Suppression of lncRNA NLRP3 inhibits NLRP3-triggered inflammatory responses in early acute lung injury

Epigenetic Control of Alveolar Macrophages: Impact on Lung Health and Disease

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are immune cells located in the alveoli-the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Their functions are regulated by various epigenetic mechanisms, which are essential for both healthy lung function and disease development. In the lung's microenvironment, AMs play critical roles in immune surveillance, pathogen clearance, and tissue repair. This review examines how epigenetic regulation influences AM functions and their involvement in lung diseases. Key mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, regulate gene expression in response to environmental signals. In healthy lungs, these modifications enable AMs to quickly respond to inhaled threats. However, when these processes malfunction, they could contribute to diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, COPD, and pulmonary hypertension. By exploring how epigenetic changes affect AM polarization, plasticity, and immune responses, we can gain deeper insights into their role in lung diseases and open new avenues for treating and preventing respiratory conditions. Ultimately, understanding the epigenetic mechanisms within AMs enhances our knowledge of lung immunology and offers potential for innovative interventions to restore lung health and prevent respiratory diseases.

Sanzi Yangqin Decoction improved acute lung injury by regulating the TLR2-mediated NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway and inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome

BACKGROUND

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious respiratory ailment marked by dysregulation of the immune dysregulation and an inflammatory reaction.Currently, effective treatment options for ALI are limited. Sanzi Yangqin Decoction (SZYQ) is a traditional formula used clinically to treat respiratory diseases, although its effects on ALI have not yet been fully elucidated.

PURPOSE

This research seeks to elucidate the pharmacodynamic material basis of SZYQ within the context of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI, thereby establishing a robust foundation for considering SZYQ as a possible intervention for improving ALI.

METHODS

The chemical constituents of SZYQ were identified by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. The pharmacological mechanism of SZYQ on ALI was preliminarily investigated through network pharmacology. An ALI model induced by LPS was employed to evaluate the efficacy of SZYQ via histopathological analysis and other methodologies. Transcriptomic analysis of lung tissue from ALI mice was conducted to uncover the potential mechanisms underlying SZYQ's effects. Additionally, LPS was used to induce murine alveolar macrophages (MH-S), creating an in vitro ALI model; siRNA was introduced to further validate the pharmacological mechanisms of SZYQ's protective effects on ALI.

RESULTS

This study identified a total of 37 chemical components within SZYQ, and network pharmacology results indicated that these components exert their effects via the Toll-like receptor pathway. The protective effects of SZYQ on ALI are manifested by the modulation of the immune response and the reduction of lung epithelial barrier damage. Transcriptomics, western blot, flow cytometry, and siRNA experiments demonstrated that SZYQ can inhibit levels of TLR2, p-NF-κB/NF-κB, p-IκB/IκB, p-IKKα/IKKα, MyD88, NLRP3, Caspase-1 and ASC. Furthermore, SZYQ was observed to reduce the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suppresses inflammasome activation, as well as decrease the incidence of cell pyroptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

This article demonstrated for the first time that SZYQ can enhance ALI through immune regulation. The proposed mechanism of action involved the TLR2-mediated NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway and the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Decoding CKD-induced muscle atrophy through the critical role of lncRNA GAS5 and pyroptosis

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a prevalent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and serves as an indicator of adverse prognosis and poor quality of life; however, the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. Emerging evidence has shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle atrophy. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we discerned elevated GAS5 expression in the muscles of CKD mice and verified these findings by real-time qPCR. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed morphological signs of pyroptosis, a potentially causal cellular death form. Additionally, elevated levels of pyroptosis markers, such as NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, and GSDMD-N, were observed in CKD mouse models and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ATP-stimulated C2C12 myotubes. Intriguingly, the knockdown of GAS5 reduced these markers, alleviating pyroptosis and enhancing myofiber size, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we pinpointed an interaction between GAS5 and the mitochondrial translation elongation factor (TUFM) through RNA pull-down and mass spectrometry. This interaction amplified NLRP3 activity, contributing to pyroptosis and muscle atrophy. Notably, overexpressing TUFM counterbalanced this effect. Fundamentally, the interaction between GAS5 and TUFM appears to compromise the anti-pyroptosis capacity of TUFM. Consequently, this amplifies the activation of the NLRP3 pathway, which may underpin the crucial mechanism driving pyroptosis-mediated muscle atrophy. Our findings provide new evidence for GAS5's role in regulating cellular pyroptosis in CKD-induced skeletal muscle atrophy.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of oridonin derivatives as novel NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors for the treatment of acute lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe respiratory disorder closely associated with the excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Oridonin (Ori), a natural diterpenoid compound, had been confirmed as a specific covalent NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, which was completely different from that of MCC950. However, the further clinical application of Ori was limited by its weak inhibitory activity against NLRP3 inflammasome (IC50 = 1240.67 nM). Fortunately, through systematic structure-optimization of Ori, D6 demonstrated the enhancement of IL-1β inhibitory activity (IC50 = 41.79 nM), which was better than the parent compound Ori. Then, by using SPR, molecular docking and MD simulation, D6 was verified to directly interact with NLRP3 via covalent and non-covalent interaction. The further anti-inflammatory mechanism studies were revealed that D6 could inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome without affecting the initiation phase of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and D6 was a broad-spectrum and selective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor. Finally, D6 demonstrated a favorable therapeutic effect on LPS-induced ALI in mice model, and the potent pharmacodynamic effect of D6 was correlated with the specific inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo. Thus, D6 is proved as a potent NLRP3 inhibitor, and has the potential to develop as a novel anti-ALI agent.

Targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway with PNU120596 protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury

OBJECTIVES

This study investigated the potential therapeutic benefits of PNU120596, a positive allosteric modulator of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), in mitigating acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a mouse model. Specifically, we sought to examine the impact of PNU120596 on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the context of ALI.

METHODS

ALI was induced in mice by LPS administration, and the protective effects of PNU120596 were assessed. Lung injury, lung function, and the inflammatory response were evaluated. Additionally, the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was examined, along with the levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers.

KEY FINDINGS

PNU120596 significantly ameliorated LPS-induced lung injury, improved lung function, and reduced the inflammatory response in the mouse model of ALI. Furthermore, we observed that PNU120596 inhibited the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which was associated with decreased levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers.

CONCLUSIONS

PNU120596 exhibits promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of acute lung injury, potentially by targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. These findings suggest that modulation of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor with PNU120596 may offer a viable strategy for the management of ALI, warranting further investigation and potential clinical applications.

Host long noncoding RNAs in bacterial infections

Bacterial infections remain a significant global health concern, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the intricate host-pathogen interactions that play a critical role in the outcome of infectious diseases. Recent investigations have revealed that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulators of these complex interactions. Among them, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have gained significant attention because of their diverse regulatory roles in gene expression, cellular processes and the production of cytokines and chemokines in response to bacterial infections. The host utilizes lncRNAs as a defense mechanism to limit microbial pathogen invasion and replication. On the other hand, some host lncRNAs contribute to the establishment and maintenance of bacterial pathogen reservoirs within the host by promoting bacterial pathogen survival, replication, and dissemination. However, our understanding of host lncRNAs in the context of bacterial infections remains limited. This review focuses on the impact of host lncRNAs in shaping host-pathogen interactions, shedding light on their multifaceted functions in both host defense and bacterial survival, and paving the way for future research aimed at harnessing their regulatory potential for clinical applications.

Anisodamine hydrobromide ameliorates acute lung injury via inhibiting pyroptosis in murine sepsis model

OBJECTIVE

Sepsis can have severe implications on lung function, leading to acute lung injury (ALI), a major contributor to sepsis-related mortality. Anisodamine hydrobromide (Ani HBr), a bioactive constituent derived from the root of Scopolia tangutica Maxim, a plant endemic to China, has demonstrated efficacy in treating septic shock. We aim to explore whether Ani HBr can alleviate sepsis-triggered ALI and elucidate the fundamental mechanisms involved.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

The protective effects of Ani HBr were assessed in two models: in vitro, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and in vivo, cecal ligation puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. To measure the cell viability of RAW264.7 cells after Ani HBr treatment, we used the CCK-8 assay. We quantified the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression using ELISA. We also measured the expression of pyrotosis indicators by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence.

RESULTS

Our study demonstrates that Ani HBr can alleviate pulmonary edema, bleeding, and excessive inflammation induced by CLP. Additionally, it exhibits protective effects against cytotoxicity induced by LPS in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Furthermore, Ani HBr downregulates the mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-18, and IL-1β in both animal models and cell cultures, thereby inhibiting pyroptosis in a similar mechanism to AC-YVAD-CMK (AYC)'s blockade of Caspase-1. Moreover, Ani HBr suppresses the production and release of proinflammatory cytokines.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that Ani HBr could serve as a protective agent against sepsis-induced ALI by suppressing pyroptosis.

Role and mechanisms of autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis in sepsis-induced acute lung injury

Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a major cause of death among patients with sepsis in intensive care units. By analyzing a model of sepsis-induced ALI using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), treatment methods and strategies to protect against ALI were discussed, which could provide an experimental basis for the clinical treatment of sepsis-induced ALI. Recent studies have found that an imbalance in autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis is a key mechanism that triggers sepsis-induced ALI, and regulating these death mechanisms can improve lung injuries caused by LPS or CLP. This article summarized and reviewed the mechanisms and regulatory networks of autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis and their important roles in the process of LPS/CLP-induced ALI in sepsis, discusses the possible targeted drugs of the above mechanisms and their effects, describes their dilemma and prospects, and provides new perspectives for the future treatment of sepsis-induced ALI.

Illuminating the pathogenic role of SARS-CoV-2: Insights into competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) regulatory networks

The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 triggered a significant economic and health crisis worldwide, with heterogeneous molecular mechanisms that contribute to its development are not yet fully understood. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2 infection and therapy, it continues to rank among the top three global causes of mortality due to infectious illnesses. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), being integral components across nearly all biological processes, demonstrate effective importance in viral pathogenesis. Regarding viral infections, ncRNAs have demonstrated their ability to modulate host reactions, viral replication, and host-pathogen interactions. However, the complex interactions of different types of ncRNAs in the progression of COVID-19 remains understudied. In recent years, a novel mechanism of post-transcriptional gene regulation known as "competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA)" has been proposed. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and viral ncRNAs function as ceRNAs, influencing the expression of associated genes by sequestering shared microRNAs. Recent research on SARS-CoV-2 has revealed that disruptions in specific ceRNA regulatory networks (ceRNETs) contribute to the abnormal expression of key infection-related genes and the establishment of distinctive infection characteristics. These findings present new opportunities to delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This progress paves the way for a more comprehensive understanding of ceRNETs, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms involved. Further exploration of these mechanisms holds promise for enhancing our ability to prevent viral infections and develop effective antiviral treatments.

