

Exercise alleviates hematopoietic stem cell injury following radiation via the carnosine/Slc15a2-p53 axis

Ionizing radiation (IR) can cause severe dysfunction of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), leading to acute or prolonged myelosuppression. In recent years, physical exercise has been recognized as a healthy lifestyle as it can fight a variety of diseases. However, whether it provides protection against IR is not fully understood. In this study, we revealed that long-term moderate exercise mitigated IR-induced hematopoietic injury by generating carnosine from skeletal muscles. We found that exercised mice displayed reduced loss of HSC number and function after IR, accompanied by alleviated bone marrow damage. Interestingly, these effects were largely abrogated by specific deletion of carnosine synthase Carns1 in skeletal muscles. In contrast, carnosine treatment protected HSCs against IR-induced injury. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that exercise-generated carnosine was specifically transported to HSCs via Slc15a2 and then inhibited p53 transcriptional activity by directly interacting with its core DNA-binding domain, which led to downregulation of the p53 target genes p21 and Puma, thus promoting the proliferation and survival and inhibiting the senescence of irradiated HSCs. More importantly, a similar role of the carnosine/Slc15a2-p53 axis was observed in human cord blood-derived HSCs. Collectively, our data reveal that moderate exercise or carnosine supplementation may be potential antiradiation strategies.

Caveolin-1 differentially regulates the transforming growth factor-β and epidermal growth factor signaling pathways in MDCK cells

Caveolin-1 is critical for interacting with the TGF-β receptor (TGFβR) and EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling, often observed in advanced cancers and tissue fibrosis. However, the mechanism underlying caveolin-1-mediated transactivation of TGFβR and EGFR signaling remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to determine whether caveolin-1 is involved in canonical and non-canonical TGFβR and EGFR signaling transactivation in this study. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) was used to disrupt the cholesterol-containing membranes domains, and the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain (CSD) peptide was used to mimic the CSD of caveolin-1. Additionally, we transfected the Madin-Darby canine kidney cells with wild-type or phosphorylation-defective caveolin-1. We discovered that tyrosine 14 of caveolin-1 was critical for the negative regulation of TGFβR and EGFR canonical signaling. On the contrary, caveolin-1 inhibited TGF-β1-induced ERK2 activation independent of tyrosine 14 phosphorylation. Although EGF failed to induce Smad3 phosphorylation in caveolin-1 knockdown cells, it activated Smad3 upon MβCD co-treatment, indicating that caveolin-1 indirectly regulated the non-canonical pathway of EGF. In conclusion, caveolin-1 differentially modulates TGFβR and EGFR signaling. Thus, targeting caveolin-1 is a potential strategy for treating diseases involving TGF-β1 and EGF signaling.

Trim47 prevents hematopoietic stem cell exhaustion during stress by regulating MAVS-mediated innate immune pathway

The maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functional integrity is essential for effective hematopoietic regeneration when suffering from injuries. Studies have shown that the innate immune pathways play crucial roles in the stress response of HSCs, whereas how to precisely modulate these pathways is not well characterized. Here, we identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif-containing 47 (Trim47) as a negative regulator of the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS)-mediated innate immune pathway in HSCs. We find that Trim47 is predominantly enriched in HSCs, and its deficiency impairs the function and survival of HSCs after exposure to 5-flurouracil (5-FU) and irradiation (IR). Mechanistically, Trim47 impedes the excessive activation of the innate immune signaling and inflammatory response via K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation of MAVS. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a role of Trim47 in preventing stress-induced hematopoietic failure and thus provide a promising avenue for treatment of related diseases in the clinic.

Metabolism and HSC fate: what NADPH is made for

Mitochondrial metabolism plays a central role in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is pivotal in controlling HSC self-renewal and differentiation. Herein, we discuss recent evidence suggesting that NADPH generated in the mitochondria can influence the fate of HSCs. Although NADPH has multiple functions, HSCs show high levels of NADPH that are preferentially used for cholesterol biosynthesis. Endogenous cholesterol supports the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are essential for maintaining HSC properties. We also highlight the significance of EVs in hematopoiesis through autocrine signaling. Elucidating the mitochondrial NADPH-cholesterol axis as part of the metabolic requirements of healthy HSCs will facilitate the development of new therapies for hematological disorders.

