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Barskiy DA. Molecules, Up Your Spins! Molecules 2024; 29:1821. [PMID: 38675641 PMCID: PMC11052189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are indispensable tools in science and medicine, offering insights into the functions of biological processes [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila A. Barskiy
- Institut für Physik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
- Helmholtz Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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2
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Mosavian N, Hubert F, Smits J, Kehayias P, Silani Y, Richards BA, Acosta VM. Super-Resolution Diamond Magnetic Microscopy of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2024; 18:6523-6532. [PMID: 38369724 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Scanning-probe and wide-field magnetic microscopes based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have enabled advances in the study of biology and materials, but each method has drawbacks. Here, we implement an alternative method for nanoscale magnetic microscopy based on optical control of the charge state of NV centers in a dense layer near the diamond surface. By combining a donut-beam super-resolution technique with optically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we imaged the magnetic fields produced by single 30 nm iron-oxide nanoparticles. The magnetic microscope has a lateral spatial resolution of ∼100 nm, and it resolves the individual magnetic dipole features from clusters of nanoparticles with interparticle spacings down to ∼190 nm. The magnetic feature amplitudes are more than an order of magnitude larger than those obtained by confocal magnetic microscopy due to the narrower optical point-spread function and the shallow depth of NV centers. We analyze the magnetic nanoparticle images and sensitivity as a function of the microscope's spatial resolution and show that the signal-to-noise ratio for nanoparticle detection does not degrade as the spatial resolution improves. We identify sources of background fluorescence that limit the present performance, including diamond second-order Raman emission and imperfect NV charge state control. Our method, which uses <10 mW laser power and can be parallelized by patterned illumination, introduces a promising format for nanoscale magnetic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Mosavian
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Forrest Hubert
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Janis Smits
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Pauli Kehayias
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Yaser Silani
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Bryan A Richards
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Victor M Acosta
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
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3
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Lamichhane S, Timalsina R, Schultz C, Fescenko I, Ambal K, Liou SH, Lai RY, Laraoui A. Nitrogen-Vacancy Magnetic Relaxometry of Nanoclustered Cytochrome C Proteins. Nano Lett 2024; 24:873-880. [PMID: 38207217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) magnetometry offers an alternative tool to detect paramagnetic centers in cells with a favorable combination of magnetic sensitivity and spatial resolution. Here, we employ NV magnetic relaxometry to detect cytochrome C (Cyt-C) nanoclusters. Cyt-C is a water-soluble protein that plays a vital role in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. Under ambient conditions, the heme group in Cyt-C remains in the Fe3+ state, which is paramagnetic. We vary the concentration of Cyt-C from 6 to 54 μM and observe a reduction of the NV spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) from 1.2 ms to 150 μs, which is attributed to the spin noise originating from the Fe3+ spins. NV T1 imaging of Cyt-C drop-casted on a nanostructured diamond chip allows us to detect the relaxation rates from the adsorbed Fe3+ within Cyt-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvechhya Lamichhane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rupak Timalsina
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Cody Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ilja Fescenko
- Laser Center, University of Latvia, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Kapildeb Ambal
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Sy-Hwang Liou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rebecca Y Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Abdelghani Laraoui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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4
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Arunkumar N, Olsson KS, Oon JT, Hart CA, Bucher DB, Glenn DR, Lukin MD, Park H, Ham D, Walsworth RL. Quantum Logic Enhanced Sensing in Solid-State Spin Ensembles. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:100801. [PMID: 37739376 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate quantum logic enhanced sensitivity for a macroscopic ensemble of solid-state, hybrid two-qubit sensors. We achieve over a factor of 30 improvement in the single-shot signal-to-noise ratio, translating to an ac magnetic field sensitivity enhancement exceeding an order of magnitude for time-averaged measurements. Using the electronic spins of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond as sensors, we leverage the on-site nitrogen nuclear spins of the NV centers as memory qubits, in combination with homogeneous and stable bias and control fields, ensuring that all of the ∼10^{9} two-qubit sensors are sufficiently identical to permit global control of the NV ensemble spin states. We find quantum logic sensitivity enhancement for multiple measurement protocols with varying optimal sensing intervals, including XY8 and DROID-60 dynamical decoupling, as well as correlation spectroscopy, using an applied ac magnetic field signal. The results are independent of the nature of the target signal and broadly applicable to measurements using NV centers and other solid-state spin ensembles. This work provides a benchmark for macroscopic ensembles of quantum sensors that employ quantum logic or quantum error correction algorithms for enhanced sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Arunkumar
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Kevin S Olsson
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Jner Tzern Oon
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Connor A Hart
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David R Glenn
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Donhee Ham
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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5
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Gomez MV, Baas S, Velders AH. Multinuclear 1D and 2D NMR with 19F-Photo-CIDNP hyperpolarization in a microfluidic chip with untuned microcoil. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3885. [PMID: 37391397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a most powerful molecular characterization and quantification technique, yet two major persistent factors limit its more wide-spread applications: poor sensitivity, and intricate complex and expensive hardware required for sophisticated experiments. Here we show NMR with a single planar-spiral microcoil in an untuned circuit with hyperpolarization option and capability to execute complex experiments addressing simultaneously up to three different nuclides. A microfluidic NMR-chip in which the 25 nL detection volume can be efficiently illuminated with laser-diode light enhances the sensitivity by orders of magnitude via photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP), allowing rapid detection of samples in the lower picomole range (normalized limit of detection at 600 MHz, nLODf,600, of 0.01 nmol Hz1/2). The chip is equipped with a single planar microcoil operating in an untuned circuit that allows different Larmor frequencies to be addressed simultaneously, permitting advanced hetero-, di- and trinuclear, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Here we show NMR chips with photo-CIDNP and broadband capabilities addressing two of the major limiting factors of NMR, by enhancing sensitivity as well as reducing cost and hardware complexity; the performance is compared to state-of-the-art instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Gomez