Emerging Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Regulating Inflammasome-Mediated Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the complex neurodegenerative disorders, primarily characterized by motor deficits, including bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. The underlying pathophysiology involves the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to dopamine depletion in the basal ganglia circuitry. While motor symptoms are hallmark features of PD, emerging research highlights a wide range of non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairments, mood disturbances, and autonomic dysfunctions. Inflammasome activation is pivotal in inducing neuroinflammation and promoting disease onset, progression, and severity of PD. Several studies have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) modulate inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysregulation of lncRNAs is linked to aberrant gene expression and cellular processes in neurodegeneration, causing the activation of inflammasomes that contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Inflammasomes are cytosolic proteins that form complexes upon activation, inducing inflammation and neuronal cell death. This review explores the significance of lncRNAs in regulating inflammasomes in PD, primarily focusing on specific lncRNAs such as nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEATNEAT1), X-inactive specific transcript (XIST), growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5), and HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), which have been shown to activate or inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome and induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, some lncRNAs mediate inflammasome activation through miRNA interactions. Understanding the roles of lncRNAs in inflammasome regulation provides new therapeutic targets for controlling neuroinflammation and reducing the progression of neurodegeneration. Identifying lncRNA-mediated regulatory pathways paves the way for novel therapies in the battle against these devastating neurodegenerative disorders.

A novel approach in biomedical engineering: The use of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel encapsulating human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for enhanced osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis in bone regeneration

Developing effective methods for alveolar bone defect regeneration is a significant challenge in orthopedics. Exosomes from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSC-Exos) have shown potential in bone repair but face limitations due to undefined application methods and mechanisms. To address this, HUMSC-Exos were encapsulated in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel (Exo@PVA) to create a novel material for alveolar bone repair. This combination enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) more effectively than Exos alone. Additionally, Exo@PVA significantly improved alveolar bone regeneration and defect repair in rats. The microRNA-21-5p (miR-21-5p) in Exo@PVA, identified through the GEO database and analyzed via in silico methods, played a crucial role. miR-21-5p promoted BMSC osteogenic differentiation by inhibiting WWP1-mediated KLF5 ubiquitination and enhanced HUVEC angiogenesis by targeting ATP2B4. These findings underscore the potential of an Exo-based approach with PVA hydrogel scaffolds for bone defect repair, operating through the miR-21-5p/WWP1/ATP2B4 signaling axis.

Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 silencing decreases tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein expression to alleviate diabetic nephropathy

AIMS/INTRODUCTION

The molecular mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy (DN) are poorly identified. However, the advantage of an increasing amount on microarray data of diabetic nephropathy intrigued us to explore the mechanisms based on bioinformatics prediction for diabetic nephropathy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to screen the hub genes associated with diabetic nephropathy. The average human renal tubular epithelial cells were exposed to high glucose (HG) to generate an in vitro cell model. In addition, a mouse model of diabetic nephropathy was established using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection. Finally, the shRNA targeting immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (IGHG1) was introduced in vitro and in vivo to illustrate its effect on downstream factors and on the development diabetic nephropathy.

RESULTS

Bioinformatics analysis revealed that IGHG1, TRIM11 (tripartite motif protein 11), and TonEBP are highly expressed in diabetic nephropathy. In vitro cell experiments demonstrated that IGHG1 positively regulates the expression of TRIM11 and TonEBP (tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein) in HK2 cells treated with high glucose. Furthermore, TRIM11 upregulates the expression of TonEBP through activation of the MEK/ERK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling pathway in HK2 cells treated with high glucose. In vivo, animal experiments further confirmed that silencing IGHG1 could prevent the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy.

CONCLUSION

The silencing of IGHG1 alleviated diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the TRIM11/MEK/ERK axis and by downregulating TonEBP.

A novel mechanism for regulating lung immune homeostasis: Zukamu granules alleviated acute lung injury in mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and regulating Th17/Treg cytokine balance

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severely acute lung inflammation with high morbidity and mortality. Zukamu granules (ZKMG) is one of the Uygur patent drugs commonly used in clinic, which is included in the National Essential Drugs List (2018 edition). Clinical studies have shown that ZKMG has a significant effect on acute upper respiratory tract infection, and has better anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. However, the immunomodulatory mechanism of ZKMG on ALI is still not clear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study is to investigate the lung protective effect and immunomodulatory mechanism of ZKMG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced ALI mice, and to provide an important basis for the treatment strategy and theoretical basis of ALI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

First, network pharmacology was used to predict the potential signaling pathways and biological processes of ZKMG related to immunology. Molecular docking technique was used to predict the possibility between the core components of ZKMG acting on NLRP3 protein. In addition, protein levels of F4/80 in lung tissues were assessed by Immunohistochemistry (IHC). The contents of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-17A and IL-10 in the lung tissue and serum, MPO in the lung tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time quantitative PCR analysis (RT-qPCR) was used to detect NLRP3 mRNA in lung tissue. Protein levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, Cleaved caspase-1 p20, ASC, and GSDMD were detected by Western blot (WB).