A mitochondrial NADPH-cholesterol axis regulates extracellular vesicle biogenesis to support hematopoietic stem cell fate

Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is essential for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal; however, the mechanism by which mitochondrial metabolism controls HSC fate remains unknown. Here, we show that within the hematopoietic lineage, HSCs have the largest mitochondrial NADPH pools, which are required for proper HSC cell fate and homeostasis. Bioinformatic analysis of the HSC transcriptome, biochemical assays, and genetic inactivation of FAO all indicate that FAO-generated NADPH fuels cholesterol synthesis in HSCs. Interference with FAO disturbs the segregation of mitochondrial NADPH toward corresponding daughter cells upon single HSC division. Importantly, we have found that the FAO-NADPH-cholesterol axis drives extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis and release in HSCs, while inhibition of EV signaling impairs HSC self-renewal. These data reveal the existence of a mitochondrial NADPH-cholesterol axis for EV biogenesis that is required for hematopoietic homeostasis and highlight the non-stochastic nature of HSC fate determination.

Stem cell heterogeneity, plasticity, and regulation

As a population of homogeneous cells with both self-renewal and differentiation potential, stem cell pools are highly compartmentalized and contain distinct subsets that exhibit stable but limited heterogeneity during homeostasis. However, their striking plasticity is showcased under natural or artificial stress, such as injury, transplantation, cancer, and aging, leading to changes in their phenotype, constitution, metabolism, and function. The complex and diverse network of cell-extrinsic niches and signaling pathways, together with cell-intrinsic genetic and epigenetic regulators, tightly regulate both the heterogeneity during homeostasis and the plasticity under perturbation. Manipulating these factors offers better control of stem cell behavior and a potential revolution in the current state of regenerative medicine. However, disruptions of normal regulation by genetic mutation or excessive plasticity acquisition may contribute to the formation of tumors. By harnessing innovative techniques that enhance our understanding of stem cell heterogeneity and employing novel approaches to maximize the utilization of stem cell plasticity, stem cell therapy holds immense promise for revolutionizing the future of medicine.

Neutral sphingomyelinase blockade enhances hematopoietic stem cell fitness through an integrated stress response

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation serves as a curative therapy for many benign and malignant hematopoietic disorders and as a platform for gene therapy. However, growing needs for ex vivo manipulation of HSPC-graft products are limited by barriers in maintaining critical self-renewal and quiescence properties. The role of sphingolipid metabolism in safeguarding these essential cellular properties has been recently recognized, but not yet widely explored. Here, we demonstrate that pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase-2) leads to sustained improvements in long-term competitive transplantation efficiency after ex vivo culture. Mechanistically, nSMase-2 blockade activates a canonical integrated stress response (ISR) and promotes metabolic quiescence in human and murine HSPCs. These adaptations result in part from disruption in sphingolipid metabolism that impairs the release of nSMase-2-dependent extracellular vesicles (EVs). The aggregate findings link EV trafficking and the ISR as a regulatory dyad guarding HSPC homeostasis and long-term fitness. Translationally, transient nSMase-2 inhibition enables ex vivo graft manipulation with enhanced HSPC potency.

Aged mesenchymal stem cells and inflammation: from pathology to potential therapeutic strategies

Natural ageing of organisms and corresponding age-related diseases result mainly from stem cell ageing and "inflammaging". Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit very high immune-regulating capacity and are promising candidates for immune-related disease treatment. However, the effect of MSC application is not satisfactory for some patients, especially in elderly individuals. With ageing, MSCs undergo many changes, including altered cell population reduction and differentiation ability, reduced migratory and homing capacity and, most important, defective immunosuppression. It is necessary to explore the relationship between the "inflammaging" and aged MSCs to prevent age-related diseases and increase the therapeutic effects of MSCs. In this review, we discuss changes in naturally ageing MSCs mainly from an inflammation perspective and propose some ideas for rejuvenating aged MSCs in future treatments.

