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Ji D, Liu Y, Xu X, He J, Wang Y. Long-term variation, solubility and transport pathway of PM 2.5-bound iron in a megacity of northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:167984. [PMID: 37914128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Although particulate Fe has a significant impact on human health, atmospheric chemical reactions, air quality, climate change, and ecosystems, there is a lack of long-term continuous hourly observation on particulate Fe in the megacity of Beijing, limiting research on these issues. To address this gap, this study continuously measured hourly concentrations of Fe in PM2.5 from October 2018 to October 2022 in Beijing. The results indicate an overall decline in Fe concentrations, consistent with previous studies in Beijing. This decline can be attributed to multiple factors, such as reduced coal consumption, restrictions on biomass burning, increased use of clean energy, advanced technologies for industrial emission reduction, and efforts to control fugitive dust. Seasonal variations in Fe concentrations were similar across the various years, with higher mean concentrations in spring, fall, and winter, and lower levels in summer. Daily variations in PM2.5-bound Fe concentrations exhibited two peaks, influenced by changes in emission intensity and the evolution of the planetary boundary layer. The solubility of PM2.5-bound Fe exhibited a wide range, varying from 4 % to 95 %, surpassing previously reported source-specific values. This variability can be attributed to acid dissolution effects and complexation behaviors. Nonparametric wind regression analysis identified distinct hotspots (higher concentrations) in the northwest wind sector at wind speeds of approximately 5-15 km/h, which are associated with blowing dust and dust storms. Additionally, the potential source contribution function analysis identified high-potential source areas were precisely located in the northwestern, western, and southern regions of Beijing, rather than primarily in the southern areas recorded in a previous study. This research provides valuable insights for studying the health effects and migration and transformation of nutrient elements, particularly particulate Fe, in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Atmosphere Sub-Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Atmosphere Sub-Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- Atmosphere Sub-Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China; Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Atmosphere Sub-Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
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2
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Duranova H, Fialkova V, Simora V, Bilcikova J, Massanyi P, Lukac N, Knazicka Z. Impacts of iron on ultrastructural features of NCI-H295R cell line related to steroidogenesis. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:152056. [PMID: 37321134 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The current study was intended to evaluate impacts of both iron (Fe) enrichment and overload (in the form of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, FeSO4.7H2O) on ultrastructural characteristics of human adrenocarcinoma NCI-H295R cell line. Here, the NCI-H295R cells were treated with 0, 3.90, and 1000 µM FeSO4.7H2O, and consequently proceeded for purposes of ultrastructural studies. Micrographs taken under transmission electron microscope (TEM) were investigated from the qualitative and quantitative (unbiased stereological approaches) aspects, and obtained findings were compared among the three groups of the cells. The ultrastructural features related to the steroidogenic process were found to be similar between the untreated and both Fe-exposed cell populations, with conspicuous mitochondria with well-defined lamellar cristae (creating clusters of varying sizes in the regions of increased energy demands) and concentric whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) being the most noticeable characteristics. The precise estimates of the component (volume, surface) fractions of the nucleus, mitochondria, and lipid droplets (LDs), as well as of the nucleus/cytoplasm (N/C) ratio have revealed close similarities (P > 0.05) in all cell groups investigated. Nonetheless, the low concentration of FeSO4.7H2O exhibited beneficial action on ultrastructural organization of the NCI-H295R cells. In effect, these cells were distinguished by mitochondria with smoother surfaces and clearer outlines, higher density of thin, parallel lamellar cristae (deeply extending into the mitochondrial matrix), and more widespread distribution of fine SER tubules as compared to the control ones, all of them suggesting higher level of energy requirements and metabolic activity, and more intensive rate of steroidogenesis. Interestingly, no obvious ultrastructural modifications were observed in the NCI-H295R cells treated with high FeSO4.7H2O concentration. This finding can be linked to either an adaptive ultrastructural machinery of these cells to cope with the adverse effect of the element or to insufficient dose of FeSO4.7H2O (1000 µM) to induce ultrastructural signs of cytotoxicity. Purposefully, the results of the current study complement our previous paper dealing with impacts of FeSO4.7H2O on the NCI-H295R cell viability and steroidogenesis at the molecular level. Hence, they fill a knowledge gap considering structure-function coupling in this cellular model system upon the metal exposure. This integrated approach can enhance our understanding of the cellular responses to Fe enrichment and overload which can be helpful for individuals with reproductive health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Duranova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Veronika Fialkova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Simora