RESULTS

The results of network pharmacology showed that the immune pathways of ZKMG were mainly Th17 signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, etc. Molecular docking results showed that the core components of ZKMG had good binding ability to NLRP3 protein. The verification experiments showed that ZKMG can reduce the degree of lung injury, and reduce the level of inflammatory infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages by reducing the content of MPO and F4/80. In addition, ZKMG can reduce NLRP3 mRNA, inhibit the expression of NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD and other related pathway proteins, and reduce inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-18. It can also reduce the content of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17A, increase the content of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in lung tissue.

CONCLUSION

ZKMG can reduce the degree of lung tissue injury in ALI by inhibiting NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway and restoring the IL-17A/IL-10 cytokine balance, and its protective mechanism may be related to the regulation of lung immune homeostasis. It will provide a new strategy for studying the regulation of lung immune homeostasis.

Signaling pathways and potential therapeutic targets in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common condition associated with critically ill patients, characterized by bilateral chest radiographical opacities with refractory hypoxemia due to noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Despite significant advances, the mortality of ARDS remains unacceptably high, and there are still no effective targeted pharmacotherapeutic agents. With the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 worldwide, the mortality of ARDS has increased correspondingly. Comprehending the pathophysiology and the underlying molecular mechanisms of ARDS may thus be essential to developing effective therapeutic strategies and reducing mortality. To facilitate further understanding of its pathogenesis and exploring novel therapeutics, this review provides comprehensive information of ARDS from pathophysiology to molecular mechanisms and presents targeted therapeutics. We first describe the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of ARDS that involve dysregulated inflammation, alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction, impaired alveolar fluid clearance and oxidative stress. Next, we summarize the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways related to the above four aspects of ARDS pathophysiology, along with the latest research progress. Finally, we discuss the emerging therapeutic strategies that show exciting promise in ARDS, including several pharmacologic therapies, microRNA-based therapies and mesenchymal stromal cell therapies, highlighting the pathophysiological basis and the influences on signal transduction pathways for their use.

Crosstalk between neutrophil extracellular traps and immune regulation: insights into pathobiology and therapeutic implications of transfusion-related acute lung injury

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion-associated death, occurring during or within 6 hours after transfusion. Reports indicate that TRALI can be categorized as having or lacking acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) risk factors. There are two types of TRALI in terms of its pathogenesis: antibody-mediated and non-antibody-mediated. The key initiation steps involve the priming and activation of neutrophils, with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) being established as effector molecules formed by activated neutrophils in response to various stimuli. These NETs contribute to the production and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and participate in the destruction of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. The significant role of NETs in TRALI is well recognized, offering a potential pathway for TRALI treatment. Moreover, platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, and complements have been identified as promoters of NET formation. Concurrently, studies have demonstrated that the storage of platelets and concentrated red blood cells (RBC) can induce TRALI through bioactive lipids. In this article, recent clinical and pre-clinical studies on the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of TRALI are reviewed to further illuminate the mechanism through which NETs induce TRALI. This review aims to propose new therapeutic strategies for TRALI, with the hope of effectively improving its poor prognosis.

Melatonin Alleviates Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by Inhibiting Alveolar Macrophage NLRP3 Inflammasomes Through the ROS/HIF-1α/GLUT1 Pathway

Sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating clinically severe respiratory disorder, and no effective therapy is available. Melatonin (MEL), an endogenous neurohormone, has shown great promise in alleviating sepsis-induced ARDS, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse alveolar macrophage cell line (MH-S) model, we found that MEL significantly inhibited NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in LPS-treated macrophages, whereas this inhibitory effect of MEL was weakened in MH-S cells transfected with glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) overexpressing lentivirus. Further experiments showed that MEL downregulated GLUT1 via inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α). Notably, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a donor of reactive oxygen species (ROS), significantly increased the level of intracellular ROS and inhibited the regulatory effect of MEL on the HIF-1α/GLUT1 pathway. Interestingly, the protective effect of MEL was attenuated after the knockdown of melatonin receptor 1A (MT1) in MH-S cells. We also confirmed in vivo that MEL effectively downregulated the HIF-1α/GLUT1/NLRP3 pathway in the lung tissue of LPS-treated mice, as well as significantly ameliorated LPS-induced lung injury and improved survival in mice. Collectively, these findings revealed that MEL regulates the activation of the ROS/HIF-1α/GLUT1/NLRP3 pathway in alveolar macrophages via the MT1 receptor, further alleviating sepsis-induced ARDS.