Melanocortin/MC5R axis regulates the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in mice after ionizing radiation injury

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) possess great self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation abilities, which contribute to the continuous generation of various blood cells. Although many intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been found to maintain HSC homeostasis, the precise regulation of hematopoiesis under stress conditions is poorly understood. In this study, we show that melanocortin receptor 5 (MC5R) is abundantly expressed in hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs). Using an MC5R knockout mouse model, we observed that it is not essential for steady-state hematopoiesis. Interestingly, the levels of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), an important subtype of melanocortin, were elevated in the serum and bone marrow, and the expression of MC5R was upregulated in HSPCs from mice after irradiation. MC5R deficiency aggravates irradiation-induced myelosuppression because of impaired proliferation and reconstitution of HSCs. Further investigation revealed that the melanocortin/MC5R axis regulates the proliferation of HSCs by activating the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. More importantly, α-MSH treatment can significantly accelerate hematopoietic recovery in irradiated mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that the melanocortin/MC5R axis plays a crucial role in regulating HSC proliferation under stress, thus providing a promising strategy to promote hematopoietic regeneration when suffering from injury.

Differentiation latency and dormancy signatures define fetal liver HSCs at single cell resolution

Decoding the gene regulatory mechanisms mediating self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during their amplification in the fetal liver (FL) is relevant for advancing therapeutic applications aiming to expand transplantable HSCs, a long-standing challenge. Here, to explore intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of self-renewal in FL-HSCs at the single cell level, we engineered a culture platform designed to recapitulate the FL endothelial niche, which supports the amplification of serially engraftable HSCs ex vivo. Leveraging this platform in combination with single cell index flow cytometry, serial transplantation assays, and single cell RNA-sequencing, we elucidated previously unrecognized heterogeneity in immunophenotypically defined FL-HSCs and demonstrated that differentiation latency and transcriptional signatures of biosynthetic dormancy are distinguishing properties of self-renewing FL-HSCs with capacity for serial, long-term multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution. Altogether, our findings provide key insights into HSC expansion and generate a novel resource for future exploration of the intrinsic and niche-derived signaling pathways that support FL-HSC self-renewal.

Tespa1 facilitates hematopoietic and leukemic stem cell maintenance by restricting c-Myc degradation

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and leukemia stem cells (LSCs) have robust self-renewal potential, which is responsible for sustaining normal and malignant hematopoiesis, respectively. Although considerable efforts have been made to explore the regulation of HSC and LSC maintenance, the underlying molecular mechanism remains obscure. Here, we observe that the expression of thymocyte-expressed, positive selection-associated 1 (Tespa1) is markedly increased in HSCs after stresses exposure. Of note, deletion of Tespa1 results in short-term expansion but long-term exhaustion of HSCs in mice under stress conditions due to impaired quiescence. Mechanistically, Tespa1 can interact with CSN subunit 6 (CSN6), a subunit of COP9 signalosome, to prevent ubiquitination-mediated degradation of c-Myc protein in HSCs. As a consequence, forcing c-Myc expression improves the functional defect of Tespa1-null HSCs. On the other hand, Tespa1 is identified to be highly enriched in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and is essential for AML cell growth. Furthermore, using MLL-AF9-induced AML model, we find that Tespa1 deficiency suppresses leukemogenesis and LSC maintenance. In summary, our findings reveal the important role of Tespa1 in promoting HSC and LSC maintenance and therefore provide new insights on the feasibility of hematopoietic regeneration and AML treatment.

Transcription factor Nkx2-3 maintains the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells by regulating mitophagy

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside at the top of the hematopoietic hierarchy, exhibiting a unique capacity to self-renew and differentiate into all blood cells throughout the lifetime. However, how to prevent HSC exhaustion during long-term hematopoietic output is not fully understood. Here, we show that the homeobox transcription factor Nkx2-3 is required for HSC self-renewal by preserving metabolic fitness. We found that Nkx2-3 is preferentially expressed in HSCs with excessive regenerative potential. Mice with conditional deletion of Nkx2-3 displayed a reduced HSC pool and long-term repopulating capacity as well as increased sensitivity to irradiation and 5-flurouracil treatment due to impaired HSC quiescence. In contrast, overexpression of Nkx2-3 improved HSC function both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, mechanistic studies revealed that Nkx2-3 can directly control the transcription of the critical mitophagy regulator ULK1, which is essential for sustaining metabolic homeostasis in HSCs by clearing activated mitochondria. More importantly, a similar regulatory role of NKX2-3 was observed in human cord blood-derived HSCs. In conclusion, our data demonstrate an important role of the Nkx2-3/ULK1/mitophagy axis in regulating the self-renewal of HSCs, therefore providing a promising strategy to improve the function of HSCs in the clinic.