- IRICA, Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Sander Baas
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University, 6700 EK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldrik H Velders
- IRICA, Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University, 6700 EK, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Lamichhane S, McElveen KA, Erickson A, Fescenko I, Sun S, Timalsina R, Guo Y, Liou SH, Lai RY, Laraoui A. Nitrogen-Vacancy Magnetometry of Individual Fe-Triazole Spin Crossover Nanorods. ACS Nano 2023; 17:8694-8704. [PMID: 37093121 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
[Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4) (Fe-triazole) spin crossover molecules show thermal, electrical, and optical switching between high spin (HS) and low spin (LS) states, making them promising candidates for molecular spintronics. The LS and HS transitions originate from the electronic configurations of Fe(II) and are considered to be diamagnetic and paramagnetic, respectively. The Fe(II) LS state has six paired electrons in the ground states with no interaction with the magnetic field and a diamagnetic behavior is usually observed. While the bulk magnetic properties of Fe-triazole compounds are widely studied by standard magnetometry techniques, their magnetic properties at the individual level are missing. Here we use nitrogen vacancy (NV) based magnetometry to study the magnetic properties of the Fe-triazole LS state of nanoparticle clusters and individual nanorods of size varying from 20 to 1000 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy are performed to determine the size of the nanoparticles/nanorods and to confirm their respective spin states. The magnetic field patterns produced by the nanoparticles/nanorods are imaged by NV magnetic microscopy as a function of applied magnetic field (up to 350 mT) and correlated with SEM and Raman. We found that in most of the nanorods the LS state is slightly paramagnetic, possibly originating from the surface oxidation and/or the greater Fe(III) presence along the nanorods' edges. NV measurements on the Fe-triazole LS state nanoparticle clusters revealed both diamagnetic and paramagnetic behavior. Our results highlight the potential of NV quantum sensors to study the magnetic properties of spin crossover molecules and molecular magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvechhya Lamichhane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 North 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Kayleigh A McElveen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N 12 Street, 651 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Adam Erickson
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 900 North 16th Street, West Nebraska Hall 342, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ilja Fescenko
- Laser Center, University of Latvia, Jelgavas St 3, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Shuo Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N 12 Street, 651 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rupak Timalsina
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 900 North 16th Street, West Nebraska Hall 342, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Yinsheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N 12 Street, 651 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Sy-Hwang Liou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 North 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rebecca Y Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N 12 Street, 651 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Abdelghani Laraoui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 North 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 900 North 16th Street, West Nebraska Hall 342, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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7
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Liu KS, Ma X, Rizzato R, Semrau AL, Henning A, Sharp ID, Fischer RA, Bucher DB. Using Metal-Organic Frameworks to Confine Liquid Samples for Nanoscale NV-NMR. Nano Lett 2022; 22:9876-9882. [PMID: 36480706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-scale magnetic field sensors based on nitrogen vacancy (NV) defects in diamonds are an exciting platform for nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The detection of NMR signals from a few zeptoliters to single molecules or even single nuclear spins has been demonstrated using NV centers close to the diamond surface. However, fast molecular diffusion of sample molecules in and out of the nanoscale detection volumes impedes their detection and limits current experiments to solid-state or highly viscous samples. Here, we show that restricting diffusion by confinement enables nanoscale NMR spectroscopy of liquid samples. Our approach uses metal-organic frameworks (MOF) with angstrom-sized pores on a diamond chip to trap sample molecules near the NV centers. This enables the detection of NMR signals from a liquid sample, which would not be detectable without confinement. These results set the route for nanoscale liquid-phase NMR with high spectral resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Xiaoxin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Roberto Rizzato
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Anna L Semrau
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Alex Henning
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
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8
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Tobalina A, Munuera-Javaloy C, Torrontegui E, Muga JG, Casanova J. Tailored ion beam for precise colour centre creation. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 380:20210271. [PMID: 36335951 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present an invariant-based quantum control scheme leading to a highly monochromatic ion beam from a Paul trap. Our protocol is implementable by supplying the segmented electrodes in the trap with voltages of the order of volts. This mitigates the impact of fluctuations in previous designs and leads to a low-dispersion beam of ions. Moreover, our proposal does not rely on sympathetically cooling ions, which bypasses the need of loading different species in the trap-namely, the propelled ion and, e.g. a [Formula: see text] to exert sympathetic cooling-significantly incrementing the repetition rate of the launching procedure. Our scheme is based on an invariant operator linear in position and momentum, which enables us to control the average extraction energy and the outgoing momentum spread. In addition, we propose a sequential operation to tailor the transversal properties of the beam before the ejection to minimize the impact spot and to increase the lateral resolution of the implantation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Shortcuts to adiabaticity: theoretical, experimental and interdisciplinary perspectives'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tobalina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - C Munuera-Javaloy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - E Torrontegui