Qinhuo Shanggan oral solution resolves acute lung injury by down-regulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling cascade and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common condition, particularly in the COVID-19 pandemic, which is distinguished by sudden onset of respiratory insufficiency with tachypnea, oxygen-refractory cyanosis, reduced lung compliance and diffuse infiltration of pulmonary alveoli. It is well-established that increasing activity of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling axis and the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation are associated with the pathogenesis of ALI. Since ALI poses a huge challenge to human health, it is urgent to tackle this affliction with therapeutic intervention. Qinhuo Shanggan oral solution (QHSG), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, is clinically used for effective medication of various lung diseases including ALI, with the action mechanism obscure. In the present study, with the rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI, QHSG was unveiled to ameliorate ALI by alleviating the pathological features, reversing the alteration in white blood cell profile and impeding the production of inflammatory cytokines through down-regulation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling cascade and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophages, QHSG was discovered to hinder the generation of inflammatory cytokines by lessening TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activity and weakening NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Taken together, QHSG may resolve acute lung injury, attributed to its anti-inflammation and immunoregulation by attenuation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling cascade and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our findings provide a novel insight into the action mechanism of QHSG and lay a mechanistic foundation for therapeutic intervention in acute lung injury with QHSG in clinical practice.

MEGF6 prevents sepsis-induced acute lung injury in mice

OBJECTIVE

Acute lung injury (ALI) is featured as excessive inflammatory response and oxidative damage, and results in high death rate of septic patients. This research intends to determine the function of multiple EGF like domains 6 (MEGF6) in sepsis-induced ALI.

METHODS

Mice were intratracheally treated with adenovirus to knock down or overexpress MEGF6 in lung tissues, and then were subjected to cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) operation to induce ALI. Primary peritoneal macrophages were isolated, and were knocked down or overexpressed with MEGF6, and then, were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to confirm its role in vitro.

RESULTS

Serum and lung MEGF6 levels were significantly elevated in septic mice. MEGF6 knockdown exacerbated, while MEGF6 overexpression prevented inflammation, oxidative damage and ALI in CLP mice. Meanwhile, LPS-elicited inflammatory response and oxidative damage in primary macrophages were reduced by MEGF6 overexpression, but were further aggravated by MEGF6 knockdown. Mechanistic studies revealed that MEGF6 reduced cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) expression and subsequently elevated intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels, thereby activating sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) without affecting the protein expression. SIRT1 suppression or CD38 overexpression with either genetic or pharmacologic methods remarkably blunted the lung protective effects of MEGF6 in CLP mice.

CONCLUSION

MEGF6 prevents CLP-induced ALI through CD38/SIRT1 pathway, and it might be a valuable therapeutic candidate for the management of sepsis-induced ALI.

Integrated Analysis of Non-Coding RNA and mRNA Expression Profiles in Exosomes from Lung Tissue with Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury

Background

Acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with a high mortality rate; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression profile and related networks of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and mRNAs in lung tissue exosomes obtained from sepsis-induced ALI.

Methods

A mouse model of sepsis was established using the cecal ligation and puncture method. RNA sequencing was performed using lung tissue exosomes obtained from mice in the sham and CLP groups. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and nanoparticle tracking analysis were performed to identify relevant phenotypes, and bioinformatic algorithms were used to evaluate competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks.

Results

Thirty lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interactions were identified, including two upregulated lncRNAs, 30 upregulated miRNAs, and two downregulated miRNAs. Based on the expression levels of differentially expressed mRNAs(DEmRNAs), differentially expressed LncRNAs(DELncRNAs), and differentially expressed miRNAs(DEmiRNAs), 30 ceRNA networks were constructed.

Conclusion

Our study revealed, for the first time, the expression profiles of lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA in exosomes isolated from the lungs of mice with sepsis-induced ALI, and the exosome co-expression network and ceRNA network related to ALI in sepsis.

Combination therapy with budesonide and acetylcysteine alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury via the miR-381/NLRP3 molecular axis

BACKGROUND

Acute lung injury (ALI) usually has a high morbidity and mortality rate, but the current treatment is relatively scarce. Both budesonide (Bud) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) exhibit protective effects in ALI, so we further investigated whether they have a synergistic effect on ALI when used together.

METHODS

Establishment of a rat model of ALI with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Bud and NAC were administered by nebulized inhalation alone or in combination. Subsequently, HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in lungs of rat. Evans blue staining was implemented to assess alveolar permeability, and the pulmonary edema was assessed by measuring the ratio of wet to dry weight of the lung. Moreover, a TUNEL kit was served to test apoptosis in lung tissues. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were analyzed for expression of scorch-related proteins and NLRP3 in lung tissue, respectively. ELISA was implemented to detect inflammatory factor levels in BALF. and RT-qPCR was utilized to assess the expression level of miR-381. After stable transfection of miR-381 inhibitor or OE-NLRP3 in BEAS-2B treated with LPS, Bud and NAC, miR-381 expression was assessed by RT-qPCR, scorch death-related protein expression was measured by western blot, cell proliferation/viability was assayed by CCK-8, apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry, and ELISA was implemented to assess inflammatory factor levels. Furthermore, the Dual-luciferase assay was used to verify the targeting relationship.

RESULTS

Bud and NAC treatment alone or in combination with nebulized inhalation attenuated the increased alveolar permeability, pulmonary edema, inflammatory response and scorching in LPS-induced ALI rats, and combined treatment with Bud and NAC was the most effective. In addition, combined treatment with Bud and NAC upregulated miR-381 expression and inhibited NLRP3 expression in cellular models and LPS-induced ALI rats. Transfection of the miR-381 inhibitor and OE-NLRP3 partially reversed the protective effects of Bud and NAC combination treatment on BEAS-2B cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, focal death and the inflammatory response.