Microanatomy of the metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) by single-cell transcriptomics

BACKGROUND

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide and comprises non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Due to the high prevalence and poor prognosis of NASH, it is critical to identify and treat patients at risk. However, the aetiology and mechanisms remain largely unknown, warranting further analysis.

METHODS

We first identified differential genes in NASH by single-cell analysis of the GSE129516 dataset and conducted expression profiling data analysis of the GSE184019 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Then single-cell trajectory reconstruction and analysis, immune gene score, cellular communication, key gene screening, functional enrichment analysis, and immune microenvironment analysis were carried out. Finally, cell experiments were performed to verify the role of key genes in NASH.

RESULTS

We conducted transcriptome profiling of 30,038 single cells, including hepatocytes and non-hepatocytes from normal and steatosis adult mouse livers. Comparative analysis of hepatocytes and non-hepatocytes revealed pronounced heterogeneity as non-hepatocytes acted as major cell-communication hubs. The results showed that Hspa1b, Tfrc, Hmox1 and Map4k4 could effectively distinguish NASH tissues from normal samples. The results of scRNA-seq and qPCR indicated that the expression levels of hub genes in NASH were significantly higher than in normal cells or tissues. Further immune infiltration analysis showed significant differences in M2 macrophage distribution between healthy and metabolic-associated fatty liver samples.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that Hspa1b, Tfrc, Hmox1 and Map4k4 have huge prospects as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for NASH and may be potential therapeutic targets for NASH.

The versatile roles of testrapanins in cancer from intracellular signaling to cell-cell communication: cell membrane proteins without ligands

The tetraspanins (TSPANs) are a family of four-transmembrane proteins with 33 members in mammals. They are variably expressed on the cell surface, various intracellular organelles and vesicles in nearly all cell types. Different from the majority of cell membrane proteins, TSPANs do not have natural ligands. TSPANs typically organize laterally with other membrane proteins to form tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs) to influence cell adhesion, migration, invasion, survival and induce downstream signaling. Emerging evidence shows that TSPANs can regulate not only cancer cell growth, metastasis, stemness, drug resistance, but also biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (exosomes and migrasomes), and immunomicroenvironment. This review summarizes recent studies that have shown the versatile function of TSPANs in cancer development and progression, or the molecular mechanism of TSPANs. These findings support the potential of TSPANs as novel therapeutic targets against cancer.

The tetraspanin CD53 protects stressed hematopoietic stem cells via promotion of DREAM complex-mediated quiescence

The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) cycle responds to inflammatory and other proliferative stressors; however, these cells must quickly return to quiescence to avoid exhaustion and maintain their functional integrity. The mechanisms that regulate this return to quiescence are not well understood. Here, we show that tetraspanin CD53 is markedly upregulated in HSCs in response to a variety of inflammatory and proliferative stimuli and that the loss of CD53 is associated with prolonged cycling and reduced HSC function in the context of inflammatory stress. Mechanistically, CD53 promotes the activity of the dimerization partner, RB-like, E2F, and multi-vulva class B (DREAM) transcriptional repressor complex, which downregulates genes associated with cycling and division. Proximity labeling and confocal fluorescence microscopy studies showed that CD53 interacts with DREAM-associated proteins, specifically promoting the interaction between Rbl2/p130 and its phosphatase protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), effectively stabilizing p130 protein availability for DREAM binding. Together, these data identified a novel mechanism by which stressed HSCs resist cycling.