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Bilcikova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Massanyi
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Norbert Lukac
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Knazicka
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
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3
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Shi J, Guan Y, Gao H, Yao X, Wang R, Zhang D. Aerosol Iron Solubility Specification in the Global Marine Atmosphere with Machine Learning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16453-16461. [PMID: 36316194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol iron (Fe) solubility is a key factor for the assessment of atmospheric nutrients input to the ocean but poorly specified in models because the mechanism of determining the solubility is unclear. We develop a deep learning model to project the solubility based on the data that we observed in a coastal city of China. The model has five variables: the size range of particles, relative humidity, and the ratios of sulfate, nitrate and oxalate to total Fe (TFe) contents in aerosol particles. Results show excellent statistical agreements with the solubility in the literature over most worldwide seas and margin areas with the Pearson correlation coefficients (r) as large as 0.73-0.97. The exception is the Atlantic Ocean, where good agreement is obtained with the model trained using local data (r: 0.34-0.66). The model further uncovers that the ratio of oxalate/TFe is the most important variable influencing the solubility. These results indicate the feasibility of treating the solubility as a function of the six factors in deep learning models with careful training and validation. Our model and projected solubility provide innovative options for better quantification of air-to-sea input of aerosol soluble Fe in observational and model studies in the global marine atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Yang Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Renzheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto862-8502, Japan
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4
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Putman AL, Jones DK, Blakowski MA, DiViesti D, Hynek SA, Fernandez DP, Mendoza D. Industrial Particulate Pollution and Historical Land Use Contribute Metals of Concern to Dust Deposited in Neighborhoods Along the Wasatch Front, UT, USA. GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2022GH000671. [PMID: 36340997 PMCID: PMC9627553 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Salt Lake Valley, UT, USA, is proximal to the desiccating Great Salt Lake (GSL). Prior work has found that this lakebed/playa contributes metals-laden dust to snow in the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains. Dust and industrial particulate pollution are also delivered to communities along the Wasatch Front, but their sources, compositions, and fluxes are poorly characterized. In this study, we analyzed the dust deposited in 18 passive samplers positioned near the GSL, in cities in and near the Salt Lake Valley for total dust flux, the <63 µm dust fraction, 87Sr/86Sr, and trace element geochemistry. We compared spatial patterns in metal flux and abundance with community-level socioeconomic metrics. We observed the highest dust fluxes at sites near the GSL playa. Within the urban corridor, 87Sr/86Sr and trace element relative abundances suggest that most of the dust to which people are regularly exposed may be fugitive dust from local soil materials. The trace metal content of dust deposited along the Wasatch Front exceeded Environmental Protection Agency screening levels and exhibited enrichment relative to both the upper continental crust and the dust collected adjacent to GSL. Sources of metals to dust deposited along the Wasatch Front may include industrial activities like mining, oil refining, as well as past historical pesticide and herbicide applications. Arsenic and vanadium indicated a statistically significant positive correlation with income, whereas lead, thallium, and nickel exhibited higher concentrations in the least wealthy and least white neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie L. Putman
- Utah Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyWest Valley CityUTUSA
| | - Daniel K. Jones
- Utah Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyWest Valley CityUTUSA
| | - Molly A. Blakowski
- Utah Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyWest Valley CityUTUSA
- Department of Watershed SciencesUtah State UniversityLoganUTUSA
| | - Destry DiViesti
- Utah Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyWest Valley CityUTUSA
| | - Scott A. Hynek
- Utah Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyWest Valley CityUTUSA
| | - Diego P. Fernandez
- Department of Geology and GeophysicsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Daniel Mendoza
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of City & Metropolitan PlanningUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Division of Pulmonary MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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5