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad 30, Leganés 28911, Spain
- Instituto de Física Fundamental IFF-CSIC, Calle Serrano 113b, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - J G Muga
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - J Casanova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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Abstract
Relaxometry is a technique which makes use of a specific crystal lattice defect in diamond, the so-called NV center. This defect consists of a nitrogen atom, which replaces a carbon atom in the diamond lattice, and an adjacent vacancy. NV centers allow converting magnetic noise into optical signals, which dramatically increases the sensitivity of the readout, allowing for nanoscale resolution. Analogously to T1 measurements in conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), relaxometry allows the detection of different concentrations of paramagnetic species. However, since relaxometry allows very local measurements, the detected signals are from nanoscale voxels around the NV centers. As a result, it is possible to achieve subcellular resolutions and organelle specific measurements.A relaxometry experiment starts with polarizing the spins of NV centers in the diamond lattice, using a strong laser pulse. Afterward the laser is switched off and the NV centers are allowed to stochastically decay into the equilibrium mix of different magnetic states. The polarized configuration exhibits stronger fluorescence than the equilibrium state, allowing one to optically monitor this transition and determine its rate. This process happens faster at higher levels of magnetic noise. Alternatively, it is possible to conduct T1 relaxation measurements from the dark to the bright equilibrium by applying a microwave pulse which brings NV centers into the -1 state instead of the 0 state. One can record a spectrum of T1 at varying strengths of the applied magnetic field. This technique is called cross-relaxometry. Apart from detecting magnetic signals, responsive coatings can be applied which render T1 sensitive to other parameters as pH, temperature, or electric field. Depending on the application there are three different ways to conduct relaxometry experiments: relaxometry in moving or stationary nanodiamonds, scanning magnetometry, and relaxometry in a stationary bulk diamond with a stationary sample on top.In this Account, we present examples for various relaxometry modes as well as their advantages and limitations. Due to the simplicity and low cost of the approach, relaxometry has been implemented in many different instruments and for a wide range of applications. Herein we review the progress that has been achieved in physics, chemistry, and biology. Many articles in this field have a proof-of-principle character, and the full potential of the technology still waits to be unfolded. With this Account, we would like to stimulate discourse on the future of relaxometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Mzyk
- Groningen
University, University Medical
Center Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, the Netherlands,Institute
of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Reymonta 25, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alina Sigaeva
- Groningen
University, University Medical
Center Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Groningen
University, University Medical
Center Groningen, Antonius
Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, the Netherlands,
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10
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. J Mater Chem C Mater 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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11
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Gierse M, Marshall A, Qureshi MU, Scharpf J, Parker AJ, Hausmann BJM, Walther P, Bleszynski Jayich AC, Jelezko F, Neumann P, Schwartz I. Scalable and Tunable Diamond Nanostructuring Process for Nanoscale NMR Applications. ACS Omega 2022; 7:31544-31550. [PMID: 36092615 PMCID: PMC9454277 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructuring of a bulk material is used to change its mechanical, optical, and electronic properties and to enable many new applications. We present a scalable fabrication technique that enables the creation of densely packed diamond nanopillars for quantum technology applications. The process yields tunable feature sizes without the employment of lithographic techniques. High-aspect-ratio pillars are created through oxygen-plasma etching of diamond with a dewetted palladium film as an etch mask. We demonstrate an iterative renewal of the palladium etch mask, by which the initial mask thickness is not the limiting factor for the etch depth. Following the process, 300-400 million densely packed 100 nm wide and 1 μm tall diamond pillars were created on a 3 × 3 mm2 diamond sample. The fabrication technique is tailored specifically to enable applications and research involving quantum coherent defect center spins in diamond, such as nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, which are widely used in quantum science and engineering. To demonstrate the compatibility of our technique with quantum sensing, NV centers are created in the nanopillar sidewalls and are used to sense 1H nuclei in liquid wetting the nanostructured surface. This nanostructuring process is an important element for enabling the wide-scale implementation of NV-driven magnetic resonance imaging or NV-driven NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gierse
- NVision
Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alastair Marshall
- NVision
Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Walther
- Central
Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ania C. Bleszynski Jayich
- Department
of Physics, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- NVision
Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ilai Schwartz
- NVision
Imaging Technologies GmbH, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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12
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Berzins A, Grube H, Sprugis E, Vaivars G, Fescenko I. Impact of Helium Ion Implantation Dose and Annealing on Dense Near-Surface Layers of NV Centers. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:2234. [PMID: 35808069 PMCID: PMC9268007 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The implantation of diamonds with helium ions has become a common method to create hundreds-nanometers-thick near-surface layers of NV centers for high-sensitivity sensing and imaging applications; however, optimal implantation dose and annealing temperature are still a matter of discussion. In this study, we irradiated HPHT diamonds with an initial nitrogen concentration of 100 ppm using different implantation doses of helium ions to create 200-nm thick NV layers. We compare a previously considered optimal implantation dose of ∼1012 He+/cm2 to double and triple doses by measuring fluorescence intensity, contrast, and linewidth of magnetic resonances, as well as longitudinal and transversal relaxation times T1 and T2. From these direct measurements, we also estimate concentrations of P1 and NV centers. In addition, we compare the three diamond samples that underwent three consequent annealing steps to quantify the impact of processing at 1100 °C, which follows initial annealing at 800 °C. By tripling the implantation dose, we have increased the magnetic sensitivity of our sensors by 28±5%. By projecting our results to higher implantation doses, we demonstrate that it is possible to achieve a further improvement of up to 70%. At the same time, additional annealing steps at 1100 °C improve the sensitivity only by 6.6 ± 2.7%.