CONCLUSION

Combined Bud and NAC nebulization therapy alleviates LPS-induced ALI by modulating the miR-381/NLRP3 molecular axis.

Thermos-responsive hydrogel system encapsulated engineered exosomes attenuate inflammation and oxidative damage in acute spinal cord injury

Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious and disabling condition, and the effectiveness of conventional treatment is limited, such as supportive treatment and emergency surgery. Exosomes derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSC-Exos) have potential therapeutic effects on SCI but are limited by delivery efficiency. Our study aimed to further investigate the therapeutic effects of miR-138-modified UCMSC-exosomes (Exos-138) following SCI. Methods: We developed an injectable triblock polymer of polyglycolic acid copolymer and polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG-PLGA)-loaded temperature-sensitive hydrogel of miR-138-modified stem cell exosomes and characterised its biocompatibility in vitro. In Sprague-Dawley rats with SCI, the hydrogel was injected into the injury site, behavioural scores were measured, and pathological analysis was conducted postoperatively to assess neurological recovery. Results: In vitro, our data demonstrated that miR-138-5p-modified UCMSC-Exos can reduce inflammation levels in BV-2 cells through the NLRP3-caspase1 signalling pathway and reduce neuronal apoptosis by downregulating intracellular reactive oxygen species levels through the Nrf2-keap1 signalling cascade. The results of in vivo experiments showed that the P-Exos-138 hydrogel promoted neurological recovery in rats with SCI. Discussion: Our study explored a novel exosome delivery system that can be a potential therapeutic strategy for SCI. Our study, currently, has theoretical value; however, it can serve as a basis for further investigations on the treatment approaches at various stages of SCI development in inflammation-dependent injury of the central nervous system.

The protective effects of chrysin on cadmium-induced pulmonary toxicity; a multi-biomarker approach

This study aimed to determine the potential protective effects of chrysin (CHR) on experimental cadmium (Cd)-induced lung toxicity in rats. To this end, rats were divided into five groups; Control, CHR, Cd, Cd + CHR25, Cd + CHR50. In the study, rats were treated with CHR (oral gavage, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) 30 min after giving Cd (oral gavage, 25 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. The effects of Cd and CHR treatments on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, ER stress, apoptosis and tissue damage in rat lung tissues were determined by biochemical and histological methods. Our results revealed that CHR therapy for Cd-administered rats could significantly reduce MDA levels in lung tissue while significantly increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and GSH levels. CHR agent exerted antiinflammatory effect by lowering elevated levels of NF-κB, IL-1β IL-6, TNF-α, RAGE and NRLP3 in Cd-induced lung tissue. Moreover CHR down-regulated Cd-induced ER stress markers (PERK, IRE1, ATF6, CHOP, and GRP78) and apoptosis markers (Caspase-3, Bax) lung tissue. CHR up-regulated the Bcl-2 gene, an anti-apoptotic marker. Besides, CHR attenuated the side effects caused by Cd by modulating histopathological changes such as hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, thickening of the alveolar wall and collagen increase. Immunohistochemically, NF-κB and Caspase-3 expressions were intense in the Cd group, while these expressions were decreased in the Cd + CHR groups. These results suggest that CHR exhibits protective effects against Cd-induced lung toxicity in rats by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and histological changes.

HDAC3 promotes macrophage pyroptosis via regulating histone deacetylation in acute lung injury

Activated inflammation and pyroptosis in macrophage are closely associated with acute lung injury (ALI). Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) serves as an important enzyme that could repress gene expression by mediating chromatin remodeling. In this study, we found that HDAC3 was highly expressed in lung tissues of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. Lung tissues from macrophage HDAC3-deficient mice stimulated with LPS showed alleviative lung pathological injury and inflammatory response. HDAC3 silencing significantly blocked the activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway in LPS-induced macrophage. LPS could recruit HDAC3 and H3K9Ac to the miR-4767 gene promoter, which repressed the expression of miR-4767 to promote the expression of cGAS. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that HDAC3 played a pivotal role in mediating pyroptosis in macrophage and ALI by activating cGAS/STING pathway through its histone deacetylation function. Targeting HDAC3 in macrophage may provide a new therapeutic target for the prevention of LPS-induced ALI.

Long non-coding RNA PFI inhibits apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells to alleviate lung injury via miR-328-3p/Creb1 axis

Acute lung injury (ALI), a common clinical type of critical illness, is an acute hypoxic respiratory insufficiency caused by the damage of alveolar epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells. In a previous study, we reported a novel lncRNA, lncRNA PFI, which could protect against pulmonary fibrosis in pulmonary fibroblasts. The present study demonstrated that lncRNA PFI was downregulated in alveolar epithelial cell of mice injury lung tissues, and further investigated the role of lncRNA PFI in regulating inflammation-induced alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis. Overexpression of lncRNA PFI could partially abrogated bleomycin induced type II AECs injured. Subsequently, bioinformatic prediction revealed that lncRNA PFI might directly bind to miR-328-3p, and further AGO-2 RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay confirmed their binding relationship. Furthermore, miR-328-3p promoted apoptosis in MLE-12 cells by limiting the activation of the Creb1, a protein correlated with cell apoptosis, whereas AMO-328-3p ablated the pro-apoptosis effect of silencing lncRNA PFI in MLE-12 cells. While miR-328-3p could also ablate the function of lncRNA PFI in bleomycin treated human lung epithelial cells. Enhanced expression of lncRNA PFI reversed the LPS-induced lung injury in mice. Overall, these data reveal that lncRNA PFI mitigated acute lung injury through miR-328-3p/Creb1 pathway in alveolar epithelial cells.