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Hamilton DS, Perron MMG, Bond TC, Bowie AR, Buchholz RR, Guieu C, Ito A, Maenhaut W, Myriokefalitakis S, Olgun N, Rathod SD, Schepanski K, Tagliabue A, Wagner R, Mahowald NM. Earth, Wind, Fire, and Pollution: Aerosol Nutrient Sources and Impacts on Ocean Biogeochemistry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2022; 14:303-330. [PMID: 34416126 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-031921-013612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A key Earth system science question is the role of atmospheric deposition in supplying vital nutrients to the phytoplankton that form the base of marine food webs. Industrial and vehicular pollution, wildfires, volcanoes, biogenic debris, and desert dust all carry nutrients within their plumes throughout the globe. In remote ocean ecosystems, aerosol deposition represents an essential new source of nutrients for primary production. The large spatiotemporal variability in aerosols from myriad sources combined with the differential responses of marine biota to changing fluxes makes it crucially important to understand where, when, and how much nutrients from the atmosphere enter marine ecosystems. This review brings together existing literature, experimental evidence of impacts, and new atmospheric nutrient observations that can be compared with atmospheric and ocean biogeochemistry modeling. We evaluate the contribution and spatiotemporal variability of nutrient-bearing aerosols from desert dust, wildfire, volcanic, and anthropogenic sources, including the organic component, deposition fluxes, and oceanic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Hamilton
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Morgane M G Perron
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Tami C Bond
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Andrew R Bowie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Rebecca R Buchholz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - Cecile Guieu
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Akinori Ito
- Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stelios Myriokefalitakis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Penteli, Greece
| | - Nazlı Olgun
- Climate and Marine Sciences Division, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sagar D Rathod
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - Kerstin Schepanski
- Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin, 12165 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Tagliabue
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Wagner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Natalie M Mahowald
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
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6
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McConnell JR, Chellman NJ, Mulvaney R, Eckhardt S, Stohl A, Plunkett G, Kipfstuhl S, Freitag J, Isaksson E, Gleason KE, Brugger SO, McWethy DB, Abram NJ, Liu P, Aristarain AJ. Hemispheric black carbon increase after the 13th-century Māori arrival in New Zealand. Nature 2021; 598:82-85. [PMID: 34616056 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
New Zealand was among the last habitable places on earth to be colonized by humans1. Charcoal records indicate that wildfires were rare prior to colonization and widespread following the 13th- to 14th-century Māori settlement2, but the precise timing and magnitude of associated biomass-burning emissions are unknown1,3, as are effects on light-absorbing black carbon aerosol concentrations over the pristine Southern Ocean and Antarctica4. Here we used an array of well-dated Antarctic ice-core records to show that while black carbon deposition rates were stable over continental Antarctica during the past two millennia, they were approximately threefold higher over the northern Antarctic Peninsula during the past 700 years. Aerosol modelling5 demonstrates that the observed deposition could result only from increased emissions poleward of 40° S-implicating fires in Tasmania, New Zealand and Patagonia-but only New Zealand palaeofire records indicate coincident increases. Rapid deposition increases started in 1297 (±30 s.d.) in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, consistent with the late 13th-century Māori settlement and New Zealand black carbon emissions of 36 (±21 2 s.d.) Gg y-1 during peak deposition in the 16th century. While charcoal and pollen records suggest earlier, climate-modulated burning in Tasmania and southern Patagonia6,7, deposition in Antarctica shows that black carbon emissions from burning in New Zealand dwarfed other preindustrial emissions in these regions during the past 2,000 years, providing clear evidence of large-scale environmental effects associated with early human activities across the remote Southern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R McConnell
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Nathan J Chellman
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Robert Mulvaney
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sabine Eckhardt
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Andreas Stohl
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gill Plunkett
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sepp Kipfstuhl
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Johannes Freitag
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Kelly E Gleason
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sandra O Brugger
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - David B McWethy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Nerilie J Abram
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alberto J Aristarain
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Cientifícas y Teconológicas, Mendoza, Argentina
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7