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13
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Zhang J, Du Y, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Fan Y, Li Y. 1H-NMR Based Metabolomics Technology Identifies Potential Serum Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer Lung Metastasis in a Mouse Model. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:1457-1469. [PMID: 35444465 PMCID: PMC9015044 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s348981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung metastasis is a common metastasis site of colorectal cancer which largely reduces the quality of life and survival rates of patients. The discovery of potential novel diagnostic biomarkers is very meaningful for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer with lung metastasis. Methods In the present study, the metabonomic profiling of serum samples of lung metastasis mice was analyzed by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to elucidate the distinguishing metabolites between different groups, and all achieved excellent separations, which indicated that metastatic mice could be differentiated from control mice based on the metabolic profiles at serum levels. Furthermore, during lung metastasis of colorectal cancer, metabolic phenotypes changed significantly, and some of metabolites were identified. Results Among these metabolites, approximately 15 were closely associated with the lung metastasis process. Pathway enrichment analysis results showed deregulation of metabolic pathways participating in the process of lung metastasis, such as synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies pathway, amino acid metabolism pathway and pyruvate metabolism pathway. Conclusion The present study demonstrated the metabolic disturbances of serum samples of mice during the lung metastasis process of colorectal cancer and provides potential diagnostic biomarkers for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Zhang
- Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanxin Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongcai Zhang
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Medical Imaging Department of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanying Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yan Li; Yanying Fan, Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Center, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, 56#, Xin Jian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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14
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Liu KS, Henning A, Heindl MW, Allert RD, Bartl JD, Sharp ID, Rizzato R, Bucher DB. Surface NMR using quantum sensors in diamond. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2111607119. [PMID: 35082146 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111607119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
NMR is a noninvasive, molecular-level spectroscopic technique widely used for chemical characterization. However, it lacks the sensitivity to probe the small number of spins at surfaces and interfaces. Here, we use nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond as quantum sensors to optically detect NMR signals from chemically modified thin films. To demonstrate the method's capabilities, aluminum oxide layers, common supports in catalysis and materials science, are prepared by atomic layer deposition and are subsequently functionalized by phosphonate chemistry to form self-assembled monolayers. The surface NV-NMR technique detects spatially resolved NMR signals from the monolayer, indicates chemical binding, and quantifies molecular coverage. In addition, it can monitor in real time the formation kinetics at the solid-liquid interface. With our approach, we show that NV quantum sensors are a surface-sensitive NMR tool with femtomole sensitivity for in situ analysis in catalysis, materials, and biological research.
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15
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Eills J, Hale W, Utz M. Synergies between Hyperpolarized NMR and Microfluidics: A Review. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 2022; 128:44-69. [PMID: 35282869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance and lab-on-a-chip microfluidics are two dynamic, but until recently quite distinct, fields of research. Recent developments in both areas increased their synergistic overlap. By microfluidic integration, many complex experimental steps can be brought together onto a single platform. Microfluidic devices are therefore increasingly finding applications in medical diagnostics, forensic analysis, and biomedical research. In particular, they provide novel and powerful ways to culture cells, cell aggregates, and even functional models of entire organs. Nuclear magnetic resonance is a non-invasive, high-resolution spectroscopic technique which allows real-time process monitoring with chemical specificity. It is ideally suited for observing metabolic and other biological and chemical processes in microfluidic systems. However, its intrinsically low sensitivity has limited its application. Recent advances in nuclear hyperpolarization techniques may change this: under special circumstances, it is possible to enhance NMR signals by up to 5 orders of magnitude, which dramatically extends the utility of NMR in the context of microfluidic systems. Hyperpolarization requires complex chemical and/or physical manipulations, which in turn may benefit from microfluidic implementation. In fact, many hyperpolarization methodologies rely on processes that are more efficient at the micro-scale, such as molecular diffusion, penetration of electromagnetic radiation into a sample, or restricted molecular mobility on a surface. In this review we examine the confluence between the fields of hyperpolarization-enhanced NMR and microfluidics, and assess how these areas of research have mutually benefited one another, and will continue to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute for Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55090 Mainz, Germany; GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - William Hale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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16
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Mzyk A, Ong Y, Ortiz Moreno AR, Padamati SK, Zhang Y, Reyes-San-Martin CA, Schirhagl R. Diamond Color Centers in Diamonds for Chemical and Biochemical Analysis and Visualization. Anal Chem 2022; 94:225-249. [PMID: 34841868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Mzyk
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Yori Ong
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ari R Ortiz Moreno
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep K Padamati
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Zhang
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia A Reyes-San-Martin