Irisin attenuates acute lung injury by suppressing the pyroptosis of alveolar macrophages

Irisin is a hormone‑like myokine that regulates cell signaling pathways and exerts anti‑inflammatory effects. However, the specific molecular mechanisms involved in this process are currently unknown. The present study explored the role and mechanisms underlying the functions of irisin in alleviating acute lung injury (ALI). The present study used MH‑S, an established murine alveolar macrophage‑derived cell line, and a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced‑ALI to examine the efficacy of irisin against ALI in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Fibronectin type III repeat‑containing protein/irisin was expressed in the inflamed lung tissue, but not in normal lung tissue. Exogenous irisin reduced alveolar inflammatory cell infiltration and pro‑inflammatory factor secretion in mice following LPS stimulation. It also inhibited the polarization of M1‑type macrophages and promoted the repolarization of M2‑type macrophages, thus reducing the LPS‑induced production and secretion of interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑18 and tumor necrosis factor‑α. In addition, irisin reduced the release of the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), inhibited the formation of nucleotide‑binding and oligomerization domain‑like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complexes, and decreased the expression of caspase‑1 and the cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD), leading to reduced pyroptosis and the accompanying inflammation. On the whole, the findings of the present study demonstrate that irisin attenuates ALI by inhibiting the HSP90/NLRP3/caspase‑1/GSDMD signaling pathway, reversing macrophage polarization and reducing the pyroptosis of macrophages. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the role of irisin in the treatment of ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Mitophagy-promoting miR-138-5p promoter demethylation inhibits pyroptosis in sepsis-associated acute lung injury

BACKGROUND

The present study was designed to explore the potential regulatory mechanism between mitophagy and pyroptosis during sepsis-associated acute lung injury (ALI).

METHODS

In vitro or in vivo models of sepsis-associated ALI were established by administering lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or performing caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. Pyroptosis levels were detected by electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was applied to verify the targeting relationship between miR-138-5p and NLRP3. Methylation-specific PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to determine methylation of the miR-138-5p promoter. Mitophagy levels were examined by transmission electron microscopy and western blotting.

RESULTS

NLRP3 inflammasome silencing alleviated alveolar macrophage (AM) pyroptosis and septic lung injury. In addition, we confirmed the direct targeting relationship between miR-138-5p and NLRP3. Overexpressed miR-138-5p alleviated AM pyroptosis and the pulmonary inflammatory response. Moreover, the decreased expression of miR-138-5p was confirmed to depend on promoter methylation, while inhibition of miR-138-5p promoter methylation attenuated AM pyroptosis and pulmonary inflammation. Here, we discovered that an increased cytoplasmic mtDNA content in sepsis-induced ALI models induced the methylation of the miR-138-5p promoter, thereby decreasing miR-138-5p expression, which may activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and trigger AM pyroptosis. Mitophagy, a form of selective autophagy that clears damaged mitochondria, reduced cytoplasmic mtDNA levels. Furthermore, enhanced mitophagy might suppress miR-138-5p promoter methylation and relieve the pulmonary inflammatory response, changes that were reversed by treatment with isolated mtDNA.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, our study indicated that mitophagy induced the demethylation of the miR-138-5p promoter, which may subsequently inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome, AM pyroptosis and inflammation in sepsis-induced lung injury. These findings may provide a promising therapeutic target for sepsis-associated ALI.

Overexpression of IFIT1 protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury via regulating CCL5-p65NF-κB signaling

Acute lung injury (ALI) is featured by intensive inflammatory responses causing significant morbidity and mortality. Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1), induced by interferon (IFN), has been discovered to modulate viral infection and cell apoptosis and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, it's role and mechanism in ALI remain unclear and need to be explored furtherly. Here, we discovered that IFIT1 decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in mouse-derived macrophage cells (MH-S) and alleviated apoptosis of murine lung epithelial cells (MLE-12) induced by MH-S cell supernatant, contributing to anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, RNA sequencing analysis (RNA-seq) showed that inflammatory chemokine CC motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) partially eliminated the protective effects of IFIT1 and promoted the expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 by CCL5-p65NF-κB signaling pathway. This study demonstrated that IFIT1 attenuated ALI-associated inflammation and cell apoptosis by regulating the CCL5-p65NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings are of great significance for the treatment of lung injury.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induce Alveolar Macrophage Pyroptosis by Regulating NLRP3 Deubiquitination, Aggravating the Development of Septic Lung Injury

Background

Uncontrolled inflammation is a typical feature of sepsis-related lung injury. The key event in the progression of lung injury is Caspase-1-dependent alveolar macrophage (AM) pyroptosis. Similarly, neutrophils are stimulated to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to participate in the innate immune response. This study aims to illustrate the specific mechanisms by which NETs activate AM at the post-translational level and maintain lung inflammation.