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Liu L, Lin Q, Liang Z, Du R, Zhang G, Zhu Y, Qi B, Zhou S, Li W. Variations in concentration and solubility of iron in atmospheric fine particles during the COVID-19 pandemic: An example from China. GONDWANA RESEARCH : INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE JOURNAL 2021; 97:138-144. [PMID: 35721257 PMCID: PMC9188026 DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) in the atmosphere can affect atmospheric chemical processes and human health. When deposited into oceans, it can further influence phytoplankton growth. These roles of Fe fundamentally depend on its concentration and solubility. However, the sources of aerosol Fe and controlling factors of Fe solubility in megacities remain poorly understood. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic causes large changes in human activities, which provides a unique opportunity to answer these key issues. Field observations were conducted before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown in Hangzhou, China. Our results show that in the COVID-19 lockdown stage, the concentrations of total Fe (FeT, 75.0 ng m-3) and soluble Fe (FeS, 5.1 ng m-3) in PM2.5 decreased by 78% and 62%, respectively, compared with those (FeT 344.7 ng m-3, FeS 13.5 ng m-3) in the pre-lockdown stage. The sharp reduction (81%) in on-road vehicles was most responsible for the aerosol Fe decrease. Surprisingly, the Fe solubility increased by a factor of 1.9, from 4.2% in the pre-lockdown stage to 7.8% in the COVID-19 lockdown stage. We found that the atmospheric oxidizing capacity was enhanced after lockdown restrictions were implemented, which promoted the formation of more acidic species and further enhanced the dissolution of aerosol Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhuoran Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai (CMACC), Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rongguang Du
- Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Yanhong Zhu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bing Qi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shengzhen Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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8
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Abstract
Fossil-fuel emissions may impact phytoplankton primary productivity and carbon cycling by supplying bioavailable Fe to remote areas of the ocean via atmospheric aerosols. However, this pathway has not been confirmed by field observations of anthropogenic Fe in seawater. Here we present high-resolution trace-metal concentrations across the North Pacific Ocean (158°W from 25°to 42°N). A dissolved Fe maximum was observed around 35°N, coincident with high dissolved Pb and Pb isotope ratios matching Asian industrial sources and confirming recent aerosol deposition. Iron-stable isotopes reveal in situ evidence of anthropogenic Fe in seawater, with low δ56Fe (-0.23‰ > δ56Fe > -0.65‰) observed in the region that is most influenced by aerosol deposition. An isotope mass balance suggests that anthropogenic Fe contributes 21-59% of dissolved Fe measured between 35° and 40°N. Thus, anthropogenic aerosol Fe is likely to be an important Fe source to the North Pacific Ocean.
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9
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Zhu Y, Li W, Lin Q, Yuan Q, Liu L, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Shao L, Niu H, Yang S, Shi Z. Iron solubility in fine particles associated with secondary acidic aerosols in east China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114769. [PMID: 32428816 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soluble iron (FeS) in aerosols contributes to free oxygen radical generation with implications for human health, and potentially catalyzes sulfur dioxide oxidation. It is also an important external source of micronutrients for ocean ecosystems. However, factors controlling FeS concentration and its contribution to total iron (FeT) in aerosols remain poorly understand. Here, FeS and FeT in PM2.5 was studied at four urban sites in eastern China from 21 to 31 December, 2017. Average FeT (869-1490 ng m-3) and FeS (24-68 ng m-3) concentrations were higher in northern than southern China cities, but Fe solubility (%FeS, 2.7-5.0%) showed no spatial pattern. Correlation analyses suggested %FeS was strongly correlated with FeS and PM2.5 instead of FeT concentrations. Individual particle observations confirmed that more than 65% of nano-sized Fe-containing particles were internally mixed with sulfates and nitrates. Furthermore, there was a high correlation between sulfates or nitrates/FeT molar ratio and %FeS. We also found that the sulfates/nitrates had weaker effects on %FeS at RH < 50% than at RH > 50%, suggesting RH as indirect factor can influence %FeS in PM2.5. These results suggest an important role of chemical processing in enhancing %FeS in the polluted atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Yinxiao Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Longyi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Hongya Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Shushen Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, China
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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10
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Kajino M, Hagino H, Fujitani Y, Morikawa T, Fukui T, Onishi K, Okuda T, Kajikawa T, Igarashi Y. Modeling Transition Metals in East Asia and Japan and Its Emission Sources. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2020GH000259. [PMID: 32999946 PMCID: PMC7507570 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Emission inventories of anthropogenic transition metals, which contribute to aerosol oxidative potential (OP), in Asia (Δx = 0.25°, monthly, 2000-2008) and Japan (Δx = 2 km, hourly, mainly 2012) were developed, based on bottom-up inventories of particulate matters and metal profiles in a speciation database for particulate matters. The new inventories are named Transition Metal Inventory (TMI)-Asia v1.0 and TMI-Japan v1.0, respectively. It includes 10 transition metals in PM2.5 and PM10, which contributed to OP based on reagent experiments, namely, Cu, Mn, Co, V, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cd, and Cr. The contributions of sectors in the transition metals emission in Japan were also investigated. Road brakes and iron-steel industry are primary sources, followed by other metal industry, navigation, incineration, power plants, and railway. In order to validate the emission inventory, eight elements such as Cu, Mn, V, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Cr in anthropogenic dust and those in mineral dust were simulated over East Asia and Japan with Δx = 30 km and Δx = 5 km domains, respectively, and compared against the nation-wide seasonal observations of PM2.5 elements in Japan and the long-term continuous observations of total suspended particles (TSPs) at Yonago, Japan in 2013. Most of the simulated elements generally agreed with the observations, while Cu and Pb were significantly overestimated. This is the first comprehensive study on the development and evaluation of emission inventory of OP active elements, but further improvement is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuo Kajino
- Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)TsukubaJapan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | | | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)TsukubaJapan
| | | | | | - Kazunari Onishi
- Graduate School of Public HealthSt. Luke's International UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoaki Okuda
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyKeio UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Tomoki Kajikawa
- Graduate School of Creative Science and EngineeringWaseda UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuhito Igarashi
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science (KURNS)Kyoto UniversityOsakaJapan
- College of ScienceIbaraki UniversityMitoJapan
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11
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Griffith SM, Wu G, Li L, Zhao Y, Li M, Zhou Z, Yu JZ. Field Evidence of Fe-Mediated Photochemical Degradation of Oxalate and Subsequent Sulfate Formation Observed by Single Particle Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6562-6574. [PMID: 32339453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we deployed a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) at a suburban coastal site in Hong Kong from February 04 to April 17, 2013 to study individual oxalate particles and a monitor for aerosols and gases in ambient air (MARGA) to track the bulk oxalate concentrations in particle matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). A shallow dip in the bulk oxalate concentration was consistently observed before 10:00 am in the morning throughout the observation campaign, corresponding to a 20% decrease in the oxalate concentration on average during the decay process. Such a decrease in PM oxalate was found to be coincident with a decrease in Fe-containing oxalate particles, providing persuasive evidence of Fe-mediated photochemical degradation of oxalate. Oxalate mixed with Fe and Fe_NaK particles, from industry sources, were identified as the dominant factors for oxalate decay in the early morning. We further found an increase of sulfate intensity by a factor of 1.6 on these individual Fe-containing particles during the oxalate decomposition process, suggesting a facilitation of sulfur oxidation. This is the first report on the oxalate-Fe decomposition process with individual particle level information and provides unique evidence to advance our current understanding of oxalate and Fe cycling. The present work also indicates the importance of anthropogenic sourced iron in oxalate-Fe photochemical processing. In addition, V-containing oxalate particles, from ship emissions, also showed evidence of morning photodegradation and need further attention since current models rarely consider photochemical processing of oxalate_V particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
- Institute of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guanru Wu
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Institute of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
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12
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African biomass burning is a substantial source of phosphorus deposition to the Amazon, Tropical Atlantic Ocean, and Southern Ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16216-16221. [PMID: 31358622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of phosphorus (P) from African dust is believed to play an important role in bolstering primary productivity in the Amazon Basin and Tropical Atlantic Ocean (TAO), leading to sequestration of carbon dioxide. However, there are few measurements of African dust in South America that can robustly test this hypothesis and even fewer measurements of soluble P, which is readily available for stimulating primary production in the ocean. To test this hypothesis, we measured total and soluble P in long-range transported aerosols collected in Cayenne, French Guiana, a TAO coastal site located at the northeastern edge of the Amazon. Our measurements confirm that in boreal spring when African dust transport is greatest, dust supplies the majority of P, of which 5% is soluble. In boreal fall, when dust transport is at an annual minimum, we measured unexpectedly high concentrations of soluble P, which we show is associated with the transport of biomass burning (BB) from southern Africa. Integrating our results into a chemical transport model, we show that African BB supplies up to half of the P deposited annually to the Amazon from transported African aerosol. This observational study links P-rich BB aerosols from Africa to enhanced P deposition in the Amazon. Contrary to current thought, we also show that African BB is a more important source of soluble P than dust to the TAO and oceans in the Southern Hemisphere and may be more important for marine productivity, particularly in boreal summer and fall.