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Zhang T, Pramanik G, Zhang K, Gulka M, Wang L, Jing J, Xu F, Li Z, Wei Q, Cigler P, Chu Z. Toward Quantitative Bio-sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2077-2107. [PMID: 34038091 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The long-dreamed-of capability of monitoring the molecular machinery in living systems has not been realized yet, mainly due to the technical limitations of current sensing technologies. However, recently emerging quantum sensors are showing great promise for molecular detection and imaging. One of such sensing qubits is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, a photoluminescent impurity in a diamond lattice with unique room-temperature optical and spin properties. This atomic-sized quantum emitter has the ability to quantitatively measure nanoscale electromagnetic fields via optical means at ambient conditions. Moreover, the unlimited photostability of NV centers, combined with the excellent diamond biocompatibility and the possibility of diamond nanoparticles internalization into the living cells, makes NV-based sensors one of the most promising and versatile platforms for various life-science applications. In this review, we will summarize the latest developments of NV-based quantum sensing with a focus on biomedical applications, including measurements of magnetic biomaterials, intracellular temperature, localized physiological species, action potentials, and electronic and nuclear spins. We will also outline the main unresolved challenges and provide future perspectives of many promising aspects of NV-based bio-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Goutam Pramanik
- UGC DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Sector III, LB-8, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michal Gulka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jixiang Jing
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, China
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Rani D, Opaluch OR, Neu E. Recent Advances in Single Crystal Diamond Device Fabrication for Photonics, Sensing and Nanomechanics. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 12:36. [PMID: 33396918 PMCID: PMC7823554 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, the use of diamond as a material for applications in nanophotonics, optomechanics, quantum information, and sensors tremendously increased due to its outstanding mechanical properties, wide optical transparency, and biocompatibility. This has been possible owing to advances in methods for growth of high-quality single crystal diamond (SCD), nanofabrication methods and controlled incorporation of optically active point defects (e.g., nitrogen vacancy centers) in SCD. This paper reviews the recent advances in SCD nano-structuring methods for realization of micro- and nano-structures. Novel fabrication methods are discussed and the different nano-structures realized for a wide range of applications are summarized. Moreover, the methods for color center incorporation in SCD and surface treatment methods to enhance their properties are described. Challenges in the upscaling of SCD nano-structure fabrication, their commercial applications and future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elke Neu
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany; (D.R.); (O.R.O.)
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19
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20
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Abstract
The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is widely applied in biomedical and biological science to study structures and dynamics of proteins and their reactions. Despite its impact, NMR is an inherently insensitive phenomenon and has driven the field to construct spectrometers with increasingly higher magnetic fields leading to more detection sensitivity. Here, we are demonstrating that enzymatic reactions can be followed in real-time at millitesla fields, three orders of magnitude lower than the field of state-of-the-art NMR spectrometers. This requires signal-enhancing samples via hyperpolarization. Within seconds, we have enhanced the signals of 2-13C-pyruvate, an important metabolite to probe cancer metabolism, in 22 mM concentrations (up to 10.1% ± 0.1% polarization) and show that such a large signal allows for the real-time detection of enzymatic conversion of pyruvate to lactate at 24 mT. This development paves the pathways for biological studies in portable and affordable NMR systems with a potential for medical diagnostics. We demonstrate that metabolism can be monitored in real-time with magnetic resonance at milli-tesla fields that are 1000 fold lower than state-of-the-art high field spectrometers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Korchak
- NMR Signal Enhancement Group, Max-Planck-Insitute for Biophysical Chemistry Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany .,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration of UMG Von-Siebold-Str. 3A 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Anil P Jagtap
- NMR Signal Enhancement Group, Max-Planck-Insitute for Biophysical Chemistry Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany .,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration of UMG Von-Siebold-Str. 3A 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Stefan Glöggler
- NMR Signal Enhancement Group, Max-Planck-Insitute for Biophysical Chemistry Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany .,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration of UMG Von-Siebold-Str. 3A 37075 Göttingen Germany
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21
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Blanchard JW, Wu T, Eills J, Hu Y, Budker D. Zero- to ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance J-spectroscopy with commercial atomic magnetometers. J Magn Reson 2020; 314:106723. [PMID: 32298993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Zero- to ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance (ZULF NMR) is an alternative spectroscopic method to high-field NMR, in which samples are studied in the absence of a large magnetic field. Unfortunately, there is a large barrier to entry for many groups, because operating the optical magnetometers needed for signal detection requires some expertise in atomic physics and optics. Commercially available magnetometers offer a solution to this problem. Here we describe a simple ZULF NMR configuration employing commercial magnetometers, and demonstrate sufficient functionality to measure samples with nuclear spins prepolarized in a permanent magnet or initialized using parahydrogen. This opens the possibility for other groups to use ZULF NMR, which provides a means to study complex materials without magnetic susceptibility-induced line broadening, and to observe samples through conductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blanchard
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Teng Wu
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - James Eills
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yinan Hu
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, USA
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22