TSPAN32 suppresses chronic myeloid leukemia pathogenesis and progression by stabilizing PTEN

We report herein that TSPAN32 is a key node factor for Philadelphia (Ph+) leukemia pathogenesis. We found that TSPAN32 expression was repressed by BCR-ABL and ectopic TSPAN32 expression upon Imatinib treatment inhibited the proliferation of Ph+ cell lines. Tspan32 overexpression significantly prevented BCR-ABL induced leukemia progression in a murine model and impaired leukemia stem cell (LSC) proliferation. LSCs represent an obstacle for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) elimination, which continually replenish leukemia cells and are associated with disease relapse. Therefore, the identification of essential targets that contribute to the survival and self-renewal of LSCs is important for novel curative CML. Mechanistically, TSPAN32 was shown to interact with PTEN, increased its protein level and caused a reduction in PI3K-AKT signaling activity. We also found that TSPAN32 was repressed by BCR-ABL via the suppression of an important transcription factor, TAL1. Ectopic expression of TAL1 significantly increased TSPAN32 mRNA and protein level, which indicated that BCR-ABL repressed TSPAN32 transcription by decreasing TAL1 expression. Overall, we identified a new signaling axis composed of "BCR-ABL-TAL1-TSPAN32-PTEN-PI3K-AKT". Our findings further complement the known mechanisms underlying the transformation potential of BCR-ABL in CML pathogenesis. This new signaling axis also provides a potential means to target PI3K-AKT for CML treatment.

Cell-intrinsic factors governing quiescence vis-à-vis activation of adult hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoiesis is a highly complex process, regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Often, these two regulatory arms work in tandem to maintain the steady-state condition of hematopoiesis. However, at times, certain intrinsic attributes of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) override the external stimuli and dominate the outcome. These could be genetic events like mutations or environmentally induced epigenetic or transcriptomic changes. Since leukemic stem cells (LSCs) share molecular pathways that also regulate normal HSCs, identifying specific, dominantly acting intrinsic factors could help in the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here we have reviewed such dominantly acting intrinsic factors governing quiescence vis-à-vis activation of the HSCs in the face of external forces acting on them. For brevity, we have restricted our review to the articles dealing with adult HSCs of human and mouse origin that have been published in the last 10 years. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are closely associated with various stromal cells in their microenvironment and, thus, constantly receive signaling cues from them. The illustration depicts some dominantly acting intrinsic or cell-autonomous factors operative in the HSCs. These fall into various categories, such as epigenetic regulators, transcription factors, cell cycle regulators, tumor suppressor genes, signaling pathways, and metabolic regulators, which counteract the outcome of extrinsic signaling exerted by the HSC niche.

Molecular regulation of hematopoietic stem cell quiescence

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are primarily dormant in a cell-cycle quiescence state to preserve their self-renewal capacity and long-term maintenance, which is essential for the homeostasis of hematopoietic system. Dysregulation of quiescence causes HSC dysfunction and may result in aberrant hematopoiesis (e.g., myelodysplastic syndrome and bone marrow failure syndromes) and leukemia transformation. Accumulating evidence indicates that both intrinsic molecular networks and extrinsic signals regulate HSC quiescence, including cell-cycle regulators, transcription factors, epigenetic factors, and niche factors. Further, the transition between quiescence and activation of HSCs is a continuous developmental path driven by cell metabolism (e.g., protein synthesis, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and autophagy). Elucidating the complex regulatory networks of HSC quiescence will expand the knowledge of HSC hemostasis and benefit for clinical HSC use. Here, we review the current understanding and progression on the molecular and metabolic regulation of HSC quiescence, providing a more complete picture regarding the mechanisms of HSC quiescence maintenance.

microRNA, a Subtle Indicator of Human Cytomegalovirus against Host Immune Cells

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the β-herpesvirus family and infects 40–90% of the adult population worldwide. HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic in healthy individuals but causes serious problems in immunocompromised people. We restricted this narrative review (PubMed, January 2022) to demonstrate the interaction and molecular mechanisms between the virus and host immune cells with a focus on HCMV-encoded miRNAs. We found a series of HCMV-encoded miRNAs (e.g., miR-UL112 and miR-UL148D) are explicitly involved in the regulation of viral DNA replication, immune evasion, as well as host cell fate. MiRNA-targeted therapies have been explored for the treatment of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and hepatitis C virus infection. It is feasible to develop an alternative vaccine to restart peripheral immunity or to inhibit HCMV activity, which may contribute to the antiviral intervention for serious HCMV-related diseases.