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13
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Tracing and constraining anthropogenic aerosol iron fluxes to the North Atlantic Ocean using iron isotopes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2628. [PMID: 31201307 PMCID: PMC6570766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric dust is an important source of the micronutrient Fe to the oceans. Although relatively insoluble mineral Fe is assumed to be the most important component of dust, a relatively small yet highly soluble anthropogenic component may also be significant. However, quantifying the importance of anthropogenic Fe to the global oceans requires a tracer which can be used to identify and constrain anthropogenic aerosols in situ. Here, we present Fe isotope (δ56Fe) data from North Atlantic aerosol samples from the GEOTRACES GA03 section. While soluble aerosol samples collected near the Sahara have near-crustal δ56Fe, soluble aerosols from near North America and Europe instead have remarkably fractionated δ56Fe values (as light as -1.6‰). Here, we use these observations to fingerprint anthropogenic combustion sources, and to refine aerosol deposition modeling. We show that soluble anthropogenic aerosol Fe flux to the global surface oceans is highly likely to be underestimated, even in the dusty North Atlantic.
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14
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Climate-driven oscillation of phosphorus and iron limitation in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12720-12728. [PMID: 31182581 PMCID: PMC6600909 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900789116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the mechanisms driving spatial and temporal changes in the stoichiometry of nutrient supply is crucial to understand the controls of an ecosystem’s carrying capacity and productivity. In marine oligotrophic regions, small changes in the ocean and atmospheric nutrient input ratio can shift the nature of the limiting nutrient. The present study documents such a shift at interannual scales between periods of phosphorus limitation and sufficiency in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. These shifts appear to be driven by interannual variations in the transport of iron-rich Asian dust across the North Pacific resulting from basin-scale changes in atmospheric pressure gradients, as reflected by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index, causing the ecosystem to oscillate between phosphorus and iron limitation. The supply of nutrients is a fundamental regulator of ocean productivity and carbon sequestration. Nutrient sources, sinks, residence times, and elemental ratios vary over broad scales, including those resulting from climate-driven changes in upper water column stratification, advection, and the deposition of atmospheric dust. These changes can alter the proximate elemental control of ecosystem productivity with cascading ecological effects and impacts on carbon sequestration. Here, we report multidecadal observations revealing that the ecosystem in the eastern region of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) oscillates on subdecadal scales between inorganic phosphorus (Pi) sufficiency and limitation, when Pi concentration in surface waters decreases below 50–60 nmol⋅kg−1. In situ observations and model simulations suggest that sea-level pressure changes over the northwest Pacific may induce basin-scale variations in the atmospheric transport and deposition of Asian dust-associated iron (Fe), causing the eastern portion of the NPSG ecosystem to shift between states of Fe and Pi limitation. Our results highlight the critical need to include both atmospheric and ocean circulation variability when modeling the response of open ocean pelagic ecosystems under future climate change scenarios.