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McCloskey DJ, Dontschuk N, Broadway DA, Nadarajah A, Stacey A, Tetienne JP, Hollenberg LCL, Prawer S, Simpson DA. Enhanced Widefield Quantum Sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensembles Using Diamond Nanopillar Arrays. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:13421-13427. [PMID: 32100531 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface micro- and nano-patterning techniques are often employed to enhance the optical interface to single photoluminescent emitters in diamond, but the utility of such surface structuring in applications requiring ensembles of emitters is still open to investigation. Here, we demonstrate scalable and fault-tolerant fabrication of closely packed arrays of fluorescent diamond nanopillars, each hosting its own dense, uniformly bright ensemble of near-surface nitrogen-vacancy centers. We explore the optimal sizes for these structures and realize enhanced spin and photoluminescence properties resulting in a 4.5 times increase in optically detected magnetic resonance sensitivity when compared to unpatterned surfaces. Utilizing the increased measurement sensitivity, we image the mechanical stress tensor in each diamond pillar across the arrays and show that the fabrication process has a negligible impact on in-built stress compared to the unpatterned surface. Our results represent a valuable pathway toward future multimodal and vector-resolved imaging studies, for instance in biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J McCloskey
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nikolai Dontschuk
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David A Broadway
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Athavan Nadarajah
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alastair Stacey
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Lloyd C L Hollenberg
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Steven Prawer
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David A Simpson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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23
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Hsieh S, Bhattacharyya P, Zu C, Mittiga T, Smart TJ, Machado F, Kobrin B, Höhn TO, Rui NZ, Kamrani M, Chatterjee S, Choi S, Zaletel M, Struzhkin VV, Moore JE, Levitas VI, Jeanloz R, Yao NY. Imaging stress and magnetism at high pressures using a nanoscale quantum sensor. Science 2019; 366:1349-1354. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pressure alters the physical, chemical, and electronic properties of matter. The diamond anvil cell enables tabletop experiments to investigate a diverse landscape of high-pressure phenomena. Here, we introduce and use a nanoscale sensing platform that integrates nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers directly into the culet of diamond anvils. We demonstrate the versatility of this platform by performing diffraction-limited imaging of both stress fields and magnetism as a function of pressure and temperature. We quantify all normal and shear stress components and demonstrate vector magnetic field imaging, enabling measurement of the pressure-driven α↔ϵ phase transition in iron and the complex pressure-temperature phase diagram of gadolinium. A complementary NV-sensing modality using noise spectroscopy enables the characterization of phase transitions even in the absence of static magnetic signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hsieh
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - P. Bhattacharyya
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C. Zu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - T. Mittiga
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - T. J. Smart
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - F. Machado
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - B. Kobrin
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - T. O. Höhn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - N. Z. Rui
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - M. Kamrani
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - S. Chatterjee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - S. Choi
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - M. Zaletel
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - V. V. Struzhkin
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - J. E. Moore
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - V. I. Levitas
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Ames Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - R. Jeanloz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - N. Y. Yao
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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24
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Bucher DB, Aude Craik DPL, Backlund MP, Turner MJ, Ben Dor O, Glenn DR, Walsworth RL. Quantum diamond spectrometer for nanoscale NMR and ESR spectroscopy. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2707-2747. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Smits J, Damron JT, Kehayias P, McDowell AF, Mosavian N, Fescenko I, Ristoff N, Laraoui A, Jarmola A, Acosta VM. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with a microfluidic diamond quantum sensor. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw7895. [PMID: 31360769 PMCID: PMC6660203 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw7895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensors based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond have emerged as a promising detection modality for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy owing to their micrometer-scale detection volume and noninductive-based detection. A remaining challenge is to realize sufficiently high spectral resolution and concentration sensitivity for multidimensional NMR analysis of picoliter sample volumes. Here, we address this challenge by spatially separating the polarization and detection phases of the experiment in a microfluidic platform. We realize a spectral resolution of 0.65 ± 0.05 Hz, an order-of-magnitude improvement over previous diamond NMR studies. We use the platform to perform two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy of liquid analytes within an effective ∼40-picoliter detection volume. The use of diamond quantum sensors as in-line microfluidic NMR detectors is a major step toward applications in mass-limited chemical analysis and single-cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Smits
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Laser Center of the University of Latvia, Riga, LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Joshua T. Damron
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Pauli Kehayias
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | - Nazanin Mosavian
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Ilja Fescenko
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Nathaniel Ristoff
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Abdelghani Laraoui
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Andrey Jarmola
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, CA 94530, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.J.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Victor M. Acosta
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.J.); (V.M.A.)