Methods

We established a septic lung injury model by caecal ligation and puncture. We found elevated NETs and interleukin-1b (IL-1β) levels in the lung tissues of septic mice. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses was utilized to determine whether NETs promote AM pyroptosis and whether degrading NETs or targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome had protective effects on AM pyroptosis and lung injury. Flow cytometric and co-immunoprecipitation analyses verified intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the binding of NLRP3 and ubiquitin (UB) molecules, respectively.

Results

Increased NETs production and IL-1β release in septic mice were correlated with the degree of lung injury. NETs upregulated the level of NLRP3, followed by NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activation, leading to AM pyroptosis executed by the activated fragment of full-length gasdermin D (FH-GSDMD). However, the opposite effect was observed in the context of NETs degradation. Furthermore, NETs markedly elicited an increase in ROS, which facilitated the activation of NLRP3 deubiquitination and the subsequent pyroptosis pathway in AM. Removal of ROS could promote the binding of NLRP3 and ubiquitin, inhibit NLRP3 binding to apoptosis-associated spotted proteins (ASC) and further alleviate the inflammatory changes in the lungs.

Conclusion

In summary, these findings indicate that NETs prime ROS generation, which promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation at the post-translational level to mediate AM pyroptosis and sustain lung injury in septic mice.

Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in the Regulation of Cellular Immune Response and Inflammatory Diseases

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recently discovered genetic regulatory molecules that regulate immune responses and are closely associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases, including inflammation, in humans and animals. Under specific physiological conditions, lncRNA expression varies at the cell or tissue level, and lncRNAs can bind to specific miRNAs, target mRNAs, and target proteins to participate in certain processes, such as cell differentiation and inflammatory responses, via the corresponding signaling pathways. This review article summarizes the regulatory role of lncRNAs in macrophage polarization, dendritic cell differentiation, T cell differentiation, and endothelial and epithelial inflammation. In addition, it describes the molecular mechanism of lncRNAs in acute kidney injury, hepatitis, inflammatory injury of the lung, osteoarthritis, mastitis, and neuroinflammation to provide a reference for the molecular regulatory network as well as the genetic diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory diseases in humans and animals.

Comprehensive Analysis of Potential ceRNA Network and Different Degrees of Immune Cell Infiltration in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a leading cause of death in critically ill patients due to hypoxemic respiratory failure. The specific pathogenesis underlying ARDS has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we constructed a triple regulatory network involving competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to investigate the potential mechanism of ARDS and evaluated the immune cell infiltration patterns in ARDS patients. Overall, we downloaded three microarray datasets that included 60 patients with sepsis-induced ARDS and 79 patients with sepsis alone from the public Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs, including 9 DElncRNAs, 9 DEmiRNAs, and 269 DEmRNAs) by R software. The DEGs were subjected to the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) for functional enrichment analysis, and a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was generated for uncovering interactive relationships among DEmRNAs. Then, a ceRNA network that contained 5 DElncRNAs, 7 DEmiRNAs, and 71 DEmRNAs was established according to the overlapping genes in both DEGs and predicted genes by public databases. Finally, we identified the TUG1/miR-140-5p/NFE2L2 pathway as the hub pathway in the whole network through Cytoscape. In addition, we evaluated the distribution of 22 subtypes of immune cells and recognized three differentially expressed immune cells in patients with sepsis-induced ARDS by “Cell Type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of Known RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT)” algorithm, namely, naive B cells, regulatory T cells, and eosinophils. Correlations between differentially expressed immune cells and hub genes in the ceRNA network were also performed. In conclusion, we demonstrated a new potential regulatory mechanism underlying ARDS (the TUG1/miR-140-5p/NFE2L2 ceRNA regulatory pathway), which may help in further exploring the pathogenesis of ARDS.

Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome With Nrf2 Inducers in Central Nervous System Disorders

The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in the innate immune system by identifying and eliminating a plethora of endogenous and exogenous threats to the host. Upon activation of the NLRP3 complex, pro-inflammatory cytokines are processed and released. Furthermore, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex can induce pyroptotic cell death, thereby propagating the inflammatory response. The aberrant activity and detrimental effects of NLRP3 inflammasome activation have been associated with cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, clinical strategies targeting the inhibition of the self-propelled NLRP3 inflammasome activation are required. The transcription factor Nrf2 regulates cellular stress response, controlling the redox equilibrium, metabolic programming, and inflammation. The Nrf2 pathway participates in anti-oxidative, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities. This prominent regulator, through pharmacologic activation, could provide a therapeutic strategy for the diseases to the etiology and pathogenesis of which NLRP3 inflammasome contributes. In this review, current knowledge on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and Nrf2 pathways is presented; the relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and Nrf2 pathway, as well as the pre/clinical use of Nrf2 activators against NLRP3 inflammasome activation in disorders of the central nervous system, are thoroughly described. Cumulative evidence points out therapeutic use of Nrf2 activators against NLRP3 inflammasome activation or diseases that NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to would be advantageous to prevent inflammatory conditions; however, the side effects of these molecules should be kept in mind before applying them to clinical practice.