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15
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Ito A, Myriokefalitakis S, Kanakidou M, Mahowald NM, Scanza RA, Hamilton DS, Baker AR, Jickells T, Sarin M, Bikkina S, Gao Y, Shelley RU, Buck CS, Landing WM, Bowie AR, Perron MMG, Guieu C, Meskhidze N, Johnson MS, Feng Y, Kok JF, Nenes A, Duce RA. Pyrogenic iron: The missing link to high iron solubility in aerosols. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau7671. [PMID: 31049393 PMCID: PMC6494496 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition is a source of potentially bioavailable iron (Fe) and thus can partially control biological productivity in large parts of the ocean. However, the explanation of observed high aerosol Fe solubility compared to that in soil particles is still controversial, as several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this observation. Here, a statistical analysis of aerosol Fe solubility estimated from four models and observations compiled from multiple field campaigns suggests that pyrogenic aerosols are the main sources of aerosols with high Fe solubility at low concentration. Additionally, we find that field data over the Southern Ocean display a much wider range in aerosol Fe solubility compared to the models, which indicate an underestimation of labile Fe concentrations by a factor of 15. These findings suggest that pyrogenic Fe-containing aerosols are important sources of atmospheric bioavailable Fe to the open ocean and crucial for predicting anthropogenic perturbations to marine productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Ito
- Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Stelios Myriokefalitakis
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (IMAU), Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens (NOA), GR-15236 Palea Penteli, Greece
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Natalie M. Mahowald
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rachel A. Scanza
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Douglas S. Hamilton
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alex R. Baker
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Timothy Jickells
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Yuan Gao
- Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | | | - Clifton S. Buck
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia, Savannah, GA 31411, USA
| | | | - Andrew R. Bowie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Morgane M. G. Perron
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Cécile Guieu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | | | | | - Yan Feng
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Jasper F. Kok
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens (NOA), GR-15236 Palea Penteli, Greece
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Robert A. Duce
- Departments of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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16
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Kelepertzis E, Argyraki A, Botsou F, Aidona E, Szabó Á, Szabó C. Tracking the occurrence of anthropogenic magnetic particles and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in house dust using magnetic and geochemical analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:909-920. [PMID: 30682748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The influence of anthropogenic outdoor sources on the geochemical composition of house dust material in large cities is poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the magnetic signature and the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in randomly selected house dust samples from the metropolitan area of Athens, the most populated city in Greece. Environmental magnetic measurements, including isothermal remanent magnetization and thermomagnetism, indicated that the main magnetic mineral is coarse-grained low-coercivity magnetite. Detailed microscopic observations of the magnetically extracted material revealed the presence of three different kinds of Fe-rich particles deriving from both combustion-related and non-exhaust vehicular sources: irregularly-shaped grains and spherules of Fe-oxides, and particles consisting of metallic Fe. Further study of the morphology of single anthropogenic magnetic spherules (size > 30 μm) identified the presence of magnetite spherical particles, typically formed by industrial combustion processes. Enrichment factors (EFs) for the PTEs calculated against the Athens urban soil showed that the house dusts were very highly enriched in Cd, Cu, Zn and significantly enriched in Pb (median EF values of 34.1, 26.2, 25.4 and 10.3, respectively). The oral bioaccessibility of PTEs in the house dust, evaluated using a simulated gastric solution (0.4 M glycine), was in the order Pb > Zn > Mn > Cd > Ni > Cu > Cr > Fe. Concentrations of Pb increased with the house age. Principal component and cluster analysis demonstrated the close association of anthropogenic Cu, Pb and Zn with the magnetic susceptibility of the house dusts. We conclude that both traffic-related and industrial sources trigger the occurrence of magnetic Fe/PTEs- rich particles in house dust. These results reinforce the use of environmental magnetism determinations for assessing anthropogenic contamination of PTEs in the indoor environment in large cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Kelepertzis
- Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Ariadne Argyraki
- Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 15784, Athens, Greece.
| | - Fotini Botsou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Elina Aidona
- Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ábel Szabó
- Lithosphere Fluid Research Laboratory, Department of Petrology and Geochemistry, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szabó
- Lithosphere Fluid Research Laboratory, Department of Petrology and Geochemistry, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
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