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26
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Schwartz I, Rosskopf J, Schmitt S, Tratzmiller B, Chen Q, McGuinness LP, Jelezko F, Plenio MB. Blueprint for nanoscale NMR. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6938. [PMID: 31061430 PMCID: PMC6502870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have been used as ultrasensitive magnetometers to perform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of statistically polarized samples at 1-100 nm length scales. However, the spectral linewidth is typically limited to the kHz level, both by the NV sensor coherence time and by rapid molecular diffusion of the nuclei through the detection volume which in turn is critical for achieving long nuclear coherence times. Here we provide a blueprint supported by detailed theoretical analysis for a set-up that combines a sensitivity sufficient for detecting NMR signals from nano- to micron-scale samples with a spectral resolution that is limited only by the nuclear spin coherence, i.e. comparable to conventional NMR. Our protocol detects the nuclear polarization induced along the direction of an external magnetic field with near surface NV centers using lock-in detection techniques to enable phase coherent signal averaging. Using the NV centers in a dual role of NMR detector and optical hyperpolarization source to increase signal to noise, and in combination with Bayesian inference models for signal processing, nano/microscale NMR spectroscopy can be performed on sample concentrations in the micromolar range, several orders of magnitude better than the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilai Schwartz
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- NVision Imaging Technologies GmbH, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Joachim Rosskopf
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Schmitt
- Institute of Quantum Optics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benedikt Tratzmiller
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Qiong Chen
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Liam P McGuinness
- Institute of Quantum Optics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute of Quantum Optics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin B Plenio
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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27
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Fescenko I, Laraoui A, Smits J, Mosavian N, Kehayias P, Seto J, Bougas L, Jarmola A, Acosta VM. Diamond Magnetic Microscopy of Malarial Hemozoin Nanocrystals. Phys Rev Appl 2019; 11:034029. [PMID: 31245433 PMCID: PMC6594715 DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.11.034029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic microscopy of malarial hemozoin nanocrystals is performed by optically detected magnetic resonance imaging of near-surface diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers. Hemozoin crystals are extracted from Plasmodium falciparum-infected human blood cells and studied alongside synthetic hemozoin crystals. The stray magnetic fields produced by individual crystals are imaged at room temperature as a function of the applied field up to 350 mT. More than 100 nanocrystals are analyzed, revealing the distribution of their magnetic properties. Most crystals (96%) exhibit a linear dependence of the stray-field magnitude on the applied field, confirming hemozoin's paramagnetic nature. A volume magnetic susceptibility of 3.4 × 10-4 is inferred with use of a magnetostatic model informed by correlated scanning-electron-microscopy measurements of crystal dimensions. A small fraction of nanoparticles (4/82 for Plasmodium falciparum-produced nanoparticles and 1/41 for synthetic nanoparticles) exhibit a saturation behavior consistent with superparamagnetism. Translation of this platform to the study of living Plasmodium-infected cells may shed new light on hemozoin formation dynamics and their interaction with antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Fescenko
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of
Physics and Astronomy,University of New Mexico, 1313 Goddard St SE, Albuquerque,
87106 New Mexico, USA
| | - Abdelghani Laraoui
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of
Physics and Astronomy,University of New Mexico, 1313 Goddard St SE, Albuquerque,
87106 New Mexico, USA
| | - Janis Smits
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of
Physics and Astronomy,University of New Mexico, 1313 Goddard St SE, Albuquerque,
87106 New Mexico, USA
- Laser Centre of the University of Latvia, Jelgavas street
3, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Nazanin Mosavian
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of
Physics and Astronomy,University of New Mexico, 1313 Goddard St SE, Albuquerque,
87106 New Mexico, USA
| | - Pauli Kehayias
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of
Physics and Astronomy,University of New Mexico, 1313 Goddard St SE, Albuquerque,
87106 New Mexico, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford St,
Cambridge, 02138 Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jong Seto
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences,
School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, 1700 4th St, San
Francisco, 94158 California, USA
| | - Lykourgos Bougas
- Johannes Guttenberg University, Saarstraße 21, 55128
Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrey Jarmola
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley,
366 LeConte Hall, Berkeley, 94720 California, USA
- ODMR Technologies Inc., 2041 Tapscott Ave, El Cerrito,
94530 California, USA
| | - Victor M. Acosta
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of
Physics and Astronomy,University of New Mexico, 1313 Goddard St SE, Albuquerque,
87106 New Mexico, USA
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28
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Eisenach ER, Barry JF, Pham LM, Rojas RG, Englund DR, Braje DA. Broadband loop gap resonator for nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:094705. [PMID: 30278724 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present an S-band tunable loop gap resonator (LGR), which provides strong, homogeneous, and directionally uniform broadband microwave (MW) drive for nitrogen-vacancy (NV) ensembles. With 42 dBm of input power, the composite device provides drive field amplitudes approaching 5 G over a circular area ≳50 mm2 or cylindrical volume ≳250 mm3. The wide 80 MHz device bandwidth allows driving all NV Zeeman resonances for bias magnetic fields below 20 G. The device realizes percent-scale MW drive inhomogeneity; we measure a fractional root-mean-square inhomogeneity σ rms = 1.6% and a peak-to-peak variation σ pp = 3% over a circular area of 11 mm2 and σ rms = 3.2% and σ pp = 10.5% over a larger 32 mm2 circular area. We demonstrate incident MW power coupling to the LGR using two methodologies: a printed circuit board-fabricated exciter antenna for deployed compact bulk sensors and an inductive coupling coil suitable for microscope-style imaging. The inductive coupling coil allows for approximately 2π steradian combined optical access above and below the device, ideal for envisioned and existing NV imaging and bulk sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Eisenach
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J F Barry
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - L M Pham
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - R G Rojas
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
| | - D R Englund
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D A Braje
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA
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29
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Toros A, Kiss M, Graziosi T, Sattari H, Gallo P, Quack N. Precision micro-mechanical components in single crystal diamond by deep reactive ion etching. Microsyst Nanoeng 2018; 4:12. [PMID: 31057900 PMCID: PMC6161503 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-018-0014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding material properties of single crystal diamond have been at the origin of the long-standing interest in its exploitation for engineering of high-performance micro- and nanosystems. In particular, the extreme mechanical hardness, the highest elastic modulus of any bulk material, low density, and the promise for low friction have spurred interest most notably for micro-mechanical and MEMS applications. While reactive ion etching of diamond has been reported previously, precision structuring of freestanding micro-mechanical components in single crystal diamond by deep reactive ion etching has hitherto remained elusive, related to limitations in the etch processes, such as the need of thick hard masks, micromasking effects, and limited etch rates. In this work, we report on an optimized reactive ion etching process of single crystal diamond overcoming several of these shortcomings at the same time, and present a robust and reliable method to produce fully released micro-mechanical components in single crystal diamond. Using an optimized Al/SiO2 hard mask and a high-intensity oxygen plasma etch process, we obtain etch rates exceeding 30 µm/h and hard mask selectivity better than 1:50. We demonstrate fully freestanding micro-mechanical components for mechanical watches made of pure single crystal diamond. The components with a thickness of 150 µm are defined by lithography and deep reactive ion etching, and exhibit sidewall angles of 82°-93° with surface roughness better than 200 nm rms, demonstrating the potential of this powerful technique for precision microstructuring of single crystal diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Toros
- EPFL STI IMT GR-QUACK, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcell Kiss
- EPFL STI IMT GR-QUACK, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teodoro Graziosi
- EPFL STI IMT GR-QUACK, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hamed Sattari
- EPFL STI IMT GR-QUACK, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Gallo
- LakeDiamond SA, Rue Galilée 7, CH-1400 Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland
| | - Niels Quack
- EPFL STI IMT GR-QUACK, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Bougas L, Wilzewski A, Dumeige Y, Antypas D, Wu T, Wickenbrock A, Bourgeois E, Nesladek M, Clevenson H, Braje D, Englund D, Budker D. On the Possibility of Miniature Diamond-Based Magnetometers Using Waveguide Geometries. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:E276. [PMID: 30424209 DOI: 10.3390/mi9060276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We propose the use of a diamond waveguide structure to enhance the sensitivity of magnetometers relying on the detection of the spin state of nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in diamond by infrared optical absorption. An optical waveguide structure allows for enhanced optical path-lengths avoiding the use of optical cavities and complicated setups. The presented design for diamond-based magnetometers enables miniaturization while maintaining high sensitivity and forms the basis for magnetic field sensors applicable in biomedical, industrial and space-related applications.
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31
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Ajoy A, Liu K, Nazaryan R, Lv X, Zangara PR, Safvati B, Wang G, Arnold D, Li G, Lin A, Raghavan P, Druga E, Dhomkar S, Pagliero D, Reimer JA, Suter D, Meriles CA, Pines A. Orientation-independent room temperature optical 13C hyperpolarization in powdered diamond. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaar5492. [PMID: 29795783 PMCID: PMC5959305 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization via contact with electronic spins has emerged as an attractive route to enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance beyond the traditional limits imposed by magnetic field strength and temperature. Among the various alternative implementations, the use of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond-a paramagnetic point defect whose spin can be optically polarized at room temperature-has attracted widespread attention, but applications have been hampered by the need to align the NV axis with the external magnetic field. We overcome this hurdle through the combined use of continuous optical illumination and a microwave sweep over a broad frequency range. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate our approach using powdered diamond with which we attain bulk 13C spin polarization in excess of 0.25% under ambient conditions. Remarkably, our technique acts efficiently on diamond crystals of all orientations and polarizes nuclear spins with a sign that depends exclusively on the direction of the microwave sweep. Our work paves the way toward the use of hyperpolarized diamond particles as imaging contrast agents for biosensing and, ultimately, for the hyperpolarization of nuclear spins in arbitrary liquids brought in contact with their surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kristina Liu
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Raffi Nazaryan
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xudong Lv
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pablo R. Zangara
- Department of Physics, City University of New York (CUNY)–City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Benjamin Safvati
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Grace Li
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Arthur Lin
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Priyanka Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Emanuel Druga
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Siddharth Dhomkar
- Department of Physics, City University of New York (CUNY)–City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Daniela Pagliero
- Department of Physics, City University of New York (CUNY)–City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dieter Suter
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carlos A. Meriles
- Department of Physics, City University of New York (CUNY)–City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- CUNY–Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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32
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Broadway DA, Tetienne JP, Stacey A, Wood JDA, Simpson DA, Hall LT, Hollenberg LCL. Quantum probe hyperpolarisation of molecular nuclear spins. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1246. [PMID: 29593304 PMCID: PMC5871805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarisation of nuclear spins is important in overcoming sensitivity and resolution limitations of magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Current hyperpolarisation techniques require high magnetic fields, low temperatures, or catalysts. Alternatively, the emergence of room temperature spin qubits has opened new pathways to achieve direct nuclear spin hyperpolarisation. Employing a microwave-free cross-relaxation induced polarisation protocol applied to a nitrogen vacancy qubit, we demonstrate quantum probe hyperpolarisation of external molecular nuclear spins to ~50% under ambient conditions, showing a single qubit increasing the polarisation of ~106 nuclear spins by six orders of magnitude over the thermal background. Results are verified against a detailed theoretical treatment, which also describes how the system can be scaled up to a universal quantum hyperpolarisation platform for macroscopic samples. Our results demonstrate the prospects for this approach to nuclear spin hyperpolarisation for molecular imaging and spectroscopy and its potential to extend beyond into other scientific areas. Molecules with ‘hyperpolarised’ nuclear spins can be used to improve MRI performance but require an efficient polarisation method. Broadway et al. demonstrate a quantum control protocol using a nitrogen vacancy centre inside a diamond to hyperpolarise protons within molecules deposited on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Broadway
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia. .,School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Jean-Philippe Tetienne
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alastair Stacey
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - James D A Wood
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David A Simpson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Liam T Hall
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Lloyd C L Hollenberg
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia. .,School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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